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Wozniak W, Sechet E, Kwon YJ, Aulner N, Navarro L, Sperandio B. Identification of human host factors required for beta-defensin-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells upon a bacterial challenge. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15442. [PMID: 38965312 PMCID: PMC11224401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal tract is colonized with microorganisms, which present a diverse array of immunological challenges. A number of antimicrobial mechanisms have evolved to cope with these challenges. A key defense mechanism is the expression of inducible antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as beta-defensins, which rapidly inactivate microorganisms. We currently have a limited knowledge of mechanisms regulating the inducible expression of AMP genes, especially factors from the host required in these regulatory mechanisms. To identify the host factors required for expression of the beta-defensin-2 gene (HBD2) in intestinal epithelial cells upon a bacterial challenge, we performed a RNAi screen using a siRNA library spanning the whole human genome. The screening was performed in duplicate to select the strongest 79 and 110 hit genes whose silencing promoted or inhibited HBD2 expression, respectively. A set of 57 hits selected among the two groups of genes was subjected to a counter-screening and a subset was subsequently validated for its impact onto HBD2 expression. Among the 57 confirmed hits, we brought out the TLR5-MYD88 signaling pathway, but above all new signaling proteins, epigenetic regulators and transcription factors so far unrevealed in the HBD2 regulatory circuits, like the GATA6 transcription factor involved in inflammatory bowel diseases. This study represents a significant step toward unveiling the key molecular requirements to promote AMP expression in human intestinal epithelial cells, and revealing new potential targets for the development of an innovative therapeutic strategy aiming at stimulating the host AMP expression, at the era of antimicrobial resistance.
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Grants
- This study received fundings from (i) the French Government “Investissement d’Avenir” program, Labex IBEID, with the reference ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, (ii) the French Alliance pour les Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé (AVIESAN), ITMO I3M, (iii) the PSL University, through the PSL pré-maturation program, AMPlify project, with the reference C22-78/2022-425, and (iv) the European Union, through the European Innovation Council Pathfinder Open program, MaxImmun project, with the reference 101129622.
- Weronika Wozniak received a Ph.D. funding support from PSL University under the program “Investissement d’Avenir” launched by the French Government and implemented by ANR with the reference ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Wozniak
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1024, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | | | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Lionel Navarro
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1024, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Brice Sperandio
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1024, Université PSL, Paris, France.
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Angriman I, Bordignon G, Kotsafti A, Mescoli C, Scarpa M, Ruffolo C, Fassan M, Dei Tos AP, D'Incà R, Savarino EV, Zingone F, Pucciarelli S, Bardini R, Castagliuolo I, Scarpa M. Innate Immunity Activation in Newly Diagnosed Ileocolonic Crohn's Disease: A Cohort Study. Dis Colon Rectum 2024; 67:681-692. [PMID: 38319717 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000003145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies showed that early surgery for Crohn's disease leads to a lower recurrence rate. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. OBJECTIVE The study aims to analyze the innate immunity microenvironment in ileal mucosa according to the duration of Crohn's disease. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTINGS Tertiary referral center for IBD surgery. PATIENTS A total of 88 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease undergoing ileocolonic resection were prospectively enrolled. Mucosal samples were obtained from both healthy and inflamed ileum. Data from a public data set were analyzed as an external validation cohort. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Neutrophil infiltration was evaluated by histological asessment and macrophage subpopulation was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Expressions of TLR2 , TLR4 , TLR5 , DEFB1 , DEFB4A , DEFB103 , DEFA5 , and DEFA6 were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Concentrations of BDNF, CCL-11, ICAM-1, IL-1A, IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-23A, MMP-3, CCL-3, KITLG, and VEGFA were determined with an immunometric assay. RESULTS Neutrophil infiltration is inversely correlated with disease duration. DEFB4A mRNA expression tended to be higher in late-stage Crohn's disease ( p = 0.07). A higher number of macrophages expressed CD163 at low intensity in late-stage Crohn's disease ( p = 0.04). The concentration of IL-15 ( p = 0.02) and IL-23A ( p = 0.05) was higher in healthy ileal mucosa of early-stage patients. In the external cohort, expressions of DEFB1 ( p = 0.03), DEFB4A ( p = 0.01), IL-2 ( p = 0.04), and IL-3 ( p = 0.03) increased in patients with late-stage Crohn's disease. LIMITATIONS A relatively small number of patients, especially in the newly diagnosed group. CONCLUSIONS In newly diagnosed Crohn's disease, high levels of IL-15 and IL-23 in healthy mucosa suggest that innate immunity is the starter of acute inflammation. Moreover, M2 macrophages increase in the healthy mucosa of patients with late-stage Crohn's disease, suggesting that reparative and profibrotic processes are predominant in the long term, and in this phase, anti-inflammatory therapy may be less efficient. See Video Abstract . ACTIVACIN DE LA INMUNIDAD INNATA EN LA RECIENTEMENTE DIAGNOSTICADA ENFERMEDAD DE CROHN ILEOCLICA UN ESTUDIO DE COHORTE ANTECEDENTES:Estudios recientes demostraron que la cirugía temprana para la enfermedad de Crohn (EC) conduce a una menor tasa de recurrencia. Sin embargo, se desconoce el mecanismo subyacente.OBJETIVO:El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el microambiente de la inmunidad innata en la mucosa ileal según la duración de la EC.DISEÑO:Un estudio de cohorte prospectivo.AJUSTES:Centro terciario de referencia para cirugía de EII.PACIENTES:Fueron registrados de manera prospectiva y consecutiva 88 pacientes con EC sometidos a resección ileocolónica. Se obtuvieron muestras de mucosa ileal, tanto del íleon sano como del íleon inflamado. Los datos se analizaron como una cohorte de validación externa.