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Chen M, Kang L, Zhang T, Zheng J, Chen D, Shao D, Li Z, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Feng X, Ma Z, Liu K. Circular RNA network plays a potential antiviral role in the early stage of JEV infection in mouse brain. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1165378. [PMID: 38249464 PMCID: PMC10797004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is one of the most important insect-borne infectious disease with public health concern. The virus can break the blood-brain barrier and cause death or long-term sequela in infected humans or animals. Viral encephalitis is an important clinical feature of JEV infection. In recent studies, CircRNAs and related ceRNAs data illustrated the regulative role in many aspects of biological process and disease duration. It is believed that CircRNA regulates JEV infection in a ceRNA-dependent mechanism. In this study, brain tissues of experimental mice were sequenced and analysised. 61 differentially expressed circRNAs, 172 differentially expressed miRNAs and 706 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified by RNA-Sequencing and statistical analysis. CX3CR1 was determined as a key host factor impact JEV infection by microRNA interference measurement. CX3CR1 interaction network indicated circStrbp/miR709/CX3CR1 as a functional regulation axis. Further sequencing in BV2 cell shown CX3CR1 is a special target of miR-709 only during JEV infection. In summary, our study presented a new ceRNA pathway that impact JEV infection in vivo and in vitro, which could be a therapeutic target to fight against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
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Okamoto S, Echigoya Y, Tago A, Segawa T, Sato Y, Itou T. Antiviral Efficacy of RNase H-Dependent Gapmer Antisense Oligonucleotides against Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14846. [PMID: 37834294 PMCID: PMC10573891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RNase H-dependent gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are a promising therapeutic approach via sequence-specific binding to and degrading target RNAs. However, the efficacy and mechanism of antiviral gapmer ASOs have remained unclear. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of gapmer ASOs containing locked nucleic acids (LNA gapmers) on proliferating a mosquito-borne flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), with high mortality. We designed several LNA gapmers targeting the 3' untranslated region of JEV genomic RNAs. In vitro screening by plaque assay using Vero cells revealed that LNA gapmers targeting a stem-loop region effectively inhibit JEV proliferation. Cell-based and RNA cleavage assays using mismatched LNA gapmers exhibited an underlying mechanism where the inhibition of viral production results from JEV RNA degradation by LNA gapmers in a sequence- and modification-dependent manner. Encouragingly, LNA gapmers potently inhibited the proliferation of five JEV strains of predominant genotypes I and III in human neuroblastoma cells without apparent cytotoxicity. Database searching showed a low possibility of off-target binding of our LNA gapmers to human RNAs. The target viral RNA sequence conservation observed here highlighted their broad-spectrum antiviral potential against different JEV genotypes/strains. This work will facilitate the development of an antiviral LNA gapmer therapy for JEV and other flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (S.O.); (T.S.); (T.I.)
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yusuke Echigoya
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tago
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takao Segawa
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (S.O.); (T.S.); (T.I.)
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yukita Sato
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takuya Itou
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (S.O.); (T.S.); (T.I.)
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.S.)
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Watanabe S, Vasudevan SG. Clinical and experimental evidence for transplacental vertical transmission of flaviviruses. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105512. [PMID: 36572192 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic outbreak in Americas in 2016 attracted global attention because of the association of the virus infection with severe birth defects such as microcephaly, mediated through transplacental virus transmission during pregnancy. Less well-known, but also reported is the increasing evidence that prenatal vertical transmission can be caused by other flaviviruses such as dengue virus (DENV). Currently, the mechanism(s) that cause the vertical transmission of flaviviruses is understudied. Here we review the published reports of clinical evidence of intrauterine transmission of ZIKV and other flaviviruses. We also discuss the animal models for flavivirus infection during pregnancy that have been developed to study the mechanisms underlying the transplacental transmission of flaviviruses in order to develop potential countermeasures for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore
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Abstract
Flaviviruses are vector-borne pathogens capable of causing devastating human diseases. The re-emergence of Zika in 2016 notoriously led to a widescale epidemic in the Americas. New daunting evidence suggests that a single mutation in Zika virus genome may increase transmission and pathogenesis, further highlighting the need to be prepared for flavivirus outbreaks. Dengue, in particular infects about 400 million people each year, leading to reoccurring local outbreaks. Public health efforts to mitigate flavivirus transmission is largely dependent on vector control strategies, as only a limited number of flavivirus vaccines have been developed thus far. There are currently no commercially available antivirals for flaviviruses, leaving supportive care as the primary treatment option. In this review, we will briefly paint a broad picture of the flavivirus landscape in terms of therapeutics, with particular focus on viral targets, promising novel compounds entering the drug discovery pipeline, as well as model systems for evaluating drug efficacy.
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Siddqui G, Yadav N, Vishwakarma P, Thomas J, Khatri R, Kumar A, Tripathi A, Pramod RK, Vrati S, Samal S. Japanese encephalitis virus induces vasodilation and severe lethality in adult and aged AG129 mice lacking alpha, beta and gamma interferon receptors. Virus Res 2022; 319:198884. [PMID: 35931226 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The JEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children and the elderly which is spread by mosquitoes. JEV infection has been established in different animal models such as mouse, hamster, guinea pig, swine, rat, monkey, rabbit by using the different routes of inoculations. Here, we have shown that the alpha/beta and gamma -receptor deficient AG129 mouse induces fatal encephalitis in both young and aged old mice, when challenged with high titer JEV Indian clinical isolate by both intraperitoneal and intradermal route. The JEV infected AG129 mouse have shown neurological symptoms, JEV-induced pathological features and supported high level viral replication. Additionally, administration of JEV in AG129 mice resulted in the induction of severe peripheral vascular permeability, which is a major hall mark of Dengue infection but not shown in JEV. Taken together, our results demonstrate interferon α/β and γ receptors knock out AG129 mouse does not need adaptation of JEV clinical isolates and could be is a promising JEV challenge mouse model by mimicking the natural intradermal route of administration for rapid screening of novel antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Siddqui
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, South Lake Union, 850 Republican St., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Jolly Thomas
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Ravindran Kumar Pramod
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | | | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
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