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la Cruz-Saldana TD, Bustos JA, Requena-Herrera MP, Martinez-Merizalde N, Ortiz-Cam L, Cáceres AL, Guzman C, Gavidia CM, Ugarte-Gil C, Castillo-Neyra R. A scoping review on control strategies for Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.21.24312335. [PMID: 39228722 PMCID: PMC11370509 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.21.24312335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (EG) with a global burden of control in the billions of dollars. E. granulosus' life cycle involves definitive, intermediate, and humans as dead-end hosts. Echinococcosis control programs use strategies that focus on any of these hosts. We aimed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the EG control interventions worldwide. Methods We conducted a scoping review by mapping all studies on interventions for EG control following the Arksey and O'Malley Framework. We screened identified articles, and charted and coded selected papers. We classified the data based on target host, type of study, and control mechanism. We described the efficacy or safety outcomes, and the associated barriers/facilitators for the intervention. Critical appraisal was conducted. Results From 7,853 screened studies, we analyzed 45: seven centered on human interventions, 21 on animals, and 17 on both. Studies on humans focused on educational strategies and human CE monitoring. The studies on animals were field trials and most were based on Praziquantel (PZQ) for dogs. Studies focused on both animals and humans had, in general, more participants, lasted longer, and covered larger geographical areas. Overall, the quality of studies was moderate to low. Conclusions Available evidence suggests that long-term interventions aimed at both animals and humans can achieve significant reduction in EG transmission, particularly when PZQ treatment for dogs is included. Higher quality evidence, standardization of methodologies, and better reporting on post-intervention outcomes are necessary for drawing stronger conclusions. Further evidence is needed to assess the sustainability and scalability of control measures. Nonetheless, an integrative One Health approach is essential for overcoming the multiple challenges associated with sustaining long-term control efforts for Echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania De la Cruz-Saldana
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Perú
| | - Javier A Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Perú
| | - Maria P Requena-Herrera
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Lizzie Ortiz-Cam
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana Lucía Cáceres
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carolina Guzman
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Ugarte-Gil
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nocerino M, Pepe P, Ciccone E, Maurelli MP, Bosco A, Boué F, Umhang G, Lahmar S, Said Y, Sotiraki S, Ligda P, Laatamna A, Reghaissia N, Saralli G, Musella V, Alterisio MC, Piegari G, Rinaldi L. Epidemiological update of cystic echinococcosis in livestock and assessment of practices related to its control in the Mediterranean area. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107240. [PMID: 38705342 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, is a zoonotic parasitic disease that still represents a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide. The Mediterranean basin is recognized as one of the major hotspots of CE due to several factors, including the presence of diverse intermediate host species as well as socio-economic and cultural conditions of local communities. This study aims to take a closer look at epidemiological data on CE in the Mediterranean area and assess the knowledge attitudes and practices of shepherds towards this disease in four countries (Algeria, Greece, Italy and Tunisia), highly endemic for CE, with the final goal of identifying highly endemic risk areas and practices in use which might potentially allow the persistence of E. granulosus infection in these areas. To update the epidemiological scenario of CE in Mediterranean areas, a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature on CE prevalence data published during the 2017-2023 period was carried out and, through a geographical information system (GIS), a map displaying the current CE distribution in the Mediterranean area was generated. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted through in-depth interviews of the farmers to collect information on their management system as well as knowledge attitudes and practices towards CE. From the farmer-participatory survey some risky practices emerged including the non-regular deworming of dogs or the use of ineffective drugs or dosing, as well as the provision of uncooked animal viscera to dogs. Finally, lower levels of knowledge and awareness of the disease was observed among farmers from North Africa compared with those of European countries. In conclusion, the results obtained highlight that CE is still a very serious problem in Mediterranean areas and increased efforts are needed to promote awareness among farmers and to turn research results into policy in order to reduce the spread of this disease, according to the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nocerino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Elena Ciccone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy; Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy; Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy; Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, BP 40009, Malzéville 54220, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, BP 40009, Malzéville 54220, France
