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Arfaei R, Mikaeili N, Daj F, Boroumand A, Kheyri A, Yaraghi P, Shirzad Z, Keshavarz M, Hassanshahi G, Jafarzadeh A, Shahrokhi VM, Khorramdelazad H. Decoding the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in Alzheimer's disease and innovating therapeutic approaches: Keeping All options open. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112328. [PMID: 38796962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, distresses the elderly in large numbers and is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, elevated tau protein levels, and chronic inflammation. The brain's immune system is aided by microglia and astrocytes, which produce chemokines and cytokines. Nevertheless, dysregulated expression can cause hyperinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration. CCL2/CCR2 chemokines are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases exacerbating. Inflicting damage on nerves and central nervous system (CNS) cells is the function of this axis, which recruits and migrates immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. It has been shown that targeting the CCL2/CCR2 axis may be a therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Using the current knowledge about the involvement of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the immunopathogenesis of AD, this comprehensive review synthesizes existing information. It also explores potential therapeutic options, including modulation of the CCL2/CCR2 axis as a possible strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Arfaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Mikaeili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daj
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Armin Boroumand
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kheyri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Pegah Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Shirzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keshavarz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi Shahrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Bettinetti-Luque M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Fuentes E, Andreo-Lopez J, Sanchez-Varo R, Garrido-Sánchez L, Gómez-Mediavilla Á, López MG, Garcia-Caballero M, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D. Adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:840-878. [PMID: 37706346 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in many metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the adipose tissue and the brain. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the adipose tissue modulates brain function through a range of endogenous biologically active factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target areas in the brain or to regulate the function of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the effects of several adipokines on the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, their contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and their therapeutic potential. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bettinetti-Luque
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Andreo-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángela Gómez-Mediavilla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa Garcia-Caballero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Chen L, Qin Q, Huang P, Cao F, Yin M, Xie Y, Wang W. Chronic pain accelerates cognitive impairment by reducing hippocampal neurogenesis may via CCL2/CCR2 signaling in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Res Bull 2023; 205:110801. [PMID: 37931808 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic pain often have cognitive impairment; this is especially true in elderly patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. This was addressed in the present study by investigating the effect of chronic neuropathic pain on hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment using amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) double transgenic mice subjected to spared-nerve injury (SNI). The Von Frey test was performed to determine the mechanical threshold of mouse hind limbs after SNI. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory. Doublecortin-positive (DCX+), 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+, BrdU+/neuronal nuclei (NeuN)+, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)+ neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis. CCL2 and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) protein levels in the mouse hippocampus were analyzed by western blotting. The results showed that APP/PS1 mice with chronic neuropathic pain induced by SNI had significant learning and memory impairment. This was accompanied by increased CCL2 and CCR2 expression and decreases in the number of DCX+, BrdU+, and BrdU+/NeuN+ neurons. These results suggest that chronic neuropathic pain is associated with cognitive impairment, which may be caused by CCL2/CCR2 signaling-mediated inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, therapeutic strategies that alleviate neuropathic pain can potentially slow cognitive decline in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Panchuan Huang
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fangli Cao
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Maojia Yin
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yachen Xie
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wuchao Wang
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Wijesinghe P, Whitmore CA, Campbell M, Li C, Tsuyuki M, To E, Haynes J, Pham W, Matsubara JA. Ergothioneine, a dietary antioxidant improves amyloid beta clearance in the neuroretina of a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1107436. [PMID: 36998724 PMCID: PMC10043244 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionErgothioneine (Ergo) is a naturally occurring dietary antioxidant. Ergo uptake is dependent on the transporter, organic cation transporter novel-type 1 (OCTN1) distribution. OCTN1 is highly expressed in blood cells (myeloid lineage cells), brain and ocular tissues that are likely predisposed to oxidative stress. Ergo may protect the brain and eye against oxidative damage and inflammation, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance is a complex process mediated by various systems and cell types including vascular transport across the blood–brain barrier, glymphatic drainage, and engulfment and degradation by resident microglia and infiltrating innate immune cells. Impaired Aβ clearance is a major cause for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we investigated neuroretinas to explore the neuroprotective effect of Ergo in a transgenic AD mouse model.MethodsAge-matched groups of Ergo-treated 5XFAD, non-treated 5XFAD, and C57BL/6J wildtype (WT controls) were used to assess Ergo transporter OCTN1 expression and Aβ load along with microglia/macrophage (IBA1) and astrocyte (GFAP) markers in wholemount neuroretinas (n = 26) and eye cross-sections (n = 18). Immunoreactivity was quantified by fluorescence or by semi-quantitative assessments.Results and discussionOCTN1 immunoreactivity was significantly low in the eye cross-sections of Ergo-treated and non-treated 5XFAD vs. WT controls. Strong Aβ labeling, detected in the superficial layers in the wholemounts of Ergo-treated 5XFAD vs. non-treated 5XFAD reflects the existence of an effective Aβ clearance system. This was supported by imaging of cross-sections where Aβ immunoreactivity was significantly low in the neuroretina of Ergo-treated 5XFAD vs. non-treated 5XFAD. Moreover, semi-quantitative analysis in wholemounts identified a significantly reduced number of large Aβ deposits or plaques, and a significantly increased number of IBA1(+)ve blood-derived phagocytic macrophages in Ergo-treated 5XFAD vs. non-treated 5XFAD. In sum, enhanced Aβ clearance in Ergo-treated 5XFAD suggests that Ergo uptake may promote Aβ clearance possibly by blood-derived phagocytic macrophages and via perivascular drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Printha Wijesinghe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Eye Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clayton A. Whitmore
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Eye Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charles Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Eye Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Miranda Tsuyuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Eye Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eleanor To
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Eye Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Justin Haynes
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Wellington Pham
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Joanne A. Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Eye Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Joanne A. Matsubara,
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Wang H, Zong Y, Zhu L, Wang W, Han Y. Chemokines in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1047810. [PMID: 36967827 PMCID: PMC10033959 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1047810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in elderly people. Many researches have reported that neuroinflammation is related to AD. Chemokines are a class of small cytokines that play important roles in cell migration and cell communication, which involved in neuroinflammation. Up to now there is no meta-analysis to explore the difference of chemokines between AD patients and healthy elderly individuals.MethodWe searched PubMed, Web of science, Cochrane library, EMBASE and Scopus databases from inception to January 2022. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and the Review Manager 5.3 was used for the meta-analysis.ResultThirty-two articles were included and analyzed. The total number of participants in the included study was 3,331. We found that the levels of CCL5 (SMD = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.91–3.21), CCL15 (SMD = 3.30, 95% CI: 1.48–5.13) and IP-10 (SMD = 3.88, 95% CI: 1.84–5.91) in the plasma of AD patients were higher than healthy people. MCP-1 protein (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.29–1.05) in the AD patients' CSF was higher than healthy controls.ConclusionThese results suggested that chemokines may play an important role in AD. These findings could provide evidences for the diagnosis and treatment of AD.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021278736, identifier: CRD42021278736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecheng Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yu Zong
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiyi Wang
| | - Yanshuo Han
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
- Yanshuo Han
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Preininger MK, Zaytseva D, Lin JM, Kaufer D. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction promotes astrocyte senescence through albumin-induced TGFβ signaling activation. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13747. [PMID: 36606305 PMCID: PMC9924950 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) and accumulation of senescent astrocytes occur during brain aging and contribute to neuroinflammation and disease. Here, we explored the relationship between these two age-related events, hypothesizing that chronic hippocampal exposure to the blood-borne protein serum albumin could induce stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) in astrocytes via transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ) signaling. We found that 1 week of albumin exposure significantly increased TGFβ signaling and senescence marker expression in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. These changes were preventable by pharmacological inhibition of the type I TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) ALK5. To study these effects in vivo, we utilized an animal model of BBBD in which albumin was continuously infused into the lateral ventricles of adult mice. Consistent with our in vitro results, 1 week of albumin infusion significantly increased TGFβ signaling activation and the burden of senescent astrocytes in hippocampal tissue. Pharmacological inhibition of ALK5 TGFβR or conditional genetic knockdown of astrocytic TGFβR prior to albumin infusion was sufficient to prevent albumin-induced astrocyte senescence. Together, these results establish a link between TGFβ signaling activation and astrocyte senescence and suggest that prolonged exposure to serum albumin due to BBBD can trigger these phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela K. Preininger
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dasha Zaytseva
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of BiologySan Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jessica May Lin
