1
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Fernández Pérez ER, Leach SM, Vestal B. Rationale and design of the prognostic transcriptomic signature in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (PREDICT) study. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00625-2023. [PMID: 38264150 PMCID: PMC10805267 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00625-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immunologically mediated form of lung disease, resulting from inhalational exposure to a large variety of antigens. A subgroup of patients with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) develop symptomatic, functional and radiographic disease progression. Mortality occurs primarily from respiratory failure as a result of progressive and self-sustaining lung injury that often occurs despite immunosuppression and removal of the inciting antigen. The development and validation of a prognostic transcriptomic signature for FHP (PREDICT-HP) is an observational multicentre cohort study designed to explore a transcriptomic signature from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with FHP that is predictive of disease progression. This article describes the design and rationale of the PREDICT-HP study. This study will enrol ∼135 patients with FHP at approximately seven academic medical sites. Participants with a confirmed diagnosis of FHP are followed over 24 months and undergo physical examinations, self-administered questionnaires, chest computed tomography, pulmonary function tests, a 6-min walk test and blood testing for transcriptomic analyses. At each 6-month follow-up visit the study will assess the participants' clinical course and clinical events including hospitalisations and respiratory exacerbations. The PREDICT study has the potential to enhance our ability to predict disease progression and fundamentally advance our understanding of the pathobiology of FHP disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans R. Fernández Pérez
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sonia M. Leach
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Brian Vestal
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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2
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Blumhagen RZ, Kurche JS, Cool CD, Walts AD, Heinz D, Fingerlin TE, Yang IV, Schwartz DA. Spatially distinct molecular patterns of gene expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2023; 24:287. [PMID: 37978501 PMCID: PMC10655274 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a heterogeneous disease that is pathologically characterized by areas of normal-appearing lung parenchyma, active fibrosis (transition zones including fibroblastic foci) and dense fibrosis. Defining transcriptional differences between these pathologically heterogeneous regions of the IPF lung is critical to understanding the distribution and extent of fibrotic lung disease and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Application of a spatial transcriptomics platform would provide more detailed spatial resolution of transcriptional signals compared to previous single cell or bulk RNA-Seq studies. METHODS We performed spatial transcriptomics using GeoMx Nanostring Digital Spatial Profiling on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from 32 IPF and 12 control subjects and identified 231 regions of interest (ROIs). We compared normal-appearing lung parenchyma and airways between IPF and controls with histologically normal lung tissue, as well as histologically distinct regions within IPF (normal-appearing lung parenchyma, transition zones containing fibroblastic foci, areas of dense fibrosis, and honeycomb epithelium metaplasia). RESULTS We identified 254 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IPF and controls in histologically normal-appearing regions of lung parenchyma; pathway analysis identified disease processes such as EIF2 signaling (important for cap-dependent mRNA translation), epithelial adherens junction signaling, HIF1α signaling, and integrin signaling. Within IPF, we identified 173 DEGs between transition and normal-appearing lung parenchyma and 198 DEGs between dense fibrosis and normal lung parenchyma; pathways dysregulated in both transition and dense fibrotic areas include EIF2 signaling pathway activation (upstream of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins ATF4 and CHOP) and wound healing signaling pathway deactivation. Through cell deconvolution of transcriptome data and immunofluorescence staining, we confirmed loss of alveolar parenchymal signals (AGER, SFTPB, SFTPC), gain of secretory cell markers (SCGB3A2, MUC5B) as well as dysregulation of the upstream regulator ATF4, in histologically normal-appearing tissue in IPF. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that histologically normal-appearing regions from the IPF lung are transcriptionally distinct when compared to similar lung tissue from controls with histologically normal lung tissue, and that transition zones and areas of dense fibrosis within the IPF lung demonstrate activation of ER stress and deactivation of wound healing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Blumhagen
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Office M222D, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Kurche
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Medical Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1700 N Wheeling St, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Carlyne D Cool
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Avram D Walts
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David Heinz
- Pathology Laboratory, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Office M222D, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Medical Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1700 N Wheeling St, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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3
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Tomos I, Roussis I, Matthaiou AM, Dimakou K. Molecular and Genetic Biomarkers in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Where Are We Now? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2796. [PMID: 37893169 PMCID: PMC10604739 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause with an ominous prognosis. It remains an unprecedent clinical challenge due to its delayed diagnosis and unpredictable clinical course. The need for accurate diagnostic, prognostic and predisposition biomarkers in everyday clinical practice becomes more necessary than ever to ensure prompt diagnoses and early treatment. The identification of such blood biomarkers may also unravel novel drug targets against IPF development and progression. So far, the role of diverse blood biomarkers, implicated in various pathogenetic pathways, such as in fibrogenesis (S100A4), extracellular matrix remodelling (YKL-40, MMP-7, ICAM-1, LOXL2, periostin), chemotaxis (CCL-18, IL-8), epithelial cell injury (KL-6, SP-A, SP-D), autophagy and unfolded protein response has been investigated in IPF with various results. Moreover, the recent progress in genetics in IPF allows for a better understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. So far, the causative mutations in pulmonary fibrosis include mutations in telomere-related genes and in surfactant-related genes, markers that could act as predisposition biomarkers in IPF. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview from the bench to bedside of current knowledge and recent insights on biomarkers in IPF, and to suggest future directions for research. Large-scale studies are still needed to confirm the exact role of these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tomos
- 5th Department of Respiratory Medicine, ‘SOTIRIA’ Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.R.); (A.M.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Ioannis Roussis
- 5th Department of Respiratory Medicine, ‘SOTIRIA’ Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.R.); (A.M.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Andreas M. Matthaiou
- 5th Department of Respiratory Medicine, ‘SOTIRIA’ Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.R.); (A.M.M.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, 714 09 Heraklion, Greece
- Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus
| | - Katerina Dimakou
- 5th Department of Respiratory Medicine, ‘SOTIRIA’ Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.R.); (A.M.M.); (K.D.)
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4
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Cash E, Goodwin AT, Tatler AL. Adenosine receptor signalling as a driver of pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108504. [PMID: 37482099 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating and life-limiting lung condition in which the damage- response mechanisms of mixed-population cells within the lungs go awry. The tissue microenvironment is drastically remodelled by aberrantly activated fibroblasts which deposit ECM components into the surrounding lung tissue, detrimentally affecting lung function and capacity for gas exchange. Growing evidence suggests a role for adenosine signalling in the pathology of tissue fibrosis in a variety of organs, including the lung, but the molecular pathways through which this occurs remain largely unknown. This review explores the role of adenosine in fibrosis and evaluates the contribution of the different adenosine receptors to fibrogenesis. Therapeutic targeting of the adenosine receptors is also considered, along with clinical observations pointing towards a role for adenosine in fibrosis. In addition, the interaction between adenosine signalling and other profibrotic signalling pathways, such as TGFβ1 signalling, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cash
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda T Goodwin
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda L Tatler
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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5
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Moshkovitz N, Epstein Shochet G, Shitrit D. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Roflumilast Involvement in IPF Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12393. [PMID: 37569768 PMCID: PMC10418473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ECM propagates processes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), leading to progressive lung scarring. We established an IPF-conditioned matrix (IPF-CM) system as a platform for testing drug candidates. Here, we tested the involvement of a PGE2 and PDE4 inhibitor, Roflumilast, in the IPF-CM system. Primary normal/IPF tissue-derived human lung fibroblasts (N/IPF-HLFs) were cultured on Matrigel and then removed to create the IPF-CM. N-HLFs were exposed to the IPF-CM/N-CM with/without PGE2 (1 nM) and Roflumilast (1 µM) for 24 h. The effect of the IPF-CM on cell phenotype and pro-fibrotic gene expression was tested. In addition, electronic records of 107 patients with up to 15-year follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were defined as slow/rapid progressors using forced vital capacity (FVC) annual decline. Medication exposure was examined. N-HLFs cultured on IPF-CM were arranged in large aggregates as a result of increased proliferation, migration and differentiation. A PGE2 and Roflumilast combination blocked the large aggregate formation induced by the IPF-CM (p < 0.001) as well as cell migration, proliferation, and pro-fibrotic gene expression. A review of patient records showed that significantly more slow-progressing patients were exposed to NSAIDs (p = 0.003). PGE2/PDE4 signaling may be involved in IPF progression. These findings should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Moshkovitz
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Israel; (N.M.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Israel; (N.M.); (G.E.S.)