| | - Samia Lahmar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Yousra Said
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ligda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP, Djelfa 3117, Algeria
| | - Nassiba Reghaissia
- Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Annaba Road, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria
| | - Giorgio Saralli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Science, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples 80137, Italy; Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
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3
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Gharbi M, Giraudoux P. Cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infection) in Tunisia, a One Health perspective for a future control programme. Parasite 2024; 31:30. [PMID: 38874552 PMCID: PMC11177845 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pandemics with dramatic consequences for human health has obscured endemic diseases that continue to pose a problem for human and animal health in several regions of the world. Among these diseases, cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by a group of cestodes, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, remains a real human and animal health problem in several regions of the world, including the Mediterranean Basin. Despite the implementation of a number of governmental control programmes using several tools (dog treatment, meat inspection, etc.), this infection is still highly prevalent in North Africa. Here we present a review of the epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis in Tunisia, an analysis of the constraints limiting the effectiveness of the control programmes implemented, and finally argue for the use of the One Health framework to improve the effectiveness of future programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratory of parasitology, Université de la Manouba. National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet 2020 Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environnement, Université de Franche-Comté/CNRS, La Bouloie 25030 Besançon France
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Qi X, Song T, Li Z, Jiang T, Zhang Z, Wu C, Guo G, Dong J, Dawuti W, Dou J, Li J, Wen H, Zhang W. Ultrasonography screening of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in sheep flocks used for evaluating control progress in a remote mountain area of Hejing County, Xinjiang. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:207. [PMID: 38760783 PMCID: PMC11100068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ultrasonography (US) has been widely used in the diagnosis of human diseases to monitor the progress of cystic echinococcosis (CE) control, the screening method for hepatic CE in sheep flocks requires adjustment. In this study, we used a US scanner to screen sheep flocks and evaluated the efficacy of dosing dogs once a year with praziquantel for 7 years from 2014 to 2021. METHODS All sheep in the three flocks were screened using an ultrasound scanner in 2014 and compared with the prevalence of infection in 2021 in Bayinbuluke, Xinjiang, China. Sheep age was determined using incisor teeth. Cyst activity and calcification were determined using US images. The dogs were dewormed with praziquantel once a year to control echinococcosis in the community. RESULTS Three flocks had 968 sheep in 2014, with 13.22%, 22.62%, 18.7%, 27.27%, 11.88%, and 6.3% of sheep aged 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and ≥ 6 years old, respectively. US scanning revealed that the overall CE prevalence was 38.43% (372/968), with active cysts and calcified cysts present in 9.40% (91/968) and 29.02% (281/968) of the sheep, respectively. For the young sheep aged 1 and 2 years, the prevalence of active and calcified cysts was: 1.56% and 0.91%, and 10.94% and 18.72%, respectively. Approximately 15.15% and 16.52% of the 4- and 5-year-old sheep, respectively, harbored active cysts. There was no significant difference in the infection rates of sheep between 2014 and 2021 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS US is a practical tool for the field screening of CE in sheep flocks. One-third of the sheep population in the flocks was 1-2 years old, and these sheep played a very limited role in CE transmission, as most of the cysts were calcified. Old sheep, especially culled aged sheep, play a key role in the transmission of CE. Dosing dogs once a year did not affect echinococcosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Animal Center, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 468 Alishan Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuanchuan Wu
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 North Shangde Road, Urumqi, 830039, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 72 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wubulitalifu Dawuti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jingrui Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China.
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 North Shangde Road, Urumqi, 830039, Xinjiang, China.