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Zhang J, Gao S, Liu W. Bioinformatics-Based Analysis of Circadian Rhythm Regulation Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1209-1224. [PMID: 37355898 PMCID: PMC10473131 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a close association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and circadian rhythms, and neuroinflammatory-related pathways are associated with both interactions. OBJECTIVE To reveal the relationship between circadian rhythm (CR) and AD at the level of genes, pathways, and molecular functions through bioinformatics. METHODS We analyzed the differential genes between AD and control groups in GSE122063 and found the important gene modules; obtained CR-related genes from GeenCard database; used Venn 2.1 database to obtain the intersection of genes of AD important modules with CR-related genes; and used STRING database and Cytoscape 3.7.1 to construct the gene protein-protein interaction network. The MCODE plugin was used to screen pivotal genes and analyze their differential expression. We trranslated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) to obtain transcriptional regulatory relationships from the TRRUST database and construct a hub gene-transcription factor relationship network. RESULTS A total of 42 common genes were screened from AD and CR genes, mainly involving signaling pathways such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. A total of 10 pivotal genes were screened from the common genes of CR and AD, which were statistically significant in the comparison of AD and control groups (p < 0.001), and ROC analysis showed that all these pivotal genes had good diagnostic significance. A total of 36 TFs of pivotal genes were obtained. CONCLUSION We identified AD- and CR-related signaling pathways and 10 hub genes and found strong associations between these related genes and biological processes such as inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shang Gao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Ceyzériat K, Zilli T, Millet P, Koutsouvelis N, Dipasquale G, Fossey C, Cailly T, Fabis F, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V, Tournier BB. Low-dose brain irradiation normalizes TSPO and CLUSTERIN levels and promotes the non-amyloidogenic pathway in pre-symptomatic TgF344-AD rats. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:311. [PMID: 36550510 PMCID: PMC9783748 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have recently evaluated the impact of low-dose brain radiation therapy (LD-RT) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) showing anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory effects of this treatment. Its effectiveness varied, however, depending on the LD-RT protocol used and the stage when the treatment was applied. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of 10 Gy delivered in five daily fractions of 2 Gy (a protocol previously shown to induce an improvement of cognitive performances) in 9-month-old TgF344-AD rats, modeling at a pre-symptomatic stage of the disease. We showed that at an early stage, LD-RT was able to lower levels of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO)-mediated neuroinflammation to normal ranges in addition to the secreted CLUSTERIN, another inflammatory protein also involved in Aβ aggregation. In addition, we demonstrated that LD-RT reduces all amyloid forms (~ - 60 to - 80%, P < 0.01; soluble and aggregated forms of Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβoligomers). Interestingly, we showed for the first time that sAPPα levels were improved by the treatment, showing a higher activation of the non-amyloidogenic pathway, that could favor neuronal survival. The current evidence confirms the capacity of LD-RT to successfully modulate two pathological hallmarks of AD, namely amyloid and neuroinflammation, when applied before symptoms onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ceyzériat
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Avenue de La Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, and NimtLab, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988CIBM Center for BioMedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zilli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.150338.c0000 0001 0721 9812Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Millet
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Avenue de La Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouvelis
- grid.150338.c0000 0001 0721 9812Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Dipasquale
- grid.150338.c0000 0001 0721 9812Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Fossey
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Centre d’Études et de Recherche Sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 1400 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Cailly
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Centre d’Études et de Recherche Sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 1400 Caen, France ,grid.411149.80000 0004 0472 0160Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Cote de Nacre, 1400 Caen, France ,grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, IMOGERE, 1400 Caen, France ,Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Frédéric Fabis
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Centre d’Études et de Recherche Sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 1400 Caen, France
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoni
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, and NimtLab, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, and NimtLab, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988CIBM Center for BioMedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B. Tournier
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Avenue de La Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Sanchez-Sanchez JL, Giudici KV, Guyonnet S, Delrieu J, Li Y, Bateman RJ, Parini A, Vellas B, de Souto Barreto P, Vellas B, Guyonnet S, Carrié I, Brigitte L, Faisant C, Lala F, Delrieu J, Villars H, Combrouze E, Badufle C, Zueras A, Andrieu S, Cantet C, Morin C, Van Kan GA, Dupuy C, Rolland Y, Caillaud C, Ousset PJ, Lala F, Willis S, Belleville S, Gilbert B, Fontaine F, Dartigues JF, Marcet I, Delva F, Foubert A, Cerda S, Marie-Noëlle-Cuffi, Costes C, Rouaud O, Manckoundia P, Quipourt V, Marilier S, Franon E, Bories L, Pader ML, Basset MF, Lapoujade B, Faure V, Tong MLY, Malick-Loiseau C, Cazaban-Campistron E, Desclaux F, Blatge C, Dantoine T, Laubarie-Mouret C, Saulnier I, Clément JP, Picat MA, Bernard-Bourzeix L, Willebois S, Désormais I, Cardinaud N, Bonnefoy M, Livet P, Rebaudet P, Gédéon C, Burdet C, Terracol F, Pesce A, Roth S, Chaillou S, Louchart S, Sudres K, Lebrun N, Barro-Belaygues N, Touchon J, Bennys K, Gabelle A, Romano A, Touati L, Marelli C, Pays C, Robert P, Le Duff F, Gervais C, Gonfrier S, Gasnier Y, Bordes S, Begorre D, Carpuat C, Khales K, Lefebvre JF, El Idrissi SM, Skolil P, Salles JP, Dufouil C, Lehéricy S, Chupin M, Mangin JF, Bouhayia A, Allard M, Ricolfi F, Dubois D, Martel MPB, Cotton F, Bonafé A, Chanalet S, Hugon F, Bonneville F, Cognard C, Chollet F, Payoux P, Voisin T, Peiffer S, Hitzel A, Zanca M, Monteil J, Darcourt J, Molinier L, Derumeaux H, Costa N, Perret B, Vinel C, Caspar-Bauguil S, Olivier-Abbal P, Coley N. Plasma MCP-1 and changes on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:5. [PMID: 34996522 PMCID: PMC8742409 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), a glial-derived chemokine, mediates neuroinflammation and may regulate memory outcomes among older adults. We aimed to explore the associations of plasma MCP-1 levels (alone and in combination with β-amyloid deposition—Aβ42/40) with overall and domain-specific cognitive evolution among older adults. Methods Secondary analyses including 1097 subjects (mean age = 75.3 years ± 4.4; 63.8% women) from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT). MCP-1 (higher is worse) and Aβ42/40 (lower is worse) were measured in plasma collected at year 1. MCP-1 in continuous and as a dichotomy (values in the highest quartile (MCP-1+)) were used, as well as a dichotomy of Aβ42/40. Outcomes were measured annually over 4 years and included the following: cognitive composite z-score (CCS), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) sum of boxes (overall cognitive function); composite executive function z-score, composite attention z-score, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT - memory). Results Plasma MCP-1 as a continuous variable was associated with the worsening of episodic memory over 4 years of follow-up, specifically in measures of free and cued delayed recall. MCP-1+ was associated with worse evolution in the CCS (4-year between-group difference: β = −0.14, 95%CI = −0.26, −0.02) and the CDR sum of boxes (2-year: β = 0.19, 95%CI = 0.06, 0.32). In domain-specific analyses, MCP-1+ was associated with declines in the FCSRT delayed recall sub-domains. In the presence of low Aβ42/40, MCP-1+ was not associated with greater declines in cognitive functions. The interaction with continuous biomarker values Aβ42/40× MCP-1 × time was significant in models with CDR sum of boxes and FCSRT DTR as dependent variables. Conclusions Baseline plasma MCP-1 levels were associated with longitudinal declines in overall cognitive and episodic memory performance in older adults over a 4-year follow-up. How plasma MCP-1 interacts with Aβ42/40 to determine cognitive decline at different stages of cognitive decline/dementia should be clarified by further research. The MCP-1 association on cognitive decline was strongest in those with amyloid plaques, as measured by blood plasma Aβ42/40. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00940-2.
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Glial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810572. [PMID: 36142483 PMCID: PMC9502483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; it is the most common cause of dementia and has no treatment. It is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Yet, those two hallmarks do not explain the full pathology seen with AD, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. Neuroinflammation could offer another explanation for the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of recent advances on the role of the immune cells’ microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation. In AD, microglia and astrocytes become reactive by several mechanisms leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause further neuronal damage. We then provide updates on neuroinflammation diagnostic markers and investigational therapeutics currently in clinical trials to target neuroinflammation.
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11
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Peng W, Wang P, Xu X, Zhao C. Glutaminyl cyclases, the potential targets of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Role of Chemokines in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1929-1951. [PMID: 35821178 PMCID: PMC9392685 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurogenerative disorder manifested by gradual memory loss and cognitive decline due to profound damage of cholinergic neurons. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are intracellular deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ). Mounting evidence indicates that intensified neuroinflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Chemokines serve as signaling molecules in immune cells but also in nerve cells. Under normal conditions, neuroinflammation plays a neuroprotective role against various harmful factors. However, overexpression of chemokines initiates disruption of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, facilitating immune cells infiltration into the brain. Then activated adjacent glial cells–astrocytes and microglia, release massive amounts of chemokines. Prolonged inflammation loses its protective role and drives an increase in Aβ production and aggregation, impairment of its clearance, or enhancement of tau hyperphosphorylation, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbation of AD. Moreover, chemokines can be further released in response to growing deposits of toxic forms of Aβ. On the other hand, chemokines seem to exert multidimensional effects on brain functioning, including regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in regions responsible for memory and cognitive abilities. Therefore, underexpression or complete genetic ablation of some chemokines can worsen the course of AD. This review covers the current state of knowledge on the role of particular chemokines and their receptors in the development and progression of AD. Special emphasis is given to their impact on forming Aβ and NFTs in humans and in transgenic murine models of AD.
