1
|
Chen Q, Tong M, Sun N, Yang Y, Cheng Y, Yi L, Wang G, Cao Z, Zhao Q, Cheng S. Integrated Analysis of miRNA-mRNA Expression in Mink Lung Epithelial Cells Infected With Canine Distemper Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897740. [PMID: 35711811 PMCID: PMC9194998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the major infectious diseases in minks, bringing serious economic losses to the mink breeding industry. By an integrated analysis of microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA), the present study analyzed the changes in the mink transcriptome upon CDV infection in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv. l. Lu cells) for the first time. A total of 4,734 differentially expressed mRNAs (2,691 upregulated and 2,043 downregulated) with |log2(FoldChange) |>1 and P-adj<0.05 and 181 differentially expressed miRNAs (152 upregulated and 29 downregulated) with |log2(FoldChange) |>2 and P-adj<0.05 were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with various biological processes and molecular function, such as response to stimulus, cell communication, signaling, cytokine activity, transmembrane signaling receptor activity and signaling receptor activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the combination of miRNA and mRNA was done for immune and inflammatory responses, such as Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator (STAT) signaling pathway and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B signaling pathway. The enrichment analysis of target mRNA of differentially expressed miRNA revealed that mir-140-5p and mir-378-12 targeted corresponding genes to regulate NF-kappa B signaling pathway. JAK-STAT signaling pathway could be modulated by mir-425-2, mir-139-4, mir-140-6, mir-145-3, mir-140-5p and mir-204-2. This study compared the influence of miRNA-mRNA expression in Mv. l. Lu cells before and after CDV infection by integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA and analyzed the complex network interaction between virus and host cells. The results can help understand the molecular mechanism of the natural immune response induced by CDV infection in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yi
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Gaili Wang
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Zhao
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Shipeng Cheng
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim MJ, Kim H, Gao X, Ryu JH, Yang Y, Kwon IC, Roberts TM, Kim SH. Multi-targeting siRNA nanoparticles for simultaneous inhibition of PI3K and Rac1 in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
3
|
Tan DQ, Li Y, Yang C, Li J, Tan SH, Chin DWL, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Yang H, Suda T. PRMT5 Modulates Splicing for Genome Integrity and Preserves Proteostasis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2316-2328.e6. [PMID: 30811983 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is essential for hematopoiesis, while PRMT5 inhibition remains a promising therapeutic strategy against various cancers. Here, we demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence and viability are severely perturbed upon PRMT5 depletion, which also increases HSC size, PI3K/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity, and protein synthesis rate. We uncover a critical role for PRMT5 in maintaining HSC genomic integrity by modulating splicing of genes involved in DNA repair. We found that reducing PRMT5 activity upregulates exon skipping and intron retention events that impair gene expression. Genes across multiple DNA repair pathways are affected, several of which mediate interstrand crosslink repair and homologous recombination. Consequently, loss of PRMT5 activity leads to endogenous DNA damage that triggers p53 activation, induces apoptosis, and culminates in rapid HSC exhaustion, which is significantly delayed by p53 depletion. Collectively, these findings establish the importance of cell-intrinsic PRMT5 activity in HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Qiancheng Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Hao Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Desmond Wai Loon Chin
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Marcantonio D, Sykes SM. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Murine Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and MLL-AF9 Driven Leukemia. J Vis Exp 2019:10.3791/59593. [PMID: 31545325 PMCID: PMC7239511 DOI: 10.3791/59593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a flow cytometric approach for analyzing mitochondrial ROS in various live bone marrow (BM)-derived stem and progenitor cell populations from healthy mice as well as mice with AML driven by MLL-AF9. Specifically, we describe a two-step cell staining process, whereby healthy or leukemia BM cells are first stained with a fluorogenic dye that detects mitochondrial superoxides, followed by staining with fluorochrome-linked monoclonal antibodies that are used to distinguish various healthy and malignant hematopoietic progenitor populations. We also provide a strategy for acquiring and analyzing the samples by flow cytometry. The entire protocol can be carried out in a timeframe as short as 3-4 h. We also highlight the key variables to consider as well as the advantages and limitations of monitoring ROS production in the mitochondrial compartment of live hematopoietic and leukemia stem and progenitor subpopulations using fluorogenic dyes by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we present data that mitochondrial ROS abundance varies among distinct healthy HSPC sub-populations and leukemia progenitors and discuss the possible applications of this technique in hematologic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M Sykes
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hemmati S, Sinclair T, Tong M, Bartholdy B, Okabe RO, Ames K, Ostrodka L, Haque T, Kaur I, Mills TS, Agarwal A, Pietras EM, Zhao JJ, Roberts TM, Gritsman K. PI3 kinase alpha and delta promote hematopoietic stem cell activation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125832. [PMID: 31120863 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cytokines and chemokines that are important for hematopoiesis activate the PI3K signaling pathway. Because this pathway is frequently mutated and activated in cancer, PI3K inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of several malignancies, and are now being tested in the clinic in combination with chemotherapy. However, the role of PI3K in adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), particularly during hematopoietic stress, is still unclear. We previously showed that the individual PI3K catalytic isoforms P110α or P110β have dispensable roles in HSC function, suggesting redundancy between PI3K isoforms in HSCs. We now demonstrate that simultaneous deletion of P110α and P110δ in double knockout (DKO) HSCs uncovers their redundant requirement in HSC cycling after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy administration. In contrast, DKO HSCs are still able to exit quiescence in response to other stress stimuli, such as LPS. We found that DKO HSCs and progenitors have impaired sensing of inflammatory signals ex vivo, and that levels of IL1-β and MIG are higher in the bone marrow after LPS than after 5-FU administration. Furthermore, exogenous in vivo administration of IL1-β can induce cell cycle entry of DKO HSCs. Our findings have important clinical implications for the use of PI3K inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayda Hemmati
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Taneisha Sinclair
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Meng Tong
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Boris Bartholdy
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel O Okabe
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristina Ames
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leanne Ostrodka
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tamanna Haque
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Imit Kaur
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Taylor S Mills
