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Nadkarni NA, Arias E, Fang R, Haynes ME, Zhang HF, Muller WA, Batra A, Sullivan DP. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM/CD31) Blockade Modulates Neutrophil Recruitment Patterns and Reduces Infarct Size in Experimental Ischemic Stroke. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1619-1632. [PMID: 35952762 PMCID: PMC9667712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI) has been implicated as a critical component of inflammatory damage following ischemic stroke. However, successful blockade of PMN transendothelial migration (TEM) in preclinical studies has not translated to meaningful clinical outcomes. To investigate this further, leukocyte infiltration patterns were quantified, and these patterns were modulated by blocking platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM), a key regulator of TEM. LysM-eGFP mice and microscopy were used to visualize all myeloid leukocyte recruitment following ischemia/reperfusion. Visual examination showed heterogeneous leukocyte distribution across the infarct at both 24 and 72 hours after I/RI. A semiautomated process was designed to precisely map PMN position across brain sections. Treatment with PECAM function-blocking antibodies did not significantly affect total leukocyte recruitment but did alter their distribution, with more observed at the cortex at both early and later time points (24 hours: 89% PECAM blocked vs. 72% control; 72 hours: 69% PECAM blocked vs. 51% control). This correlated with a decrease in infarct volume. These findings suggest that TEM, in the setting of I/RI in the cerebrovasculature, occurs primarily at the cortical surface. The reduction of stroke size with PECAM blockade suggests that infiltrating PMNs may exacerbate I/RI and indicate the potential therapeutic benefit of regulating the timing and pattern of leukocyte infiltration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Nadkarni
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erika Arias
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Raymond Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maureen E Haynes
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ayush Batra
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David P Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 is a gatekeeper of neutrophil transendothelial migration in ischemic stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:277-287. [PMID: 33388423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Adhesion molecules are key elements in stroke-induced brain injury by regulating the migration of effector immune cells from the circulation to the lesion site. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is an adhesion molecule highly expressed on endothelial cells and leukocytes, which controls the final steps of trans-endothelial migration. A functional role for PECAM-1 in post-ischemic brain injury has not yet been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE Using genetic Pecam-1 depletion and PECAM-1 blockade using a neutralizing anti-PECAM-1 antibody, we evaluated the role of PECAM-1 mediated trans-endothelial immune cell migration for ischemic injury, delayed brain atrophy, and brain immune cell infiltrates. Trans-endothelial immune cell migration was furthermore evaluated in cultured human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced in 10-12-week-old male Pecam-1-/- and Pecam-1+/+ wildtype mice. PECAM-1 levels increased in the ischemic brain tissue due to the infiltration of PECAM-1+ leukocytes. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we observed smaller infarct volume, less edema formation, and less brain atrophy in Pecam-1-/- compared with Pecam-1+/+ wildtype mice. The transmigration of leukocytes, specifical neutrophils, was selectively reduced by Pecam-1-/-, as shown by immune fluorescence and flow cytometry in vivo and transmigration assays in vitro. Importantly, inhibition with an anti-PECAM-1 antibody in wildtype mice decreased neutrophil brain influx and infarct. CONCLUSION PECAM-1 controls the trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Antibody blockade of PECAM-1 after stroke onset ameliorates stroke severity in mice, making PECAM-1 an interesting target to dampen post-stroke neuroinflammation, reduce ischemic brain injury, and enhance post-ischemic brain remodeling.