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Lin H, Himali JJ, Satizabal CL, Beiser AS, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Gonzales MM, Ghosh S, Vasan RS, Seshadri S, McGrath ER. Identifying Blood Biomarkers for Dementia Using Machine Learning Methods in the Framingham Heart Study. Cells 2022; 11:1506. [PMID: 35563811 PMCID: PMC9100323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood biomarkers for dementia have the potential to identify preclinical disease and improve participant selection for clinical trials. Machine learning is an efficient analytical strategy to simultaneously identify multiple candidate biomarkers for dementia. We aimed to identify important candidate blood biomarkers for dementia using three machine learning models. We included 1642 (mean 69 ± 6 yr, 53% women) dementia-free Framingham Offspring Cohort participants attending examination, 7 who had available blood biomarker data. We developed three machine learning models, support vector machine (SVM), eXtreme gradient boosting of decision trees (XGB), and artificial neural network (ANN), to identify candidate biomarkers for incident dementia. Over a mean 12 ± 5 yr follow-up, 243 (14.8%) participants developed dementia. In multivariable models including all 38 available biomarkers, the XGB model demonstrated the strongest predictive accuracy for incident dementia (AUC 0.74 ± 0.01), followed by ANN (AUC 0.72 ± 0.01), and SVM (AUC 0.69 ± 0.01). Stepwise feature elimination by random sampling identified a subset of the nine most highly informative biomarkers. Machine learning models confined to these nine biomarkers showed improved model predictive accuracy for dementia (XGB, AUC 0.76 ± 0.01; ANN, AUC 0.75 ± 0.004; SVM, AUC 0.73 ± 0.01). A parsimonious panel of nine candidate biomarkers were identified which showed moderately good predictive accuracy for incident dementia, although our results require external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghuang Lin
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mitzi M. Gonzales
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Saptaparni Ghosh
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Emer R. McGrath
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
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Machhi J, Yeapuri P, Markovic M, Patel M, Yan W, Lu Y, Cohen JD, Hasan M, Abdelmoaty MM, Zhou Y, Xiong H, Wang X, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE, Kevadiya BD. Europium-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Microglial Amyloid Beta Clearance and Homeostasis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1232-1244. [PMID: 35312284 PMCID: PMC9227977 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Pathologically, the disease is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. These drive microglia neuroinflammation and consequent neurodegeneration. While the means to affect Aβ plaque accumulation pharmacologically was achieved, how it affects disease outcomes remains uncertain. Cerium oxide (CeO2) reduces Aβ plaques, oxidative stress, inflammation, and AD signs and symptoms. In particular, CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) induce free-radical-scavenging and cell protective intracellular signaling. This can ameliorate the pathobiology of an AD-affected brain. To investigate whether CeO2NPs affect microglia neurotoxic responses, a novel formulation of europium-doped CeO2NPs (EuCeO2NPs) was synthesized. We then tested EuCeO2NPs for its ability to generate cellular immune homeostasis in AD models. EuCeO2NPs attenuated microglia BV2 inflammatory activities after Aβ1-42 exposure by increasing the cells' phagocytic and Aβ degradation activities. These were associated with increases in the expression of the CD36 scavenger receptor. EuCeO2NPs facilitated Aβ endolysosomal trafficking and abrogated microglial inflammatory responses. We posit that EuCeO2NPs may be developed as an AD immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jacob D. Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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15
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Chavda V, Singh K, Patel V, Mishra M, Mishra AK. Neuronal Glial Crosstalk: Specific and Shared Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010075. [PMID: 35053818 PMCID: PMC8773743 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain maintains billions of neurons functional across the lifespan of the individual. The glial, supportive cells of the brain are indispensable to neuron elasticity. They undergo various states (active, reactive, macrophage, primed, resting) and carefully impose either quick repair or the cleaning of injured neurons to avoid damage extension. Identifying the failure of these interactions involving the relation of the input of glial cells to the inception and/or progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (ND) is crucial in identifying therapeutic options, given the well-built neuro-immune module of these diseases. In the present review, we scrutinize different interactions and important factors including direct cell–cell contact, intervention by the CD200 system, various receptors present on their surfaces, CXC3RI and TREM2, and chemokines and cytokines with special reference to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present review of the available literature will elucidate the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to the pathophysiology of AD, thus evidencing glial cells as obligatory transducers of pathology and superlative targets for interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anesthesia, Dreamzz IVF Center and Women’s Care Hospital, Ahmedabad 382350, Gujarat, India;
| | - Kavita Singh
- Centre for Translational Research, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vimal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India;
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
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16
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jalouli M, Rahman MA, Jeandet P, Behl T, Alexiou A, Albadrani GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Neuroinflammatory Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:126-146. [PMID: 34525932 PMCID: PMC9199559 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210826130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular amyloid plaques. Growing evidence has suggested that AD pathogenesis is not only limited to the neuronal compartment but also strongly interacts with immunological processes in the brain. On the other hand, aggregated and misfolded proteins can bind with pattern recognition receptors located on astroglia and microglia and can, in turn, induce an innate immune response, characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators, ultimately playing a role in both the severity and the progression of the disease. It has been reported by genome-wide analysis that several genes which elevate the risk for sporadic AD encode for factors controlling the inflammatory response and glial clearance of misfolded proteins. Obesity and systemic inflammation are examples of external factors which may interfere with the immunological mechanisms of the brain and can induce disease progression. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms and essential role of inflammatory signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis. Indeed, interfering with immune processes and modulation of risk factors may lead to future therapeutic or preventive AD approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | | | - Maroua Jalouli
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul. Korea
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 2770 Hebersham. Australia
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522. Egypt
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur. India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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Ernest James Phillips T, Maguire E. Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652593. [PMID: 33841102 PMCID: PMC8032904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized as vital players in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. While microglia have a protective role in the brain, their dysfunction can lead to neuroinflammation and contributes to disease progression. Also, a growing body of literature highlights the seven phosphoinositides, or PIPs, as key players in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. These small signaling lipids are phosphorylated derivates of phosphatidylinositol, are enriched in the brain, and have well-established roles in both homeostasis and disease.Disrupted PIP levels and signaling has been detected in a variety of dementias. Moreover, many known AD disease modifiers identified via genetic studies are expressed in microglia and are involved in phospholipid metabolism. One of these, the enzyme PLCγ2 that hydrolyzes the PIP species PI(4,5)P2, displays altered expression in AD and PD and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target.Perhaps unsurprisingly, neurodegenerative conditions exhibiting PIP dyshomeostasis also tend to show alterations in aspects of microglial function regulated by these lipids. In particular, phosphoinositides regulate the activities of proteins and enzymes required for endocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling, purinergic signaling, chemotaxis, and migration, all of which are affected in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. These functions are crucial to allow microglia to adequately survey the brain and respond appropriately to invading pathogens and other abnormalities, including misfolded proteins. AD and PD therapies are being developed to target many of the above pathways, and although not yet investigated, simultaneous PIP manipulation might enhance the beneficial effects observed. Currently, only limited therapeutics are available for dementia, and although these show some benefits for symptom severity and progression, they are far from curative. Given the importance of microglia and PIPs in dementia development, this review summarizes current research and asks whether we can exploit this information to design more targeted, or perhaps combined, dementia therapeutics. More work is needed to fully characterize the pathways discussed in this review, but given the strength of the current literature, insights in this area could be invaluable for the future of neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Vijayan D, Chandra R. Amyloid Beta Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease: Major Culprits and Recent Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:148-166. [PMID: 31385768 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190806153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and has been a global concern for several years. Due to the multi-factorial nature of the disease, AD has become irreversible, fatal and imposes a tremendous socio-economic burden. Even though experimental medicines suggested moderate benefits, AD still lacks an effective treatment strategy for the management of symptoms or cure. Among the various hypotheses that describe development and progression of AD, the amyloid hypothesis has been a long-term adherent to the AD due to the involvement of various forms of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the impairment of neuronal and cognitive functions. Hence, majority of the drug discovery approaches in the past have focused on the prevention of the accumulation of Aβ peptides. Currently, there are several agents in the phase III clinical trials that target Aβ or the various macromolecules triggering Aβ deposition. In this review, we present the state of the art knowledge on the functional aspects of the key players involved in the amyloid hypothesis. Furthermore, we also discuss anti-amyloid agents present in the Phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Vijayan
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Remya Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Thalassery Campus, Kannur University, Kerala Pin 670 661, India
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Sandhu JK, Kulka M. Decoding Mast Cell-Microglia Communication in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031093. [PMID: 33499208 PMCID: PMC7865982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a pivotal role in immune surveillance and maintenance of neuronal health. Mast cells are also important resident immune cells of the CNS but they are underappreciated and understudied. Both microglia and mast cells are endowed with an array of signaling receptors that recognize microbes and cellular damage. As cellular sensors and effectors in the CNS, they respond to many CNS perturbations and have been implicated in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Mast cells contain numerous secretory granules packaged with a plethora of readily available and newly synthesized compounds known as 'mast cell mediators'. Mast cells act as 'first responders' to a pathogenic stimuli and respond by degranulation and releasing these mediators into the extracellular milieu. They alert other glial cells, including microglia to initiate neuroinflammatory processes that culminate in the resolution of injury. However, failure to resolve the pathogenic process can lead to persistent activation, release of pro-inflammatory mediators and amplification of neuroinflammatory responses, in turn, resulting in neuronal dysfunction and demise. This review discusses the current understanding of the molecular conversation between mast cells and microglia in orchestrating immune responses during two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Here we also survey the potential emerging therapeutic approaches targeting common pathways in mast cells and microglia to extinguish the fire of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep K. Sandhu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.K.S.); (M.K.); Tel.: +1-613-993-5304 (J.K.S.); +1-780-641-1687 (M.K.)
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.K.S.); (M.K.); Tel.: +1-613-993-5304 (J.K.S.); +1-780-641-1687 (M.K.)