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Israel; (N.M.); (G.E.S.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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6
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Ghebremedhin A, Salam AB, Adu-Addai B, Noonan S, Stratton R, Ahmed MSU, Khantwal C, Martin GR, Lin H, Andrews C, Karanam B, Rudloff U, Lopez H, Jaynes J, Yates C. A Novel CD206 Targeting Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091254. [PMID: 37174654 PMCID: PMC10177262 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated M2-polarized macrophages are drivers of pulmonary fibrosis in several clinical scenarios, including Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). In this study, we investigated the effects of targeting the CD206 receptor in M2-like macrophages with a novel synthetic analogue of a naturally occurring Host Defense Peptide (HDP), RP-832c, to decrease profibrotic cytokines. RP-832c selectively binds to CD206 on M2-polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro, resulting in a time-dependent decrease in CD206 expression and a transient increase in M1-macrophage marker TNF-α. To elucidate the antifibrotic effects of RP-832c, we used a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced early-stage pulmonary fibrosis. RP-832c significantly reduced fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased CD206, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expression in mouse lungs. Similarly, in an established model of lung fibrosis, RP-832c significantly decreased lung fibrosis and significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, CXCL1/2, and fibrosis markers TGF-β1 and MMP-13. In comparison with the FDA-approved drugs Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, RP-832c exhibited a similar reduction in fibrosis compared to Pirfenidone, and to a greater extent than Nintedanib, with no apparent toxicities observed. In summary, our findings showed that inhibiting the profibrotic alternatively activated M2-like macrophages using a novel peptide, RP-832c, could reduce BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, warranting the therapeutic potential of this peptide for patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Bin Salam
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Benjamin Adu-Addai
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Steve Noonan
- Murigenics Inc., 941 Railroad Ave., Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Richard Stratton
- Royal Free Hospital, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Md Shakir Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | | | - George R Martin
- Riptide Bioscience, 941 Railroad Ave., Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Huixian Lin
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Chris Andrews
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Balasubramanyam Karanam
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Udo Rudloff
- Rare Tumor Initiative, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry Lopez
- Murigenics Inc., 941 Railroad Ave., Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Jesse Jaynes
- College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
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7
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Avdeev S, Ilkovich M, Terpigorev S, Moiseev S, Tyurin I. Effects of Pirfenidone on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Progression and Safety: Results of Multicenter Prospective Observational Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020483. [PMID: 36836840 PMCID: PMC9963853 DOI: 10.3390/life13020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) seen in clinical practice. Fifty-five adults with IPF were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label, non-randomized, non-controlled, interventional clinical study. All patients received pirfenidone 2403 mg/day (three 267 mg capsules three times daily) for 26 weeks. After 26 weeks of treatment, the mean change in absolute forced vital capacity (FVC) was 128.8 mL (95% confidence interval [CI] -26.8, 284.4) and the mean change in relative predicted FVC was -0.10% (95% CI -3.18, 2.99). Stable disease (defined as improvement of ≥0% or a decline of <10% to 0% of the corresponding FVC value) was observed in most patients (relative FVC, 90.9%; absolute FVC, 83.6%). There was no statistically significant change in the mean high-resolution computed tomography fibrosis score or lung opacity score at week 26 compared with baseline. Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 80% of patients during the treatment period; most of them were mild or moderate in severity. No serious pirfenidone-related adverse events were observed during the study period. Pirfenidone was generally safe and effective for controlling functional decline and stabilizing disease in patients with IPF encountered in clinical practice in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Avdeev
- Department of Pulmonology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mikhail Ilkovich
- Institute for Interstitial and Orphan Lung Diseases, First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav Terpigorev
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (“MONIKI”), 129110 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Tyurin
- Russian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education, 123242 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Cellular and Molecular Control of Lipid Metabolism in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Clinical Application of the Lysophosphatidic Acid Pathway. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040548. [PMID: 36831215 PMCID: PMC9954511 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a representative disease that causes fibrosis of the lungs. Its pathogenesis is thought to be characterized by sustained injury to alveolar epithelial cells and the resultant abnormal tissue repair, but it has not been fully elucidated. IPF is currently difficult to cure and is known to follow a chronic progressive course, with the patient's survival period estimated at about three years. The disease occasionally exacerbates acutely, leading to a fatal outcome. In recent years, it has become evident that lipid metabolism is involved in the fibrosis of lungs, and various reports have been made at the cellular level as well as at the organic level. The balance among eicosanoids, sphingolipids, and lipid composition has been reported to be involved in fibrosis, with particularly close attention being paid to a bioactive lipid "lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)" and its pathway. LPA signals are found in a wide variety of cells, including alveolar epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, and have been reported to intensify pulmonary fibrosis via LPA receptors. For instance, in alveolar epithelial cells, LPA signals reportedly induce mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to epithelial damage, or induce the transcription of profibrotic cytokines. Based on these mechanisms, LPA receptor inhibitors and the metabolic enzymes involved in LPA formation are now considered targets for developing novel means of IPF treatment. Advances in basic research on the relationships between fibrosis and lipid metabolism are opening the path to new therapies targeting lipid metabolism in the treatment of IPF.
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9
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Froidure A, Bondue B, Dahlqvist C, Guiot J, Gusbin N, Wirtz G, Joos G, Cataldo D, Strens D, Slabbynck H, Wuyts WA. Correlation of BAL Cell Count and Pulmonary Function Tests in the Era of Antifibrotics: Data From the Belgium-Luxembourg Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Registry. Chest 2023; 163:358-361. [PMID: 36183786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Froidure
- Pulmonology Department, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Julien Guiot
- Pulmonology Department, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Gil Wirtz
- Pulmonology Department, CHL, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Joos
- Pulmonology Department, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hans Slabbynck
- Pulmonology Department, ZNA Middelheim, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Wim A Wuyts
- Pulmonology Department, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Xi Y, LaCanna R, Ma HY, N'Diaye EN, Gierke S, Caplazi P, Sagolla M, Huang Z, Lucio L, Arlantico A, Jeet S, Brightbill H, Emson C, Wong A, Morshead KB, DePianto DJ, Roose-Girma M, Yu C, Tam L, Jia G, Ramalingam TR, Marsters S, Ashkenazi A, Kim SH, Kelly R, Wu S, Wolters PJ, Feldstein AE, Vander Heiden JA, Ding N. A WISP1 antibody inhibits MRTF signaling to prevent the progression of established liver fibrosis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1377-1393.e8. [PMID: 35987202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the major risk factor associated with morbidity and mortality in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-driven chronic liver disease. Although numerous efforts have been made to identify the mediators of the initiation of liver fibrosis, the molecular underpinnings of fibrosis progression remain poorly understood, and therapies to arrest liver fibrosis progression are elusive. Here, we identify a pathway involving WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) and myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) as a central mechanism driving liver fibrosis progression through the integrin-dependent transcriptional reprogramming of myofibroblast cytoskeleton and motility. In mice, WISP1 deficiency protects against fibrosis progression, but not fibrosis onset. Moreover, the therapeutic administration of a novel antibody blocking WISP1 halted the progression of existing liver fibrosis in NASH models. These findings implicate the WISP1-MRTF axis as a crucial determinant of liver fibrosis progression and support targeting this pathway by antibody-based therapy for the treatment of NASH fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xi
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan LaCanna
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elsa-Noah N'Diaye
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Gierke
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meredith Sagolla
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Lucio
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Arlantico
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hans Brightbill
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire Emson
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katrina B Morshead
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daryle J DePianto
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guiquan Jia
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Scot Marsters
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Si Hyun Kim
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Kelly
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Ning Ding
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Hoyer N, Prior TS, Bendstrup E, Shaker SB. Diagnostic delay in IPF impacts progression-free survival, quality of life and hospitalisation rates. BMJ Open Respir Res 2022; 9:9/1/e001276. [PMID: 35798532 PMCID: PMC9263910 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is often delayed up to several years. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the diagnostic delay on progression-free survival, quality of life and hospitalisation rates. METHODS A total of 264 incident patients with IPF were included immediately after their diagnosis and followed for up to 5 years, with regular collection of clinical data, quality-of-life questionnaires and assessment of disease progression. Hospitalisation data were extracted from electronic patient records. Analyses were performed on the entire cohort and strata according to forced vital capacity (FVC) at diagnosis. RESULTS A long diagnostic delay (>1 year) was associated with worse progression-free survival compared with a short diagnostic delay (<1 year) (HR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.46, p=0.004) especially in patients with mild disease at the time of diagnosis (FVC>80% predicted). Mean total scores of the St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), a derived IPF-specific version of the SGRQ and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) were consistently higher in patients with long diagnostic delays, indicating worse quality of life. Mean hospitalisation rates were higher during the first year after diagnosis (Incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 3.28, 95% CI: 1.35 to 8.55, p=0.01) and during the entire follow-up (IRR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.01 to 3.02, p=0.04). CONCLUSION A diagnostic delay of more than 1 year negatively impacts progression-free survival, quality of life and hospitalisation rates in patients with IPF. These findings highlight the importance of an early diagnosis for proper management of IPF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02755441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hoyer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Hovedstaden, Denmark
| | - Thomas Skovhus Prior
- Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Bendstrup
- Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Saher Burhan Shaker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Hovedstaden, Denmark
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12
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Clynick B, Corte TJ, Jo HE, Stewart I, Glaspole IN, Grainge C, Maher TM, Navaratnam V, Hubbard R, Hopkins PMA, Reynolds PN, Chapman S, Zappala C, Keir GJ, Cooper WA, Mahar AM, Ellis S, Goh NS, De Jong E, Cha L, Tan DBA, Leigh L, Oldmeadow C, Walters EH, Jenkins RG, Moodley Y. Biomarker signatures for progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.01181-2021. [PMID: 34675050 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01181-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease in which circulatory biomarkers has the potential for guiding management in clinical practice. OBJECTIVES We assessed the prognostic role of serum biomarkers in three independent IPF cohorts, the Australian IPF Registry (AIPFR), Trent Lung Fibrosis (TLF) and Prospective Observation of Fibrosis in the Lung Clinical Endpoints (PROFILE). METHODS In the AIPFR, candidate proteins were assessed by ELISA as well as in an unbiased proteomic approach. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to restrict the selection of markers that best accounted for the progressor phenotype at one-year in AIPFR, and subsequently prospectively selected for replication in the validation TLF cohort and assessed retrospectively in PROFILE. Four significantly replicating biomarkers were aggregated into a progression index (PI) model based on tertiles of circulating concentrations. MAIN RESULTS One-hundred and eighty-nine participants were included in the AIPFR cohort, 205 participants from the TLF, and 122 participants from the PROFILE cohorts. Differential biomarker expression was observed by ELISA and replicated for osteopontin, matrix metallopeptidase-7, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and periostin for those with a progressor phenotype at one-year. Proteomic data did not replicate. The PI in the AIPFR, TLF and PROFILE predicted risk of progression, mortality and progression-free survival. A statistical model incorporating PI demonstrated the capacity to distinguish disease progression at 12 months, which was increased beyond the clinical GAP model alone in all cohorts, and significantly so within incidence based TLF and PROFILE cohorts. CONCLUSION A panel of circulatory biomarkers can provide potentially valuable clinical assistance in the prognosis of IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Clynick
- Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia .,Institute for Respiratory Health Inc, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors
| | - Tamera J Corte
- Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia.,The University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors
| | - Helen E Jo
- Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia.,The University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain Stewart
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Respiratory Theme, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian N Glaspole
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Grainge
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Vidya Navaratnam
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Respiratory Theme, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard Hubbard
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Respiratory Theme, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter M A Hopkins
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul N Reynolds
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sally Chapman
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Gregory J Keir
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy A Cooper
- The University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annabelle M Mahar
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Ellis
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole S Goh
- Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Breathing and Sleep, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma De Jong
- Institute for Respiratory Health Inc, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lilian Cha
- Institute for Respiratory Health Inc, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dino B A Tan
- Institute for Respiratory Health Inc, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lucy Leigh
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Haydn Walters
- Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia.,Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Respiratory Theme, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yuben Moodley
- Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health Inc, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Konigsberg IR, Borie R, Walts AD, Cardwell J, Rojas M, Metzger F, Hauck SM, Fingerlin TE, Yang IV, Schwartz DA. Molecular Signatures of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:430-441. [PMID: 34038697 PMCID: PMC8525208 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0546oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular patterns and pathways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have been extensively investigated, but few studies have assimilated multiomic platforms to provide an integrative understanding of molecular patterns that are relevant in IPF. Herein, we combine the coding and noncoding transcriptomes, DNA methylomes, and proteomes from IPF and healthy lung tissue to identify molecules and pathways associated with this disease. RNA sequencing, Illumina MethylationEPIC array, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomic data were collected on lung tissue from 24 subjects with IPF and 14 control subjects. Significant differential features were identified by using linear models adjusting for age and sex, inflation, and bias when appropriate. Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker Discovery Using a Latent Component Method for Omics Studies was used for integrative multiomic analysis. We identified 4,643 differentially expressed transcripts aligning to 3,439 genes, 998 differentially abundant proteins, 2,500 differentially methylated regions, and 1,269 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that were significant after correcting for multiple tests (false discovery rate < 0.05). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering using 20 coding mRNA, protein, methylation, and lncRNA features with the highest loadings on the top latent variable from the four data sets demonstrates perfect separation of IPF and control lungs. Our analysis confirmed previously validated molecules and pathways known to be dysregulated in disease and implicated novel molecular features as potential drivers and modifiers of disease. For example, 4 proteins, 18 differentially methylated regions, and 10 lncRNAs were found to have strong correlations (|r| > 0.8) with MMP7 (matrix metalloproteinase 7). Therefore, by using a system biology approach, we have identified novel molecular relationships in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Konigsberg
- Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Raphael Borie
- Department of Medicine, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Avram D. Walts
- Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan Cardwell
- Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabian Metzger
- Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | - Tasha E. Fingerlin
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ivana V. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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14
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Newton CA, Herzog EL. Molecular Markers and the Promise of Precision Medicine for Interstitial Lung Disease. Clin Chest Med 2021; 42:357-364. [PMID: 34024410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Management of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) requires accurate classification. However, this process relies on subjective interpretation of nonspecific and overlapping clinical features that could hamper clinical care. The development and implementation of objective biomarkers reflective of specific disease states could facilitate precision-based approaches based on patient-level biology to improve the health of ILD patients. Omics-based studies allow for the seemingly unbiased and highly efficient screening of candidate biomarkers and offer unprecedented opportunities for discovery. This review outlines representative major omics-based discoveries in a well-studied condition, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, to develop a roadmap to personalized medicine in ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Newton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8558, USA.
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street TAC441S, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
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15
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Perkins TN, Oury TD. The perplexing role of RAGE in pulmonary fibrosis: causality or casualty? Ther Adv Respir Dis 2021; 15:17534666211016071. [PMID: 34275342 PMCID: PMC8293846 DOI: 10.1177/17534666211016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease in which most patients die within 3 years of diagnosis. With an unknown etiology, IPF results in progressive fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, diminishing normal lung function, which results in respiratory failure, and eventually, death. While few therapies are available to reduce disease progression, patients continue to advance toward respiratory failure, leaving lung transplantation the only viable option for survival. As incidence and mortality rates steadily increase, the need for novel therapeutics is imperative. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is most highly expressed in the lungs and plays a significant role in a number of chronic lung diseases. RAGE has long been linked to IPF; however, confounding data from both human and experimental studies have left an incomplete and perplexing story. This review examines the present understanding of the role of RAGE in human and experimental models of IPF, drawing parallels to recent advances in RAGE biology. Moreover, this review discusses the role of RAGE in lung injury response, type 2 immunity, and cellular senescence, and how such mechanisms may relate to RAGE as both a biomarker of disease progression and potential therapeutic target in IPF.The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, S-784 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Luppi F, Kalluri M, Faverio P, Kreuter M, Ferrara G. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis beyond the lung: understanding disease mechanisms to improve diagnosis and management. Respir Res 2021; 22:109. [PMID: 33865386 PMCID: PMC8052779 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disorder with an estimated median survival time of 3–5 years after diagnosis. This condition occurs primarily in elderly subjects, and epidemiological studies suggest that the main risk factors, ageing and exposure to cigarette smoke, are associated with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary comorbidities (defined as the occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual). Ageing and senescence, through interactions with environmental factors, may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF by various mechanisms, causing lung epithelium damage and increasing the resistance of myofibroblasts to apoptosis, eventually resulting in extracellular matrix accumulation and pulmonary fibrosis. As a paradigm, syndromes featuring short telomeres represent archetypal premature ageing syndromes and are often associated with pulmonary fibrosis. The pathophysiological features induced by ageing and senescence in patients with IPF may translate to pulmonary and extrapulmonary features, including emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, coronary artery disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux, diabetes mellitus and many other chronic diseases, which may lead to substantial negative consequences in terms of various outcome parameters in IPF. Therefore, the careful diagnosis and treatment of comorbidities may represent an outstanding chance to improve quality of life and survival, and it is necessary to contemplate all possible management options for IPF, including early identification and treatment of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Luppi
- Respiratory Unit, University of Milano Bicocca, S. Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Meena Kalluri
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-134 Clinical Sciences Building, 11304 83 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Paola Faverio
- Respiratory Unit, University of Milano Bicocca, S. Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Pneumology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, University of Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research, ThoraxklinikHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Ferrara
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-134 Clinical Sciences Building, 11304 83 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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17
