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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Sharma R, Misencik MJ, Bransfield A, Vossbrinck CR, Brackney DE. Field Isolation and Laboratory Vector-Host Studies of Brazoran Virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:968-970. [PMID: 38531101 PMCID: PMC11066360 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brazoran virus was first isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Texas in 2012, yet little is known about this virus. We report the isolation of this virus from Culex erraticus from southern Florida during 2016. The Florida strain had a nucleotide identity of 96.3% (S segment), 99.1% (M segment), and 95.8% (L segment) to the Texas isolate. Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti colonies were subsequently fed virus blood meals to determine their vector competence for Brazoran virus. Culex quinquefasciatus was susceptible to midgut infection, but few mosquitoes developed disseminated infections. Aedes aegypti supported disseminated infection, but virus transmission could not be demonstrated. Suckling mice became infected by intradermal inoculation without visible disease signs. The virus was detected in multiple mouse tissues but rarely infected the brain. This study documents the first isolation of Brazoran virus outside of Texas. Although this virus infected Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus in laboratory trials, their vector competence could not be demonstrated, suggesting they are unlikely vectors of Brazoran virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Armstrong
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John F. Anderson
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael J. Misencik
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Angela Bransfield
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles R. Vossbrinck
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
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3
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Partiot E, Gorda B, Lutz W, Lebrun S, Khalfi P, Mora S, Charlot B, Majzoub K, Desagher S, Ganesh G, Colomb S, Gaudin R. Organotypic culture of human brain explants as a preclinical model for AI-driven antiviral studies. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:1004-1026. [PMID: 38472366 PMCID: PMC11018746 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral neuroinfections represent a major health burden for which the development of antivirals is needed. Antiviral compounds that target the consequences of a brain infection (symptomatic treatment) rather than the cause (direct-acting antivirals) constitute a promising mitigation strategy that requires to be investigated in relevant models. However, physiological surrogates mimicking an adult human cortex are lacking, limiting our understanding of the mechanisms associated with viro-induced neurological disorders. Here, we optimized the Organotypic culture of Post-mortem Adult human cortical Brain explants (OPAB) as a preclinical platform for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven antiviral studies. OPAB shows robust viability over weeks, well-preserved 3D cytoarchitecture, viral permissiveness, and spontaneous local field potential (LFP). Using LFP as a surrogate for neurohealth, we developed a machine learning framework to predict with high confidence the infection status of OPAB. As a proof-of-concept, we showed that antiviral-treated OPAB could partially restore LFP-based electrical activity of infected OPAB in a donor-dependent manner. Together, we propose OPAB as a physiologically relevant and versatile model to study neuroinfections and beyond, providing a platform for preclinical drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Partiot
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 34293, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Gorda
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 34293, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Willy Lutz
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 34293, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Solène Lebrun
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 34293, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Khalfi
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphan Mora
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Charlot
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes IES, CNRS, 860 Rue de St - Priest Bâtiment 5, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Solange Desagher
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 34293, Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Gowrishankar Ganesh
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
- UM-CNRS Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), 161, Rue Ada, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Colomb
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
- Equipe de droit pénal et sciences forensiques de Montpellier (EDPFM), Univ. Montpellier, Département de médecine légale, Pôle Urgences, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34285, Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), 34293, Montpellier, France.