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5
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Nocerino M, Pepe P, Bosco A, Ciccone E, Maurelli MP, Boué F, Umhang G, Pellegrini J, Lahmar S, Said Y, Sotiraki S, Ligda P, Laatamna A, Saralli G, Paciello O, Alterisio MC, Rinaldi L. An innovative strategy for deworming dogs in Mediterranean areas highly endemic for cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:86. [PMID: 38395867 PMCID: PMC10893745 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a zoonotic parasitic disease of economic and public health importance worldwide, especially in the Mediterranean area. Canids are the main definitive hosts of the adult cestode contaminating the environment with parasite eggs released with feces. In rural and peri-urban areas, the risk of transmission to livestock as well as humans is high because of the free-roaming behavior of owned/not owned dogs. Collecting data on animal movements and behavior using GPS dataloggers could be a milestone to contain the spread of this parasitosis. Thus, this study aims to develop a comprehensive control strategy, focused on deworming a dog population in a pilot area of southern Italy (Campania region) highly endemic for CE. METHODS Accordingly, five sheep farms, tested to be positive for CE, were selected. In each sheep farm, all shepherd dogs present were treated every 2 months with praziquantel. Furthermore, 15 GPS dataloggers were applied to sheep and dogs, and their movements were tracked for 1 month; the distances that they traveled and their respective home ranges were determined using minimum convex polygon (MCP) analysis with a convex hull geometry as output. RESULTS The results showed that the mean daily walking distances traveled by sheep and dogs did not significantly differ. Over 90% of the point locations collected by GPS fell within 1500 mt of the farm, and the longest distances were traveled between 10:00 and 17:00. In all the sheep farms monitored, the area traversed by the animals during their daily activities showed an extension of < 250 hectares. Based on the home range of the animals, the area with the highest risk of access from canids (minimum safe convex polygon) was estimated around the centroid of each farm, and a potential scheme for the delivery of praziquantel-laced baits for the treatment of not owned dogs gravitating around the grazing area was designed. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the usefulness of geospatial technology in supporting parasite control strategies to reduce disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nocerino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Elena Ciccone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Justine Pellegrini
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Samia Lahmar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Univ., Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Yousra Said
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Univ., Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ligda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Giorgio Saralli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
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Gu H, Hu Y, Guo S, Jin Y, Chen W, Huang C, Hu Z, Li F, Liu J. China's prevention and control experience of echinococcosis: A 19-year retrospective. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e16. [PMID: 38305033 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcosis poses a significant threat to public health. The Chinese government has implemented prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. By analyzing data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the State Council of the People's Republic of China, we found that implementation of these measures has reduced the infection rate by nearly 50% between 2004 to 2022 (from 0.3975 to 0.1944 per 100,000 person-years). Nonetheless, some regions still bear a significant disease burden, and lack of detailed information limites further evaluation of the effects on both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Our analysis supports the continuing implementation of these measures and suggests that enhanced wildlife management, case-based strategies, and surveillance systems will facilitate disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - S Guo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - W Chen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - C Huang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Z Hu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - F Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - J Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