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20
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Cherry JD, Meng G, Daley S, Xia W, Svirsky S, Alvarez VE, Nicks R, Pothast M, Kelley H, Huber B, Tripodis Y, Alosco ML, Mez J, McKee AC, Stein TD. CCL2 is associated with microglia and macrophage recruitment in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:370. [PMID: 33278887 PMCID: PMC7718711 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disease association with exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI) received though playing contact sports such as American football. Past work has implicated early and sustained activation of microglia as a potential driver of tau pathology within the frontal cortex in CTE. However, the RHI induced signals required to recruit microglia to areas of damage and pathology are unknown. Methods Postmortem brain tissue was obtained from 261 individuals across multiple brain banks. Comparisons were made using cases with CTE, cases with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and cases with no neurodegenerative disease and lacked exposure to RHI (controls). Recruitment of Iba1+ cells around the CTE perivascular lesion was compared to non-lesion vessels. TMEM119 staining was used to characterize microglia or macrophage involvement. The potent chemoattractant CCL2 was analyzed using frozen tissue from the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) and the calcarine cortex. Finally, the amounts of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) and Aβ42 were compared to CCL2 levels to examine possible mechanistic pathways. Results An increase in Iba1+ cells was found around blood vessels with perivascular tau pathology compared to non-affected vessels in individuals with RHI. TMEM119 staining revealed the majority of the Iba1+ cells were microglia. CCL2 protein levels in the DLFC were found to correlate with greater years of playing American football, the density of Iba1+ cells, the density of CD68+ cells, and increased CTE severity. When comparing across multiple brain regions, CCL2 increases were more pronounced in the DLFC than the calcarine cortex in cases with RHI but not in AD. When examining the individual contribution of pathogenic proteins to CCL2 changes, pTau correlated with CCL2, independent of age at death and Aβ42 in AD and CTE. Although levels of Aβ42 were not correlated with CCL2 in cases with CTE, in males in the AD group, Aβ42 trended toward an inverse relationship with CCL2 suggesting possible gender associations. Conclusion Overall, CCL2 is implicated in the pathways recruiting microglia and the development of pTau pathology after exposure to RHI, and may represent a future therapeutic target in CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.
| | - Gaoyuan Meng
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Daley
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Svirsky
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Raymond Nicks
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Morgan Pothast
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Hunter Kelley
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Bertrand Huber
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann C McKee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.
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21
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Joly-Amado A, Hunter J, Quadri Z, Zamudio F, Rocha-Rangel PV, Chan D, Kesarwani A, Nash K, Lee DC, Morgan D, Gordon MN, Selenica MLB. CCL2 Overexpression in the Brain Promotes Glial Activation and Accelerates Tau Pathology in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:997. [PMID: 32508844 PMCID: PMC7251073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune activation is a major contributor to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathophysiology, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2 is produced by neurons and glial cells and is upregulated in the AD brain. Transgene expression of CCL2 in mouse models of amyloidosis produces microglia-induced amyloid β oligomerization, a strong indication of the role of these activation pathways in the amyloidogenic processes of AD. We have previously shown that CCL2 polarizes microglia in wild type mice. However, how CCL2 signaling contributes to tau pathogenesis remains unknown. To address this question, CCL2 was delivered via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 into both cortex and hippocampus of a mouse model with tau pathology (rTg4510). We report that CCL2 overexpression aggravated tau pathology in rTg4510 as shown by the increase in Gallyas stained neurofibrillary tangles as well as phosphorylated tau-positive inclusions. In addition, biochemical analysis showed a reduction in the levels of detergent-soluble tau species followed by increase in the insoluble fraction, indicating a shift toward larger tau aggregates. Indeed, increased levels of high molecular weight species of phosphorylated tau were found in the mice injected with CCL2. We also report that worsening of tau pathology following CCL2 overexpression was accompanied by a distinct inflammatory response. We report an increase in leukocyte common antigen (CD45) and Cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) expression in the brain of rTg4510 mice without altering the expression levels of a cell-surface protein Transmembrane Protein 119 (Tmem119) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) in resident microglia. Furthermore, the analysis of cytokines in brain extract showed a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-6 and CCL3, while CCL5 levels were decreased in CCL2 mice. No changes were observed in IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α. IL-4, Vascular endothelial growth factor-VEGF, IL-13 and CCL11. Taken together our data report for the first time that overexpression of CCL2 promotes the increase of pathogenic tau species and is associated with glial neuroinflammatory changes that are deleterious. We propose that these events may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jordan Hunter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Zainuddin Quadri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Frank Zamudio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Patricia V Rocha-Rangel
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Deanna Chan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Anisha Kesarwani
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kevin Nash
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel C Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Dave Morgan
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Marcia N Gordon
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Maj-Linda B Selenica
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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22
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Atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-V41A has decreased CCL2 binding, scavenging, and activation, supporting sustained inflammation and increased Alzheimer's disease risk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8019. [PMID: 32415244 PMCID: PMC7229167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 59 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins with a connection to Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrated an association between increased levels of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) with an atypical chemokine receptor chemokine-binding protein 2 variant V41A (ACKR2-V41A; rs2228467). High levels of CCL2 are associated with increased risk of AD development as well as other inflammatory diseases. In this study we characterized the biological function of the ACKR2-V41A receptor compared to the wild type allele by measuring its ligand binding affinity, CCL2 scavenging efficiency, and cell activation sensitivity. We transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells with plasmids carrying wild type ACKR2 (ACKR2-WT) or the mutant ACKR2-V41A receptor. Binding affinity assays showed that ACKR2-V41A has a lower binding affinity for CCL2 and CCL4 than ACKR2-WT. CCL2 scavenging results aligned with binding affinity assays, with ACKR2-V41A cells scavenging CCL2 with a lower efficiency than ACKR2-WT. Cell activation assays also showed that ACKR2-V41A cells had significantly lower receptor upregulation (β-Arrestin-dependent signaling pathway) upon stimulation compared to ACKR2-WT cells. These findings provide molecular and biological mechanistic insights into the GWAS association of ACKR2-V41A with increased levels of CCL2 in CSF and possibly other chemokine ligands. Increased CCL2 levels are associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of AD. Understanding how this atypical chemokine receptor allele increases serum markers of inflammation could lead to novel therapeutic solutions for AD.
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23
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Pomilio C, Gorojod RM, Riudavets M, Vinuesa A, Presa J, Gregosa A, Bentivegna M, Alaimo A, Alcon SP, Sevlever G, Kotler ML, Beauquis J, Saravia F. Microglial autophagy is impaired by prolonged exposure to β-amyloid peptides: evidence from experimental models and Alzheimer's disease patients. GeroScience 2020; 42:613-632. [PMID: 31975051 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of misfolded proteins, amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates, and neuroinflammation in the brain. Microglial cells are key players in the context of AD, being capable of releasing cytokines in response to Aβ and degrading aggregated proteins by mechanisms involving the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Here, we present in vivo and in vitro evidence showing that microglial autophagy is affected during AD progression. PDAPPJ20 mice-murine model of AD-exhibited an accumulation of the autophagy receptor p62 and ubiquitin+ aggregates in Iba1+ microglial cells close to amyloid deposits in the hippocampus. Moreover, cultured microglial BV-2 cells showed an enhanced autophagic flux during a 2-h exposure to fibrillar Aβ, which was decreased if the exposure was prolonged to 24 h, a condition analogous to the chronic exposure to Aβ in the human pathology. The autophagic impairment was also associated with lysosomal damage, depicted by membrane permeabilization as shown by the presence of the acid hydrolase cathepsin-D in cytoplasm and altered LysoTracker staining. These results are compatible with microglial exhaustion caused by pro-inflammatory conditions and persistent exposure to aggregated Aβ peptides. In addition, we found LC3-positive autophagic vesicles accumulated in phagocytic CD68+ microglia in human AD brain samples, suggesting defective autophagy in microglia of AD brain. Our results indicate that the capacity of microglia to degrade Aβ and potentially other proteins through autophagy may be negatively affected as the disease progresses. Preserving autophagy in microglia thus emerges as a promising approach for treating AD. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pomilio
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana M Gorojod
- Departmento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Riudavets
- FLENI, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Dr Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angeles Vinuesa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jessica Presa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amal Gregosa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Bentivegna
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Departmento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Porte Alcon
- Departmento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Sevlever
- FLENI, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Dr Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica L Kotler
- Departmento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Beauquis
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Panayiotou E, Fella E, Andreou S, Papacharalambous R, Gerasimou P, Costeas P, Angeli S, Kousiappa I, Papacostas S, Kyriakides T. C5aR agonist enhances phagocytosis of fibrillar and non-fibrillar Aβ amyloid and preserves memory in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225417. [PMID: 31809505 PMCID: PMC6897413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) the deposition of prefibrillar and fibrillar Aβ peptide sets off the pathogenic cascades of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration that lead to synaptic and neuronal loss resulting in cognitive decline. Various approaches to reduce amyloid load by reducing production of the Aβ peptide or enhancing amyloid clearance by primary or secondary immunization have not proven successful in clinical trials. Interfering with the normal function of secretases and suboptimal timing of Aβ peptide removal have been put forward as possible explanations. Complement, an innate component of the immune system, has been found to modulate disease pathology and in particular neuronal loss in the AD mouse model but its mechanism of action is complex. C1Q has been shown to facilitate phagocytosis of Aβ peptide but its Ablation attenuates neuroinflammation. Experiments in AD mouse models show that inhibition of complement component C5a reduces amyloid deposition and alleviates neuroinflammation. Phagocytes including microglia, monocytes and neutrophils carry C5a receptors. Here, a widely used mouse model of AD, 5XFAD, was intermittently treated with the oral C5a receptor agonist EP67 and several neuronal and neuroinflammatory markers as well as memory function were assessed. EP67 treatment enhanced phagocytosis, resulting in a significant reduction of both fibrillar and non-fibrillar Aβ, reduced astrocytosis and preserved synaptic and neuronal markers as well as memory function. Timely and phasic recruitment of the innate immune system offers a new therapeutic avenue of treating pre-symptomatic Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Panayiotou
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Fella