- Univ Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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Rondeau NC, Spector SN, Thannickal SA, Stapleford KA. La Crosse virus reassortants highlight genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.584386. [PMID: 38559198 PMCID: PMC10979930 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The genomic determinants that contribute to orthobunyavirus infection and pathogenesis are not well-defined. In this study, we harnessed the process of reassortment to understand which viral factors drive change in the replication and pathogenesis of La Crosse virus (LACV). We systematically reassorted the genomic segments of two genetically similar Lineage I LACV isolates into six unique reassortants. Despite the parental isolates having high levels of RNA and protein consensus, the reassortants demonstrate how minimal changes in RNA and protein structure can have significant changes in viral growth and reproduction in vitro in mammalian and insect models. We observed that swapping the S segment between isolates led to differences in replication and assembly resulting in one non-rescuable reassortant and one viable reassortant that exhibited an increase in viral growth dynamics. Switching the M segment led to changes in viral plaque phenotype and growth kinetics. L segment reassortants similarly differed in changes in viral growth dynamics. We further explored the M segment reassortants in a neonate mouse model and observed a role for the M segment in neuroinflammation and virulence. Through reassortment of the La Crosse virus genomic segments, we are able to further understand how genomic determinants of infection and pathogenesis operate in orthobunyaviruses. Future investigations will focus on identifying the specific molecular elements that govern the observed phenotypes in vitro and in vivo . Importance La Crosse virus is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States, yet it is largely unknown how each of the three genomic segments contribute to pathogenesis and disease. Our study utilizes genomic reassortment between two similar Lineage I LACV isolates to understand genomic determinants for differences in infection and pathogenesis phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. By identifying roles for each segment in observed outcomes, we are able to plan further studies for molecular characterization of these phenotypes. Additionally, it is imperative to continue to characterize orthobunyavirus function since climate change will expand the range and prevalence of arthropod-borne diseases such as LACV in the United States.
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Hartman AL, Myler PJ. Bunyavirales: Scientific Gaps and Prototype Pathogens for a Large and Diverse Group of Zoonotic Viruses. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S376-S389. [PMID: 37849397 PMCID: PMC10582323 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Research directed at select prototype pathogens is part of the approach put forth by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) to prepare for future pandemics caused by emerging viruses. We were tasked with identifying suitable prototypes for four virus families of the Bunyavirales order (Phenuiviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Hantaviridae). This is a challenge due to the breadth and diversity of these viral groups. While there are many differences among the Bunyavirales, they generally have complex ecological life cycles, segmented genomes, and cause a range of human clinical outcomes from mild to severe and even death. Here, we delineate potential prototype species that encompass the breadth of clinical outcomes of a given family, have existing reverse genetics tools or animal disease models, and can be amenable to a platform approach to vaccine testing. Suggested prototype pathogens outlined here can serve as a starting point for further discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter J Myler
- Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Thannickal SA, Spector SN, Stapleford KA. The La Crosse virus class II fusion glycoprotein ij loop contributes to infectivity and replication in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2023; 97:e0081923. [PMID: 37578236 PMCID: PMC10506486 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00819-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are an emerging and evolving global public health threat, with limited antiviral treatments or vaccines available. La Crosse virus (LACV) from the Bunyavirales order is responsible for pediatric encephalitis cases in the United States, yet little is known about the infectivity of LACV. Given the structural similarities between class II fusion glycoproteins of LACV and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family, we hypothesized that LACV would share similar entry mechanisms with CHIKV. To test this hypothesis, we performed cholesterol-depletion and repletion assays and used cholesterol-modulating compounds to study LACV entry and replication. We found that LACV entry was cholesterol dependent, while replication was less affected by cholesterol manipulation. In addition, we generated single-point mutants in the LACV Gc ij loop that corresponded to known CHIKV residues important for virus entry. We found that a conserved histidine and alanine residue in the Gc ij loop impaired virus infectivity and attenuated LACV replication in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we took an evolution-based approach to explore how the LACV glycoprotein evolves in mosquitoes and mice. We found multiple variants that cluster in the Gc glycoprotein head domain, providing evidence for the Gc glycoprotein as a contributor to LACV adaptation. Together, these results begin to characterize the mechanisms of LACV infectivity and how the LACV glycoprotein contributes to replication and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Vector-borne