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas M Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mitchell K, Barreyro L, Todorova TI, Taylor SJ, Antony-Debré I, Narayanagari SR, Carvajal LA, Leite J, Piperdi Z, Pendurti G, Mantzaris I, Paietta E, Verma A, Gritsman K, Steidl U. IL1RAP potentiates multiple oncogenic signaling pathways in AML. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1709-1727. [PMID: 29773641 PMCID: PMC5987926 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface molecule interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) is consistently overexpressed across multiple genetic subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other myeloid malignancies, including at the stem cell level, and is emerging as a novel therapeutic target. However, the cell-intrinsic functions of IL1RAP in AML cells are largely unknown. Here, we show that targeting of IL1RAP via RNA interference, genetic deletion, or antibodies inhibits AML pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo, without perturbing healthy hematopoietic function or viability. Furthermore, we found that the role of IL1RAP is not restricted to the IL-1 receptor pathway, but that IL1RAP physically interacts with and mediates signaling and pro-proliferative effects through FLT3 and c-KIT, two receptor tyrosine kinases with known key roles in AML pathogenesis. Our study provides a new mechanistic basis for the efficacy of IL1RAP targeting in AML and reveals a novel role for this protein in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Mitchell
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Laura Barreyro
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Samuel J Taylor
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Luis A Carvajal
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Joana Leite
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Zubair Piperdi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Gopichand Pendurti
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Division of Hemato-Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Ioannis Mantzaris
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Division of Hemato-Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Elisabeth Paietta
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Division of Hemato-Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Division of Hemato-Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Division of Hemato-Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Division of Hemato-Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Selective Expression of Flt3 within the Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cell Compartment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051037. [PMID: 28498310 PMCID: PMC5454949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) is a cell surface receptor that is expressed by various hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and Flt3-activating mutations are commonly present in acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. These findings underscore the importance of Flt3 to steady-state and malignant hematopoiesis. In this study, the expression of Flt3 protein and Flt3 mRNA by single cells within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and HPC bone marrow compartments of C57/BL6 mice was investigated using flow cytometry and the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Flt3 was heterogeneously expressed by almost all of the populations studied, including long-term reconstituting HSC and short-term reconstituting HSC. The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) were also found to be heterogeneously expressed within the multipotent cell compartments. Co-expression of the mRNAs encoding Flt3 and EpoR rarely occurred within these compartments. Expression of both Flt3 and M-CSFR protein at the surface of single cells was more commonly observed. These results emphasize the heterogeneous nature of HSC and HPC and the new sub-populations identified are important to understanding the origin and heterogeneity of the acute myeloid leukemias.
Collapse
|
8
|
Coats JS, Baez I, Stoian C, Milford TAM, Zhang X, Francis OL, Su R, Payne KJ. Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518123 DOI: 10.3791/55384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice are produced by transplanting human cells into immune deficient mice. These models are an important tool for studying the mechanisms of normal and malignant hematopoiesis and are the gold standard for identifying effective chemotherapies for many malignancies. PDX models are possible because many of the mouse cytokines also act on human cells. However, this is not the case for all cytokines, including many that are critical for studying normal and malignant hematopoiesis in human cells. Techniques that engineer mice to produce human cytokines (transgenic and knock-in models) require significant expense before the usefulness of the model has been demonstrated. Other techniques are labor intensive (injection of recombinant cytokine or lentivirus) and in some cases require high levels of technical expertise (hydrodynamic injection of DNA). This report describes a simple method for generating PDX mice that have exogenous human cytokine (TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin) via weekly intraperitoneal injection of stroma that have been transduced to overexpress this cytokine. Use of this method provides an in vivo source of continuous cytokine production that achieves physiological levels of circulating human cytokine in the mouse. Plasma levels of human cytokine can be varied based on the number of stromal cells injected, and cytokine production can be initiated at any point in the experiment. This method also includes cytokine-negative control mice that are similarly produced, but through intraperitoneal injection of stroma transduced with a control vector. We have previously demonstrated that leukemia cells harvested from TSLP-expressing PDX, as compared to control PDX, exhibit a gene expression pattern more like the original patient sample. Together the cytokine-producing and cytokine-negative PDX mice produced by this method provide a model system that we have used successfully to study the role of TSLP in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ineavely Baez
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Cornelia Stoian
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | | | | | - Olivia L Francis
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Ruijun Su
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Kimberly J Payne
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen-McCarty M, Klein PS. Autophagy is a signature of a signaling network that maintains hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177054. [PMID: 28486555 PMCID: PMC5423627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are able to self-renew and to differentiate into all blood cells. HSCs reside in a low-perfusion niche and depend on local signals to survive and to maintain the capacity for self-renewal. HSCs removed from the niche are unable to survive without addition of hematopoietic cytokines and rapidly lose their ability to self-renew. We reported previously that inhibition of both GSK-3 and mTORC1 is essential to maintain long-term HSCs ex vivo. Although Wnt/β-catenin signaling downstream of GSK-3 is required for this response, the downstream effectors of mTORC1 remain undefined. We now report that HSCs express a pro-autophagic gene signature and accumulate LC3 puncta only when both mTORC1 and GSK-3 are inhibited, identifying autophagy as a signature for a signaling network that maintains HSCs ex vivo. In addition, these conditions sustain HSC repopulating function despite an increased rate of global translation. Together, these findings provide new insight into the relative contributions of various mTORC1 outputs toward the maintenance of HSC function and build upon the growing body of literature implicating autophagy and tightly controlled protein synthesis as important modulators of diverse stem cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nguyen-McCarty
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Klein