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Bermudo G, Suarez-Cuartin G, Rivera-Ortega P, Rodriguez-Portal JA, Sauleda J, Nuñez B, Castillo D, Aburto M, Portillo K, Balcells E, Badenes-Bonet D, Valenzuela C, Fernandez-Fabrellas E, González-Budiño T, Cano E, Acosta O, Leiro-Fernández V, Romero A, Planas-Cerezales L, Villar A, Moreno A, Laporta R, Vicens-Zygmunt V, Shull J, Franquet T, Luburich P, Molina-Molina M. Different Faces of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Preserved Forced Vital Capacity. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 58:135-141. [PMID: 33895005 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is progressive and irreversible. Some discrepancies about IPF staging exists, especially in mild phases. Forced vital capacity (FVC) higher than 80% has been considered early or mild IPF even for the design of clinical trials. METHODS Spanish multicentre, observational, retrospective study of IPF patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2016, based on the ATS/ERS criteria, which presented FVC greater or equal 80% at diagnosis. Clinical and demographic characteristics, lung function, radiological pattern, treatment, and follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS 225 IPF patients were included, 72.9% were men. The mean age was 69.5 years. The predominant high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) pattern was consistent usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) (51.6%). 84.7% of patients presented respiratory symptoms (exertional dyspnea and/or cough) and 33.33% showed oxygen desaturation below 90% in the 6min walking test (6MWT). Anti-fibrotic treatment was initiated at diagnosis in 55.11% of patients. Median FVC was 89.6% (IQR 17) and 58.7% of patients had a decrease of diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) below 60% of theoretical value; most of them presented functional progression (61.4%) and higher mortality at 3 years (20.45%). A statistically significant correlation with the 3-years mortality was observed between DLCO <60% and consistent UIP radiological pattern. CONCLUSIONS Patients with preserved FVC but presenting UIP radiological pattern and moderate-severe DLCO decrease at diagnosis associate an increased risk of progression, death or lung transplantation. Therefore, in these cases, preserved FVC would not be representative of early or mild IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Bermudo
- ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Suarez-Cuartin
- ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Rivera-Ortega
- ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Spain; ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Jaume Sauleda
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Belen Nuñez
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Son Espases, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Diego Castillo
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital De la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myriam Aburto
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Karina Portillo
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Balcells
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Badenes-Bonet
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Valenzuela
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Esteban Cano
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Lucus Agusti, Lugo, Spain
| | - Orlando Acosta
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Ana Romero
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Lurdes Planas-Cerezales
- ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Spain; Respiratory Department, Hospital de Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Villar
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Moreno
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Rosalia Laporta
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital Puerta del Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Vanesa Vicens-Zygmunt
- ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Shull
- ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Franquet
- Respiratory Department, University Hospital De la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricio Luburich
- ILD Unit. Radiology Department. University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Molina-Molina
- ILD Unit, Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Li J, Zhang X, Wang T, Li J, Su Q, Zhong C, Chen Z, Liang Y. The MIR155 host gene/microRNA-627/HMGB1/NF-κB loop modulates fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Life Sci 2021; 269:119085. [PMID: 33482190 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which is characterized by excessive matrix formation, may ultimately lead to irreversible lung damage and thus death. Fibroblast activation has been regarded as a central event during PF pathogenesis. In our previous study, we confirmed that the miR-627/high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)/Nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) axis modulates transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated the upstream factors leading to miR-627 dysregulation in the process of pulmonary fibroblast activation and PF. The lncRNA MIR155 host gene (MIR155HG) was found to be abnormally upregulated in pulmonary fibrosis tissues and TGFβ1-stimulated normal human primary lung fibroblasts (NHLFs). By directly binding to miR-627, MIR155HG inhibited miR-627 expression. MIR155HG overexpression enhanced TGFβ1-induced increases in HMGB1 protein expression and p65 phosphorylation, NHLF proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. In contrast, miR-627 overexpression attenuated the TGFβ1-induced changes in NHLFs and significantly reversed the effects of MIR155HG overexpression. Under TGFβ1 stimulation, miR-627 inhibition promoted, whereas JSH-23 treatment inhibited NF-κB activation; in NHLFs, NF-κB overexpression upregulated, whereas JSH-23 treatment downregulated MIR155HG expression. In tissue samples, HMGB1 protein levels and p65 phosphorylation were increased; MIR155HG was negatively correlated with miR-627 and positively correlated with HMGB1. In conclusion, we validated that the MIR155HG/miR-627/HMGB1/NF-κB axis formed a regulatory loop that modulates TGFβ1-induced NHLF activation. Considering the critical role of NHLF activation in PF pathogenesis, the NF-κB/MIR155HG/miR-627/HMGB1 regulatory loop could exert a vital effect on PF pathogenesis. Further in vivo and clinical investigations are required to confirm this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xueyu Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qi Su
- Medical Department, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhongshu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
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19
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Epstein Shochet G, Israeli-Shani L, Kains I, Wand O, Shitrit D. MiR-608 overexpression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:1. [PMID: 33402146 PMCID: PMC7786457 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease that causes scarring of the lungs. The disease is associated with the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern, which was not yet fully recapitulated by an animal model. Therefore, the disease is considered ‘human specific’. miRNA-608 is a primate specific miRNA with many potential targets, such CdC42 and Interlukin-6 (IL-6) that were previously implicated in IPF pathology.
Objective To test miR-608 expression and its targets in IPF patient samples. Methods RNA was extracted from Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections (N = 18). miRNA-608 and Cdc42 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by qPCR. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is another target of miRNA-608. Its’ rs17228616 allele has a single-nucleotide polymorphism causing weakened miR-608 interaction (C2098A). Thus, DNA was extracted from whole blood samples from 56 subjects with fibrosing interstitial lung disease and this region was sequenced for assessment of rs17228616 allele polymorphism. Results miR-608 is significantly overexpressed in IPF samples in comparison with controls (p < 0.05). Cdc42 and IL-6 levels were lower in the IPF patient samples compared with control samples (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The frequency of the rs17228616 minor A-allele was 17/56 (30.4%) with all patients being heterozygous. This result is significant vs. the published Israeli cohort of healthy individuals, which reported 17% prevalence of this allele in healthy control volunteers (p = 0.01, OR = 2.1, CI 95% [1.19–3.9]). Conclusion miR-608 is overexpressed in IPF patients. While the exact mechanism remains to be discovered, it could potentially promote fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St., 44281, Kfar Saba, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Lilach Israeli-Shani
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St., 44281, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Isabelle Kains
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Wand
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St., 44281, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St., 44281, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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20
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Verleden SE, Braubach P, Kuehnel M, Dickgreber N, Brouwer E, Tittmann P, Laenger F, Jonigk D. Molecular approach to the classification of chronic fibrosing lung disease-there and back again. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:89-99. [PMID: 33169196 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD) is an umbrella term for a very heterogeneous group of lung diseases. Over the last decades, clinical, radiological and histopathological criteria have been established to define and separate these entities. More recently the clinical utility of this approach has been challenged as a unifying concept of pathophysiological mechanisms and a shared response to therapy across the disease spectrum have been described. In this review, we discuss molecular motifs for subtyping and the prediction of prognosis focusing on genetics and markers found in the blood, lavage and tissue. As a purely molecular classification so far lacks sufficient sensitivity and specificity for subtyping, it is not routinely used and not implemented in international guidelines. However, a better molecular characterization of lung disease with a more precise identification of patients with, for example, a risk for rapid disease progression would facilitate more accurate treatment decisions and hopefully contribute to better patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn E Verleden
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- BREATHE Lab, Department of CHROMETA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Kuehnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Dickgreber
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, Ibbenbueren General Hospital, Ibbenbueren, Germany
| | - Emily Brouwer
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Pauline Tittmann
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Laenger
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
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21
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Balestro E, Castelli G, Bernardinello N, Cocconcelli E, Biondini D, Fracasso F, Rea F, Saetta M, Baraldo S, Spagnolo P. CA 19-9 serum levels in patients with end-stage idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other interstitial lung diseases (ILDs): Correlation with functional decline. Chron Respir Dis 2020; 17:1479973120958428. [PMID: 32969271 PMCID: PMC7521048 DOI: 10.1177/1479973120958428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis presents a progressive and heterogeneous functional
decline. CA 19-9 has been proposed as biomarker to predict disease course, but
its role remains unclear. We assessed CA 19-9 levels and clinical data in
end-stage ILD patients (48 IPF and 20 non-IPF ILD) evaluated for lung
transplant, to correlate these levels with functional decline. Patients were
categorized based on their rate of functional decline as slow (n = 20; ΔFVC%pred
≤ 10%/year) or rapid progressors (n = 28; ΔFVC%pred ≥ 10%/year). Nearly half of
the entire patients (n = 32; 47%) had CA 19-9 levels ≥37kU/L. CA 19-9 levels in
IPF were not different from non-IPF ILD populations, however, the latter group
had a median CA 19-9 level above the normal cut-off value of 37 KU/l (60
[17–247] kU/L). Among IPF patients, CA 19-9 was higher in slow than in rapid
progressors with a trend toward significance (33vs17kU/L; p = 0.055). In the
whole population, CA19-9 levels were inversely related with ΔFVC/year (r =
−0.261; p = 0.03), this correlation remained in IPF patients, particularly in
rapid progressors (r = −0.51; p = 0.005), but not in non. Moreover, IPF rapid
progressors with normal CA 19-9 levels showed the greater ΔFVC/year compared to
those with abnormal CA 19-9 (0.95 vs. 0.65 L/year; p = 0.03). In patients with
end-stage ILD, CA 19-9 may represent a marker of disease severity, whereas its
level is inversely correlated with functional decline, particularly among IPF
rapid progressors.