viruses are significant health threats that lead to devastating disease worldwide. The emergence of arboviruses, in addition to the lack of effective antivirals or vaccines, highlights the need to study how arboviruses replicate at the molecular level. One potential antiviral target is the class II fusion glycoprotein. Alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses encode a class II fusion glycoprotein that contains strong structural similarities at the tip of domain II. Here, we show that the bunyavirus La Crosse virus uses a cholesterol-dependent entry pathway similar to the alphavirus chikungunya virus, and residues in the ij loop are important for virus infectivity in vitro and replication in mice. These studies show that genetically diverse viruses may use similar pathways through conserved structure domains, suggesting that these viruses may be targets for broad-spectrum antivirals in multiple arboviral families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Thannickal
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sophie N. Spector
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Edridge A, Namazzi R, Tebulo A, Mfizi A, Deijs M, Koekkoek S, de Wever B, van der Ende A, Umiwana J, de Jong MD, Jans J, Verhoeven-Duif N, Titulaer M, van Karnebeek C, Seydel K, Taylor T, Asiimwe-Kateera B, van der Hoek L, Kabayiza JC, Mallewa M, Idro R, Boele van Hensbroek M, van Woensel JBM. Viral, Bacterial, Metabolic, and Autoimmune Causes of Severe Acute Encephalopathy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multicenter Cohort Study. J Pediatr 2023; 258:113360. [PMID: 36828342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether viral, bacterial, metabolic, and autoimmune diseases are missed by conventional diagnostics among children with severe acute encephalopathy in sub-Saharan Africa. STUDY DESIGN One hundred thirty-four children (6 months to 18 years) presenting with nontraumatic coma or convulsive status epilepticus to 1 of 4 medical referral centers in Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda were enrolled between 2015 and 2016. Locally available diagnostic tests could be supplemented in 117 patients by viral, bacterial, and 16s quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing, metagenomics, untargeted metabolomics, and autoimmune immunohistochemistry screening. RESULTS Fourteen (12%) cases of viral encephalopathies, 8 (7%) cases of bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections, and 4 (4%) cases of inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) were newly identified by additional diagnostic testing as the most likely cause of encephalopathy. No confirmed cases of autoimmune encephalitis were found. Patients for whom additional diagnostic testing aided causal evaluation (aOR 3.59, 90% CI 1.57-8.36), patients with a viral CNS infection (aOR 7.91, 90% CI 2.49-30.07), and patients with an IMD (aOR 9.10, 90% CI 1.37-110.45) were at increased risk for poor outcome of disease. CONCLUSIONS Viral and bacterial CNS infections and IMDs are prevalent causes of severe acute encephalopathy in children in Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda that are missed by conventional diagnostics and are associated with poor outcome of disease. Improved diagnostic capacity may increase diagnostic yield and might improve outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Edridge
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruth Namazzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Tebulo
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Anan Mfizi
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Martin Deijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Koekkoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob de Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine Umiwana
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Jans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Clara van Karnebeek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Lia van der Hoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Kabayiza
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Macpherson Mallewa
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Richard Idro
- Department of Paediatrics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Boele van Hensbroek
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job B M van Woensel
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fernández-Sánchez SY, Cerón-Carrasco JP, Risco C, Fernández de Castro I. Antiviral Activity of Acetylsalicylic Acid against Bunyamwera Virus in Cell Culture. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040948. [PMID: 37112928 PMCID: PMC10141918 DOI: 10.3390/v15040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order is a large group of RNA viruses that includes important pathogens for humans, animals and plants. With high-throughput screening of clinically tested compounds we have looked for potential inhibitors of the endonuclease domain of a bunyavirus RNA polymerase. From a list of fifteen top candidates, five compounds were selected and their antiviral properties studied with Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), a prototypic bunyavirus widely used for studies about the biology of this group of viruses and to test antivirals. Four compounds (silibinin A, myricetin, L-phenylalanine and p-aminohippuric acid) showed no antiviral activity in BUNV-infected Vero cells. On the contrary, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) efficiently inhibited BUNV infection with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.02 mM. In cell culture supernatants, ASA reduced viral titer up to three logarithmic units. A significant dose-dependent reduction of the expression levels of Gc and N viral proteins was also measured. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy showed that ASA protects the Golgi complex from the characteristic BUNV-induced fragmentation in Vero cells. Electron microscopy showed that ASA inhibits the assembly of Golgi-associated BUNV spherules that are the replication organelles of bunyaviruses. As a consequence, the assembly of new viral particles is also significantly reduced. Considering its availability and low cost, the potential usability of ASA to treat bunyavirus infections deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José P Cerón-Carrasco