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3
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Wimmer I, Tietz S, Nishihara H, Deutsch U, Sallusto F, Gosselet F, Lyck R, Muller WA, Lassmann H, Engelhardt B. PECAM-1 Stabilizes Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Favors Paracellular T-Cell Diapedesis Across the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31024547 PMCID: PMC6460670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increased immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) are hallmarks of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; CD31) is expressed on cells of the vascular compartment and regulates vascular integrity and immune cell trafficking. Involvement of PECAM-1 in MS pathogenesis has been suggested by the detection of increased levels of soluble PECAM-1 (sPECAM-1) in the serum and CSF of MS patients. Here, we report profound upregulation of cell-bound PECAM-1 in initial (pre-phagocytic) white matter as well as active cortical gray matter MS lesions. Using a human in vitro BBB model we observed that PECAM-1 is not essential for the transmigration of human CD4+ T-cell subsets (Th1, Th1*, Th2, and Th17) across the BBB. Employing an additional in vitro BBB model based on primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) we show that the lack of endothelial PECAM-1 impairs BBB properties as shown by reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increases permeability for small molecular tracers. Investigating T-cell migration across the BBB under physiological flow by in vitro live cell imaging revealed that absence of PECAM-1 in pMBMECs did not influence arrest, polarization, and crawling of effector/memory CD4+ T cells on the pMBMECs. Absence of endothelial PECAM-1 also did not affect the number of T cells able to cross the pMBMEC monolayer under flow, but surprisingly favored transcellular over paracellular T-cell diapedesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PECAM-1 is critically involved in regulating BBB permeability and although not required for T-cell diapedesis itself, its presence or absence influences the cellular route of T-cell diapedesis across the BBB. Upregulated expression of cell-bound PECAM-1 in human MS lesions may thus reflect vascular repair mechanisms aiming to restore BBB integrity and paracellular T-cell migration across the BBB as it occurs during CNS immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Wimmer
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich,, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Université d'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William A Muller
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Muller WA. Transendothelial migration: unifying principles from the endothelial perspective. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:61-75. [PMID: 27558328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) involves a carefully orchestrated dialog of adhesion and signaling events between leukocyte and endothelial cell. This article focuses on the contribution of endothelial cells to transmigration. The initiation of TEM itself generally requires interaction of PECAM on the leukocyte with PECAM at the endothelial cell border. This is responsible for the transient elevation of cytosolic-free calcium ions in endothelium that is required for TEM and for recruitment of membrane from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). TEM requires LBRC to move to the site at which TEM will take place and for VE-cadherin to move away. Targeting of the LBRC to this site likely precedes movement of VE-cadherin and may play a role in clearing VE-cadherin from the site of TEM. The process of TEM can be dissected into steps mediated by distinct pairs of PMN/endothelial interacting molecules. CD99 regulates a step at or close to the end of TEM. CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase to activate PKA to trigger ongoing targeted recycling of the LBRC. Paracellular transmigration predominates (≥90% of events) in the cremaster muscle circulation, but transcellular migration may be more important at sites such as the blood-brain barrier. Both processes involve many of the same molecules and recruitment of the LBRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Early M, Schroeder WG, Unnithan R, Gilchrist JM, Muller WA, Schenkel A. Differential effect of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) on leukocyte infiltration during contact hypersensitivity responses. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3555. [PMID: 28713655 PMCID: PMC5507171 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2′–4′ Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induced contact hypersensitivity is an established model of contact sensitivity and leukocyte migration. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) deficient mice were used to examine the role of PECAM-1 in the migration capacity of several different leukocyte populations after primary and secondary application. Results γδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, and Natural Killer cells were most affected by PECAM-1 deficiency at the primary site of application. γδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, DX5+ Natural Killer cells, and, interestingly, effector CD4+ T lymphocytes were most affected by the loss of PECAM-1 at the secondary site of application. Conclusions PECAM-1 is used by many leukocyte populations for migration, but there are clearly differential effects on the usage by each subset. Further, the overall kinetics of each population varied between primary and secondary application, with large relative increases in γδ T lymphocytes during the secondary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth Early
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - William G Schroeder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Ranajana Unnithan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - John M Gilchrist