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Shao G, Hua R, Song H, Chen Y, Zhu X, Hou W, Li S, Yang A, Yang G. Protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011709. [PMID: 37871121 PMCID: PMC10621941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the infection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.), one of the most harmful zoonotic helminths worldwide. Infected dogs are the major source of CE transmission. While praziquantel-based deworming is a main measure employed to control dog infections, its efficacy is at times compromised by the persistent high rate of dog re-infection and the copious discharge of E. granulosus eggs into the environment. Therefore, the dog vaccine is a welcome development, as it offers a substantial reduction in the biomass of E. granulosus. This study aimed to use previous insights into E. granulosus functional genes to further assess the protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins in dogs using a two-time injection vaccination strategy. METHODS We expressed and combined recombinant E. granulosus triosephosphate isomerase (rEgTIM) with annexin B3 (rEgANXB3), adenylate kinase 1 (rEgADK1) with Echinococcus protoscolex calcium binding protein 1 (rEgEPC1), and fatty acid-binding protein (rEgFABP) with paramyosin (rEgA31). Beagle dogs received two subcutaneous vaccinations mixed with Quil-A adjuvant, and subsequently orally challenged with protoscoleces two weeks after booster vaccination. All dogs were sacrificed for counting and measuring E. granulosus tapeworms at 28 days post-infection, and the level of serum IgG was detected by ELISA. RESULTS Dogs vaccinated with rEgTIM&rEgANXB3, rEgADK1&rEgEPC1, and rEgFABP-EgA31 protein groups exhibited significant protectiveness, with a worm reduction rate of 71%, 57%, and 67%, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the vaccinated groups exhibited an inhibition of worm growth, as evidenced by a reduction in body length and width (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of IgG in the vaccinated dogs was significantly higher than that of the control dogs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These verified candidates may be promising vaccines for the prevention of E. granulosus infection in dogs following two injections. The rEgTIM&rEgANXB3 co-administrated vaccine underscored the potential for the highest protective efficacy and superior protection stability for controlling E. granulosus infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Shao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hou
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiong Li
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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Analysis of vaccination strategy against cystic echinococcosis developed in the Province of Río Negro, Argentina: 12 years of work. Vet Parasitol 2022; 310:109790. [PMID: 36054969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by species of the complex Echinococcus granulosus, sensu lato in their larval stage. It is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, where small farmers generally have both sheep and goats. Lamb vaccination with EG95 was incorporated in 2009 with very good results: in fact, it contributed to a significant drop in prevalence of infection in both sheep and goats, when determined by necropsy and serology in 2018. In the design of the activity, it was decided not to vaccinate goats in order to minimize the operational requirements of vaccination and comments from producers about the rarity of observing hydatid cysts in goat viscera were considered. OBJECTIVE To identify causes which can still generate infection in dogs, and to detect species/genotypes in circulation in the province of Río Negro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In indigenous reserves comprised within the area of lamb vaccination with 3 doses of EG95, (dose 1 in December, dose 2 in January and dose 3 in December of the year following, at the time of application of dose 1 to the new lambs). Prevalence in adult goats and sheep was determined by necropsy and serology (ELISA). Infective species/genotypes present in the work area and in the rest of the province of Río Negro were identified by Cox1 mitochondrial gene sequencing. Epidemiological analysis was completed with surveys among farmers about slaughter habits for human consumption. RESULTS Through serology and necropsy, infection rates in vaccinated and nonvaccinated sheep were significantly different (21% versus 66%). Non-vaccinated sheep and non-vaccinated goats were also significantly different in that there was less infection in goats compared to sheep (7% versus 66% for necropsy, 30% versus 61% for serology); After many years of sheep vaccination the infection positives were low, and differences between vaccinated sheep and non-vaccinated goats turned out non-significant (21% versus 7%). With reference to epidemiology and control along the period 2018-2022, PZQ dosing of dogs 4 times a year was maintained, and 2 extra deworming tasks were introduced together with dose 1 and 2 of EG95, performed by the veterinary vaccination team, ensuring the ingestion of PZQ by dogs. Assessment of animal slaughter for consumption in 41 producers showed that 21 of them slaughter a monthly average of 18 goats (an average of 0.43 goat per month per farm) and 36 in all slaughter 35 old sheep in a year (average of 0.85 sheep per month per farm). With respect to identification of species/genotypes as from 2010, genotypes G1 have been found in 11 sheep (out of which 6 belong to vaccination zone) and genotypes G7, in one pig. A goat cyst within vaccination zone turned out unfertile and it was not possible to sequence it. CONCLUSION Design and implementation of a vaccine programme combined with the use of PZQ resulted as cost-effective, since it was possible to maintain the vaccine over time, with clear impact on prevalence decrease in sheep and goats.