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Fueron evaluados la infiltración de neutrófilos por histología y la subpoblación de macrófagos por inmunohistoquímica. La expresión de TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, DEFB1, DEFB4A, DEFB103, DEFA5 y DEFA6 fueron cuantificados mediante qPCR en tiempo real. Las concentraciones de BDNF, CCL-11, ICAM-1, IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-1RN, IL-12 p40, IL-12 p70, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-23A, MMP-3, CCL-3, KITLG, VEGFA se determinaron con ensayo inmunométrico.RESULTADOS:La infiltración de neutrófilos se correlaciona inversamente con la duración de la enfermedad. La expresión del ARNm de DEFB4A mostro una tendencia a ser mayor en la EC en etapa tardía ( p = 0,07). Un mayor número de macrófagos expresaron CD163 a baja intensidad en la etapa tardía ( p = 0,04). La concentración de IL15 ( p = 0,02) e IL23A ( p = 0,05) fue mayor en la mucosa ileal sana de pacientes en estadio temprano. En la cohorte externa, la expresión de DEFB1 ( p = 0,03) y DEFB4A ( p = 0,01), IL2 ( p = 0,04) e IL3 ( p = 0,03) aumentó en pacientes en etapa tardía.LIMITACIONES:Un número relativamente pequeño de pacientes, especialmente en el grupo recién diagnosticado.CONCLUSIONES:En la EC recién diagnosticada, los altos niveles de IL-15 e IL-23 en la mucosa sana sugieren que la inmunidad innata es el promotor de la inflamación aguda. Además, los macrófagos M2 aumentan en la mucosa sana de pacientes con EC en etapa tardía, lo que sugiere que los procesos reparadores y profibróticos son predominantes a largo plazo y en esta fase, la terapia antiinflamatoria puede ser menos eficiente. (Traducción-Dr. Osvaldo Gauto ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Imerio Angriman
- General Surgery Unit 3, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Andromachi Kotsafti
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Mescoli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Melania Scarpa
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare Ruffolo
- General Surgery Unit 3, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Renata D'Incà
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Fabiana Zingone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Romeo Bardini
- General Surgery Unit 3, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Ignazio Castagliuolo
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Scarpa
- General Surgery Unit 3, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
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Ra YE, Bang YJ. Balancing Act of the Intestinal Antimicrobial Proteins on Gut Microbiota and Health. J Microbiol 2024; 62:167-179. [PMID: 38630349 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The human gut houses a diverse and dynamic microbiome critical for digestion, metabolism, and immune development, exerting profound effects on human health. However, these microorganisms pose a potential threat by breaching the gut barrier, entering host tissues, and triggering infections, uncontrolled inflammation, and even sepsis. The intestinal epithelial cells form the primary defense, acting as a frontline barrier against microbial invasion. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), produced by these cells, serve as innate immune effectors that regulate the gut microbiome by directly killing or inhibiting microbes. Abnormal AMP production, whether insufficient or excessive, can disturb the microbiome equilibrium, contributing to various intestinal diseases. This review delves into the complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota and sheds light on the role of AMPs in governing host-microbiota interactions. We discuss the function and mechanisms of action of AMPs, their regulation by the gut microbiota, microbial evasion strategies, and the consequences of AMP dysregulation in disease. Understanding these complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota is crucial for developing strategies to enhance immune responses and combat infections within the gut microbiota. Ongoing research continues to uncover novel aspects of this intricate relationship, deepening our understanding of the factors shaping gut health. This knowledge has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic interventions, offering enhanced treatments for a wide range of gut-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Ra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Bang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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So YJ, Park OJ, Kwon Y, Im J, Lee D, Yun SH, Cho K, Yun CH, Han SH. Bacillus subtilis Induces Human Beta Defensin-2 Through its Lipoproteins in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10224-4. [PMID: 38376819 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis by producing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bacillus subtilis, a commensal bacterium, is considered a probiotic. Although its protective effects on intestinal health are widely reported, the key component of B. subtilis responsible for its beneficial effects remains elusive. In this study, we tried to identify the key molecules responsible for B. subtilis-induced AMPs and their molecular mechanisms in a human IEC line, Caco-2. B. subtilis increased human beta defensin (HBD)-2 mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Among the B. subtilis microbe-associated molecular patterns, lipoprotein (LPP) substantially increased the mRNA expression and protein production of HBD-2, whereas lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan did not show such effects. Those results were confirmed in primary human IECs. In addition, both LPP recognition and HBD-2 secretion mainly took place on the apical side of fully differentiated and polarized Caco-2 cells through Toll-like receptor 2-mediated JNK/p38 MAP kinase/AP-1 and NF-κB pathways. HBD-2 efficiently inhibited the growth of the intestinal pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Furthermore, LPPs pre-incubated with lipase or proteinase K decreased LPP-induced HBD-2 expression, suggesting that the lipid and protein moieties of LPP are crucial for HBD-2 expression. Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometry identified 35 B. subtilis LPP candidates within the LPP preparation, and most of them were ABC transporters. Taken together, these results suggest that B. subtilis promotes HBD-2 secretion in human IECs mainly with its LPPs, which might enhance the protection from intestinal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ju So
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Yun
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Cho
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Jin X, You L, Qiao J, Han W, Pan H. Autophagy in colitis-associated colon cancer: exploring its potential role in reducing initiation and preventing IBD-Related CAC development. Autophagy 2024; 20:242-258. [PMID: 37723664 PMCID: PMC10813649 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS A. muciniphila: Akkermansia muciniphila; AIEC: adherent invasive Escherichia coli; AOM/DSS: azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulfate; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin1, autophagy related; CAC: colitis-associated colon cancer; CCDC50: coiled-coil domain containing 50; CLDN2: claudin 2; CoPEC: colibactin-producing Escherichia coli; CRC: colorectal cancer; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; DC: dendritic cell; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; DTP: drug-resistant persistent; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IECs: intestinal epithelial cells; IKK: IkappaB kinase; IL: interleukin; IRGM1: immunity-related GTPase family M member 1; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDP: muramyl dipeptide; MELK: maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; miRNA: microRNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; NOD2: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2; NRBF2: nuclear receptor binding factor 2; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PI3K: class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; RALGAPA2/RalGAPα2: Ral GTPase activating protein protein, alpha subunit 2 (catalytic); RIPK2/CARD3: receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2; RIPK3: receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; sCRC: sporadic colorectal cancer; SMARCA4/BRG1: SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF/TNFA: tumor necrosis factor; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPR: unfolded protein response; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangkun You