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, C/Coronel López Peña s/n, Base Aérea de San Javier, Santiago de la Ribera, 30720 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Risco
- Cell Structure Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernández de Castro
- Cell Structure Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Thannickal SA, Spector SN, Stapleford KA. The La Crosse virus class II fusion glycoprotein ij loop contributes to infectivity and cholesterol-dependent entry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529620. [PMID: 36865275 PMCID: PMC9980073 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are an emerging and evolving global public health threat with little to no antiviral treatments. La Crosse virus (LACV) from the Bunyavirales order is responsible for pediatric encephalitis cases in the United States, yet little is known about the infectivity of LACV. Given the structural similarities between class II fusion glycoproteins of LACV and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family, we hypothesized that LACV would share similar entry mechanisms to CHIKV. To test this hypothesis, we performed cholesterol-depletion and repletion assays and used cholesterol modulating compounds to study LACV entry and replication. We found that LACV entry was cholesterol-dependent while replication was less affected by cholesterol manipulation. In addition, we generated single point mutants in the LACV ij loop that corresponded to known CHIKV residues important for virus entry. We found that a conserved histidine and alanine residue in the Gc ij loop impaired virus infectivity and attenuate LACV in vitro and in vivo . Finally, we took an evolution-based approach to explore how the LACV glycoprotein evolution in mosquitoes and mice. We found multiple variants that cluster in the Gc glycoprotein head domain, supporting the Gc glycoprotein as a target for LACV adaptation. Together, these results begin to characterize the mechanisms of LACV infectivity and how the LACV glycoprotein contributes to infectivity and pathogenesis. Importance Vector-borne arboviruses are significant health threats leading to devastating disease worldwide. This emergence and the fact that there are little to no vaccines or antivirals targeting these viruses highlights the need to study how arboviruses replicate at the molecular level. One potential antiviral target is the class II fusion glycoprotein. Alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses encode a class II fusion glycoprotein that contain strong structural similarities in the tip of domain II. Here we show that the bunyavirus La Crosse virus uses similar mechanisms to entry as the alphavirus chikungunya virus and residues in the ij loop are important for virus infectivity. These studies show that genetically diverse viruses use similar mechanisms through concerned structure domains, suggesting these may be a target for broad-spectrum antivirals to multiple arbovirus families.
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10
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No Evidence of Ntwetwe Virus Infections in Children Presenting to Kiboga Hospital, Uganda. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8:tropicalmed8010021. [PMID: 36668928 PMCID: PMC9865167 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether Ntwetwe virus-a novel orthobunyavirus discovered in a Ugandan girl with a fatal encephalopathy-was a common reason for hospital admission for children to Kiboga hospital, Uganda. A case-control was conducted between September 2019 and September 2020, including cases with severe neurological disease and mild febrile illness, matched to a healthy control without fever. Among 143 subjects, no cases with an acute infection were identified. This result suggests that Ntwetwe virus does not cause a major burden of disease amongst children presenting to Kiboga hospital during the study period.
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Mansfield KL, Folly AJ, Hernández-Triana LM, Sewgobind S, Johnson N. Batai Orthobunyavirus: An Emerging Mosquito-Borne Virus in Europe. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091868. [PMID: 36146674 PMCID: PMC9503884 DOI: 10.3390/v14091868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Batai virus (BATV) is a zoonotic orthobunyavirus transmitted by a wide range of mosquito vectors. The virus is distributed throughout Asia and parts of Africa and has been sporadically detected in several European countries. There is increasing evidence that BATV is emerging in Europe as a potential threat to both animal and human health, having been detected in mosquitoes, mammals, birds and humans. In recent years, serological surveillance in cattle, sheep and goats has suggested an antibody prevalence of up to 46% in European livestock, although human serological prevalence remains generally low. However, the recent and continued spread of invasive mosquito species into Europe may facilitate the establishment of competent populations of mosquitoes leading to increased BATV transmission. Migratory birds may also potentially facilitate the emergence of BATV in geographical locations where it was previously undetected. Although BATV has the potential to cause disease in humans and livestock, our understanding of the impact in wild animal populations is extremely limited. Therefore, there is a need for increased surveillance for BATV in mosquitoes, livestock, wild mammals and birds in Europe to understand the true impact of this virus.