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kalaitzidis D, Lee D, Efeyan A, Kfoury Y, Nayyar N, Sykes DB, Mercier FE, Papazian A, Baryawno N, Victora GD, Neuberg D, Sabatini DM, Scadden DT. Amino acid-insensitive mTORC1 regulation enables nutritional stress resilience in hematopoietic stem cells. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1405-1413. [PMID: 28319048 DOI: 10.1172/jci89452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR pathway is a critical determinant of cell persistence and growth wherein mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) mediates a balance between growth factor stimuli and nutrient availability. Amino acids or glucose facilitates mTORC1 activation by inducing RagA GTPase recruitment of mTORC1 to the lysosomal outer surface, enabling activation of mTOR by the Ras homolog Rheb. Thereby, RagA alters mTORC1-driven growth in times of nutrient abundance or scarcity. Here, we have evaluated differential nutrient-sensing dependence through RagA and mTORC1 in hematopoietic progenitors, which dynamically drive mature cell production, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), which provide a quiescent cellular reserve. In nutrient-abundant conditions, RagA-deficient HSC were functionally unimpaired and upregulated mTORC1 via nutrient-insensitive mechanisms. RagA was also dispensable for HSC function under nutritional stress conditions. Similarly, hyperactivation of RagA did not affect HSC function. In contrast, RagA deficiency markedly altered progenitor population function and mature cell output. Therefore, RagA is a molecular mechanism that distinguishes the functional attributes of reactive progenitors from a reserve stem cell pool. The indifference of HSC to nutrient sensing through RagA contributes to their molecular resilience to nutritional stress, a characteristic that is relevant to organismal viability in evolution and in modern HSC transplantation approaches.
Collapse
|
11
|
Stanley RF, Piszczatowski RT, Bartholdy B, Mitchell K, McKimpson WM, Narayanagari S, Walter D, Todorova TI, Hirsch C, Makishima H, Will B, McMahon C, Gritsman K, Maciejewski JP, Kitsis RN, Steidl U. A myeloid tumor suppressor role for NOL3. J Exp Med 2017; 214:753-771. [PMID: 28232469 PMCID: PMC5339683 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the identification of several oncogenic driver mutations leading to constitutive JAK-STAT activation, the cellular and molecular biology of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) remains incompletely understood. Recent discoveries have identified underlying disease-modifying molecular aberrations contributing to disease initiation and progression. Here, we report that deletion of Nol3 (Nucleolar protein 3) in mice leads to an MPN resembling primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Nol3-/- MPN mice harbor an expanded Thy1+LSK stem cell population exhibiting increased cell cycling and a myelomonocytic differentiation bias. Molecularly, this phenotype is mediated by Nol3-/--induced JAK-STAT activation and downstream activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6) and MycNol3-/- MPN Thy1+LSK cells share significant molecular similarities with primary CD34+ cells from PMF patients. NOL3 levels are decreased in CD34+ cells from PMF patients, and the NOL3 locus is deleted in a subset of patients with myeloid malignancies. Our results reveal a novel genetic PMF-like mouse model and identify a tumor suppressor role for NOL3 in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Boris Bartholdy
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Kelly Mitchell
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Wendy M McKimpson
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Swathi Narayanagari
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Dagmar Walter
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Tihomira I Todorova
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Cassandra Hirsch
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Leukemia Program, Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hideki Makishima
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Leukemia Program, Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Britta Will
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Christine McMahon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Leukemia Program, Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 .,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
An N, Cen B, Cai H, Song JH, Kraft A, Kang Y. Pim1 kinase regulates c-Kit gene translation. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:31. [PMID: 28042518 PMCID: PMC5200960 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Kit (CD117) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance and expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Additionally, over-expression and/or mutational activation of c-Kit have been implicated in numerous malignant diseases including acute myeloid leukemia. However, the translational regulation of c-Kit expression remains largely unknown. Methods and results We demonstrated that loss of Pim1 led to specific down-regulation of c-Kit expression in HSPCs of Pim1−/− mice and Pim1−/−2−/−3−/− triple knockout (TKO) mice, and resulted in attenuated ERK and STAT3 signaling in response to stimulation with stem cell factor. Transduction of c-Kit restored the defects in colony forming capacity seen in HSPCs from Pim1−/− and TKO mice. Pharmacologic inhibition and genetic modification studies using human megakaryoblastic leukemia cells confirmed the regulation of c-Kit expression by Pim1 kinase: i.e., Pim1-specific shRNA knockdown down-regulated the expression of c-Kit whereas overexpression of Pim1 up-regulated the expression of c-Kit. Mechanistically, inhibition or knockout of Pim1 kinase did not affect the transcription of c-Kit gene. Pim1 kinase enhanced c-Kit 35S methionine labeling and increased the incorporation of c-Kit mRNAs into the polysomes and monosomes, demonstrating that Pim1 kinase regulates c-Kit expression at the translational level. Conclusions Our study provides the first evidence that Pim1 regulates c-Kit gene translation and has important implications in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Bo Cen
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Jin H Song
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Andrew Kraft
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Yubin Kang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, DUMC 3961, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A PI3K p110β-Rac signalling loop mediates Pten-loss-induced perturbation of haematopoiesis and leukaemogenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8501. [PMID: 26442967 PMCID: PMC4598950 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor PTEN, which antagonizes PI3K signalling, is frequently inactivated in haematologic malignancies. In mice, deletion of PTEN in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) causes perturbed haematopoiesis, myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) and leukaemia. Although the roles of the PI3K isoforms have been studied in PTEN-deficient tumours, their individual roles in PTEN-deficient HSCs are unknown. Here we show that when we delete PTEN in HSCs using the Mx1–Cre system, p110β ablation prevents MPN, improves HSC function and suppresses leukaemia initiation. Pharmacologic inhibition of p110β in PTEN-deficient mice recapitulates these genetic findings, but suggests involvement of both Akt-dependent and -independent pathways. Further investigation reveals that a p110β–Rac signalling loop plays a critical role in PTEN-deficient HSCs. Together, these data suggest that myeloid neoplasia driven by PTEN loss is dependent on p110β via p110β–Rac-positive-feedback loop, and that disruption of this loop may offer a new and effective therapeutic strategy for PTEN-deficient leukaemia. The tumor suppressor PTEN antagonizes the PI3K signalling pathway and is frequently inactivated in haematological malignancies. Here, the authors unravel the main contribution of the PI3K isoform p110ß to leukemic transformation driven by PTEN-loss.