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jincheng Qiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Blancas-Luciano BE, Zamora-Chimal J, da Silva-de Rosenzweig PG, Ramos-Mares M, Fernández-Presas AM. Macrophages immunomodulation induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral antimicrobial peptides. Odontology 2023; 111:778-792. [PMID: 36897441 PMCID: PMC10492884 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with periodontitis development, a chronic inflammatory pathology characterized by the destruction of the supporting teeth structure. Macrophages are recruited cells in the inflammatory infiltrate from patients with periodontitis. They are activated by the P. gingivalis virulence factors arsenal, promoting an inflammatory microenvironment characterized by cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), prostaglandins, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) that foster the tissular destruction characteristic of periodontitis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis suppresses the generation of nitric oxide, a potent antimicrobial molecule, through its degradation, and incorporating its byproducts as a source of energy. Oral antimicrobial peptides can contribute to controlling the disease due to their antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activity, which allows them to maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. This study aimed to analyze the immunopathological role of macrophages activated by P. gingivalis in periodontitis and suggested using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Esther Blancas-Luciano
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis, 148 Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gomes da Silva-de Rosenzweig
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mariana Ramos-Mares
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ana María Fernández-Presas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Fu J, Zong X, Jin M, Min J, Wang F, Wang Y. Mechanisms and regulation of defensins in host defense. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:300. [PMID: 37574471 PMCID: PMC10423725 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, defensins are mainly synthesized by Paneth cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells, contributing to host defense. Their biological functions in innate immunity, as well as their structure and activity relationships, along with their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, have been of great interest in recent years. To highlight the key research into the role of defensins in human and animal health, we first describe their research history, structural features, evolution, and antimicrobial mechanisms. Next, we cover the role of defensins in immune homeostasis, chemotaxis, mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota regulation, intestinal development and regulation of cell death. Further, we discuss their clinical relevance and therapeutic potential in various diseases, including infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, chronic inflammatory lung disease, periodontitis and cancer. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the nutrient-dependent regulation of defensins, including fatty acids, amino acids, microelements, plant extracts, and probiotics, while considering the clinical application of such regulation. Together, the review summarizes the various biological functions, mechanism of actions and potential clinical significance of defensins, along with the challenges in developing defensins-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Gut Microbial Metabolite-Mediated Regulation of the Intestinal Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124259. [PMID: 34959809 PMCID: PMC8704337 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease. The disease has a multifactorial aetiology, involving genetic, microbial as well as environmental factors. The disease pathogenesis operates at the host-microbe interface in the gut. The intestinal epithelium plays a central role in IBD disease pathogenesis. Apart from being a physical barrier, the epithelium acts as a node that integrates environmental, dietary, and microbial cues to calibrate host immune response and maintain homeostasis in the gut. IBD patients display microbial dysbiosis in the gut, combined with an increased barrier permeability that contributes to disease pathogenesis. Metabolites produced by microbes in the gut are dynamic indicators of diet, host, and microbial interplay in the gut. Microbial metabolites are actively absorbed or diffused across the intestinal lining to affect the host response in the intestine as well as at systemic sites via the engagement of cognate receptors. In this review, we summarize insights from metabolomics studies, uncovering the dynamic changes in gut metabolite profiles in IBD and their importance as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of disease. We focus on gut microbial metabolites as key regulators of the intestinal barrier and their role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Cieślik M, Bagińska N, Górski A, Jończyk-Matysiak E. Human β-Defensin 2 and Its Postulated Role in Modulation of the Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112991. [PMID: 34831214 PMCID: PMC8616480 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies described so far suggest that human β-defensin 2 is an important protein of innate immune response which provides protection for the human organism against invading pathogens of bacterial, viral, fungal, as well as parasitical origin. Its pivotal role in enhancing immunity was proved in infants. It may also be considered a marker of inflammation. Its therapeutic administration has been suggested for maintenance of the balance of systemic homeostasis based on the appropriate composition of the microbiota. It has been suggested that it may be an important therapeutic tool for modulating the response of the immune system in many inflammatory diseases, offering new treatment modalities. For this reason, its properties and role in the human body discussed in this review should be studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Cieślik
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
| | - Natalia Bagińska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Infant Jesus Hospital, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
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10