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alan Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Sullivan DP, Watson RL, Muller WA. 4D intravital microscopy uncovers critical strain differences for the roles of PECAM and CD99 in leukocyte diapedesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H621-32. [PMID: 27422987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00289.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is an essential component of the inflammatory response. In vitro studies with human cells have demonstrated that platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) functions upstream of CD99 during TEM; however, results in vivo with mice have been apparently contradictory. In this study we use four-dimensional (4D) intravital microscopy to demonstrate that the site and order of function of PECAM and CD99 in vivo are dependent on the strain of mice. In FVB/n mice, PECAM functions upstream of CD99, as in human cells in vitro, and blocking antibodies against either molecule arrest neutrophils before they traverse the endothelium. However, in C57BL/6 mice, PECAM and CD99 appear to function at a different step, as the same antibodies arrest leukocyte migration through the endothelial basement membrane. These results are the first direct comparison of PECAM and CD99 function in different murine strains as well as the first demonstration of the sequential function of PECAM and CD99 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard L Watson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Gonzalez AM, Cyrus BF, Muller WA. Targeted Recycling of the Lateral Border Recycling Compartment Precedes Adherens Junction Dissociation during Transendothelial Migration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1387-402. [PMID: 26968345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) requires two major events: local dissociation of adherens junctions manifested as gaps in vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin staining at the site of TEM and targeted trafficking of the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) to the site of TEM. However, the association between LBRC recycling and VE-cadherin gaps remains unknown. We found that when targeting of the LBRC is selectively inhibited using established methods, such as a function blocking anti-platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 antibody, depolymerizing microtubules, or microinjection of an antibody that inhibits kinesin, VE-cadherin gaps do not form around the blocked leukocyte. This is the first time that the LBRC has been implicated in this process. We obtained similar results for neutrophils and monocytes and in studies using live cell imaging microscopy conducted under fluid shear conditions. Depolymerizing microtubules did not affect the ability of leukocytes to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin. A VE-cadherin double mutant (Y658F, Y731F) expressed in endothelial cells acted as a dominant negative and inhibited VE-cadherin gap formation and TEM, yet targeting of the LBRC still occurred. These data suggest that targeting of the LBRC to the site of TEM precedes VE-cadherin clearance. Recruitment of the LBRC may play a role in clearing VE-cadherin from the site of TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bita F Cyrus
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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8
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Watson RL, Buck J, Levin LR, Winger RC, Wang J, Arase H, Muller WA. Endothelial CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase and PKA to regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1021-41. [PMID: 26101266 PMCID: PMC4493416 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD99 is a critical regulator of leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM). Watson et al. describe the CD99 signaling pathway responsible. This involves a complex of CD99 with the A-kinase anchoring protein ezrin and soluble adenylyl cyclase that activates protein kinase A during leukocyte TEM. CD99 is a critical regulator of leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM). How CD99 signals during this process remains unknown. We show that during TEM, endothelial cell (EC) CD99 activates protein kinase A (PKA) via a signaling complex formed with the lysine-rich juxtamembrane cytoplasmic tail of CD99, the A-kinase anchoring protein ezrin, and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). PKA then stimulates membrane trafficking from the lateral border recycling compartment to sites of TEM, facilitating the passage of leukocytes across the endothelium. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of EC sAC or PKA, like CD99 blockade, arrests neutrophils and monocytes partway through EC junctions, in vitro and in vivo, without affecting leukocyte adhesion or the expression of relevant cellular adhesion molecules. This is the first description of the CD99 signaling pathway in TEM as well as the first demonstration of a role for sAC in leukocyte TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Watson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ryan C Winger
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
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Abstract
There is no "response" in either the innate or adaptive immune response unless leukocytes cross blood vessels. They do this through the process of diapedesis, in which the leukocyte moves in ameboid fashion through tightly apposed endothelial borders (paracellular transmigration) and in some cases through the endothelial cell itself (transcellular migration). This review summarizes the steps leading up to diapedesis, then focuses on the molecules and mechanisms responsible for transendothelial migration. Surprisingly, many of the same molecules and mechanisms that regulate paracellular migration also control transcellular migration, including a major role for membrane from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment. A hypothesis that integrates the various known mechanisms of transmigration is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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10