Collapse
|
14
|
HDL-bound sphingosine-1-phosphate restrains lymphopoiesis and neuroinflammation. Nature 2015; 523:342-6. [PMID: 26053123 PMCID: PMC4506268 DOI: 10.1038/nature14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators influence immunity in myriad ways. For example, circulating sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a key regulator of lymphocyte egress1,2. Although the majority of plasma S1P is bound to apolipoprotein M (ApoM) in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle3, immunological functions of the ApoM-S1P complex are unknown. Here, we show that ApoM-S1P is dispensable for lymphocyte trafficking yet restrains lymphopoiesis by activating the S1P1 receptor on bone marrow (BM) lymphocyte progenitors. Mice that lacked ApoM (Apom−/−) had increased proliferation of Lin−Sca1+cKit+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (LSK) and common lymphoid progenitors (CLP) in BM. Pharmacologic activation or genetic overexpression of S1P1 suppressed LSK and CLP proliferation in vivo. ApoM was stably associated with BM CLPs, which showed active S1P1 signaling in vivo4. Moreover, ApoM+HDL, but not albumin-bound S1P, inhibited lymphopoiesis in vitro. Upon immune stimulation, Apom−/− mice developed more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis5, characterized by increased lymphocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Thus, the ApoM-S1P-S1P1 signaling axis restrains the lymphocyte compartment and subsequently, adaptive immune responses. Unique biological functions imparted by specific S1P chaperones could be exploited for novel therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
|
15
|
Vitali C, Bassani C, Chiodoni C, Fellini E, Guarnotta C, Miotti S, Sangaletti S, Fuligni F, De Cecco L, Piccaluga PP, Colombo MP, Tripodo C. SOCS2 Controls Proliferation and Stemness of Hematopoietic Cells under Stress Conditions and Its Deregulation Marks Unfavorable Acute Leukemias. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2387-99. [PMID: 25858143 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) promptly adapt hematopoiesis to stress conditions, such as infection and cancer, replenishing bone marrow-derived circulating populations, while preserving the stem cell reservoir. SOCS2, a feedback inhibitor of JAK-STAT pathways, is expressed in most primitive HSC and is upregulated in response to STAT5-inducing cytokines. We demonstrate that Socs2 deficiency unleashes HSC proliferation in vitro, sustaining STAT5 phosphorylation in response to IL3, thrombopoietin, and GM-CSF. In vivo, SOCS2 deficiency leads to unrestricted myelopoietic response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and, in turn, induces exhaustion of long-term HSC function along serial bone marrow transplantations. The emerging role of SOCS2 in HSC under stress conditions prompted the investigation of malignant hematopoiesis. High levels of SOCS2 characterize unfavorable subsets of acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemias, such as those with MLL and BCR/ABL abnormalities, and correlate with the enrichment of genes belonging to hematopoietic and leukemic stemness signatures. In this setting, SOCS2 and its correlated genes are part of regulatory networks fronted by IKZF1/Ikaros and MEF2C, two transcriptional regulators involved in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis that have never been linked to SOCS2. Accordingly, a comparison of murine wt and Socs2(-/-) HSC gene expression in response to 5-FU revealed a significant overlap with the molecular programs that correlate with SOCS2 expression in leukemias, particularly with the oncogenic pathways and with the IKZF1/Ikaros and MEF2C-predicted targets. Lentiviral gene transduction of murine hematopoietic precursors with Mef2c, but not with Ikzf1, induces Socs2 upregulation, unveiling a direct control exerted by Mef2c over Socs2 expression.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The analysis of protein phosphorylation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provides a powerful tool for studying the cell signaling activities that mediate HSC fate decisions, such as self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptosis. The first part of this chapter describes a method of intracellular staining for phosphorylated proteins in conjunction with membrane staining for multiple hematopoietic cell-surface markers, and subsequent flow cytometric analysis of protein phosphorylation levels [indicated by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of specific fluorochromed phospho-antibodies] in primitive hematopoietic cells. The second part describes a method for assessing the frequency of apoptosis in HSCs using extracellular staining with recombinant Annexin V and 7-Amino-Actinomycin (7-AAD). Both parts involve an initial magnetic enrichment of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow. Because of the intracellular detection required for the HSC signaling assay, this assay also includes cell fixation and permeabilization. Gating strategies for assessing MFI and the frequency of Annexin V(+) apoptotic cells in a complex population are also described along with representative examples.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bradley HL, Sabnis H, Pritchett D, Bunting KD. Nanoproteomic assays on hematopoietic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1185:165-77. [PMID: 25062628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1133-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cytokine signaling pathways is associated with benign and malignant hematologic disorders. Improvements in therapy rely on understanding the biology of the pathways and the proteins involved. Studying these pathways in patient samples is challenging as samples are difficult to obtain, contain fewer cells, and are heterogeneous in nature. To address some of these difficulties, we have utilized the technique of microcapillary electrophoresis. Using the NanoPro 1000 system (ProteinSimple) which is built on an automated, capillary-based immunoassay platform, we have developed rapid and quantitative assays for specific proteins from relatively small sample sizes. The NanoPro provides precise and quantitative data of the phosphorylation states of a specific protein of interest. We describe our experience with NanoPro assay development and optimization with specific application toward understanding aberrant cytokine signaling in human leukemia cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heath L Bradley
- Division of Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, HSRB E363, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Basu S. A complex interplay between PGC-1 co-activators and mTORC1 regulates hematopoietic recovery following 5-fluorouracil treatment. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:178-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
19