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Borchers NS, Santos-Valente E, Toncheva AA, Wehkamp J, Franke A, Gaertner VD, Nordkild P, Genuneit J, Jensen BAH, Kabesch M. Human β-Defensin 2 Mutations Are Associated With Asthma and Atopy in Children and Its Application Prevents Atopic Asthma in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636061. [PMID: 33717182 PMCID: PMC7946850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and allergies are complex, chronic inflammatory diseases in which genetic and environmental factors are crucial. Protection against asthma and allergy development in the context of farming environment is established by early animal contact, unpasteurized milk consumption and gut microbiota maturation. The human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is a host defense peptide present almost exclusively in epithelial tissues, with pronounced immunomodulatory properties, which has recently been shown to ameliorate asthma and IBD in animal models. We hypothesized that adequate hBD-2 secretion plays a role in the protection against asthma and allergy development and that genetic variations in the complex gene locus coding for hBD-2 may be a risk factor for developing these diseases, if as a consequence, hBD-2 is insufficiently produced. We used MALDI-TOF MS genotyping, sequencing and a RFLP assay to study the genetic variation including mutations, polymorphisms and copy number variations in the locus harboring both genes coding for hBD-2 (DEFB4A and DEFB4B). We administered hBD-2 orally in a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-asthma before allergy challenge to explore its prophylactic potential, thereby mimicking a protective farm effect. Despite the high complexity of the region harboring DEFB4A and DEFB4B we identified numerous genetic variants to be associated with asthma and allergy in the GABRIELA Ulm population of 1,238 children living in rural areas, including rare mutations, polymorphisms and a lack of the DEFB4A. Furthermore, we found that prophylactic oral administration of hBD-2 significantly curbed lung resistance and pulmonary inflammation in our HDM mouse model. These data indicate that inadequate genetic capacity for hBD-2 is associated with increased asthma and allergy risk while adequate and early hBD-2 administration (in a mouse model) prevents atopic asthma. This suggests that hBD-2 could be involved in the protective farm effect and may be an excellent candidate to confer protection against asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha S. Borchers
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO) at Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisangela Santos-Valente
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO) at Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antoaneta A. Toncheva
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO) at Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vincent D. Gaertner
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO) at Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
- Newborn Research Zürich, University Hospital and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jon Genuneit
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin A. H. Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO) at Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Shelley JR, Davidson DJ, Dorin JR. The Dichotomous Responses Driven by β-Defensins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1176. [PMID: 32595643 PMCID: PMC7304343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are short, rapidly evolving, cationic antimicrobial host defence peptides with a repertoire of functions, still incompletely realised, that extends beyond direct microbial killing. They are released or secreted at epithelial surfaces, and in some cases, from immune cells in response to infection and inflammation. Defensins have been described as endogenous alarmins, alerting the body to danger and responding to inflammatory signals by promoting both local innate and adaptive systemic immune responses. However, there is now increasing evidence that they exert variable control on the response to danger; creating a dichotomous response that can suppress inflammation in some circumstances but exacerbate the response to danger and damage in others and, at higher levels, lead to a cytotoxic effect. Focussing in this review on human β-defensins, we discuss the evidence for their functions as proinflammatory, immune activators amplifying the response to infection or damage signals and/or as mediators of resolution of damage, contributing to a return to homeostasis. Finally, we consider their involvement in the development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Shelley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Donald J Davidson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Julia R Dorin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, Scotland
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12
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Papoutsopoulou S, Satsangi J, Campbell BJ, Probert CS. Review article: impact of cigarette smoking on intestinal inflammation-direct and indirect mechanisms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1268-1285. [PMID: 32372449 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are related multifactorial diseases. Their pathogenesis is influenced by each individual's immune system, the environmental factors within exposome and genetic predisposition. Smoking habit is the single best-established environmental factor that influences disease phenotype, behaviour and response to therapy. AIM To assess current epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence that may explain how smoking impacts on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS A Medline search for 'cigarette smoking', in combination with terms including 'passive', 'second-hand', 'intestinal inflammation', 'Crohn's disease', 'ulcerative colitis', 'colitis'; 'intestinal epithelium', 'immune system', 'intestinal microbiota', 'tight junctions', 'mucus', 'goblet cells', 'Paneth cells', 'autophagy'; 'epigenetics', 'genes', 'DNA methylation', 'histones', 'short noncoding/long noncoding RNAs'; 'carbon monoxide/CO' and 'nitric oxide/NO' was performed. RESULTS Studies found evidence of direct and indirect effects of smoking on various parameters, including oxidative damage, impairment of intestinal barrier and immune cell function, epigenetic and microbiota composition changes, that contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking promotes intestinal inflammation by affecting the function and interactions among intestinal epithelium, immune system and microbiota/microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris S Probert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Sevrin G, Massier S, Chassaing B, Agus A, Delmas J, Denizot J, Billard E, Barnich N. Adaptation of adherent-invasive E. coli to gut environment: Impact on flagellum expression and bacterial colonization ability. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:364-380. [PMID: 29494278 PMCID: PMC7524368 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1421886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) is multifactorial and involves genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers and intestinal microbiota. