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Kamgang B, Acântara J, Tedjou A, Keumeni C, Yougang A, Ancia A, Bigirimana F, Clarke SE, Gil VS, Wondji C. Entomological surveys and insecticide susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti during the dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe in 2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011903. [PMID: 38829904 PMCID: PMC11175431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe was reported in 2022. Entomological investigations were undertaken to establish the typology of Aedes larval habitats, the distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the related entomological risk and the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti to insecticides, to provide evidence to inform the outbreak response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Entomological surveys were performed in all seven health districts of Sao Tome and Principe during the dry and rainy seasons in 2022. WHO tube and synergist assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were carried out, together with genotyping of F1534C/V1016I/V410L mutations in Ae. aegypti. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found in all seven health districts of the country with high abundance of Ae. aegypti in the most urbanised district, Agua Grande. Both Aedes species bred mainly in used tyres, discarded tanks and water storage containers. In both survey periods, the Breteau (BI > 50), house (HI > 35%) and container (CI > 20%) indices were higher than the thresholds established by WHO to indicate high potential risk of dengue transmission. The Ae. aegypti sampled were susceptible to all insecticides tested except dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (9.2% mortality, resistant), bendiocarb (61.4% mortality, resistant) and alpha-cypermethrin (97% mortality, probable resistant). A full recovery was observed in Ae. aegypti resistant to bendiocarb after pre-exposure to synergist PBO. Only one Ae. aegypti specimen was found carrying F1534C mutation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings revealed a high potential risk for dengue transmission throughout the year, with the bulk of larval breeding occurring in used tyres, water storage and discarded containers. Most of the insecticides tested remain effective to control Aedes vectors in Sao Tome, except DDT and bendiocarb. These data underline the importance of raising community awareness and implementing routine dengue vector control strategies to prevent further outbreaks in Sao Tome and Principe, and elsewhere in the subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - João Acântara
- Centro Nacional de Endemias, Ministério da Saúde de São Tomé e Príncipe, Agua Grande, São Tomé e Príncipe
| | - Armel Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Keumeni
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aurelie Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anne Ancia
- World Health Organization, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | | | - Sian E. Clarke
- Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Agbodzi B, Sado Yousseu FB, Nemg Simo FB, Kumordjie S, Yeboah C, Mosore MT, Bentil RE, Coatsworth HG, Attram N, Nimo-Paintsil S, Fox AT, Bonney JHK, Ampofo W, Dinglasan RR, Sanders T, Wiley MR, Demanou M, Letizia AG. Whole genome sequencing of outbreak strains from 2017 to 2018 reveals an endemic clade of dengue 1 virus in Cameroon. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2281352. [PMID: 37933502 PMCID: PMC10732222 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2281352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is expanding as a global public health threat including countries within Africa. For the past few decades, Cameroon has experienced sporadic cases of arboviral infections including dengue fever. Here, we conducted genomic analyses to investigate the origin and phylogenetic profile of Cameroon DENV-1 outbreak strains and predict the impact of emerging therapeutics on these strains. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference approaches were employed in virus evolutionary analyses. An in silico analysis was performed to assess the divergence in immunotherapeutic and vaccine targets in the new genomes. Six complete DENV-1 genomes were generated from 50 samples that met a clinical definition for DENV infection. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strains from the current study belong to a sub-lineage of DENV-1 genotype V and form a monophyletic taxon with a 2012 strain from Gabon. The most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the Cameroon and Gabon strains was estimated to have existed around 2008. Comparing our sequences to the vaccine strains, 19 and 15 amino acid (aa) substitutions were observed in the immuno-protective prM-E protein segments of the Dengvaxia® and TetraVax-DV-TV003 vaccines, respectively. Epitope mapping revealed mismatches in aa residues at positions E155 and E161 located in the epitope of the human anti-DENV-1 monoclonal antibody HMAb 1F4. The new DENV strains constitute a conserved genomic pool of viruses endemic to the Central African region that needs prospective monitoring to track local viral evolution. Further work is needed to ascertain the performance of emerging therapeutics in DENV strains from the African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Agbodzi
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Clara Yeboah
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Heather G. Coatsworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Naiki Attram
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Anne T. Fox
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph H. K. Bonney
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ampofo
- Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rhoel R. Dinglasan
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terrel Sanders