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Tang Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Li J, Hu Y, Yang W, Chen Y, Qin C, Jiang T, Kang X. Preparation of the luciferase-labeled antibody for improving the detection sensitivity of viral antigen. Virol J 2022; 19:126. [PMID: 35902865 PMCID: PMC9332066 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral antigen detection test is the most common method used to detect viruses in the field rapidly. However, due to the low sensitivity, it can only be used as an auxiliary diagnosis method for virus infection. Improving sensitivity is crucial for developing more accurate viral antigen tests. Nano luciferase (Nluc) is a sensitive reporter that has not been used in virus detection. Results In this study, we produced an intracellularly Nluc labeled detection antibody (Nluc-ch2C5) and evaluated its ability to improve the detection sensitivity of respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens. Compared with the traditional horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antibody (HRP-ch2C5), Nluc-ch2C5 was 41 times more sensitive for inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus by sandwich chemiluminescence ELISA. Then we applied Nluc-ch2C5 to establish an automatic magnet chemiluminescence immune assay (AMCA) for the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein, the limit of detection was 68 pfu/reaction. The clinical sensitivity and specificity reached 75% (24/32) and 100% (48/48) using 32 PCR-positive and 48 PCR-negative swab samples for clinical evaluation, which is more sensitive than the commercial ELSA kit and colloid gold strip kit. Conclusions Here, monoclonal antibody ch2C5 served as a model antibody and the SARS-CoV-2 served as a model pathogen. The Nluc labeled detecting antibody (Nluc-ch2C5) significantly improved the detection sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. This labeling principle applies to other viral infections, so this labeling and test format could be expected to play an important role in detecting other virus antigens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01855-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, The Academy of Military Medical Science. Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Windhaber S, Xin Q, Uckeley ZM, Koch J, Obr M, Garnier C, Luengo-Guyonnot C, Duboeuf M, Schur FKM, Lozach PY. The Orthobunyavirus Germiston Enters Host Cells from Late Endosomes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0214621. [PMID: 35019710 PMCID: PMC8906410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02146-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With more than 80 members worldwide, the Orthobunyavirus genus in the Peribunyaviridae family is a large genus of enveloped RNA viruses, many of which are emerging pathogens in humans and livestock. How orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) penetrate and infect mammalian host cells remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the entry mechanisms of the OBV Germiston (GERV). Viral particles were visualized by cryo-electron microscopy and appeared roughly spherical with an average diameter of 98 nm. Labeling of the virus with fluorescent dyes did not adversely affect its infectivity and allowed the monitoring of single particles in fixed and live cells. Using this approach, we found that endocytic internalization of bound viruses was asynchronous and occurred within 30 to 40 min. The virus entered Rab5a-positive (Rab5a+) early endosomes and, subsequently, late endosomal vacuoles containing Rab7a but not LAMP-1. Infectious entry did not require proteolytic cleavage, and endosomal acidification was sufficient and necessary for viral fusion. Acid-activated penetration began 15 to 25 min after initiation of virus internalization and relied on maturation of early endosomes to late endosomes. The optimal pH for viral membrane fusion was slightly below 6.0, and penetration was hampered when the potassium influx was abolished. Overall, our study provides real-time visualization of GERV entry into host cells and demonstrates the importance of late endosomal maturation in facilitating OBV penetration. IMPORTANCE Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs), which include La Crosse, Oropouche, and Schmallenberg viruses, represent a growing threat to humans and domestic animals worldwide. Ideally, preventing OBV spread requires approaches that target early stages of infection, i.e., virus entry. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which OBVs enter and infect host cells. Here, we developed accurate, sensitive tools and assays to investigate the penetration process of GERV. Our data emphasize the central role of late endosomal maturation in GERV entry, providing a comprehensive overview of the early stages of an OBV infection. Our study also brings a complete toolbox of innovative methods to study each step of the OBV entry program in fixed and living cells, from virus binding and endocytosis to fusion and penetration. The information gained herein lays the foundation for the development of antiviral strategies aiming to block OBV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Windhaber
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qilin Xin
- University of Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, Lyon, France
| | - Zina M. Uckeley
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Koch
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Obr
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, Lyon, France