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are flagellated bacteria more prevalent in CD patients than in healthy subjects and promote chronic intestinal inflammation. We aim at deciphering the role of flagella and flagellin modulation by intestinal conditions. AIEC flagellum expression is required for optimal adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Interestingly, differential flagellin regulation was observed between commensal E. coli (HS) and AIEC (LF82) strains: flagellum expression by AIEC bacteria, in contrast to that of commensal E. coli, is enhanced under intestinal conditions (the presence of bile acids and mucins). Flagella are involved in the ability of the AIEC LF82 strain to cross a mucus layer in vitro and in vivo, conferring a selective advantage in penetrating the mucus layer and reaching the epithelial surface. In a CEABAC10 mouse model, a non-motile mutant (LF82-ΔfliC) exhibits reduced colonization that is restored by a dextran sodium sulfate treatment that alters mucus layer integrity. Moreover, a mutant that continuously secretes flagellin (LF82-ΔflgM) triggers a stronger inflammatory response than the wild-type strain, and the mutant's ability to colonize the CEABAC10 mouse model is decreased. Overexpression of flagellin in bacteria in contact with epithelial cells can be detrimental to their virulence by inducing acute inflammation that enhances AIEC clearance. AIEC pathobionts must finely modulate flagellum expression during the infection process, taking advantage of their specific virulence gene regulation to improve their adaptability and flexibility within the gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys Sevrin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Massier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute & Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Allison Agus
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Service de Bactériologie, Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Denizot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisabeth Billard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France,CONTACT Nicolas Barnich M2iSH, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, USC-INRA 2018, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63001Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Giardia spp. promote the production of antimicrobial peptides and attenuate disease severity induced by attaching and effacing enteropathogens via the induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:263-275. [PMID: 32184085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections of the gastro-intestinal tract are common in areas with poor sanitation. Disease outcome is the result of complex interactions between the host and pathogens. Such interactions lie at the core of future management strategies of enteric diseases. In developed countries of the world, Giardia duodenalis is a common cause of diarrheal disease. In contrast, giardiasis appears to protect children against diarrhea in countries with poor sanitation, via obscure mechanisms. We hypothesized that Giardia may protect its host from disease induced by a co-infecting pathogen such as attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. This enteropathogen is commonly implicated in pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. The findings indicate that co-infection with Giardia attenuates the severity of disease induced by Citrobacter rodentium, an equivalent of A/E E. coli in mice. Co-infection with Giardia reduced colitis, blood in stools, fecal softening, bacterial invasion, and weight loss; the protective effects were lost when co-infection occurred in Nod-like receptor pyrin-containing 3 knockout mice. In co-infected mice, elevated levels of antimicrobial peptides Murine β defensin 3 and Trefoil Factor 3, and enhanced bacterial killing, were NLRP3-dependent. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human enterocytes blocked the activation of AMPs and bacterial killing. The findings uncover novel NLRP3-dependent modulatory mechanisms during co-infections with Giardia spp. and A/E enteropathogens, and demonstrate how these interactions may regulate the severity of enteric disease.
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15
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Meade KG, O'Farrelly C. β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3072. [PMID: 30761155 PMCID: PMC6362941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse commensal populations are now regarded as key to physiological homeostasis and protection against disease. Although bacteria are the most abundant component of microbiomes, and the most intensively studied, the microbiome also consists of viral, fungal, archael, and protozoan communities, about which comparatively little is known. Host-defense peptides (HDPs), originally described as antimicrobial, now have renewed significance as curators of the pervasive microbial loads required to maintain homeostasis and manage microbiome diversity. Harnessing HDP biology to transition away from non-selective, antibiotic-mediated treatments for clearance of microbes is a new paradigm, particularly in veterinary medicine. One family of evolutionarily conserved HDPs, β-defensins which are produced in diverse combinations by epithelial and immune cell populations, are multifunctional cationic peptides which manage the cross-talk between host and microbes and maintain a healthy yet dynamic equilibrium across mucosal systems. They are therefore key gatekeepers to the oral, respiratory, reproductive and enteric tissues, preventing pathogen-associated inflammation and disease and maintaining physiological normality. Expansions in the number of genes encoding these natural antibiotics have been described in the genomes of some species, the functional significance of which has only recently being appreciated. β-defensin expression has been documented pre-birth and disruptions in their regulation may play a role in maladaptive neonatal immune programming, thereby contributing to subsequent disease susceptibility. Here we review recent evidence supporting a critical role for β-defensins as farmers of the pervasive and complex prokaryotic ecosystems that occupy all body surfaces and cavities. We also share some new perspectives on the role of β-defensins as sensors of homeostasis and the immune vanguard particularly at sites of immunological privilege where inflammation is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G. Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Deoxynivalenol Impairs Porcine Intestinal Host Defense Peptide Expression in Weaned Piglets and IPEC-J2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120541. [PMID: 30558299 PMCID: PMC6315515 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are efficient defense components of the innate immune system, playing critical roles in intestinal homeostasis and protection against pathogens. This study aims to investigate the interference effects of DON on the intestinal porcine HDPs expression in piglets and intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) cells, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which it functions. In an animal experiment, intestinal HDPs were determined in weaned piglets fed control and 1.28 mg/kg or 2.89 mg/kg DON-contaminated diets. Dietary exposure to DON significantly decreased piglet average daily gain, increased intestinal permeability and depressed the expression of porcine β-defensin1 (pBD1), pBD2, pBD3, epididymis protein 2 splicing variant C (pEP2C), PMAP23, and proline/arginine-rich peptide of 39 amino acids (PR39) in the intestine (p < 0.05). In IPEC-J2 cells, DON decreased cell viability and inhibited the expression of pBD1, pBD3, pEP2C, PG1-5, and PR39 (p < 0.05). NOD2, key regulator that is responsible for HDPs production, was markedly downregulated, whereas caspase-12 was activated in the presence of DON. In conclusion, DON induced caspase-12 activation and inhibited the NOD2-mediated HDPs production, which led to an impaired intestinal barrier integrity of weaned piglets. Our study provides a promising target for future therapeutic strategies to prevent the adverse effects of DON.