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Alenou LD, Nwane P, Mbakop LR, Piameu M, Ekoko W, Mandeng S, Bikoy EN, Toto JC, Onguina H, Etang J. Burden of mosquito-borne diseases across rural versus urban areas in Cameroon between 2002 and 2021: prospective for community-oriented vector management approaches. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:136. [PMID: 37076896 PMCID: PMC10114431 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, Cameroon has recorded one of the highest rates of urban population growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that more than 67% of Cameroon's urban population lives in slums, and the situation is far from improving as these neighbourhoods are growing at an annual rate of 5.5%. However, it is not known how this rapid and uncontrolled urbanization affects vector populations and disease transmission in urban versus rural areas. In this study, we analyse data from studies conducted on mosquito-borne diseases in Cameroon between 2002 and 2021 to determine the distribution of mosquito species and the prevalence of diseases they transmit with regards to urban areas versus rural areas. METHODS A search of various online databases, such as PubMed, Hinari, Google and Google Scholar, was conducted for relevant articles. A total of 85 publications/reports were identified and reviewed for entomological and epidemiological data from the ten regions of Cameroon. RESULTS Analysis of the findings from the reviewed articles revealed 10 diseases transmitted by mosquitoes to humans across the study regions. Most of these diseases were recorded in the Northwest Region, followed by the North, Far North and Eastern Regions. Data were collected from 37 urban and 28 rural sites. In the urban areas, dengue prevalence increased from 14.55% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2-23.9%) in 2002-2011 to 29.84% (95% CI 21-38.7%) in 2012-2021. In rural areas, diseases such as Lymphatic filariasis and Rift valley fever, which were not present in 2002-2011, appeared in 2012-2021, with a prevalence of 0.4% (95% CI 0.0- 2.4%) and 10% (95% CI 0.6-19.4%), respectively. Malaria prevalence remained the same in urban areas (67%; 95% CI 55.6-78.4%) between the two periods, while it significantly decreased in rural areas from 45.87% (95% CI 31.1-60.6%) in 2002-2011 to 39% (95% CI 23.7-54.3%) in the 2012-2021 period (*P = 0.04). Seventeen species of mosquitoes were identified as involved in the transmission of these diseases, of which 11 were involved in the transmission of malaria, five in the transmission of arboviruses and one in the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis. The diversity of mosquito species was greater in rural areas than in urban areas during both periods. Of the articles reviewed for the 2012-2021 period, 56% reported the presence of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in urban areas compared to 42% reported in 2002-2011. The presence of Aedes aegypti increased in urban areas in 2012-2021 but this species was absent in rural areas. Ownership of long-lasting insecticidal nets varied greatly from one setting to another. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that, in addition to malaria control strategies, vector-borne disease control approaches in Cameroon should include strategies against lymphatic filariasis and Rift Valley fever in rural areas, and against dengue and Zika viruses in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Dilane Alenou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael Piameu
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, P.O. Box 1110, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Ekoko
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Bamenda, Bambili, P.O. Box 39, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mandeng
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bikoy
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hugues Onguina
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Josiane Etang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Faculty 09-Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Winchester Str. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Canelas T, Thomsen E, Kamgang B, Kelly‐Hope LA. Demographic and environmental factors associated with the distribution of Aedes albopictus in Cameroon. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:143-151. [PMID: 36264191 PMCID: PMC10092813 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aedes-transmitted arboviruses have spread globally due to the spread of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Its distribution is associated with human and physical geography. However, these factors have not been quantified in Cameroon. Therefore, the aim was to develop an Ae. albopictus geo-referenced database to examine the risk factors associated with the vector distribution in Cameroon. Data on the Ae. albopictus presence and absence were collated and mapped from studies in published scientific literature between 2000 and 2020. Publicly available earth observation data were used to assess human geography, land use and climate risk factors related to the vector distribution. A logistic binomial regression was conducted to identify the significant risk factors associated with Ae. albopictus distribution. In total, 111 data points were collated (presence = 87; absence = 24). Different data collection methods and sites hindered the spatiotemporal analysis. An increase of one wet month in a year increased the odds of Ae. albopictus presence by 5.6 times. One unit of peri-urban area increased the odds by 1.3 times. Using publicly available demographic and environmental data to better understand the key determinants of mosquito distributions may facilitate appropriately targeted public health messages and vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Canelas
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Edward Thomsen
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious DiseasesYaoundéCameroon
| | - Louise A. Kelly‐Hope