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | | | - Stella Angeli
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Kousiappa
- Neurology Clinic B, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Savvas Papacostas
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Neurology Clinic B, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodoros Kyriakides
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
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25
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Loera-Valencia R, Cedazo-Minguez A, Kenigsberg PA, Page G, Duarte AI, Giusti P, Zusso M, Robert P, Frisoni GB, Cattaneo A, Zille M, Boltze J, Cartier N, Buee L, Johansson G, Winblad B. Current and emerging avenues for Alzheimer's disease drug targets. J Intern Med 2019; 286:398-437. [PMID: 31286586 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most frequent cause of dementia, is escalating as a global epidemic, and so far, there is neither cure nor treatment to alter its progression. The most important feature of the disease is neuronal death and loss of cognitive functions, caused probably from several pathological processes in the brain. The main neuropathological features of AD are widely described as amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the aggregated protein tau, which contribute to the disease. Nevertheless, AD brains suffer from a variety of alterations in function, such as energy metabolism, inflammation and synaptic activity. The latest decades have seen an explosion of genes and molecules that can be employed as targets aiming to improve brain physiology, which can result in preventive strategies for AD. Moreover, therapeutics using these targets can help AD brains to sustain function during the development of AD pathology. Here, we review broadly recent information for potential targets that can modify AD through diverse pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches including gene therapy. We propose that AD could be tackled not only using combination therapies including Aβ and tau, but also considering insulin and cholesterol metabolism, vascular function, synaptic plasticity, epigenetics, neurovascular junction and blood-brain barrier targets that have been studied recently. We also make a case for the role of gut microbiota in AD. Our hope is to promote the continuing research of diverse targets affecting AD and promote diverse targeting as a near-future strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loera-Valencia
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - A Cedazo-Minguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - G Page
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive impairments - EA3808, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - A I Duarte
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Giusti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Zusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - P Robert
- CoBTeK - lab, CHU Nice University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - G B Frisoni
- University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Cattaneo
- University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Zille
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - N Cartier
- Preclinical research platform, INSERM U1169/MIRCen Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - L Buee
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, CHU-Lille, Inserm, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - G Johansson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - B Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Vijayan DK, Zhang KY. Human glutaminyl cyclase: Structure, function, inhibitors and involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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The Association Between Circulating Inflammatory Markers and the Progression of Alzheimer Disease in Norwegian Memory Clinic Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2019; 34:47-53. [PMID: 31414991 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). The aim of the present study was to detect whether increased inflammatory activity at baseline could predict cognitive and functional decline in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or AD dementia after 2 years. METHODS Serum samples from 242 memory clinic patients with an aMCI (n=88) or AD dementia (n=154) were analyzed for C-reactive protein and for 14 other inflammatory markers [interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17a, IL-18, IL-22, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor, cluster of differentiation 40 ligand, interferon-γ, chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, and CCL4] by bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Disease progression was measured by the annual increase in the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) and annual decrease in the score on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS No association between increased levels of the inflammatory markers and change on the CDR-SB or MMSE score was found, but there was a significant difference in baseline IL-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels between aMCI and AD dementia groups. CONCLUSION Increased levels of inflammatory markers were not associated with faster progression as measured by the annual change on the CDR-SB or MMSE score.
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Gutiérrez IL, González-Prieto M, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Madrigal JLM. Reboxetine Treatment Reduces Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Role of CCL2. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8628-8642. [PMID: 31297718 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of brain noradrenaline levels is associated to the initiation of Alzheimer's disease and contributes to its progression. This seems to be due mainly to the anti-neuroinflammatory actions of noradrenaline. The analysis of noradrenaline effects on brain cells demonstrates that it also regulates the production of the chemokine CCL2. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, on the inflammatory and neurodegenerative alterations present in 5xFAD mice, and how the genetic removal of CCL2 affects reboxetine actions. We observed that the removal of CCL2 reduced the memory impairments in 5xFAD mice as well as the neuroinflammatory response, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and the degeneration of neurons in the brain cortex. The administration of reboxetine with osmotic pumps for 28 days also resulted in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective changes in 5xFAD mice, even in the absence of CCL2. Yet, 6-month-old CCL2KO mice presented a significant degree of neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. These findings indicate that reboxetine treatment prevents the brain alterations caused by prolonged overproduction of amyloid beta, being these effects independent of CCL2, which is a mediator of the damage caused by amyloid beta in the brain cortex, but necessary for the prevention of the development of neurodegeneration in normal healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta González-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Falcone JD, Sohal HS, Kyriakides TR, Bellamkonda RV. The impact of modulating the blood-brain barrier on the electrophysiological and histological outcomes of intracortical electrodes. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:046005. [PMID: 31048574 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab1ef9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Successful application of chronic intracortical electrodes remains highly variable. The biological mechanisms leading to electrode failure are still being explored. Recent work has shown a correlation between blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and long-term recordings. Here we proposed to modulate the BBB healing after intracortical electrode implantation, while evaluating the functional electrophysiology. The CCL2/CCR2 pathway was chosen based on previous work demonstrating the positive histological effects in an intracortical electrode model, as well as in other neurodegenerative models. By disrupting this pathway, recruitment of pro-inflammatory monocytes (a result of a breached BBB) is potentially reduced at the electrode interface. APPROACH Michigan electrodes were implanted for 2 and 12 weeks in rats, and a CCR2 antagonist (RS 102895) was administered daily to the treatment group. Functional electrodes were used for the 12 week cohort, and weekly electrophysiological recordings were taken. At 2 and 12 weeks, histology was analyzed. MAIN RESULTS At 12 weeks, the CCR2-antagonist group had significantly higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) than control. CCR2-antagonism at 2 weeks significantly increased the neural population and decreased BBB breach. At 12 weeks, CCR2-antagonism significantly increased number of neurons and BBB + vasculature within 100 µm of the electrode interface. SIGNIFICANCE This work demonstrates that for intracortical electrodes, disruption of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway improves chronic outcomes in electrophysiology and histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Falcone
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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30
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McQuade A, Blurton-Jones M. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring How Genetics and Phenotype Influence Risk. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1805-1817. [PMID: 30738892 PMCID: PMC6475606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Research into the function of microglia has dramatically accelerated during the last few years, largely due to recent genetic findings implicating microglia in virtually every neurodegenerative disorder. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), a majority of risk loci discovered through genome-wide association studies were found in or near genes expressed most highly in microglia leading to the hypothesis that microglia play a much larger role in disease progression than previously thought. From this body of work produced in the last several years, we find that almost every function of microglia has been proposed to influence the progression of AD from altered phagocytosis and synaptic pruning to cytokine secretion and changes in trophic support. By studying key Alzheimer's risk genes such as TREM2, CD33, ABCA7, and MS4A6A, we will be able to distinguish true disease-modulatory pathways from the full range of microglial-related functions. To successfully carry out these experiments, more advanced microglial models are needed. Microglia are quite sensitive to their local environment, suggesting the need to more fully recapitulate an in vivo environment to study this highly plastic cell type. Likely only by combining the above approaches will the field fully elucidate the molecular pathways that regulate microglia and influence neurodegeneration, in turn uncovering potential new targets for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McQuade
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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31
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Kimura A, Yoshikura N, Hayashi Y, Inuzuka T. Cerebrospinal Fluid C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 Correlates with Brain Atrophy and Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:581-588. [PMID: 29171996 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic neuroinflammation has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between cytokine and anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) autoantibody levels and the degree of brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in AD patients. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, interleukin 6, and anti-Aβ autoantibody were evaluated in 69 AD patients. Serum levels of CCL2 and anti-Aβ autoantibody were also examined. The degree of brain atrophy was assessed using the voxel-based specific regional analysis system for AD, which targets the volumes of interest (VOI) in medial temporal structures. Cognitive function was evaluated by neuropsychological testing, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). RESULTS CSF CCL2 levels correlated significantly with the severity (p = 0.023) and the extent (p = 0.022) of VOI atrophy, and with the extent of gray matter atrophy (p = 0.039) in AD patients. CSF anti-Aβ autoantibody levels were inversely correlated with the severity of VOI atrophy (p = 0.020), the extent of VOI atrophy (p = 0.015), and the ratio of VOI/GM atrophy (r = -0.358, p = 0.004). CSF CCL2 levels were also inversely correlated with MMSE (p = 0.0497) and FAB scores (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS CSF CCL2 levels are associated with the degree of medial temporal lobe and gray matter atrophy, and cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kimura
- Departments of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshikura
- Departments of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hayashi
- Departments of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Inuzuka
- Departments of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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32