|
Wang Z, Bunting KD. STAT5 in hematopoietic stem cell biology and transplantation. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e27159. [PMID: 24498540 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.27159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) regulates normal lympho-myeloid development through activation downstream of early-acting cytokines, their receptors, and Janus kinases (JAKs). Despite a general understanding of the role of STAT5 in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation, survival, and self-renewal, the transcriptional targets and mechanisms of gene regulation that control multi-lineage engraftment following transplantation for the most part remain to be understood. In this review, we focus on the role of STAT5 in HSC transplantation and recent developments toward identifying the relevant downstream target genes and their role as part of a pleiotropic STAT5 mediated signaling response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Wang
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kevin D Bunting
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kalaitzidis D, Sykes SM, Wang Z, Punt N, Tang Y, Ragu C, Sinha AU, Lane SW, Souza AL, Clish CB, Anastasiou D, Gilliland DG, Scadden DT, Guertin DA, Armstrong SA. mTOR complex 1 plays critical roles in hematopoiesis and Pten-loss-evoked leukemogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:429-39. [PMID: 22958934 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway serves as a key sensor of cellular-energetic state and functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. Hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway impairs hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and is associated with leukemogenesis. However, the roles of the unique mTOR complexes (mTORCs) in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis have not been adequately elucidated. We deleted the mTORC1 component, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), in mouse HSCs and its loss causes a nonlethal phenotype characterized by pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and the accumulation of monocytoid cells. Furthermore, Raptor is required for HSC regeneration, and plays largely nonredundant roles with rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) in these processes. Ablation of Raptor also significantly extends survival of mice in models of leukemogenesis evoked by Pten deficiency. These data delineate critical roles for mTORC1 in hematopoietic function and leukemogenesis and inform clinical strategies based on chronic mTORC1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Kalaitzidis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin WC, Schmidt JW, Creamer BA, Triplett AA, Wagner KU. Gain-of-function of Stat5 leads to excessive granulopoiesis and lethal extravasation of granulocytes to the lung. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60902. [PMID: 23565285 PMCID: PMC3614894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (Stat5) plays a significant role in normal hematopoiesis and a variety of hematopoietic malignancies. Deficiency in Stat5 causes impaired cytokine-mediated proliferation and survival of progenitors and their differentiated descendants along major hematopoietic lineages such as erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid cells. Overexpression and persistent activation of Stat5 are sufficient for neoplastic transformation and development of multi-lineage leukemia in a transplant model. Little is known, however, whether a continuous activation of this signal transducer is essential for the maintenance of hematopoietic malignancies. To address this issue, we developed transgenic mice that express a hyperactive mutant of Stat5 in hematopoietic progenitors and derived lineages in a ligand-controlled manner. In contrast to the transplant model, expression of mutant Stat5 did not adversely affect normal hematopoiesis in the presence of endogenous wildtype Stat5 alleles. However, the gain-of-function of this signal transducer in mice that carry Stat5a/b hypomorphic alleles resulted in abnormally high numbers of circulating granulocytes that caused severe airway obstruction. Downregulation of hyperactive Stat5 in diseased animals restored normal granulopoiesis, which also resulted in a swift clearance of granulocytes from the lung. Moreover, we demonstrate that Stat5 promotes the initiation and maintenance of severe granulophilia in a cell autonomous manner. The results of this study show that the gain-of-function of Stat5 causes excessive granulopoiesis and prolonged survival of granulocytes in circulation. Collectively, our findings underline the critical importance of Stat5 in maintaining a normal balance between myeloid and lymphoid cells during hematopoiesis, and we provide direct evidence for a function of Stat5 in granulophilia–associated pulmonary dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-chi Lin
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Schmidt
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Bradley A. Creamer
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Aleata A. Triplett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Rac GTPase effector p21-activated kinase is essential for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell migration and engraftment. Blood 2013; 121:2474-82. [PMID: 23335370 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-460709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21-activated kinases (Paks) are serine/threonine kinases that are major effectors of the Rho guanosine 5'\x{2011}triphosphatase, Rac, and Cdc42. Rac and Cdc42 are known regulators of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) function, however, a direct role for Paks in HSPCs has yet to be elucidated. Lin(-)Sca1(+)c-kit(+) (LSK) cells from wild-type mice were transduced with retrovirus expressing Pak inhibitory domain (PID), a well-characterized inhibitor of Pak activation. Defects in marrow homing and in vitro cell migration, assembly of the actin cytoskeleton, proliferation, and survival were associated with engraftment failure of PID-LSK. The PID-LSK demonstrated decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas constitutive activation of ERK in these cells led to rescue of hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation in vitro and partial rescue of Pak-deficient HSPC homing and engraftment in vivo. Using conditional knock-out mice, we demonstrate that among group A Paks, Pak2(-/-) HSPC show reduced homing to the bone marrow and altered cell shape similar to PID-LSK cells in vitro and are completely defective in HSPC engraftment. These data demonstrate that Pak proteins are key components of multiple engraftment-associated HSPC functions and play a direct role in activation of ERK in HSPCs, and that Pak2 is specifically essential for HSPC engraftment.