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22
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Glass DS, Grossfeld D, Renna HA, Agarwala P, Spiegler P, Kasselman LJ, Glass AD, DeLeon J, Reiss AB. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Molecular mechanisms and potential treatment approaches. Respir Investig 2020; 58:320-335. [PMID: 32487481 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive disease with high mortality that commonly occurs in middle-aged and older adults. IPF, characterized by a decline in lung function, often manifests as exertional dyspnea and cough. Symptoms result from a fibrotic process driven by alveolar epithelial cells that leads to increased migration, proliferation, and differentiation of lung fibroblasts. Ultimately, the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which synthesize excessive amounts of extracellular matrix proteins, destroys the lung architecture. However, the factors that induce the fibrotic process are unclear. Diagnosis can be a difficult process; the gold standard for diagnosis is the multidisciplinary conference. Practical biomarkers are needed to improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. High-resolution computed tomography typically shows interstitial pneumonia with basal and peripheral honeycombing. Gas exchange and diffusion capacity are impaired. Treatments are limited, although the anti-fibrotic drugs pirfenidone and nintedanib can slow the progression of the disease. Lung transplantation is often contraindicated because of age and comorbidities, but it improves survival when successful. The incidence and prevalence of IPF has been increasing and there is an urgent need for improved therapies. This review covers the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IPF progression as well as current treatments and cutting-edge research into new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Glass
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - David Grossfeld
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Heather A Renna
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Priya Agarwala
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Peter Spiegler
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Lora J Kasselman
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Amy D Glass
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Joshua DeLeon
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
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23
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Rahman L, Williams A, Gelda K, Nikota J, Wu D, Vogel U, Halappanavar S. 21st Century Tools for Nanotoxicology: Transcriptomic Biomarker Panel and Precision-Cut Lung Slice Organ Mimic System for the Assessment of Nanomaterial-Induced Lung Fibrosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000272. [PMID: 32347014 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for reliable toxicity assays to support the human health risk assessment of an ever increasing number of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Animal testing is not a suitable option for ENMs. Sensitive in vitro models and mechanism-based targeted in vitro assays that enable accurate prediction of in vivo responses are not yet available. In this proof-of-principle study, publicly available mouse lung transcriptomics data from studies investigating xenobiotic-induced lung diseases are used and a 17-gene biomarker panel (PFS17) applicable to the assessment of lung fibrosis is developed. The PFS17 is validated using a limited number of in vivo mouse lung transcriptomics datasets from studies investigating ENM-induced responses. In addition, an ex vivo precision-cut lung slice (PCLS) model is optimized for screening of potentially inflammogenic and pro-fibrotic ENMs. Using bleomycin and a multiwalled carbon nanotube, the practical application of the PCLS method as a sensitive alternative to whole animal tests to screen ENMs that may potentially induce inhalation toxicity is shown. Conditional to further optimization and validation, it is established that a combination of PFS17 and the ex vivo PCLS method will serve as a robust and sensitive approach to assess lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Rahman
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Krishna Gelda
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jake Nikota
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 101A 2800 Copenhagen, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
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24
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Khor YH, Ng Y, Barnes H, Goh NSL, McDonald CF, Holland AE. Prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis without anti-fibrotic therapy: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/190158. [PMID: 32759374 PMCID: PMC9488716 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0158-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to facilitating healthcare delivery planning, reliable information about prognosis is essential for treatment decisions in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This review aimed to evaluate the prognosis of patients with IPF without anti-fibrotic therapy. We included all cohort studies and the placebo arms of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in IPF and follow-up of ≥12 months. Two reviewers independently evaluated studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. A total of 154 cohort studies and 16 RCTs were included. The pooled proportions of mortality were 0.12 (95% CI 0.09–0.14) at 1–2 years, 0.38 (95% CI 0.34–0.42) between 2–5 years, and 0.69 (95% CI 0.59–0.78) at ≥5 years. The pooled mean overall survival was 4 years (95% CI 3.7–4.6) for studies with a follow-up duration of 10 years. At <2 years, forced vital capacity and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide declined by a mean of 6.76% predicted (95% CI −8.92 −4.61) and 3% predicted (95% CI −5.14 −1.52), respectively. Although heterogeneity was high, subgroup analyses revealed lower pooled proportions of mortality at 1 year in the RCT participants (0.07 (95% CI 0.05–0.09)) versus cohort study participants (0.14 (95% CI 0.12–0.17)). This review provides comprehensive information on the prognosis of IPF, which can inform treatment discussions with patients and comparisons for future studies with new therapies. Without anti-fibrotic therapy, patients with IPF have a mortality rate of 31% at ≥5 years, and a mean overall survival of 4 years over 10 years of follow-uphttp://bit.ly/2SDiZSb
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Affiliation(s)
- Yet H Khor
- Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia .,Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ng
- Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hayley Barnes
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole S L Goh
- Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christine F McDonald
- Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne E Holland
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Heidelberg, Australia.,Dept of Physiotherapy, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Ghebremedhin A, Salam AB, Adu-Addai B, Noonan S, Stratton R, Ahmed MSU, Khantwal C, Martin GR, Lin H, Andrews C, Karanam B, Rudloff U, Lopez H, Jaynes J, Yates C. A Novel CD206 Targeting Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.27.218115. [PMID: 32766584 PMCID: PMC7402041 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.27.218115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Activated M2 polarized macrophages are drivers of pulmonary fibrosis in several clinical scenarios such as Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS) and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), through the production of inflammatory and fibrosis-inducing cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effect of targeting the CD206 receptor with a novel fragment of a Host Defense Peptide (HDP), RP-832c to decrease cytokines that cause fibrosis. RP-832c selectively binds to CD206 on M2 polarized bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro , resulting in a time-dependent decrease in CD206 expression, and a transient increase in M1 marker TNFα, which resolves over a 24hr period. To elucidate the antifibrotic effect of RP-832c, we used a murine model of bleomycin (BLM) -induced early-stage pulmonary fibrosis. RP-832c significantly reduced bleomycin-induced fibrosis in a dosage dependent manner, as well as decreased CD206, TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression in mouse lungs. Interestingly we did not observe any changes in the resident alveolar macrophage marker CD170 expression. Similarly, in an established model of lung fibrosis, RP-832c significantly decreased fibrosis in the lung, as well as significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, CXCL1/2, and fibrosis markers TGF-β1 and MMP-13. In comparison with FDA approved drugs, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, RP-832c exhibited a similar reduction in fibrosis compared to Pirfenidone, and to a greater extent than Nintedanib, with no apparent toxicities observed on body weight or blood chemistry. In summary, RP-832c is a potential agent to mitigate the overactivity of M2 macrophages in pathogenesis several pulmonary fibrotic diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 induced lung fibrosis.