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Soniya K, Yadav S, Boora S, Kaushik S, Yadav JP, Kaushik S. The Cat Que Virus: a resurfacing orthobunyavirus could lead to epidemics. Virusdisease 2021; 32:635-641. [PMID: 34642639 PMCID: PMC8497146 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly emerging and re-emerging of viral contagion in the present scenario are of more extensive health concern. After a long calm of many years, an unexpected eruption of the Cat Que Virus in China is a source of our concern. Cat Que Virus is an Arbovirus and belongs to the Simbu serogroup of the Orthobunyavirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. The Simbu serogroup is an extremely diverse group of Arbovirus. The arboviruses are causing the infection in multiple hosts including humans and various livestock. They can cause mild to life-threatening infections. Arboviruses expand their spectrum and are more observable in recent times. Human actions have the most significant geophysical impact on the environment. Changes in rainfall patterns, floods, and the risk of extreme weather events are all consequences of climate change. These events may be connected to the extension of permissive vectors, geographic ranges, and therefore provide more chance of growth and spread of potential vector. Arboviruses are responsible for the health hazard to millions of people globally. It is critical to concentrate research and surveillance on these emerging and re-emerging viruses, particularly arthropod-borne viral infections. The appropriate research and surveillance on them will help us for the development of effective control and treatment strategies and also reduce health problems. The present review summarizes the current broad outline of discovery, evolution and dispersal of this unknown virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Soniya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India
| | - Suman Yadav
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India
| | - Sanjit Boora
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India
| | - Sulochana Kaushik
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India
| | - Jaya Parkash Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India
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Orthobunyaviruses: From Virus Binding to Penetration into Mammalian Host Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050872. [PMID: 34068494 PMCID: PMC8151349 DOI: 10.3390/v13050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 80 members worldwide, Orthobunyavirus is the largest genus in the Peribunyaviridae family. Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) are arthropod-borne viruses that are structurally simple, with a trisegmented, negative-sense RNA genome and only four structural proteins. OBVs are potential agents of emerging and re-emerging diseases and overall represent a global threat to both public and veterinary health. The focus of this review is on the very first steps of OBV infection in mammalian hosts, from virus binding to penetration and release of the viral genome into the cytosol. Here, we address the most current knowledge and advances regarding OBV receptors, endocytosis, and fusion.
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Ramírez-Martínez MM, Bennett AJ, Dunn CD, Yuill TM, Goldberg TL. Bat Flies of the Family Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) Host Relatives of Medically and Agriculturally Important "Bat-Associated" Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050860. [PMID: 34066683 PMCID: PMC8150819 DOI: 10.3390/v13050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat flies (Hippoboscoidea: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of bats. We collected streblid bat flies from the New World (México) and the Old World (Uganda), and used metagenomics to identify their viruses. In México, we found méjal virus (Rhabdoviridae; Vesiculovirus), Amate virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), and two unclassified viruses of invertebrates. Méjal virus is related to emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses and to the agriculturally important vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV). Amate virus and its sister taxon from a bat are most closely related to mosquito- and tick-borne orbiviruses, suggesting a previously unrecognized orbivirus transmission cycle involving bats and bat flies. In Uganda, we found mamucuso virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) and two unclassified viruses (a rhabdovirus and an invertebrate virus). Mamucuso virus is related to encephalitic viruses of mammals and to viruses from nycteribiid bat flies and louse flies, suggesting a previously unrecognized orthobunyavirus transmission cycle involving hippoboscoid insects. Bat fly virus transmission may be neither strictly vector-borne nor strictly vertical, with opportunistic feeding by bat flies occasionally leading to zoonotic transmission. Many "bat-associated" viruses, which are ecologically and epidemiologically associated with bats but rarely or never found in bats themselves, may actually be viruses of bat flies or other bat ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Ramírez-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud y Ecología Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Autlán CP 48900, Mexico;
| | - Andrew J. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher D. Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
| | - Thomas M. Yuill
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-890-2618
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