Collapse
|
23
|
Heidel FH, Bullinger L, Feng Z, Wang Z, Neff TA, Stein L, Kalaitzidis D, Lane SW, Armstrong SA. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of β-catenin targets imatinib-resistant leukemia stem cells in CML. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:412-24. [PMID: 22482506 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A key characteristic of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the ability to self-renew. Genetic deletion of β-catenin during fetal HSC development leads to impairment of self-renewal while β-catenin is dispensable in fully developed adult HSCs. Whether β-catenin is required for maintenance of fully developed CML leukemia stem cells (LSCs) is unknown. Here, we use a conditional mouse model to show that deletion of β-catenin after CML initiation does not lead to a significant increase in survival. However, deletion of β-catenin synergizes with imatinib (IM) to delay disease recurrence after imatinib discontinuation and to abrogate CML stem cells. These effects can be mimicked by pharmacologic inhibition of β-catenin via modulation of prostaglandin signaling. Treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin reduces β-catenin levels and leads to a reduction in LSCs. In conclusion, inhibiting β-catenin by genetic inactivation or pharmacologic modulation is an effective combination therapy with imatinib and targets CML stem cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Mice
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- beta Catenin/antagonists & inhibitors
- beta Catenin/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Heidel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heffner GC, Clutter MR, Nolan GP, Weissman IL. Novel hematopoietic progenitor populations revealed by direct assessment of GATA1 protein expression and cMPL signaling events. Stem Cells 2012; 29:1774-82. [PMID: 21898686 DOI: 10.1002/stem.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must exhibit tight regulation of both self-renewal and differentiation to maintain homeostasis of the hematopoietic system as well as to avoid aberrations in growth that may result in leukemias or other disorders. In this study, we sought to understand the molecular basis of lineage determination, with particular focus on factors that influence megakaryocyte/erythrocyte-lineage commitment, in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We used intracellular flow cytometry to identify two novel hematopoietic progenitor populations within the mouse bone-marrow cKit(+) Lineage (-) Sca1(+) (KLS) Flk2 (+) compartment that differ in their protein-level expression of GATA1, a critical megakaryocyte/erythrocyte-promoting transcription factor. GATA1-high repopulating cells exhibited the cell surface phenotype KLS Flk2(+ to int), CD150(int), CD105(+), cMPL(+), and were termed "FSE cells." GATA1-low progenitors were identified as KLS Flk2(+), CD150(-), and cMPL(-), and were termed "Flk(+) CD150(-) cells." FSE cells had increased megakaryocyte/platelet potential in culture and transplant settings and exhibited a higher clonal frequency of colony-forming unit-spleen activity compared with Flk(+) CD150(-) cells, suggesting functional consequences of GATA1 upregulation in promoting megakaryocyte and erythroid lineage priming. Activation of ERK and AKT signal-transduction cascades was observed by intracellular flow cytometry in long-term HSCs and FSE cells, but not in Flk(+) CD150(-) cells in response to stimulation with thrombopoietin, an important megakaryocyte-promoting cytokine. We provide a mechanistic rationale for megakaryocyte/erythroid bias within KLS Flk2(+) cells, and demonstrate how assessment of intracellular factors and signaling events can be used to refine our understanding of lineage commitment during early definitive hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett C Heffner
- Program in Immunology, Ludwig Center at Stanford, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Melvan JN, Siggins RW, Stanford WL, Porretta C, Nelson S, Bagby GJ, Zhang P. Alcohol impairs the myeloid proliferative response to bacteremia in mice by inhibiting the stem cell antigen-1/ERK pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1961-9. [PMID: 22238460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of stem cell Ag-1 (Sca-1) expression by myeloid precursors promotes the granulopoietic response to bacterial infection. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. ERK pathway activation strongly enhances proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. In this study, we investigated the role of Sca-1 in promoting ERK-dependent myeloid lineage proliferation and the effects of alcohol on this process. Thirty minutes after i.p. injection of alcohol, mice received i.v. challenge with 5 × 10(7) Escherichia coli for 8 or 24 h. A subset of mice received i.v. BrdU injection 20 h after challenge. Bacteremia increased Sca-1 expression, ERK activation, and proliferation of myeloid and granulopoietic precursors. Alcohol administration suppressed this response and impaired granulocyte production. Sca-1 expression positively correlated with ERK activation and cell cycling, but negatively correlated with myeloperoxidase content in granulopoietic precursors. Alcohol intoxication suppressed ERK activation in granulopoietic precursors and proliferation of these cells during bacteremia. Granulopoietic precursors in Sca-1(-/-) mice failed to activate ERK signaling and could not increase granulomacrophagic CFU activity following bacteremia. These data indicate that Sca-1 expression promotes ERK-dependent myeloid cell proliferation during bacteremia. Suppression of this response could represent an underlying mechanism for developing myelosuppression in alcohol-abusing hosts with severe bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Nicholas Melvan
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