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Muller WA. How endothelial cells regulate transmigration of leukocytes in the inflammatory response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:886-96. [PMID: 24655376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes attach to vascular endothelial cells at the site of inflammation via a series of intercellular adhesive interactions. In a separate step in leukocyte extravasation, transendothelial migration is regulated by molecules that play no role in the preceding steps of tethering, rolling, adhesion, and locomotion. Transendothelial migration itself can be dissected into a series of distinct interactions regulated sequentially by molecules concentrated at the endothelial cell border; these include platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule, poliovirus receptor (CD155), and CD99. These molecules are components of the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC), a perijunctional network of interconnected tubulovesicular membrane that traffics to surround the leukocyte as it passes across the endothelial cell. This targeted recycling of LBRC requires kinesin to move the membrane along microtubules, and interfering with LBRC trafficking blocks transmigration of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The LBRC is also recruited to mediate transcellular migration when that occurs. Movement of the LBRC is coordinated with events on the luminal surface, such as clustering of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 under the migrating leukocyte, as well as movement of vascular endothelial cadherin and its associated catenins out of the junction at the site of transendothelial migration. How these events are coordinated is not known, but their regulation shares common signaling pathways that may serve to connect these steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Oettl SK, Gerstmeier J, Khan SY, Wiechmann K, Bauer J, Atanasov AG, Malainer C, Awad EM, Uhrin P, Heiss EH, Waltenberger B, Remias D, Breuss JM, Boustie J, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H, Werz O, Rollinger JM. Imbricaric acid and perlatolic acid: multi-targeting anti-inflammatory depsides from Cetrelia monachorum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76929. [PMID: 24130812 PMCID: PMC3793931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro screening of 17 Alpine lichen species for their inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 and nuclear factor kappa B revealed Cetrelia monachorum (Zahlbr.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. As conceivable source for novel anti-inflammatory compounds. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanolic crude extract resulted in the isolation and identification of 11 constituents, belonging to depsides and derivatives of orsellinic acid, olivetolic acid and olivetol. The two depsides imbricaric acid (4) and perlatolic acid (5) approved dual inhibitory activities on microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (IC50 = 1.9 and 0.4 µM, resp.) and on 5-lipoxygenase tested in a cell-based assay (IC50 = 5.3 and 1.8 µM, resp.) and on purified enzyme (IC50 = 3.5 and 0.4 µM, resp.). Additionally, these two main constituents quantified in the extract with 15.22% (4) and 9.10% (5) showed significant inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation in luciferase reporter cells with IC50 values of 2.0 and 7.0 µM, respectively. In a murine in vivo model of inflammation, 5 impaired the inflammatory, thioglycollate-induced recruitment of leukocytes to the peritoneum. The potent inhibitory effects on the three identified targets attest 4 and 5 a pronounced multi-target anti-inflammatory profile which warrants further investigation on their pharmacokinetics and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Oettl
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Shafaat Y. Khan
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Wiechmann
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Malainer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezzat M. Awad
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Remias
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M. Breuss
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joel Boustie
- Institute of Chemical Sciences of Rennes, Team PNSCM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (JR); (OW)
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (JR); (OW)
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Lymphangiogenesis in post-natal tissue remodeling: lymphatic endothelial cell connection with its environment. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:146-58. [PMID: 21549745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The main physiological function of the lymphatic vasculature is to maintain tissue fluid homeostasis. Lymphangiogenesis or de novo lymphatic formation is closely associated with tissue inflammation in adults (i.e. wound healing, allograft rejection, tumor metastasis). Until recently, research on lymphangiogenesis focused mainly on growth factor/growth factor-receptor pathways governing this process. One of the lymphatic vessel features is the incomplete or absence of basement membrane. This close association of endothelial cells with the underlying interstitial matrix suggests that cell-matrix interactions play an important role in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic functions. However, the exploration of interaction between extracellular matrix (ECM) components and lymphatic endothelial cells is in its infancy. Herein, we describe ECM-cell and cell-cell interactions on lymphatic system function and their modification occurring in pathologies including cancer metastasis.