- Department of Livestock and One HealthInstitute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Yougang AP, Keumeni CR, Wilson-Bahun TA, Tedjou AN, Njiokou F, Wondji C, Kamgang B. Spatial distribution and insecticide resistance profile of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Douala, the most important city of Cameroon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278779. [PMID: 36512581 PMCID: PMC9746985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention and control of Aedes-borne viral diseases such as dengue rely on vector control, including the use of insecticides and reduction of larval sources. However, this is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance. This study aimed to update the spatial distribution, the insecticide resistance profile of A. aegypti and A. albopictus and the potential resistant mechanisms implicated in the city of Douala. Immature stages of Aedes were collected in August 2020 in eight neighbourhoods in Douala and reared to adult stages. Adult bioassays, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist assays were carried out according to World Health Organization recommendations. Expression of some candidate metabolic genes including Cyp9M6F88/87, Cyp9J28a, Cyp9J10 and Cyp9J32 in A. aegypti, and Cyp6P12 in A. albopictus were assessed using qPCR. A. aegypti adults G0 were screened using real time melting curve qPCR analyses to genotype the F1534C, V1016I and V410L Aedes kdr mutations. Overall, A. aegypti is the predominant Aedes species, but analyses revealed that both A. albopictus and A. aegypti coexist in all the prospected neighbourhoods of Douala. High level of resistance was observed to three pyrethroids tested in both Aedes species. In A. aegypti a lower mortality rate was reported to permethrin (5.83%) and a higher mortality rate to deltamethrin (63.74%). Meanwhile, for A. albopictus, lower (6.72%) and higher (84.11%) mortality rates were reported to deltamethrin. Similar analysis with bendiocarb, revealed for A. aegypti a loss of susceptibility. However, in A. albopictus samples, analyses revealed a susceptibility in Logbessou, and confirmed resistance in Kotto (59.78%). A partial recovery of mortality was found to insecticides after pre-exposure to PBO. Cyp6P12 was found significantly overexpressed in A. albopictus permethrin resistant and Cyp9M6F88/87 for A. aegypti deltamethrin resistant. F1534C, V1016I and V410L mutations were detected in A. aegypti from different neighbourhoods and by considering the combination of these three kdr 14 genotypes were found. These findings provide relevant information which should be capitalised in the implementation of arbovirus vector control strategies and insecticide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie P. Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (APY); (BK)
| | - Christophe R. Keumeni
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Theodel A. Wilson-Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Bioecology, Marien-Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Armel N. Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (APY); (BK)
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Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Mony R, Demanou M, Keumezeu-Tsafack J, Bamou R, Awono-Ambene P, Bilong Bilong CF, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Assessment of Dengue and Chikungunya Infections among Febrile Patients Visiting Four Healthcare Centres in Yaoundé and Dizangué, Cameroon. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102127. [PMID: 36298682 PMCID: PMC9612120 DOI: 10.3390/v14102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue and chikungunya are now widely distributed in Cameroon, but there is still not enough information on their prevalence in different epidemiological settings. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of dengue and chikungunya in both urban and rural settings in Cameroon using three diagnostic tools. From December 2019 to September 2021, willing febrile (temperature >38 °C) outpatients visiting four healthcare facilities in the cities of Yaoundé and Dizangué were screened for dengue, and chikungunya. Clinical features of patient were recorded in a form, and their blood samples were analysed using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR), rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA). Odds ratios were used to determine the level of association between socio-demographic factors, clinical features, and infection status. The Kappa coefficient permitted to assess the level of agreement between RDTs and ELISA. Overall, 301 febrile patients were recruited in the study: 198 in Yaoundé and 103 in Dizangué. The prevalence of infection varied with the diagnostic tool used. For dengue diagnostics, 110 patients were positive to rtRT-PCR: 90 (45.45%) in Yaoundé, and 20 (19.42%) in Dizangué. The prevalence of dengue IgM using ELISA varied from 22.3% in Dizangué to 30.8% in Yaoundé. Dengue IgM rate using RDTs was 7.6% in Yaoundé and 3.9% in Dizangué. For chikungunya, one (0.5%) patient (Yaoundé, suburb) was positive to rtRT-PCR. The prevalence of chikungunya IgM according to ELISA varied from 18.4% in Dizangué to 21.7% in Yaoundé, while it was 4.5% in Yaoundé and 12.6% in Dizangué with RDTs. Only abdominal and retro-orbital pains were significantly associated with acute dengue infection. All four dengue serotypes were recorded, with a predominance of DENV-3 (35.45%) and DENV-4 (25.45%). Rapid Diagnostic Tests for either chikungunya or dengue displayed very poor sensitivity. This study further confirms the high endemicity of both dengue and chikungunya in Yaoundé and Dizangué. These data stress the need for active surveillance and the implementation of vector control measures to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mariette Nana-Ndjangwo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (S.M.N.-N.); (C.A.-N.)
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Ruth Mony
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Demanou
- World Health Organization, IST West Africa, Ouagadougou P.O. Box 7019, Burkina Faso
| | - Joyce Keumezeu-Tsafack
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
| | - Charles Félix Bilong Bilong
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Correspondence: (S.M.N.-N.); (C.A.-N.)