AKT/FOXO signaling enforces reversible differentiation blockade in myeloid leukemias. Cell 2011; 146:697-708. [PMID: 21884932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AKT activation is associated with many malignancies, where AKT acts, in part, by inhibiting FOXO tumor suppressors. We show a converse role for AKT/FOXOs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Rather than decreased FOXO activity, we observed that FOXOs are active in ∼40% of AML patient samples regardless of genetic subtype. We also observe this activity in human MLL-AF9 leukemia allele-induced AML in mice, where either activation of Akt or compound deletion of FoxO1/3/4 reduced leukemic cell growth, with the latter markedly diminishing leukemia-initiating cell (LIC) function in vivo and improving animal survival. FOXO inhibition resulted in myeloid maturation and subsequent AML cell death. FOXO activation inversely correlated with JNK/c-JUN signaling, and leukemic cells resistant to FOXO inhibition responded to JNK inhibition. These data reveal a molecular role for AKT/FOXO and JNK/c-JUN in maintaining a differentiation blockade that can be targeted to inhibit leukemias with a range of genetic lesions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu D, Liu X, Yu WM, Meyerson HJ, Guo C, Gerson SL, Qu CK. Non-lineage/stage-restricted effects of a gain-of-function mutation in tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (Shp2) on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1977-88. [PMID: 21930766 PMCID: PMC3182060 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A common Shp2 mutation leads to myeloproliferative disease and malignant acute leukemia in stem cells and committed progenitors, associated with Shp2 maintaining chromosomal stability Activating mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase 11 (Ptpn11) have been identified in childhood acute leukemias, in addition to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), which is a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD). It is not clear whether activating mutations of this phosphatase play a causal role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemias. If so, the cell origin of leukemia-initiating stem cells (LSCs) remains to be determined. Ptpn11E76K mutation is the most common and most active Ptpn11 mutation found in JMML and acute leukemias. However, the pathogenic effects of this mutation have not been well characterized. We have created Ptpn11E76K conditional knock-in mice. Global Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation results in early embryonic lethality. Induced knock-in of this mutation in pan hematopoietic cells leads to MPD as a result of aberrant activation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitors. These animals subsequently progress to acute leukemias. Intriguingly, in addition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) and B-ALL are evolved. Moreover, tissue-specific knock-in of Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation in lineage-committed myeloid, T lymphoid, and B lymphoid progenitors also results in AML, T-ALL, and B-ALL, respectively. Further analyses have revealed that Shp2 (encoded by Ptpn11) is distributed to centrosomes and that Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation promotes LSC development, partly by causing centrosome amplification and genomic instability. Thus, Ptpn11E76K mutation has non–lineage-specific effects on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells and initiates acute leukemias at various stages of hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gab2 promotes colony-stimulating factor 1-regulated macrophage expansion via alternate effectors at different stages of development. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4563-81. [PMID: 21930791 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05706-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) receptor (CSF-1R, or macrophage CSF receptor [M-CSFR]) is the primary regulator of the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), but the critical CSF-1 signals for these functions are unclear. The scaffold protein Gab2 is a major tyrosyl phosphoprotein in the CSF-1R signaling network. Here we demonstrate that Gab2 deficiency results in profoundly defective expansion of CSF-1R-dependent MNP progenitors in the bone marrow, through decreased proliferation and survival. Reconstitution and phospho-flow studies show that downstream of CSF-1R, Gab2 uses phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) to regulate MNP progenitor expansion. Unexpectedly, Gab2 ablation enhances Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1) phosphorylation in differentiated MNPs but reduces their proliferation; inhibition of JNK signaling or reduction of JNK1 levels restores proliferation. MNP recruitment to inflammatory sites and the corresponding bone marrow response is strongly impaired in Gab2-deficient mice. Our data provide genetic and biochemical evidence that CSF-1R, through Gab2, utilizes different effectors at different stages of MNP development to promote their expansion.
Collapse
|
29
|
Essential role for Ptpn11 in survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 2011; 117:4253-61. [PMID: 21398220 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-319517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (Shp2), encoded by Ptpn11, is a member of the nonreceptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase family, and functions in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation in many tissues. Here we report that loss of Ptpn11 in murine hematopoietic cells leads to bone marrow aplasia and lethality. Mutant mice show rapid loss of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and immature progenitors of all hematopoietic lineages in a gene dosage-dependent and cell-autonomous manner. Ptpn11-deficient HSCs and progenitors undergo apoptosis concomitant with increased Noxa expression. Mutant HSCs/progenitors also show defective Erk and Akt activation in response to stem cell factor and diminished thrombopoietin-evoked Erk activation. Activated Kras alleviates the Ptpn11 requirement for colony formation by progenitors and cytokine/growth factor responsiveness of HSCs, indicating that Ras is functionally downstream of Shp2 in these cells. Thus, Shp2 plays a critical role in controlling the survival and maintenance of HSCs and immature progenitors in vivo.