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17
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Stebe-Frick S, Ostaff MJ, Stange EF, Malek NP, Wehkamp J. Histone deacetylase-mediated regulation of the antimicrobial peptide hBD2 differs in intestinal cell lines and cultured tissue. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12886. [PMID: 30150730 PMCID: PMC6110836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibition (HDACi) has been suggested as a promising approach to bolster TLR-mediated induction of antimicrobial peptides such as human β-defensin 2 (hBD2). In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) patients display an attenuated expression of hBD2 as compared to ulcerative colitis (UC). Here, we aimed to study if combining HDACi with the therapeutic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a strong hBD2 inducer, might be a feasible strategy to further modify protective immune responses. Monolayer epithelial cell lines versus cultured human biopsies from healthy controls and CD and UC patients showed diverse effects. In mono-cell systems, we observed a strong NF-kB-dependent enhancement of TLR- but also IL1β-mediated hBD2 induction after HDACi. In contrast, multicellular colonic biopsy culture showed the opposite result and HDACi was associated with an abolished TLR-mediated hBD2 induction in all tested patient groups. Of note, CD patients showed an attenuated induction of hBD2 by E. coli Nissle as compared to UC. We conclude that the role of HDACs in hBD2 regulation is context-dependent and likely modified by different cell types. Differential induction in different IBD entities suggests different clinical response patterns based on still unknown hBD2-associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Stebe-Frick
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maureen J Ostaff
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.,Scientific Affairs - Philips Image guided therapy devices, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Eduard F Stange
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Di Ruscio M, Vernia F, Ciccone A, Frieri G, Latella G. Surrogate Fecal Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Rivals or Complementary Tools of Fecal Calprotectin? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 24:78-92. [PMID: 29272479 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current noninvasive methods for assessing intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unsatisfactory. Along with C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal calprotectin (FC) is the standard test for assessing IBD activity, even though its specificity and accuracy are not optimal and it lacks a validated cutoff. Over the past few decades, several fecal markers released from intestinal inflammatory cells have been investigated in IBD; they are the subject of this systematic review. METHODS A systematic electronic search of the English literature up to April 2017 was performed using Medline and the Cochrane Library. Only papers written in English that analyzed fecal biomarkers in IBD were included. In vitro studies, animal studies, studies on blood/serum samples, and studies analyzing FC or fecal lactoferrin alone were excluded. RESULTS Out of 1023 citations, 125 eligible studies were identified. Data were grouped according to each fecal marker including S100A12, high-mobility group box 1, neopterin, polymorphonuclear neutrophil elastase, fecal hemoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin, human neutrophil peptides, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, chitinase 3-like-1, matrix metalloproteinase 9, lysozyme, M2-pyruvate kinase, myeloperoxidase, fecal eosinophil proteins, human beta-defensin-2, and beta-glucuronidase. Some of these markers showed a high sensitivity and specificity and correlated with disease activity, response to therapy, and mucosal healing. Furthermore, they showed a potential utility in the prediction of clinical relapse. CONCLUSIONS Several fecal biomarkers have the potential to become useful tools complementing FC in IBD diagnosis and monitoring. However, wide variability in their accuracy in assessment of intestinal inflammation suggests the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Di Ruscio
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazza S. Tommasi, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Filippo Vernia
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazza S. Tommasi, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Ciccone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazza S. Tommasi, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Frieri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazza S. Tommasi, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazza S. Tommasi, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
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19
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Huang FC. The Role of Sphingolipids on Innate Immunity to Intestinal Salmonella Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081720. [PMID: 28783107 PMCID: PMC5578110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. remains a major public health problem for the whole world. To reduce the use of antimicrobial agents and drug-resistant Salmonella, a better strategy is to explore alternative therapy rather than to discover another antibiotic. Sphingolipid- and cholesterol-enriched lipid microdomains attract signaling proteins and orchestrate them toward cell signaling and membrane trafficking pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of sphingolipids in the innate immunity against infecting pathogens. It is therefore mandatory to exploit the role of the membrane sphingolipids in the innate immunity of intestinal epithelia infected by this pathogen. In the present review, we focus on the role of sphingolipids in the innate immunity of intestinal epithelia against Salmonella infection, including adhesion, autophagy, bactericidal effect, barrier function, membrane trafficking, cytokine and antimicrobial peptide expression. The intervention of sphingolipid-enhanced foods to make our life healthy or pharmacological agents regulating sphingolipids is provided at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
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20
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Manresa MC, Taylor CT. Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) Hydroxylases as Regulators of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:303-315. [PMID: 28462372 PMCID: PMC5404106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human health is dependent on the ability of the body to extract nutrients, fluids, and oxygen from the external environment while at the same time maintaining a state of internal sterility. Therefore, the cell layers that cover the surface areas of the body such as the lung, skin, and gastrointestinal mucosa provide vital semipermeable barriers that allow the transport of essential nutrients, fluid, and waste products, while at the same time keeping the internal compartments free of microbial organisms. These epithelial surfaces are highly specialized and differ in their anatomic structure depending on their location to provide appropriate and effective site-specific barrier function. Given this important role, it is not surprising that significant disease often is associated with alterations in epithelial barrier function. Examples of such diseases include inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and atopic dermatitis. These chronic inflammatory disorders often are characterized by diminished tissue oxygen levels (hypoxia). Hypoxia triggers an adaptive transcriptional response governed by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are repressed by a family of oxygen-sensing HIF hydroxylases. Here, we review recent evidence suggesting that pharmacologic hydroxylase inhibition may be of therapeutic benefit in inflammatory bowel disease through the promotion of intestinal epithelial barrier function through both HIF-dependent and HIF-independent mechanisms.