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Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Nchoutpouen E, Makoudjou I, Ngangue-Siewe IN, Talipouo A, Mayi MPA, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji C, Tchuinkam T, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Aedes Mosquito Surveillance Using Ovitraps, Sweep Nets, and Biogent Traps in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon. INSECTS 2022; 13:793. [PMID: 36135494 PMCID: PMC9500714 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbovirus diseases represent a significant public health problem in Cameroon and vector surveillance is a key component of prevention strategies. However, there is still not enough evidence of the efficacy of different sampling methods used to monitor Aedes mosquito population dynamic in different epidemiological settings. The present study provides data on the evaluation of ovitraps and different adult sampling methods in the city of Yaoundé and its close vicinity. Entomological surveys were carried out from February 2020 to March 2021 in two urban (Obili, Mvan), two peri-urban (Simbock, Ahala), and two rural (Lendom, Elig-essomballa) sites in the city of Yaoundé. The efficacy of three sampling methods, namely ovitraps, Biogent Sentinel trap, and sweep nets, was evaluated. Different ovitrap indices were used to assess the infestation levels across study sites; a general linear model was used to determine if there are statistical differences between positive ovitraps across ecological zones. A total of 16,264 Aedes mosquitoes were collected during entomological surveys. Ovitraps provided the highest mosquito abundance (15,323; 91.14%) and the highest species diversity. Of the five Aedes species collected, Aedes albopictus (59.74%) was the most commonly recorded in both urban and rural settings. Different Aedes species were collected in the same ovitrap. The ovitrap positivity index was high in all sites and varied from 58.3% in Obili in the urban area to 86.08% in Lendom in the rural area. The egg density index varied from 6.42 in Mvan (urban site) to 13.70 in Lendom (rural area). Adult sampling methods recorded mostly Aedes albopictus. The present study supports high infestation of Aedes species in the city of Yaoundé. Ovitraps were highly efficient in detecting Aedes distribution across study sites. The situation calls for regular surveillance and control of Aedes population to prevent sudden occurrence of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
| | - Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Idene Makoudjou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Idriss Nasser Ngangue-Siewe
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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8
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Kumar S, Bhardwaj VK, Singh R, Das P, Purohit R. Identification of acridinedione scaffolds as potential inhibitor of DENV-2 C protein: An in silico strategy to combat dengue. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:935-946. [PMID: 35315127 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a prominent viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes to humans that affects mainly tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. The global spread of dengue virus (DENV) is mainly occurred by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The dengue virus serotypes-2 (DENV-2) is a widely prevalent serotype of DENV, that causes the hemorrhagic fever and bleeding in the mucosa, which can be fatal. In the life cycle of DENV-2, a structural capsid (DENV-2 C) protein forms the nucleocapsid assembly and bind to the viral progeny RNA. For DENV-2 maturation, the nucleocapsid is a vital component. We used virtual ligand screening to filter out the best in-house synthesized acridinedione analogs (DSPD molecules) that could efficiently bind to DENV-2 C protein. The molecular docking and dynamics simulations studies were performed to analyze the effect of DSPD molecules on DENV-2 C protein after binding. Our findings showed that DSPD molecules strongly interacted with DENV-2 C protein, as evident from molecular interactions and several time-dependent molecular dynamics-driven analyses. Moreover, this study was also supported by the thermodynamic binding free energy and steered molecular dynamics simulations. Therefore, we intend to suggest that the DSPD3 molecule could be used as a potential therapeutic molecule against dengue complications as compared to the cocrystallized inhibitor ST-148. However, further studies are required to demonstrate the ability of DSPD3 to induce DENV-2 C tetramer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay K Bhardwaj
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pralay Das
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sirisena P, Mahilkar S, Sharma C, Jain J, Sunil S. Concurrent dengue infections: Epidemiology & clinical implications. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:669-679. [PMID: 35532585 PMCID: PMC9210535 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1219_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple dengue virus (DENV) serotypes circulating in a geographical area most often lead to simultaneous infection of two or more serotypes in a single individual. The occurrence of such concurrent infections ranges from 2.5 to 30 per cent, reaching as high as 40-50 per cent in certain dengue hyper-endemic areas. Concurrent dengue manifests itself differently than mono-infected patients, and it becomes even more important to understand the effects of co-infecting serotypes in concurrent infections to ascertain the clinical outcomes of the disease progression and transmission. In addition, there have also been reports of concurrent DENV infections in the presence of other arboviral infections. In this review, we provide a comprehensive breakdown of concurrent dengue infections globally. Furthermore, this review also touches upon the clinical presentations during those concurrent infections categorized as mild or severe forms of disease presentation. Another aspect of this review was aimed at providing insight into the concurrent dengue incidences in the presence of other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.D.N.N. Sirisena
- ImmunifyMe Healthcare Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Altrade Business Centre, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Shakuntala Mahilkar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaspreet Jain
- Human Retrovirology Laboratory, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India,For correspondence: Dr Sujatha Sunil, Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India e-mail:
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