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26
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Zou RH, Kass DJ, Gibson KF, Lindell KO. The Role of Palliative Care in Reducing Symptoms and Improving Quality of Life for Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Review. Pulm Ther 2020; 6:35-46. [PMID: 32048243 PMCID: PMC7229085 DOI: 10.1007/s41030-019-00108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease with a median survival of 3-4 years from time of initial diagnosis, similar to the time course of many malignancies. A hallmark of IPF is its unpredictable disease course, ranging from long periods of clinical stability to acute exacerbations with rapid decompensation. As the disease progresses, patients with chronic cough and progressive exertional dyspnea become oxygen dependent. They may experience significant distress due to concurrent depression, anxiety, and fatigue, which often lead to increased symptom burden and decreased quality of life. Despite these complications, palliative care is an underutilized, and often underappreciated, resource before end-of-life care in this population. While there is growing recognition about early palliative care in IPF, current data suggest referral patterns vary widely based on institutional practices. In addition to focusing on symptom management, there is emphasis on supplemental oxygen use, pulmonary rehabilitation, quality of life, and end-of-life care. Importantly, increased use of support groups and national foundation forums have served as venues for further disease education, communication, and advanced care planning outside of the hospital settings. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the clinical features of IPF, the role of palliative care in chronic disease management, current data supporting benefits of palliative care in IPF, its role in symptom management, and practices to help patients and their caregivers achieve their best quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Zou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin F Gibson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen O Lindell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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27
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Easton‐Jones CA, Cissell DD, Mohr FC, Chigerwe M, Pusterla N. Prognostic indicators and long‐term survival in 14 horses with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. D. Cissell
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences DavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - F. C. Mohr
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - M. Chigerwe
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology DavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - N. Pusterla
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology DavisCaliforniaUSA
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28
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Sul B, Flors L, Cassani J, Morris MJ, Reifman J, Altes T, Wallqvist A. Volumetric characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs: computational analyses of high-resolution computed tomography images of lung lobes. Respir Res 2019; 20:216. [PMID: 31604436 PMCID: PMC6787976 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease involving progressive degeneration of lung capacity. Current diagnosis of IPF heavily relies on visual evaluation of fibrotic features in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of the lungs. Although the characteristics of this disease have been studied at the molecular and cellular levels, little is known about the mechanical characteristics of IPF lungs inferred from HRCT images. To this end, we performed a pilot study to investigate the radiographic and volumetric characteristics of lungs in subjects with IPF. METHODS We collected HRCT images of healthy (N = 13) and IPF (N = 9) lungs acquired at breath-holds after full inspiration (expanded state) and full expiration (contracted state). We performed statistical analyses on Hounsfield unit (HU) histograms, lobar volumes (V: lobe volume normalized by the lung volume), and lobar flows (Q: the difference in lobe volume divided by the difference in lung volume between the expanded and contracted states). RESULTS Parameters characterizing the HU histograms (i.e., mean, median, skewness, and kurtosis) significantly differed between healthy and IPF subjects, for all lobes in both expanded and contracted states. The distribution of V across lobes differed significantly between the groups in both states. The distribution of Q also differed significantly between the groups: Q values of the lower lobes for the IPF group were 33% (right) and 22% (left) smaller than those for the healthy group, consistent with the observation that radiographic scores were highest in the lower lung section in IPF. Notably, the root-mean-squared difference (RMSD) of Q, a measure of distance from the mean value of the healthy group, clearly distinguished the IPF subjects (RMSD of Q > 1.59) from the healthy group (RMSD of Q < 0.67). CONCLUSION This study shows that lung volume and flow distribution change heterogeneously across the lung lobes of IPF subjects, with reduced capacity in the lower lobes. These volumetric changes may improve our understanding of the pathophysiology in IPF lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Sul
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, 20817, MD, USA
| | - Lucia Flors
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Cassani
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Morris
- Pulmonary/Critical Care, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, 78234, TX, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA.
| | - Talissa Altes
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, MO, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA
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29
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High-Resolution CT Change over Time in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis on Antifibrotic Treatment. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091469. [PMID: 31540181 PMCID: PMC6780456 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifibrotic treatment slows down functional decline and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is useful to diagnose IPF; however, little is known about whether and to what extent HRCT changes reflect functional changes during antifibrotic therapy. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess HRCT change over time after 1 year of treatment and to evaluate whether these changes correlate with functional decline over the same period of time. Sixty-eight IPF patients on antifibrotic treatment (i.e., pirfenidone or nintedanib) were functionally categorized as stable or progressors based on whether (or not) they had a decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) >5% predicted/year, and their HRCT were scored blindly and independently by two expert thoracic radiologists at treatment initiation (HRCT1) and after 1 year of treatment (HRCT2). Ground glass opacities (Alveolar Score, AS), reticulations (Interstitial Score, IS) and honeycombing (HC) were quantified and correlated with FVC decline between HRCT1 and HRCT2. At treatment initiation, HRCT scores were similar in both stable patients and progressors. After one year of treatment, in the entire population, AS and HC increased significantly, while IS did not. However, when stratified by the rate of functional decline, in stable patients, HC increased significantly while AS and IS did not. On the other hand, among progressors AS and HC increased significantly whereas IS did not. In the entire population, the combined score of fibrosis (IS + HC) correlated significantly with FVC decline. In conclusion, IPF patients on antifibrotic treatment exhibit different patterns of HRCT change over time based on their rate of functional decline. HRCT data should be integrated to lung function data when assessing response to antifibrotic treatment in patients with IPF.
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30
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Le TTT, Berg NK, Harting MT, Li X, Eltzschig HK, Yuan X. Purinergic Signaling in Pulmonary Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1633. [PMID: 31379836 PMCID: PMC6646739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleotides and nucleosides are at the center of biologic reactions. In particular, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the fundamental energy currency of cellular activity and adenosine has been demonstrated to play essential roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we examine the role of purinergic signaling in acute and chronic pulmonary inflammation, with emphasis on ATP and adenosine. ATP is released into extracellular space in response to cellular injury and necrosis. It is then metabolized to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) via ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39) and further hydrolyzed to adenosine via ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Adenosine signals via one of four adenosine receptors to exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Adenosine signaling is terminated by intracellular transport by concentrative or equilibrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs and ENTs), deamination to inosine by adenosine deaminase (ADA), or phosphorylation back into AMP via adenosine kinase (AK). Pulmonary inflammatory and hypoxic conditions lead to increased extracellular ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine levels, which translates to increased adenosine signaling. Adenosine signaling is central to the pulmonary injury response, leading to various effects on inflammation, repair and remodeling processes that are either tissue-protective or tissue destructive. In the acute setting, particularly through activation of adenosine 2A and 2B receptors, adenosine signaling serves an anti-inflammatory, tissue-protective role. However, excessive adenosine signaling in the chronic setting promotes pro-inflammatory, tissue destructive effects in chronic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Thuy T. Le
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nathaniel K. Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew T. Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiangyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) Reflects Disease Progression in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): Relationship with Lung Pathology. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030399. [PMID: 30909411 PMCID: PMC6463252 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) plays a central role in diagnosing Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) while its role in monitoring disease progression is not clearly defined. Given the variable clinical course of the disease, we evaluated whether HRCT abnormalities predict disease behavior and correlate with functional decline in untreated IPF patients. Forty-nine patients (with HRCT1) were functionally categorized as rapid or slow progressors. Twenty-one had a second HRCT2. Thirteen patients underwent lung transplantation and pathology was quantified. HRCT Alveolar (AS) and Interstitial Scores (IS) were assessed and correlated with Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) decline between HRCT1 and HRCT2. At baseline, AS was greater in rapids than in slows, while IS was similar in the two groups. In the 21 subjects with HRCT2, IS increased over time in both slows and rapids, while AS increased only in rapids. The IS change from HRCT1 to HRCT2 normalized per month correlated with FVC decline/month in the whole population, but the change in AS did not. In the 13 patients with pathology, the number of total lymphocytes was higher in rapids than in slows and correlated with AS. Quantitative estimation of HRCTs AS and IS reflects the distinct clinical and pathological behavior of slow and rapid decliners. Furthermore, AS, which reflects the immune/inflammatory infiltrate in lung tissue, could be a useful tool to differentiate rapid from slow progressors at presentation.