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Key Words
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- DMOG, dimethyloxalylglycine
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- Epithelial Barrier
- FIH, factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- Hypoxia
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Hydroxylases
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PHD, hypoxia-inducible factor–prolyl hydroxylases
- TFF, trefoil factor
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- ZO, zonula occludens
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C. Manresa
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac T. Taylor
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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The Interplay between Defensins and Microbiota in Crohn's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8392523. [PMID: 28246439 PMCID: PMC5299173 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8392523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, characterized by periods of acute recurrence and remission. Depending on the specific region affected, CD is classified as ileal CD or colonic CD. It is largely accepted that the intestinal microbiota is involved in the onset of the pathology. Indeed, a reduced immune tolerance to components of the intestinal commensal microbiota and inflammation of the intestinal barrier typifies patients with CD. Several studies have shown defective expression of intestinal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in patients with CD compared to controls, particularly defensins. A reduction in α-defensins is observed in ileal CD, while β-defensins are increased in colonic CD. In addition to an immunological basis, the disease is frequently associated with genetic alterations including mutations of NOD2 gene. Several therapeutic strategies to circumvent the dysfunction observed in CD are currently under investigation. These include the use of delivery systems to administer endogenous AMPs and the engineering of peptidomimetics that could ameliorate the severity of CD. In this review, the role defensins play in CD and the strategies aimed at overcoming bacterial resistance will be discussed.
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Recent Trends in Pharmacological Activity of Alkaloids in Animal Colitis: Potential Use for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8528210. [PMID: 28191024 PMCID: PMC5278565 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8528210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and disrupted inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD have two main conditions, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and have been extensively investigated in recent years. Antibiotics derived from salicylates, steroids, immunosuppressors, and anti-TNF therapy are part of the therapeutic arsenal for IBD. However, very often patients stop responding to treatments over the time. In this context, searching for alternative agents is crucial for IBD clinical management. Natural products derived from medicinal plants are an interesting therapeutic alternative, since several studies have proven effective treatments in animal models of intestinal inflammation. Several naturally occurring compounds are potent antioxidants, both as free radical scavengers and as modulators of antioxidant enzymes expression and activity. A number of natural compounds have also been proved to inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines, decreasing the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is important to the inflammatory response in IBD. The alkaloids are substances of a very diverse class of plant secondary metabolites; an extensive list of biological activities has been attributed to alkaloids, such as being anticholinergic, antitumor, diuretic, antiviral, antihypertensive, antiulcer, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory. In the present work, studies on the pharmacological activity of alkaloids in experimental models of IBD were reviewed.
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Small CL, Xing L, McPhee JB, Law HT, Coombes BK. Acute Infectious Gastroenteritis Potentiates a Crohn's Disease Pathobiont to Fuel Ongoing Inflammation in the Post-Infectious Period. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005907. [PMID: 27711220 PMCID: PMC5053483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of diverse etiology. Exposure to foodborne pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis produces a long-term risk of CD well into the post-infectious period but the mechanistic basis for this ongoing relationship to disease onset is unknown. We developed two novel models to study the comorbidity of acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium or Citrobacter rodentium in mice colonized with adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), a bacterial pathobiont linked to CD. Here, we show that disease activity in the post-infectious period after gastroenteritis is driven by the tissue-associated expansion of the resident AIEC pathobiont, with an attendant increase in immunopathology, barrier defects, and delays in mucosal restitution following pathogen clearance. These features required AIEC resistance to host defense peptides and a fulminant inflammatory response to the enteric pathogen. Our results suggest that individuals colonized by AIEC at the time of acute infectious gastroenteritis may be at greater risk for CD onset. Importantly, our data identify AIEC as a tractable disease modifier, a finding that could be exploited in the development of therapeutic interventions following infectious gastroenteritis in at-risk individuals. Western societies have a disproportionately high rate of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with growing incidence especially in the adolescent population. A large body of evidence supports the view that bacteria in the gut participate in the pathophysiology of human bowel diseases. The unifying concept is chronic inflammation that is driven by microbial stimulation of the mucosal immune system. However, the mechanisms by which pathogenic or commensal microbes work in concert with each other and with host responses to perpetuate this inflammation is not well known. Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) are Crohn’s disease (CD)-associated bacteria that are implicated in disease pathology. AIEC are pro-inflammatory and may play a central role in maintaining chronic inflammation in response to other CD risk factors, such as acute infectious gastroenteritis. Here, we show that indeed, acute infectious gastroenteritis creates an inflammatory environment in the gut that drives AIEC expansion and worsens disease severity. The increase in disease severity strictly correlates with this AIEC bloom because blocking this bloom by sensitizing AIEC to host defenses also improves the health status of the host. The long time period between recovery from acute gastroenteritis and new onset CD may allow for targeted interventions to mitigate the risk of CD in AIEC-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie L. Small
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lydia Xing
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph B. McPhee
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong T. Law
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian K. Coombes