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Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101252. [PMID: 35625097 PMCID: PMC9137995 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this literature review was to summarize the current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of helminthic diseases in domestic animals. We selected and analyzed 122 papers about the application of ultrasonography in parasitic disease in ruminants, equids, swine, and companion animals. Helminths can be recognized in ultrasound images by their morphology, size, and location. In some cases, the parasites are not directly seen by ultrasound, but the lesions caused by them can be easily visualized. Ultrasound imaging is taking on an increasingly important role in veterinary parasitology. Abstract The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of helminthic diseases in domestic animals. Only peer reviewed papers written in English language were included in this systematic review. All papers concerning unicellular parasites, wild animals, non-domestic experimental animals, or ex vivo or in vitro applications of ultrasonography were excluded from the review. A total of 122 papers met the inclusion criteria. Among them 47% concerned nematodes, 37% cestodes, and 16% trematodes with the genus Dirofilaria, Echinococcus, and Fasciola the most represented, respectively. Helminths can be recognized in ultrasound images by their morphology, size, and location. In some cases, the parasite stages are not directly seen by ultrasound, but the lesions caused by them can be easily visualized. Ultrasound imaging is taking on an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, staging, monitoring, and control of parasitic diseases in veterinary medicine. However, it cannot replace the clinical approach and the diagnostic tests commonly used in veterinary parasitology.
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Lv Y, Li S, Zhang T, Zhu Y, Tao J, Yang J, Chang L, Wu C, Zhao W. Identification of B‐cell dominant epitopes in the recombinant protein P29 from
Echinococcus granulosus. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e611. [PMID: 35478448 PMCID: PMC9017632 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) causes a hazardous zoonotic parasitic disease. This parasite can occupy the liver and several areas of the body, causing incurable damage. Our previous studies have provided evidence that the recombinant protein P29 (rEg.P29) exhibit immune protection in sheep and mice against pathological damage induced by E. granulosus, showing its potential as candidate for vaccine development. However, information on the B‐cell epitopes of rEg.P29 has not yet been reported. Methods Immunological model was established in mice with rEg.P29. SDS‐PAGE and Western blot were used to identify protein. Screening for B‐cell dominant epitope peptides of rEg.P29 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immune serum. Dominant epitopes were validated using ELISA and flow cytometry. Multiple sequence alignment analysis was performed using BLAST and UniProt. Results Immunization with rEg.P29 induced intense and persistent antibody responses, and the epitope of the dominant antigen of B cells are identified as rEg.P29166–185 (LKNAKTAEQKAKWEAEVRKD). Anti‐rEg.P29166–185‐specific antibodies lack epitopes against IgA, IgE, and IgG3, compared to anti‐rEg.P29‐specific antibodies. However, anti‐rEg.P29166–185 IgG showed comparatively higher titers, as determined among those peptides by endpoint titration. In addition, rEg.P29 and rEg.P29166–185 promote B‐cell activation and proliferation in vitro. The dominant epitopes are relatively conserved in different subtypes of the rEg.P29 sequence. Conclusion rEg.P29166–185 can act as a dominant B‐cell epitope for rEg.P29 and promote cell activation and proliferation in the same way as rEg.P29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxue Lv
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
| | - Shasha Li
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
| | - Jia Tao
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
| | - Jihui Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
| | - Liangliang Chang
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Yinchuan China
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Du X, Zhu M, Zhang T, Wang C, Tao J, Yang S, Zhu Y, Zhao W. The Recombinant Eg.P29-Mediated miR-126a-5p Promotes the Differentiation of Mouse Naive CD4 + T Cells via DLK1-Mediated Notch1 Signal Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:773276. [PMID: 35211114 PMCID: PMC8861942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.773276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease spread worldwide caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg), which sometimes causes serious damage; however, in many cases, people are not aware that they are infected. A number of recombinant vaccines based on Eg are used to evaluate their effectiveness against the infection. Our previous report showed that recombinant Eg.P29 (rEg.P29) has a marvelous immunoprotection and can induce Th1 immune response. Furthermore, data of miRNA microarray in mice spleen CD4+ T cells showed that miR-126a-5p was significantly elevated 1 week after immunization by using rEg.P29. Therefore, in this perspective, we discussed the role of miR-126a-5p in the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th1/Th2 under rEg.P29 immunization and determined the mechanisms associated with delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) and Notch1 signaling pathway. One week after P29 