Collapse
|
30
|
High-resolution kinetics of cytokine signaling in human CD34/CD117-positive cells in unfractionated bone marrow. Blood 2011; 117:e131-41. [PMID: 21330471 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-316224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-mediated phosphorylation of Erk (pErk), ribosomal S6 (pS6), and Stat5 (pStat5) in CD34(+)/CD117(+) blast cells in normal bone marrow from 9 healthy adult donors were analyzed over 60 minutes. Treatment with stem cell factor (SCF), Flt3-ligand (FL), IL-3, and GM-CSF and measurement by multiparametric flow cytometry yielded distinctive, highly uniform phosphoprotein kinetic profiles despite a diverse sample population. The correlated responses for SCF- and FL-stimulated pErk and pS6 were similar. Half the population phosphorylated Erk in response to SCF between 0.9 and 1.2 minutes, and S6 phosphorylation followed approximately a minute later (t½(pS6 rise) = 2.2-2.7 minutes). The FL response was equally fast but more variable (t½(pErk rise) = 0.9-1.3 minutes; t½(pS6 rise) = 2.5-3.5 minutes). Stat5 was not activated in 97% of the cells by either cytokine. IL-3 and GM-CSF were similar to each other with half of blast cells phosphorylating Stat5 and 15% to 20% responding through Erk and S6. Limited comparison with leukemic blasts confirmed universal abnormal signaling in AML that is significantly different from normal bone marrow blasts. These differences included sustained signals, a larger fraction of responding cells, and amplification of phosphorylation levels for at least one phosphoprotein. These data support the eventual use of this approach for disease diagnosis and monitoring.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rapidly fatal myeloproliferative disorders in mice with deletion of Casitas B-cell lymphoma (Cbl) and Cbl-b in hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16274-9. [PMID: 20805496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007575107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-cell lymphoma (Cbl)-family E3 ubiquitin ligases are negative regulators of tyrosine kinase signaling. Recent work has revealed a critical role of Cbl in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis, and mutations in CBL have been identified in myeloid malignancies. Here we show that, in contrast to Cbl or Cbl-b single-deficient mice, concurrent loss of Cbl and Cbl-b in the HSC compartment leads to an early-onset lethal myeloproliferative disease in mice. Cbl, Cbl-b double-deficient bone marrow cells are hypersensitive to cytokines, and show altered biochemical response to thrombopoietin. Thus, Cbl and Cbl-b play redundant but essential roles in HSC regulation, whose breakdown leads to hematological abnormalities that phenocopy crucial aspects of mutant Cbl-driven human myeloid malignancies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kharas MG, Lengner CJ, Al-Shahrour F, Bullinger L, Ball B, Zaidi S, Morgan K, Tam W, Paktinat M, Okabe R, Gozo M, Einhorn W, Lane SW, Scholl C, Fröhling S, Fleming M, Ebert BL, Gilliland DG, Jaenisch R, Daley GQ. Musashi-2 regulates normal hematopoiesis and promotes aggressive myeloid leukemia. Nat Med 2010; 16:903-8. [PMID: 20616797 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins of the Musashi (Msi) family are expressed in stem cell compartments and in aggressive tumors, but they have not yet been widely explored in the blood. Here we demonstrate that Msi2 is the predominant form expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and its knockdown leads to reduced engraftment and depletion of HSCs in vivo. Overexpression of human MSI2 in a mouse model increases HSC cell cycle progression and cooperates with the chronic myeloid leukemia-associated BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein to induce an aggressive leukemia. MSI2 is overexpressed in human myeloid leukemia cell lines, and its depletion leads to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Expression levels in human myeloid leukemia directly correlate with decreased survival in patients with the disease, thereby defining MSI2 expression as a new prognostic marker and as a new target for therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kharas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Single-cell STAT5 signal transduction profiling in normal and leukemic stem and progenitor cell populations reveals highly distinct cytokine responses. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7989. [PMID: 19956772 PMCID: PMC2776352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) plays critical roles in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. However, the manner in which STAT5 responds to early-acting and lineage-restricted cytokines, particularly in leukemic stem/progenitor cells, is largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We optimized a multiparametric flow cytometry protocol to analyze STAT5 phosphorylation upon cytokine stimulation in stem and progenitor cell compartments at a single-cell level. In normal cord blood (CB) cells, STAT5 phosphorylation was efficiently induced by TPO, IL-3 and GM-CSF within CD34+CD38− hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). EPO- and SCF-induced STAT5 phosphorylation was largely restricted to the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP) compartment, while G-CSF as well IL-3 and GM-CSF were most efficient in inducing STAT5 phosphorylation in the myeloid progenitor compartments. Strikingly, mobilized adult peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells responded much less efficiently to cytokine-induced STAT5 activation, with the exception of TPO. In leukemic stem and progenitor cells, highly distinct cytokine responses were observed, differing significantly from their normal counterparts. These responses could not be predicted by the expression level of cytokine receptors. Also, heterogeneity existed in cytokine requirements for long-term expansion of AML CD34+ cells on stroma. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, our optimized multiparametric flow cytometry protocols allow the analysis of signal transduction at the single cell level in normal and leukemic stem and progenitor cells. Our study demonstrates highly distinctive cytokine responses in STAT5 phosphorylation in both normal and leukemic stem/progenitor cells.
Collapse
|
34
|
Leukemogenic Ptpn11 causes fatal myeloproliferative disorder via cell-autonomous effects on multiple stages of hematopoiesis. Blood 2009; 113:4414-24. [PMID: 19179468 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-182626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PTPN11, which encodes the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, is mutated in approximately 35% of patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and at a lower incidence in other neoplasms. To model JMML pathogenesis, we generated knockin mice that conditionally express the leukemia-associated mutant Ptpn11(D61Y). Expression of Ptpn11(D61Y) in all hematopoietic cells evokes a fatal myeloproliferative disorder (MPD), featuring leukocytosis, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and factor-independent colony formation by bone marrow (BM) and spleen cells. The Lin(-)Sca1(+)cKit(+) (LSK) compartment is expanded and "right-shifted," accompanied by increased stem cell factor (SCF)-evoked colony formation and Erk and Akt activation. However, repopulating activity is decreased in diseased mice, and mice that do engraft with Ptpn11(D61Y) stem cells fail to develop MPD. Ptpn11(D61Y) common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) and granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) produce cytokine-independent colonies in a cell-autonomous manner and demonstrate elevated Erk and Stat5 activation in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation. Ptpn11(D61Y) megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEPs) yield increased numbers of erythrocyte burst-forming units (BFU-Es), but MEPs and erythrocyte-committed progenitors (EPs) produce fewer erythrocyte colony-forming units (CFU-Es), indicating defective erythroid differentiation. Our studies provide a mouse model for Ptpn11-evoked MPD and show that this disease results from cell-autonomous and distinct lineage-specific effects of mutant Ptpn11 on multiple stages of hematopoiesis.
Collapse
|