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Muller WA. Mechanisms of leukocyte transendothelial migration. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2011; 6:323-44. [PMID: 21073340 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neither the innate nor adaptive immune system "responds" unless leukocytes cross blood vessels. This process occurs through diapedesis, in which the leukocyte moves in an ameboid fashion through tightly apposed endothelial borders and, in some cases, through the endothelial cell itself. This review focuses on the active role of the endothelial cell in diapedesis. Several mechanisms play a critical role in transendothelial migration, including signals derived from clustering of apically disposed intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, disruption or loosening of adherens junctions, and targeted recycling of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule and other molecules from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment. Surprisingly, many of the same molecules and mechanisms that regulate paracellular migration also control transcellular migration. A hypothesis that integrates the various known mechanisms of transmigration is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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14
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Privratsky JR, Newman DK, Newman PJ. PECAM-1: conflicts of interest in inflammation. Life Sci 2010; 87:69-82. [PMID: 20541560 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) is a cell adhesion and signaling receptor that is expressed on hematopoietic and endothelial cells. PECAM-1 is vital to the regulation of inflammatory responses, as it has been shown to serve a variety of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Pro-inflammatory functions of PECAM-1 include the facilitation of leukocyte transendothelial migration and the transduction of mechanical signals in endothelial cells emanating from fluid shear stress. Anti-inflammatory functions include the dampening of leukocyte activation, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and the maintenance of vascular barrier integrity. Although PECAM-1 has been well-characterized and studied, the mechanisms through which PECAM-1 regulates these seemingly opposing functions, and how they influence each other, are still not completely understood. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to provide an overview of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of PECAM-1 with special attention paid to mechanistic insights that have thus far been revealed in the literature in hopes of gaining a clearer picture of how these opposing functions might be integrated in a temporal and spatial manner on the whole organism level. A better understanding of how inflammatory responses are regulated should enable the development of new therapeutics that can be used in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Privratsky
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
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Voisin MB, Pröbstl D, Nourshargh S. Venular basement membranes ubiquitously express matrix protein low-expression regions: characterization in multiple tissues and remodeling during inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:482-95. [PMID: 20008148 PMCID: PMC2797906 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The venular basement membrane plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of blood vessels and through its dense and highly organized network of matrix proteins also acts as a formidable barrier to macromolecules and emigrating leukocytes. Leukocytes can however penetrate the venular basement membrane at sites of inflammation, though the associated in vivo mechanisms are poorly understood. Using whole mount immunostained tissues and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that the venular basement membrane of multiple organs expresses regions of low matrix protein (laminin-511 and type IV collagen) deposition that have been termed low-expression regions (LERs). In the multiple tissues analyzed (eg, cremaster muscle, skin, mesenteric tissue), LERs were directly aligned with gaps between adjacent pericytes and were more prevalent in small venules. As predicted by their permissive nature, LERs acted as "gates" for transmigrating neutrophils in all inflammatory reactions investigated (elicited by leukotriene B(4) [LTB(4)], CXCL1, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]alpha, endotoxin, and ischemia/reperfusion [I/R] injury), and this response was associated with an enhancement of the size of laminin-511 and type IV collagen LERs. Transmigrated neutrophils stained positively for laminins but not type IV collagen, suggesting that different mechanisms exist in remodeling of different basement membrane networks. Collectively the findings provide further insight into characteristics of specialized regions within venular basement membranes that are preferentially used and remodeled by transmigrating neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Blocking platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM) inhibits disease progression and prevents joint erosion in established collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 88:210-5. [PMID: 19800878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Collagen antibody-induced arthritis is a robust murine model of arthritis that histologically recapitulates the inflammatory characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis including pannus formation and destruction of articular cartilage and bone. PECAM is a molecule expressed by both leukocytes and endothelial cells that has been shown to play a major role in the extravasation of leukocytes into sites of inflammation. Genetic deletion of many molecules will blunt the onset and progression of arthritis in murine models, as will administration of various anti-inflammatory therapies given prior to the onset of disease. However, patients seek medical attention when symptomatic, which means that the disease is well established. We investigated whether blocking PECAM interactions would inhibit progression of established disease in the collagen antibody-induced arthritis model. We report that treatment of symptomatic mice with a PECAM-Fc chimera significantly reduced inflammation and virtually eliminated cartilage and bone destruction. The results suggest that therapies that block PECAM function may be beneficial in the treatment of established arthritis.
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Abstract
A great deal of progress has been made recently in understanding the molecules and mechanisms that regulate transendothelial migration of leukocytes, or diapedesis, a critical step in the inflammatory response. This review focuses mainly on the active role of the endothelial cell in this process as it occurs at endothelial cell borders. It discusses some of the many molecules that have been reported to play a role in transendothelial migration and asks why so many molecules seem to be involved. The concept is emerging that diapedesis itself can be dissected into sequential steps controlled by specific molecule(s) at the endothelial cell border. Several mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in transendothelial migration including signals derived from clustering of apically disposed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, disruption or loosening of adherens junctions, and targeted recycling of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule and other molecules from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment. A hypothesis that integrates the various known mechanisms is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave, Ward Building 3-140, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Muller WA. Chapter 11 How Endothelial Cells Regulate Transendothelial Migration of Leukocytes. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(09)64011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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