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Zhang F, Zhong R, Qi H, Li S, Cheng C, Liu X, Liu Y, Le W. Impacts of Acute Hypoxia on Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathologies in APP swe/PS1 dE9 Mice and Their Wild Type Littermates. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:314. [PMID: 29867325 PMCID: PMC5954115 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and pathologically featured by β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition and hyper-phosphorylated tau aggregation in the brain. Environmental factors are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of acute hypoxia on Aβ and tau pathologies, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial function, and autophagy in APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mouse model. Male APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice and their age-matched wild type (Wt) littermates were exposed to one single acute hypoxic episode (oxygen 7%) for 24 h. We found that acute hypoxia exposure increased the expressions of amyloid precursor protein (APP), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), and promoted tau phosphorylation at T181 and T231 residues in both Tg and Wt mice. In addition, acute hypoxia also induced autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, elicited abnormal mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation in both Tg and Wt mice. In summary, all these findings suggest that acute hypoxia could induce the AD-like pathological damages in the brain of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice and Wt mice to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongqian Qi
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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33
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Hwang CJ, Park MH, Hwang JY, Kim JH, Yun NY, Oh SY, Song JK, Seo HO, Kim YB, Hwang DY, Oh KW, Han SB, Hong JT. CCR5 deficiency accelerates lipopolysaccharide-induced astrogliosis, amyloid-beta deposit and impaired memory function. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11984-99. [PMID: 26910914 PMCID: PMC4914263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are implicated in inflammation and immune responses. Neuro-inflammation is associated with activation of astrocyte and amyloid-beta (Aβ) generations that lead to pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous our study showed that deficiency of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) results in activation of astrocytes and Aβ deposit, and thus memory dysfunction through increase of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression. CCR5 knockout mice were used as an animal model with memory dysfunction. For the purpose LPS was injected i.p. daily (0.25 mg/kg/day). The memory dysfunctions were much higher in LPS-injected CCR5 knockout mice compared to CCR5 wild type mice as well as non-injected CCR5 knockout mice. Associated with severe memory dysfuction in LPS injected CCR5 knockout mice, LPS injection significant increase expression of inflammatory proteins, astrocyte activation, expressions of β-secretase as well as Aβ deposition in the brain of CCR5 knockout mice as compared with that of CCR5 wild type mice. In CCR5 knockout mice, CCR2 expressions were high and co-localized with GFAP which was significantly elevated by LPS. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) which ligands of CCR2 also increased by LPS injection, and increment of MCP-1 expression is much higher in CCR5 knockout mice. BV-2 cells treated with CCR5 antagonist, D-ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA) and cultured astrocytes isolated from CCR5 knockout mice treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) and CCR2 antagonist, decreased the NF-ĸB activation and Aβ level. These findings suggest that the deficiency of CCR5 enhances response of LPS, which accelerates to neuro-inflammation and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeon Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Kyung Song
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yeon Hwang
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Rudobeck E, Bellone JA, Szücs A, Bonnick K, Mehrotra-Carter S, Badaut J, Nelson GA, Hartman RE, Vlkolinský R. Low-dose proton radiation effects in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease - Implications for space travel. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186168. [PMID: 29186131 PMCID: PMC5706673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation represents a significant health risk for astronauts. Ground-based animal studies indicate that space radiation affects neuronal functions such as excitability, synaptic transmission, and plasticity, and it may accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although protons represent the main constituent in the space radiation spectrum, their effects on AD-related pathology have not been tested. We irradiated 3 month-old APP/PSEN1 transgenic (TG) and wild type (WT) mice with protons (150 MeV; 0.1-1.0 Gy; whole body) and evaluated functional and biochemical hallmarks of AD. We performed behavioral tests in the water maze (WM) before irradiation and in the WM and Barnes maze at 3 and 6 months post-irradiation to evaluate spatial learning and memory. We also performed electrophysiological recordings in vitro in hippocampal slices prepared 6 and 9 months post-irradiation to evaluate excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity. Next, we evaluated amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the contralateral hippocampus and adjacent cortex using immunohistochemistry. In cortical homogenates, we analyzed the levels of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin by Western blotting and measured pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL10 and CCL2) by bead-based multiplex assay. TG mice performed significantly worse than WT mice in the WM. Irradiation of TG mice did not affect their behavioral performance, but reduced the amplitudes of population spikes and inhibited paired-pulse facilitation in CA1 neurons. These electrophysiological alterations in the TG mice were qualitatively different from those observed in WT mice, in which irradiation increased excitability and synaptic efficacy. Irradiation increased Aβ deposition in the cortex of TG mice without affecting cytokine levels and increased synaptophysin expression in WT mice (but not in the TG mice). Although irradiation with protons increased Aβ deposition, the complex functional and biochemical results indicate that irradiation effects are not synergistic to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudobeck
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - John A. Bellone
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Attila Szücs
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristine Bonnick
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Shalini Mehrotra-Carter
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Hartman
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Roman Vlkolinský
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
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35
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Zhang F, Zhong R, Li S, Fu Z, Cheng C, Cai H, Le W. Acute Hypoxia Induced an Imbalanced M1/M2 Activation of Microglia through NF-κB Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Mice and Wild-Type Littermates. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:282. [PMID: 28890695 PMCID: PMC5574879 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by abnormal tau phosphorylation, amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and neuroinflammation. As an important environmental factor, hypoxia has been reported to aggravate AD via exacerbating Aβ and tau pathologies. However, the link between hypoxia and neuroinflammation, especially the changes of pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammation M2 microglia phenotypes in AD, is still far from being clearly investigated. Here, we evaluated the activation of microglia in the brains of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice and their wild type (Wt) littermates, after a single episode of acute hypoxia (24 h) exposure. We found that acute hypoxia activated M1 microglia in both Tg and Wt mice as evidenced by the elevated M1 markers including cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL3. In addition, the markers of M2 microglia phenotype (arginase-1 (Arg-1), CD206, IL-4 and IL-10) were decreased after acute hypoxia exposure, suggesting an attenuated M2 phenotype of microglia. Moreover, the activation of microglia and the release of cytokines and chemokines were associated with Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induction through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In summary, our findings revealed that acute hypoxia modulated microglia M1/M2 subgroup profile, indicating the pathological role of hypoxia in the neuroinflammation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Zhenfa Fu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
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36
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Wang L, Jacobs JP, Lagishetty V, Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Million M, Reeve JR, Pisegna JR, Taché Y. High-protein diet improves sensitivity to cholecystokinin and shifts the cecal microbiome without altering brain inflammation in diet-induced obesity in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R473-R486. [PMID: 28724546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00105.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-protein diet (HPD) curtails obesity and/or fat mass, but it is unknown whether it reverses neuroinflammation or alters glucose levels, CCK sensitivity, and gut microbiome in rats fed a Western diet (WD)-induced obesity (DIO). Male rats fed a WD (high fat and sugar) for 12 wk were switched to a HPD for 6 wk. Body composition, food intake, meal pattern, sensitivity to intraperitoneal CCK-8S, blood glucose, brain signaling, and cecal microbiota were assessed. When compared with a normal diet, WD increased body weight (9.3%) and fat mass (73.4%). CCK-8S (1.8 or 5.2 nmol/kg) did not alter food intake and meal pattern in DIO rats. Switching to a HPD for 6 wk reduced fat mass (15.7%) with a nonsignificantly reduced body weight gain, normalized blood glucose, and decreased feeding after CCK-8S. DIO rats on the WD or switched to a HPD showed comparable microbial diversity. However, in HPD versus WD rats, there was enrichment of 114 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and depletion of 188 OTUs. Of those, Akkermansia muciniphila (enriched on a HPD), an unclassified Clostridiales, a member of the RF39 order, and a Phascolarctobacterium were significantly associated with fat mass. The WD increased cytokine expression in the hypothalamus and dorsal medulla that was unchanged by switching to HPD. These data indicate that HPD reduces body fat and restores glucose homeostasis and CCK sensitivity, while not modifying brain inflammation. In addition, expansion of cecal Akkermansia muciniphila correlated to fat mass loss may represent a potential peripheral mechanism of HPD beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Shuping V Wu
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Joseph R Reeve
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, and Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
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McKee SE, Grissom NM, Herdt CT, Reyes TM. Methyl donor supplementation alters cognitive performance and motivation in female offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams. FASEB J 2017; 31:2352-2363. [PMID: 28209774 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601172r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During gestation, fetal nutrition is entirely dependent on maternal diet. Maternal consumption of excess fat during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of neurologic disorders in offspring, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, and schizophrenia. In a mouse model, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed offspring have cognitive and executive function deficits as well as whole-genome DNA and promoter-specific hypomethylation in multiple brain regions. Dietary methyl donor supplementation during pregnancy or adulthood has been used to alter DNA methylation and behavior. Given that extensive brain development occurs during early postnatal life-particularly within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region critical for executive function-we examined whether early life methyl donor supplementation (e.g., during adolescence) could ameliorate executive function deficits observed in offspring that were exposed to maternal HFD. By using operant testing, progressive ratio, and the PFC-dependent 5-choice serial reaction timed task (5-CSRTT), we determined that F1 female offspring (B6D2F1/J) from HFD-fed dams have decreased motivation (decreased progressive ratio breakpoint) and require a longer stimulus length to complete the 5-CSRTT task successfully, whereas early life methyl donor supplementation increased motivation and shortened the minimum stimulus length required for a correct response in the 5-CSRTT. Of interest, we found that expression of 2 chemokines, CCL2 and CXCL10, correlated with the median stimulus length in the 5-CSRTT. Furthermore, we found that acute adult supplementation of methyl donors increased motivation in HFD-fed offspring and those who previously received supplementation with methyl donors. These data point to early life as a sensitive time during which dietary methyl donor supplementation can alter PFC-dependent cognitive behaviors.-McKee, S. E., Grissom, N. M., Herdt, C. T., Reyes, T. M. Methyl donor supplementation alters cognitive performance and motivation in female offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McKee
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicola M Grissom
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher T Herdt