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Wakwaya Y, Brown KK. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis andOutcomes. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:359-369. [PMID: 31010461 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is increasing worldwide. This, combined with its poor prognosis and unpredictable natural history, has amplified the importance of an accurate diagnosis and monitoring. A diagnosis of exclusion, IPF requires a comprehensive clinical evaluation. This results in a clinical context that provides the backdrop for interpretation of the chest imaging and histopathology. A confident or probable usual interstitial pneumonia chest imaging pattern on high-resolution computerized tomography may be diagnostic in the correct clinical context. Outcomes for IPF are unpredictable, ranging from rapid progression with death within months to prolonged stability. Disease activity is monitored by clinical and physiology measures with a declining forced vital capacity, a recognized measure of progression. The available treatments, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are effective at reducing the expected decline in forced vital capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosafe Wakwaya
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Kevin K Brown
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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The Role of Immunity and Inflammation in IPF Pathogenesis. Respir Med 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IPF is thought to be a consequence of repetitive micro-injury to ageing alveolar epithelium by factors including tobacco smoke, environmental exposures, microbial colonisation/infection, microaspiration, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, with resultant aberrant wound healing. Though partially effective antifibrotic therapies have focused attention away from older inflammation-based hypotheses for IPF pathogenesis, innate and adaptive immune cells and processes may play roles potentially in initiation and/or disease progression in IPF and/or in IPF acute exacerbations, based on multiple lines of evidence. Members of the Toll-like family of innate immune receptors have been implicated in IPF pathogenesis, including a potential modulatory role for the lung microbiome. A variety of chemokines are associated with the presence of IPF, and an imbalance of angiogenic chemokines has been linked to vascular remodelling in the disease. Subsets of circulating monocytes, including fibrocytes and segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatM), have been identified that may facilitate progression of fibrosis, and apoptosis-resistant pulmonary macrophages have been shown to demonstrate pro-fibrotic potential. Inflammatory cells that have been somewhat dismissed as irrelevant to IPF pathogenesis are being re-evaluated in light of new mechanistic data, such as activated neutrophils which release their chromatin in a process termed NETosis, which appears to mediate age-related murine lung fibrosis. A greater understanding is needed of the role of lymphoid aggregates, a histologic feature of IPF lungs found in close proximity to fibroblastic foci and highly suggestive of the presence of chronic immune responses in IPF, as are well-characterised activated circulating T lymphocytes and distinct autoantibodies that have been observed in IPF. There is a pressing need to discern whether or not the indisputably present immune dysregulation of IPF constitutes cause or effect in the ongoing search for more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Evolving Genomics of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Respir Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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The Keys to Making a Confident Diagnosis of IPF. Respir Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Quantitative CT analysis using functional imaging is superior in describing disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared to forced vital capacity. Respir Res 2018; 19:213. [PMID: 30400950 PMCID: PMC6218992 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is chronic fibrosing pneumonia with an unpredictable natural disease history. Functional respiratory imaging (FRI) has potential to better characterize this disease. The aim of this study was to identify FRI parameters, which predict FVC decline in patients with IPF. Methods An IPF-cohort (treated with pamrevlumab for 48 weeks) was retrospectively studied using FRI. Serial CT’s were compared from 66 subjects. Post-hoc analysis was performed using FRI, FVC and mixed effects models. Results Lung volumes, determined by FRI, correlated with FVC (lower lung volumes with lower FVC) (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between specific image based airway radius (siRADaw) at total lung capacity (TLC) and FVC (R2 = 0.18, p < 0.001). Changes in FVC correlated significantly with changes in lung volumes (R2 = 0.18, p < 0.001) and siRADaw (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.002) at week 24 and 48, with siRADaw being more sensitive to change than FVC. Loss in lobe volumes (R2 = 0.33, p < 0.001), increasing fibrotic tissue (R2 = 0.33, p < 0.001) and airway radius (R2 = 0.28, p < 0.001) at TLC correlated with changes in FVC but these changes already occur in the lower lobes when FVC is still considered normal. Conclusion This study indicates that FRI is a superior tool than FVC in capturing of early and clinically relevant, disease progression in a regional manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0918-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Easton-Jones CA, Madigan JE, Barnum S, Maxwell LK, Taylor SD, Arnesen T, Pusterla N. Effect of valacyclovir on EHV-5 viral kinetics in horses with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1763-1767. [PMID: 30221792 PMCID: PMC6189341 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus-5 is commonly isolated from the lungs of horses with EMPF, suggesting an etiological link. Valacyclovir is used empirically to treat EMPF; however, no data is available concerning its impact on EHV-5 viral kinetics. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of oral administration of valacyclovir on EHV-5 viral load measured by qPCR in blood, nasal secretions (NS) and BALF in horses with EMPF. ANIMALS Six horses diagnosed with EMPF. METHODS A prospective clinical trial was performed. Horses received 10 days of PO administered valacyclovir (loading dose 30 mg/kg, maintenance dose 20 mg/kg). Blood, NS, and BALF were collected for EHV-5 viral kinetics analyses during treatment. Blood and NS were collected every other day. BALF was collected on day 0 and day 10. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in median EHV-5 viral load between day 0 and day 10 for all samples tested. In blood median EHV-5 viral load was 7676 (range 575-39 781) on day 0 and 6822 (range 1136-18 635) glycoprotein B (gB) gene copies per million cells on day 10. For NS median EHV-5 viral load was 2.944 × 106 (range 184 691-3.394 × 109 ) on day 0 and 8.803 × 106 (range 251 186-9.868 × 108 ) gB gene copies per million cells on day 10. For BALF median EHV-5 viral load was 59,842 (range 61-315 655) on day 0 and 185 083 (range 3562-542 417) gB gene copies per million cells on day 10. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Valacyclovir might not be an effective short-term antiviral treatment but efficacy in treatment of EMPF is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Easton-Jones
- Willian R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, California
| | - John E Madigan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Lara K Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN
| | - Terry Arnesen
- Stillwater Equine Veterinary Clinic, Stillwater, Minnesota
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
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Prognosis and Follow-Up of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6020051. [PMID: 29904028 PMCID: PMC6024649 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a devastating progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) with no known cause, is the most common and deadly of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. With a median survival of 3⁻5 years following diagnosis, IPF is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function and quality of life in most patients. Prognostic factors recognized classically that influence mortality include functional, clinical and radiological parameters. However, in recent years, there has also been progress in the knowledge of genetic factors and biomarkers that may be useful in the prognostic evaluation of these patients. On the other hand, the monitoring of the disease throughout its evolution is key to improving the prognosis of the patients, as it allows for taking therapeutic measures based on this evolution, even early remission for lung transplantation. This article reviews the main prognostic factors of the disease, as well as the most useful way to monitor the disease follow-up.
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41
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Newton CA, Molyneaux PL, Oldham JM. Clinical Genetics in Interstitial Lung Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:116. [PMID: 29755982 PMCID: PMC5932165 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) comprises a heterogeneous group of diffuse parenchymal lung processes with overlapping clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features. Among the most common and deadly ILDs are idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP). As the name implies, the cause of IPF remains elusive, but a variety of genetic and infectious risk factors have been identified. CHP results from chronic inhalation of an organic antigen, usually of avian or mold origin, and may occur in patients with a genetic predisposition. While IPF is treated with anti-fibrotic compounds, CHP is generally treated by suppression of the immune system and elimination of the causative antigen. Despite advances in our understanding of IPF and CHP, there exists substantial variability in the diagnosis and treatment of these disease processes. Furthermore, IPF and CHP natural history and treatment response remain far from uniform, leaving it unclear which patients derive the most benefit from disease-specific therapy. While clinical prediction models have improved our understanding of outcome risk in patients with various forms of ILD, recent advances in genomic technology provides a valuable opportunity to begin understanding the basis for outcome variability. Such advances will ultimately allow for the incorporation of genomic markers into risk stratification and clinical decision-making. In this piece, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the genomic factors that influence susceptibility and outcome risk among patients with IPF and CHP. Genomic modalities used to identify these genomic markers include genome-wide association studies, analyses of gene expression, drug–gene interaction testing, telomere length determination, telomerase mutation analysis, and studies of the lung microbiome. We then identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed to help facilitate the incorporation of these genomic technologies into ILD clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Newton
- Eugene McDermott Centre for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin M Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Pretreatment rate of decay in forced vital capacity predicts long-term response to pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5961. [PMID: 29654244 PMCID: PMC5899162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone reduces functional decline in patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). However, response to treatment is highly heterogeneous. We sought to evaluate whether response to pirfenidone is influenced by the pretreatment rate of forced vital capacity (FVC) decline. Fifty-six IPF patients were categorized as rapid (RP) or slow progressors (SP) based on whether their FVC decline in the year preceding pirfenidone treatment was > or ≤ 10% predicted. Following pirfenidone treatment patients were followed-up every 6 months and up to 24 months. In the entire population, pirfenidone reduced significantly FVC decline from 231 to 49 ml/year at 6 months (T6) (p = 0.003) and this effect was maintained at the 12-, 18- and 24-month time points (p value for trend n.s.). In RP, the reduction of FVC decline was evident at 6 months (36 vs 706 ml/year pretreatment; p = 0.002) and maintained, though to a lesser degree, at 12 (106 ml/year), 18 (176 ml/year) and 24 months (162 ml/year; p value for trend n.s). Among SP, the reduction in FVC decline was not significant at any of the time points analyzed. In conclusion, pirfenidone reduces FVC decline in IPF patients. However, its beneficial effect is more pronounced in patients with rapidly progressive disease.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A number of recent studies have explored the possibility to apply personalized medicine to interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common and deadly of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. In our review, we summarize and discuss the most recent literature on personalized medicine in IPF as well as hypersensitivity pneumonitis and sarcoidosis, with emphasis on patient subgroups for which a personalized approach to disease prognostication and management may become a reality in the near future. RECENT FINDINGS Most of the studies that have explored the applicability of personalized medicine to ILDs have been conducted in patients with IPF. Such studies have suggested the existence of several distinct disease subgroups defined by similar genetic profiles, molecular pathways, exposures and individual lifestyles. Personalized medicine in hypersensitivity pneumonitis is in its infancy. The development and applicability of personalized medicine to sarcoidosis, on the other hand, remains problematic for several reasons, including the lack of a diagnostic gold standard, the highly variable and unpredictable disease course, particularly across patients of different ethnicities, the poor correlation between disease activity and disease severity and the lack of a validated management algorithm. SUMMARY A number of distinct patient subgroups have been identified in ILDs. Although available data need to be validated longitudinally, the possibility to study homogeneous groups of patients may allow prediction of disease behavior and response to treatment with dramatic clinical implications.