immunization of mice, we found that miR-126a-5p was significantly increased and DLK1 expression was decreased, while Notch1 pathway activation was enhanced and Th1 response was significantly stronger. The identical conclusion was obtained by overexpression of mmu-miR-126a-5p in primary naive CD4+ T cells in mice. Intriguingly, mmu-miR-126a-5p was significantly raised in serum from mice infected with protoscolex in the early stages of infection and markedly declined in the late stages of infection, while has-miR-126-5p expression was dramatically reduced in serum from CE patients. Taken together, we show that miR-126a-5p functions as a positive regulator of Notch1-mediated differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1 through downregulating DLK1 in vivo and in vitro. Hsa-miR-126-5p is potentially a very promising diagnostic biomarker for CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancai Du
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Tao
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Songhao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Chromosome-scale Echinococcus granulosus (genotype G1) genome reveals the Eg95 gene family and conservation of the EG95-vaccine molecule. Commun Biol 2022; 5:199. [PMID: 35241789 PMCID: PMC8894454 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a socioeconomically important parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of the canid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, afflicting millions of humans and animals worldwide. The development of a vaccine (called EG95) has been the most notable translational advance in the fight against this disease in animals. However, almost nothing is known about the genomic organisation/location of the family of genes encoding EG95 and related molecules, the extent of their conservation or their functions. The lack of a complete reference genome for E. granulosus genotype G1 has been a major obstacle to addressing these areas. Here, we assembled a chromosomal-scale genome for this genotype by scaffolding to a high quality genome for the congener E. multilocularis, localised Eg95 gene family members in this genome, and evaluated the conservation of the EG95 vaccine molecule. These results have marked implications for future explorations of aspects such as developmentally-regulated gene transcription/expression (using replicate samples) for all E. granulosus stages; structural and functional roles of non-coding genome regions; molecular ‘cross-talk’ between oncosphere and the immune system; and defining the precise function(s) of EG95. Applied aspects should include developing improved tools for the diagnosis and chemotherapy of cystic echinococcosis of humans. A high-quality genome for the parasitic tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus, provides further insight into the EG95 vaccine target for cystic echinococcosis.
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Amarir FE, Rhalem A, Marcotty T, Dorny P, Sadak A, Azrib R, Kirschvink N. Hydatid cyst detection by liver ultrasonography in sheep: impact of cyst abundance, viability and location. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lightowlers MW, Gasser RB, Hemphill A, Romig T, Tamarozzi F, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR, Garcia HH, Kern P. Advances in the treatment, diagnosis, control and scientific understanding of taeniid cestode parasite infections over the past 50 years. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1167-1192. [PMID: 34757089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, enormous progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and control of taeniid cestode infections/diseases and in the scientific understanding thereof. Most interest in this group of parasites stems from the serious diseases that they cause in humans. It is through this lens that we summarize here the most important breakthroughs that have made a difference to the treatment of human diseases caused by these parasites, reduction in transmission of the taeniid species associated with human disease, or understanding of the parasites' biology likely to impact diagnosis or treatment in the foreseeable future. Key topics discussed are the introduction of anti-cestode drugs, including benzimidazoles and praziquantel, and the development of new imaging modalities that have transformed the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of human echinococcoses and neurocysticercosis. The availability of new anti-cestode drugs for use in dogs and a detailed understanding of the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato have underpinned successful programs that have eliminated cystic echinococcosis in some areas of the world and greatly reduced the incidence of infection in others. Despite these successes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis continue to be prevalent in many parts of the world, requiring new or renewed efforts to prevent the associated taeniid infections. Major advances made in the development of practical vaccines against E. granulosus and Taenia solium will hopefully assist in this endeavour, as might the understanding of the parasites' biology that have come from an elucidation of the nuclear genomes of each of the most important taeniid species causing human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Strasse 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse, and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú
| | - Peter Kern
- Ulm University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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