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Ardura-Fabregat A, Boddeke EWGM, Boza-Serrano A, Brioschi S, Castro-Gomez S, Ceyzériat K, Dansokho C, Dierkes T, Gelders G, Heneka MT, Hoeijmakers L, Hoffmann A, Iaccarino L, Jahnert S, Kuhbandner K, Landreth G, Lonnemann N, Löschmann PA, McManus RM, Paulus A, Reemst K, Sanchez-Caro JM, Tiberi A, Van der Perren A, Vautheny A, Venegas C, Webers A, Weydt P, Wijasa TS, Xiang X, Yang Y. Targeting Neuroinflammation to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:1057-1082. [PMID: 29260466 PMCID: PMC5747579 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has focused on pathomechanisms linked to two of the major pathological hallmarks of extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid peptides and intra-neuronal formation of neurofibrils. Recently, a third disease component, the neuroinflammatory reaction mediated by cerebral innate immune cells, has entered the spotlight, prompted by findings from genetic, pre-clinical, and clinical studies. Various proteins that arise during neurodegeneration, including beta-amyloid, tau, heat shock proteins, and chromogranin, among others, act as danger-associated molecular patterns, that-upon engagement of pattern recognition receptors-induce inflammatory signaling pathways and ultimately lead to the production and release of immune mediators. These may have beneficial effects but ultimately compromise neuronal function and cause cell death. The current review, assembled by participants of the Chiclana Summer School on Neuroinflammation 2016, provides an overview of our current understanding of AD-related immune processes. We describe the principal cellular and molecular players in inflammation as they pertain to AD, examine modifying factors, and discuss potential future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ardura-Fabregat
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E. W. G. M. Boddeke
- 0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fDepartment of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Boza-Serrano
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Biomedical Centrum (BMC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Brioschi
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Castro-Gomez
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Ceyzériat
- grid.457334.2Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut de biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ,0000 0001 2171 2558grid.5842.bNeurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C. Dansokho
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. Dierkes
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dBiomedical Centre, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - G. Gelders
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fDepartment of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - L. Hoeijmakers
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Center for Neuroscience (SILS-CNS), Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L. Iaccarino
- grid.15496.3fVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy ,0000000417581884grid.18887.3eIn Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Jahnert
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Kuhbandner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G. Landreth
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - N. Lonnemann
- 0000 0001 1090 0254grid.6738.aDepartment of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - R. M. McManus
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Paulus
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Biomedical Centrum (BMC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K. Reemst
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Center for Neuroscience (SILS-CNS), Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Sanchez-Caro
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Tiberi
- grid.6093.cBio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Van der Perren
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fDepartment of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Vautheny
- grid.457334.2Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut de biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ,0000 0001 2171 2558grid.5842.bNeurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C. Venegas
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Webers
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - P. Weydt
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. S. Wijasa
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - X. Xiang
- 0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany ,0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Y. Yang
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Biomedical Centrum (BMC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Domingues C, Cruz e Silva OA, Henriques AG. Impact of Cytokines and Chemokines on Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathological Hallmarks. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 14:870-882. [PMID: 28317487 PMCID: PMC5543563 DOI: 10.2174/1567205014666170317113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, neuropathologically characterized by aggregates of β-amyloid peptides, which deposit as senile plaques, and of TAU protein, which forms neurofibrillary tangles. It is now widely accepted that neuroinflammation is implicated in AD pathogenesis. METHOD Indeed, inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) can impact on the Alzheimer´s amyloid precursor protein by affecting its expression levels and amyloidogenic processing and/or β -amyloid aggregation. Additionally, cytokines and chemokines can influence kinases' activities, leading to abnormal TAU phosphorylation. To date there is no cure for AD, but several therapeutic strategies have been directed to prevent neuroinflammation. Anti-inflammatory, but also anti-amyloidogenic compounds, such as flavonoids were shown to favourably modulate some pathological events associated with neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the role of cytokines and chemokines in AD-associated pathologies, and summarizes the potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing or slowing down disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Domingues
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A.B. Cruz e Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193Aveiro, Portugal
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Oguntayo S, Wilder D, Tong L, Su Y, Gist I, Arun P, Long JB. Cerebrospinal Fluid Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 2 Is an Early-Response Biomarker for Blast-Overpressure-Wave-Induced Neurotrauma in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:952-962. [PMID: 27487732 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are of great interest within the milieu of immune responses elicited in the central nervous system in response to trauma. Chemokine (C-C motif)) ligand 2 (CCL2), which is also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the time course of CCL2 accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after exposures to single and repeated blast overpressures of varied intensities along with the neuropathological changes and motor deficits resulting from these blast conditions. Significantly increased concentrations of CCL2 in CSF were evident by 1 h of blast exposure and persisted over 24 h with peak levels measured at 6 h post-injury. The increased levels of CCL2 in CSF corresponded with both the number and intensities of blast overpressure and were also commensurate with the extent of neuromotor impairment and neuropathological abnormalities resulting from these exposures. CCL2 levels in CSF and plasma were tightly correlated with levels of CCL2 messenger RNA in cerebellum, the brain region most consistently neuropathologically disrupted by blast. In view of the roles of CCL2 that have been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, it is likely that the sustained high levels of CCL2 and the increased expression of its main receptor, CCR2, in the brain after blast may similarly contribute to neurodegenerative processes after blast exposure. In addition, the markedly elevated concentration of CCL2 in CSF might be a candidate early-response biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of blast-induced TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Yanling Wei
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Samuel Oguntayo
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Donna Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lawrence Tong
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Yan Su
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Irene Gist
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
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Dong W, Embury CM, Lu Y, Whitmire SM, Dyavarshetty B, Gelbard HA, Gendelman HE, Kiyota T. The mixed-lineage kinase 3 inhibitor URMC-099 facilitates microglial amyloid-β degradation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:184. [PMID: 27401058 PMCID: PMC4940949 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid-β (Aβ)-stimulated microglial inflammatory responses engage mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) regulate upstream MAPK signaling that include p38 MAPK and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). However, whether MLK-MAPK pathways affect Aβ-mediated neuroinflammation is unknown. To this end, we investigated if URMC-099, a brain-penetrant small-molecule MLK type 3 inhibitor, can modulate Aβ trafficking and processing required for generating AD-associated microglial inflammatory responses. Methods Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) and/or URMC-099-treated murine microglia were investigated for phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK)3, MKK4 (p-MKK3, p-MKK4), p38 (p-p38), and JNK (p-JNK). These pathways were studied in tandem with the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Aβ uptake and expression of scavenger receptors were measured. Protein trafficking was assessed by measures of endolysosomal markers using confocal microscopy. Results Aβ42-mediated microglial activation pathways were shown by phosphorylation of MKK3, MKK4, p38, and JNK and by expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. URMC-099 modulated microglial inflammatory responses with induction of IL-4 and IL-13. Phagocytosis of Aβ42 was facilitated by URMC-099 with up-regulation of scavenger receptors. Co-localization of Aβ and endolysosomal markers associated with enhanced Aβ42 degradation was observed. Conclusions URMC-099 reduced microglial inflammatory responses and facilitated phagolysosomal trafficking with associated Aβ degradation. These data demonstrate a new immunomodulatory role for URMC-099 to inhibit MLK and to induce microglial anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, URMC-099 may be developed further as a novel disease-modifying AD therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0646-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine M Embury
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Sarah M Whitmire
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neural Development & Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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Bettcher BM, Fitch R, Wynn MJ, Lalli MA, Elofson J, Jastrzab L, Mitic L, Miller ZA, Rabinovici GD, Miller BL, Kao AW, Kosik KS, Kramer JH. MCP-1 and eotaxin-1 selectively and negatively associate with memory in MCI and Alzheimer's disease dementia phenotypes. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 3:91-7. [PMID: 27453930 PMCID: PMC4941041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction MCP-1 and eotaxin-1 are encoded on chromosome 17 and have been shown to reduce hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. We investigated whether these chemokines selectively associate with memory in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. Methods MCP-1 and eotaxin-1 were assayed in controls, MCI, and AD dementia patients with varying phenotypes (n = 171). A subset of 55 individuals had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans available. Composite scores for cognitive variables were created, and medial temporal lobe volumes were obtained. Results An interaction was noted between MCP-1 and eotaxin-1, such that deleterious associations with memory were seen when both chemokines were elevated. These associations remained significant after adding APOE genotype and comparison (non-chromosome 17) chemokines into the model. These chemokines predicted left medial temporal lobe volume and were not related to other cognitive domains. Discussion These results suggest a potentially selective role for MCP-1 and eotaxin-1 in memory dysfunction in the context of varied MCI and AD dementia phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M Bettcher
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CA, USA; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Fitch
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Wynn
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew A Lalli
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Elofson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Jastrzab
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Mitic
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Impact of Increased Astrocyte Expression of IL-6, CCL2 or CXCL10 in Transgenic Mice on Hippocampal Synaptic Function. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6020019. [PMID: 27322336 PMCID: PMC4931496 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of CNS disease and injury is the elevated expression of neuroimmune factors. These factors are thought to contribute to processes ranging from recovery and repair to pathology. The complexity of the CNS and the multitude of neuroimmune factors that are expressed in the CNS during disease and injury is a challenge to an understanding of the consequences of the elevated expression relative to CNS function. One approach to address this issue is the use of transgenic mice that express elevated levels of a specific neuroimmune factor in the CNS by a cell type that normally produces it. This approach can provide basic information about the actions of specific neuroimmune factors and can contribute to an understanding of more complex conditions when multiple neuroimmune factors are expressed. This review summarizes studies using transgenic mice that express elevated levels of IL-6, CCL2 or CXCL10 through increased astrocyte expression. The studies focus on the effects of these neuroimmune factors on synaptic function at the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal neuron synapse of the hippocampus, a brain region that plays a key role in cognitive function.