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Vukmirovic M, Kaminski N. Impact of Transcriptomics on Our Understanding of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:87. [PMID: 29670881 PMCID: PMC5894436 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal fibrotic lung disease characterized by aberrant remodeling of the lung parenchyma with extensive changes to the phenotypes of all lung resident cells. The introduction of transcriptomics, genome scale profiling of thousands of RNA transcripts, caused a significant inversion in IPF research. Instead of generating hypotheses based on animal models of disease, or biological plausibility, with limited validation in humans, investigators were able to generate hypotheses based on unbiased molecular analysis of human samples and then use animal models of disease to test their hypotheses. In this review, we describe the insights made from transcriptomic analysis of human IPF samples. We describe how transcriptomic studies led to identification of novel genes and pathways involved in the human IPF lung such as: matrix metalloproteinases, WNT pathway, epithelial genes, role of microRNAs among others, as well as conceptual insights such as the involvement of developmental pathways and deep shifts in epithelial and fibroblast phenotypes. The impact of lung and transcriptomic studies on disease classification, endotype discovery, and reproducible biomarkers is also described in detail. Despite these impressive achievements, the impact of transcriptomic studies has been limited because they analyzed bulk tissue and did not address the cellular and spatial heterogeneity of the IPF lung. We discuss new emerging technologies and applications, such as single-cell RNAseq and microenvironment analysis that may address cellular and spatial heterogeneity. We end by making the point that most current tissue collections and resources are not amenable to analysis using the novel technologies. To take advantage of the new opportunities, we need new efforts of sample collections, this time focused on access to all the microenvironments and cells in the IPF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Vukmirovic
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Precision Pulmonary Medicine Center (P2MED), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Precision Pulmonary Medicine Center (P2MED), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Fibrosis: Lessons from OMICS analyses of the human lung. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:422-434. [PMID: 29567123 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a significant shift in our understanding of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive and lethal disorder. While initially much of the mechanistic understanding was derived from hypotheses generated from animal models of disease, in recent decades new insights derived from humans with IPF have taken precedence. This is mainly because of the establishment of large collections of IPF lung tissues and patient cohorts, and the emergence of high throughput profiling technologies collectively termed 'omics' technologies based on their shared suffix. In this review we describe impacts of 'omics' analyses of human IPF samples on our understanding of the disease. In particular, we discuss the results of genomics and transcriptomics studies, as well as proteomics, epigenomics and metabolomics. We then describe how these findings can be integrated in a modified paradigm of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, that introduces the 'hallmarks of aging' as a central theme in the IPF lung. This allows resolution of all the disparate cellular and molecular features in IPF, from the central role of epithelial cells, through the dramatic phenotypic alterations observed in fibroblasts and the numerous aberrations that inflammatory cells exhibit. We end with reiterating a call for renewed efforts to collect and analyze carefully characterized human tissues, in ways that would facilitate implementation of novel technologies for high resolution single cell omics profiling.
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Balestro E, Solidoro P, Parigi P, Boffini M, Lucianetti A, Rea F. Safety of nintedanib before lung transplant: an Italian case series. Respirol Case Rep 2018; 6:e00312. [PMID: 29564136 PMCID: PMC5849579 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal disease that can only be cured by lung transplantation. Pharmacological agents play a role in preserving lung function and prolonging survival until a suitable donor organ becomes available. However, data on the effects of newer antifibrotic therapies on lung transplantation outcomes in IPF patients are lacking. The nine patients included in this case series were treated with nintedanib 150 mg twice daily for 3–30 (mean 13 ± 9) months before lung transplant surgery. Lung function was relatively preserved during nintedanib therapy, and no acute IPF exacerbations occurred. Transplant surgery was generally uneventful; eight of the nine patients are still alive. There were no extraordinary bleeding complications or issues with postoperative thoracic wound healing or dehiscence. Only one patient experienced bronchial anastomotic stenosis a few months later. In conclusion, nintedanib preserved lung function up to transplantation, was well tolerated, and had no detrimental effects on the short‐term outcome of lung transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Balestro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences University of Padova PadovaItaly
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- Pulmonary Medicine Unit, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, University of Turin TurinItaly
| | - Piercarlo Parigi
- Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo Italy
| | - Massimo Boffini
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Surgical Sciences Department, ASOU Città della Salute e della Scienza University of Turin Turin Italy
| | | | - Federico Rea
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences University of Padova PadovaItaly
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is comprised of a heterogeneous group of disorders with highly variable natural histories and response to therapies. Pharmacogenetics focuses on the variability in drug response because of the presence of genetic factors that influence drug metabolism or disease activity. In this article, we review relevant drug-specific and disease-specific polymorphisms that may influence therapeutic response, and then highlight a recently identified drug-gene interaction in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). RECENT FINDINGS The emergence of high-throughput genomic technology has allowed for identification of gene polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to specific disease states, including IPF and several connective tissue diseases known to cause ILD. IPF risk loci span a diverse group of genes, while most associated with connective tissue disease are critical to immune signaling. A recent pharmacogenetic analysis of patients enrolled in an IPF clinical trial identified a variant within TOLLIP to be associated with differential response to N-acetylcysteine therapy. SUMMARY Though few pharmacogenetic investigations have been conducted in patients with ILD to date, ample opportunities for pharmacogenetic exploration exist in this patient population. Such exploration will advance our understanding of specific ILDs and help usher in an era of personalized medicine.
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ADAM10-mediated ephrin-B2 shedding promotes myofibroblast activation and organ fibrosis. Nat Med 2017; 23:1405-1415. [PMID: 29058717 PMCID: PMC5720906 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive wound healing responses to chronic tissue injury result in organ fibrosis. Fibrosis, which entails excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and tissue remodeling by activated myofibroblasts, leads to loss of proper tissue architecture and organ function; however, the molecular mediators of myofibroblast activation have yet to be fully identified. Here we identify soluble ephrin-B2 (sEphrin-B2) as a new profibrotic mediator in lung and skin fibrosis. We provide molecular, functional and translational evidence that the ectodomain of membrane-bound ephrin-B2 is shed from fibroblasts into the alveolar airspace after lung injury. Shedding of sEphrin-B2 promotes fibroblast chemotaxis and activation via EphB3 and/or EphB4 receptor signaling. We found that mice lacking ephrin-B2 in fibroblasts are protected from skin and lung fibrosis and that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is the major ephrin-B2 sheddase in fibroblasts. ADAM10 expression is increased by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and ADAM10-mediated sEphrin-B2 generation is required for TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast activation. Pharmacological inhibition of ADAM10 reduces sEphrin-B2 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and prevents lung fibrosis in mice. Consistent with the mouse data, ADAM10-sEphrin-B2 signaling is upregulated in fibroblasts from human subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. These results uncover a new molecular mechanism of tissue fibrogenesis and identify sEphrin-B2, its receptors EphB3 and EphB4 and ADAM10 as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Leuschner G, Behr J. Acute Exacerbation in Interstitial Lung Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:176. [PMID: 29109947 PMCID: PMC5660065 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) has been defined as an acute, clinically significant deterioration that develops within less than 1 month without obvious clinical cause like fluid overload, left heart failure, or pulmonary embolism. Pathophysiologically, damage of the alveoli is the predominant feature of AE-IPF which manifests histopathologically as diffuse alveolar damage and radiologically as diffuse, bilateral ground-glass opacification on high-resolution computed tomography. A growing body of literature now focuses on acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease (AE-ILD) other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Based on a shared pathophysiology it is generally accepted that AE-ILD can affect all patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) but apparently occurs more frequently in patients with an underlying usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. The etiology of AE-ILD is not fully understood, but there are distinct risk factors and triggers like infection, mechanical stress, and microaspiration. In general, AE-ILD has a poor prognosis and is associated with a high mortality within 6–12 months. Although there is a lack of evidence based data, in clinical practice, AE-ILD is often treated with a high dose corticosteroid therapy and antibiotics. This article aims to provide a summary of the clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of AE-ILD as well as an update on the current developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Leuschner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Ludwig Maximilians University, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Ludwig Maximilians University, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Gauting, Germany
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by progressive lung scarring and the histological picture of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). It is associated with increasing cough and dyspnoea and impaired quality of life. IPF affects ∼3 million people worldwide, with incidence increasing dramatically with age. The diagnostic approach includes the exclusion of other interstitial lung diseases or overlapping conditions and depends on the identification of the UIP pattern, usually with high-resolution CT; lung biopsy might be required in some patients. The UIP pattern is predominantly bilateral, peripheral and with a basal distribution of reticular changes associated with traction bronchiectasis and clusters of subpleural cystic airspaces. The biological processes underlying IPF are thought to reflect an aberrant reparative response to repetitive alveolar epithelial injury in a genetically susceptible ageing individual, although many questions remain on how to define susceptibility. Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the clinical management of IPF, with the availability of two pharmacotherapeutic agents, pirfenidone and nintedanib, that decrease physiological progression and likely improve progression-free survival. Current efforts are directed at identifying IPF early, potentially relying on combinations of biomarkers that include circulating factors, demographics and imaging data.
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