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Saivish MV, Nogueira ML, Rossi SL, Vasilakis N. Beyond Borders: Investigating the Mysteries of Cacipacoré, a Lesser-Studied Arbovirus in Brazil. Viruses 2024; 16:336. [PMID: 38543701 PMCID: PMC10975354 DOI: 10.3390/v16030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cacipacoré virus (CPCV) was discovered in 1977 deep in the Amazon rainforest from the blood of a black-faced ant thrush (Formicarius analis). As a member of the family Flaviviridae and genus orthoflavivirus, CPCV's intricate ecological association with vectors and hosts raises profound questions. CPCV's transmission cycle may involve birds, rodents, equids, bovines, marsupials, non-human primates, and bats as potential vertebrate hosts, whereas Culex and Aedes spp. mosquitoes have been implicated as potential vectors of transmission. The virus' isolation across diverse biomes, including urban settings, suggests its adaptability, as well as presents challenges for its accurate diagnosis, and thus its impact on veterinary and human health. With no specific treatment or vaccine, its prevention hinges on traditional arbovirus control measures. Here, we provide an overview of its ecology, transmission cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention, aiming at improving our ability to better understand this neglected arbovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielena V. Saivish
- Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil; (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil; (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
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Garcia-Oliveira GF, Guimarães ACDS, Moreira GD, Costa TA, Arruda MS, de Mello ÉM, Silva MC, de Almeida MG, Hanley KA, Vasilakis N, Drumond BP. YELLOW ALERT: Persistent Yellow Fever Virus Circulation among Non-Human Primates in Urban Areas of Minas Gerais State, Brazil (2021-2023). Viruses 2023; 16:31. [PMID: 38257732 PMCID: PMC10818614 DOI: 10.3390/v16010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the agent of yellow fever (YF), which affects both humans and non-human primates (NHP). Neotropical NHP are highly susceptible to YFV and considered sentinels for YFV circulation. Brazil faced a significant YF outbreak in 2017-2018, with over 2000 human cases and 2000 epizootics cases, mainly in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study aimed to investigate whether YFV circulation persisted in NHP after the human outbreak had subsided. To this end, NHP carcass samples collected in Minas Gerais from 2021 to 2023 were screened for YFV. RNA was extracted from tissue fragments and used in RT-qPCR targeting the YFV 5'UTR. Liver and lung samples from 166 animals were tested, and the detection of the β-actin mRNA was used to ensure adequacy of RNA isolation. YFV RNA was detected in the liver of 18 NHP carcasses collected mainly from urban areas in 2021 and 2022. YFV positive NHP were mostly represented by Callithrix, from 5 out of the 12 grouped municipalities (mesoregions) in Minas Gerais state. These findings reveal the continued YFV circulation in NHP in urban areas of Minas Gerais during 2021 and 2022, with the attendant risk of re-establishing the urban YFV cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F. Garcia-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil; (G.F.G.-O.); (A.C.D.S.G.); (G.D.M.); (T.A.C.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Anna Catarina Dias Soares Guimarães
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil; (G.F.G.-O.); (A.C.D.S.G.); (G.D.M.); (T.A.C.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Gabriel Dias Moreira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil; (G.F.G.-O.); (A.C.D.S.G.); (G.D.M.); (T.A.C.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Thais Alkifeles Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil; (G.F.G.-O.); (A.C.D.S.G.); (G.D.M.); (T.A.C.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Matheus Soares Arruda
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil; (G.F.G.-O.); (A.C.D.S.G.); (G.D.M.); (T.A.C.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Érica Munhoz de Mello
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-705, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marlise Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-705, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8801, USA;
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departament of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil; (G.F.G.-O.); (A.C.D.S.G.); (G.D.M.); (T.A.C.); (M.S.A.)
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