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Wolf A, Bauer B, Abner EL, Ashkenazy-Frolinger T, Hartz AMS. A Comprehensive Behavioral Test Battery to Assess Learning and Memory in 129S6/Tg2576 Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147733. [PMID: 26808326 PMCID: PMC4726499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic Tg2576 mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) are a widely used Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model to evaluate treatment effects on amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology and cognition. Tg2576 mice on a B6;SJL background strain carry a recessive rd1 mutation that leads to early retinal degeneration and visual impairment in homozygous carriers. This can impair performance in behavioral tests that rely on visual cues, and thus, affect study results. Therefore, B6;SJL/Tg2576 mice were systematically backcrossed with 129S6/SvEvTac mice resulting in 129S6/Tg2576 mice that lack the rd1 mutation. 129S6/Tg2576 mice do not develop retinal degeneration but still show Aβ accumulation in the brain that is comparable to the original B6;SJL/Tg2576 mouse. However, comprehensive studies on cognitive decline in 129S6/Tg2576 mice are limited. In this study, we used two dementia mouse models on a 129S6 background--scopolamine-treated 129S6/SvEvTac mice (3-5 month-old) and transgenic 129S6/Tg2576 mice (11-13 month-old)-to establish a behavioral test battery for assessing learning and memory. The test battery consisted of five tests to evaluate different aspects of cognitive impairment: a Y-Maze forced alternation task, a novel object recognition test, the Morris water maze, the radial arm water maze, and a Y-maze spontaneous alternation task. We first established this behavioral test battery with the scopolamine-induced dementia model using 129S6/SvEvTac mice and then evaluated 129S6/Tg2576 mice using the same testing protocol. Both models showed distinctive patterns of cognitive impairment. Together, the non-invasive behavioral test battery presented here allows detecting cognitive impairment in scopolamine-treated 129S6/SvEvTac mice and in transgenic 129S6/Tg2576 mice. Due to the modular nature of this test battery, more behavioral tests, e.g. invasive assays to gain additional cognitive information, can easily be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wolf
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States of America
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - Erin L. Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - Tal Ashkenazy-Frolinger
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - Anika M. S. Hartz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States of America
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
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P. Hurst T, Coleman-Vaughan C, Patwal I, V. McCarthy J. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis, innate immunity and therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Haas LT, Salazar SV, Kostylev MA, Um JW, Kaufman AC, Strittmatter SM. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 couples cellular prion protein to intracellular signalling in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2015; 139:526-46. [PMID: 26667279 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease-related phenotypes in mice can be rescued by blockade of either cellular prion protein or metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. We sought genetic and biochemical evidence that these proteins function cooperatively as an obligate complex in the brain. We show that cellular prion protein associates via transmembrane metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 with the intracellular protein mediators Homer1b/c, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and the Alzheimer's disease risk gene product protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta. Coupling of cellular prion protein to these intracellular proteins is modified by soluble amyloid-β oligomers, by mouse brain Alzheimer's disease transgenes or by human Alzheimer's disease pathology. Amyloid-β oligomer-triggered phosphorylation of intracellular protein mediators and impairment of synaptic plasticity in vitro requires Prnp-Grm5 genetic interaction, being absent in transheterozygous loss-of-function, but present in either single heterozygote. Importantly, genetic coupling between Prnp and Grm5 is also responsible for signalling, for survival and for synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease transgenic model mice. Thus, the interaction between metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and cellular prion protein has a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, and the complex is a potential target for disease-modifying intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Haas
- 1 Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA 2 Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, D-72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Santiago V Salazar
- 1 Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Mikhail A Kostylev
- 1 Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ji Won Um
- 1 Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Adam C Kaufman
- 1 Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- 1 Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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Asai H, Ikezu S, Tsunoda S, Medalla M, Luebke J, Haydar T, Wolozin B, Butovsky O, Kügler S, Ikezu T. Depletion of microglia and inhibition of exosome synthesis halt tau propagation. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1584-93. [PMID: 26436904 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1076] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of pathological tau protein is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Tau protein spreads from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal region early in the disease. Microglia, the primary phagocytes in the brain, are positively correlated with tau pathology, but their involvement in tau propagation is unknown. We developed an adeno-associated virus-based model exhibiting rapid tau propagation from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus in 4 weeks. We found that depleting microglia dramatically suppressed the propagation of tau and reduced excitability in the dentate gyrus in this mouse model. Moreover, we demonstrate that microglia spread tau via exosome secretion, and inhibiting exosome synthesis significantly reduced tau propagation in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that microglia and exosomes contribute to the progression of tauopathy and that the exosome secretion pathway may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Asai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Satoshi Tsunoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Luebke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tarik Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Department of Neurology, Center of Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Center of Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain at Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kiyota T, Morrison CM, Tu G, Dyavarshetty B, Weir RA, Zhang G, Xiong H, Gendelman HE. Presenilin-1 familial Alzheimer's disease mutation alters hippocampal neurogenesis and memory function in CCL2 null mice. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:311-21. [PMID: 26112421 PMCID: PMC4567522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in hippocampal neurogenesis are associated with learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the linkage between them, β-amyloidosis and neuroinflammation is not well understood. To this end, we generated a mouse overexpressing familial AD (FAD) mutant human presenilin-1 (PS1) crossed with a knockout (KO) of the CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) gene. The PS1/CCL2KO mice developed robust age-dependent deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis associated with impairments in learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation. Neurogliogenesis gene profiling supported β-amyloid independent pathways for FAD-associated deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis. We conclude that these PS1/CCL2KO mice are suitable for studies linking host genetics, immunity and hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyota
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Varnum MM, Kiyota T, Ingraham KL, Ikezu S, Ikezu T. The anti-inflammatory glycoprotein, CD200, restores neurogenesis and enhances amyloid phagocytosis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2995-3007. [PMID: 26315370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cluster of Differentiation-200 (CD200) is an anti-inflammatory glycoprotein expressed in neurons, T cells, and B cells, and its receptor is expressed on glia. Both Alzheimer's disease patients and mouse models display age-related or amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)-induced reductions in CD200. The goal of this study was to determine if neuronal CD200 expression restores hippocampal neurogenesis and reduces Aβ in the amyloid precursor protein mouse model. Amyloid precursor protein and wild-type mice were injected at 6 months of age with an adeno-associated virus expressing CD200 into the hippocampus and sacrificed at 12 months. CD200 expression restored neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the subgranular and granular cell layers of the dentate gyrus and reduced diffuse but not thioflavin-S(+) plaques in the hippocampus. In vitro studies demonstrated that CD200-stimulated microglia increased neural differentiation of neural stem cells and enhanced axon elongation and dendrite number. CD200 also enhanced Aβ uptake by microglia. These data indicate that CD200 is capable of enhancing microglia-mediated Aβ clearance and neural differentiation and has potential as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Varnum
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaitlin L Ingraham
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, Landreth GE, Brosseron F, Feinstein DL, Jacobs AH, Wyss-Coray T, Vitorica J, Ransohoff RM, Herrup K, Frautschy SA, Finsen B, Brown GC, Verkhratsky A, Yamanaka K, Koistinaho J, Latz E, Halle A, Petzold GC, Town T, Morgan D, Shinohara ML, Perry VH, Holmes C, Bazan NG, Brooks DJ, Hunot S, Joseph B, Deigendesch N, Garaschuk O, Boddeke E, Dinarello CA, Breitner JC, Cole GM, Golenbock DT, Kummer MP. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:388-405. [PMID: 25792098 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3717] [Impact Index Per Article: 413.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is not restricted to the neuronal compartment, but includes strong interactions with immunological mechanisms in the brain. Misfolded and aggregated proteins bind to pattern recognition receptors on microglia and astroglia, and trigger an innate immune response characterised by release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to disease progression and severity. Genome-wide analysis suggests that several genes that increase the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease encode factors that regulate glial clearance of misfolded proteins and the inflammatory reaction. External factors, including systemic inflammation and obesity, are likely to interfere with immunological processes of the brain and further promote disease progression. Modulation of risk factors and targeting of these immune mechanisms could lead to future therapeutic or preventive strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas H Jacobs
- Department of Geriatrics, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany; European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI) at the Westfalian Wilhelms University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Sally A Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, the Geriatric, Research, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bente Finsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/Universidad del País Vasco) and CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Leioa, Spain
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University/RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eicke Latz
- German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of InfectiousDiseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Annett Halle
- Max-Planck Research Group Neuroimmunology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - V Hugh Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine in New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David J Brooks
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stéphane Hunot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7225, Experimental Therapeutics of Neurodegeneration, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology II, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - John C Breitner
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, and the McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg M Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, the Geriatric, Research, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Department of InfectiousDiseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Markus P Kummer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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