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Huang FC. De Novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for Salmonella-induced autophagy and human beta-defensin 2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:5. [PMID: 26893616 PMCID: PMC4758167 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids are important for innate immune response to eliminate infected pathogens and involved in autophagy. On the other hand, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) served as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor to enhance host defense by inducing autophagy and the production of antimicrobial peptides, such as human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2). However, the role of sphingolipids in Salmonella-induced autophagy and hBD-2 response in intestinal epithelial cells has not been previously elucidated. METHODS Salmonella typhimurium wild-type strain SL1344 was used to infect SW480, an intestinal epithelial cell. hBD-2 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA expressions were assessed in SW480 cells using RT-PCR, and intracellular signaling pathways and autophagy protein expression were analyzed by Western blot in SW480 cells in the presence or absence of inhibitors or transfected with siRNA. RESULTS We demonstrated that inhibition of de novo sphingolipid synthesis repressed the membrane recruitment of NOD2 and autophagy-related protein 16-like 1 (Atg16L1), suppressed Salmonella-induced autophagic protein LC3-II expression, and reduced NOD2-mediated hBD-2 response in Salmonella-infected SW480 cells. Contrasting to the utilization of membrane cholesterol on maintenance of Salmonella-containing vacuoles and anti-inflammation by Salmonella, sphingolipids act on epithelial defense against the invasive pathogen. CONCLUSIONS Our results offer mechanistic insights on the role of de novo sphingolipid synthesis in the innate immunity of intestinal epithelial cells to Salmonella infection. The pharmaceuticals enhancing or diet enriched with sphingolipids may induce the dual anti-bacterial mechanisms. The role of de novo sphingolipid synthesis on inflammatory bowel disease is deserved to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta-pei Road, Niao-sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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25
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Dommisch H, Jepsen S. Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:96-110. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Keskin M, Zeidán-Chuliá F, Gursoy M, Könönen E, Rautava J, Gursoy UK. Two Cheers for Crohn's Disease and Periodontitis: Beta-Defensin-2 as an Actionable Target to Intervene on Two Clinically Distinct Diseases. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:443-50. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mutlu Keskin
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- İstanbul Kemerburgaz University, Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mervi Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaana Rautava
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi Kahraman Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Habil N, Abate W, Beal J, Foey AD. Heat-killed probiotic bacteria differentially regulate colonic epithelial cell production of human β-defensin-2: dependence on inflammatory cytokines. Benef Microbes 2015; 5:483-95. [PMID: 25116382 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The inducible antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and bacterial products is essential to antipathogen responses of gut epithelial cells. Commensal and probiotic bacteria can augment such mucosal defences. Probiotic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, however, may have adverse effects, boosting inflammatory responses. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of selected probiotic strains on hBD-2 production by epithelial cells induced by pathologically relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines and the role of cytokine modulators in controlling hBD-2. Caco-2 colonic intestinal epithelial cells were pre-incubated with heat-killed probiotics, i.e. Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) or Lactobacillus fermentum strain MS15 (LF), followed by stimulation of hBD-2 by interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the absence or presence of exogenous IL-10 or anti-IL-10 neutralising antibody. Cytokines and hBD-2 mRNA and protein were analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LcS augmented IL-1β-induced hBD-2, whereas LF enhanced TNF-α- and suppressed IL-1β-induced hBD-2. LF enhanced TNF-α-induced TNF-α and suppressed IL-10, whereas augmented IL-1β-induced IL-10. LcS upregulated IL-1β-induced TNF-α mRNA and suppressed IL-10. Endogenous IL-10 differentially regulated hBD-2; neutralisation of IL-10 augmented TNF-α- and suppressed IL-1β-induced hBD-2. Exogenous IL-10, however, suppressed both TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced hBD-2; LcS partially rescued suppression in TNF-α- and IL-1β-stimulation, whereas LF further suppressed IL-1β-induced hBD-2. It can be concluded that probiotic strains differentially regulate hBD-2 mRNA expression and protein secretion, modulation being dictated by inflammatory stimulus and resulting cytokine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Habil
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom Foundation of Technical Education (FTE), Alnakabat Street, 55555 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - W Abate
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - J Beal
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - A D Foey
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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The Lactobacillus plantarum Eno A1 Enolase Is Involved in Immunostimulation of Caco-2 Cells and in Biofilm Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 897:33-44. [PMID: 26577529 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases is now well assessed. The presence of adhesive molecules on the cell surface of probiotics has been related to the ability to confer health benefit to the host. We have previously shown that the enolase EnoA1 of Lactobacillus plantarum, one of the most predominant species in the gut microbiota of healthy individuals, is cell surface-expressed and is involved in binding with human fibronectin and plasminogen. By means of comparative analysis between L. plantarum LM3 (wild type) and its isogenic LM3-CC1 (ΔenoA1) mutant strain, here we show that EnoA1 affects the ability of this bacterium to modulate immune response as determined by analysis of expression of immune system molecules in Caco-2 cells. Indeed, we observed induction of TLR2 expression in cells exposed to L. plantarum LM3, while no induction was detectable in cells exposed to LM3-CC1. This difference was much less consistent when expression of TLR4 was determined in cells exposed to the two strains. Pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β), and the antimicrobial peptide HBD-2 were induced in Caco-2 cells exposed to L. plantarum LM3, while lower levels of induction were detected in cells exposed to LM3-CC1. We also analyzed the ability to develop biofilm of the two strains, and observed a decrease of about 65 % in the development of mature biofilm in LM3-CC1 compared to the wild type.
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29
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Huang FC. Differential regulation of interleukin-8 and human beta-defensin 2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected intestinal epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:275. [PMID: 25433669 PMCID: PMC4261737 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) carries the highest case fatality rate of all gram-negative infections. Unfortunately, antimicrobial therapy has not been demonstrated to improve clinical outcome and the emergence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa has become a major concern in the hospital setting. Fever and diarrhea are the two most common initial symptoms in P. aeruginosa sepsis in previously healthy infants and children. This implies that intestinal epithelial cells in first contact with the pathogen may play an important role in innate immunity to P. aeruginosa infection. Human beta–defensins-2 (hBD-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are crucial for host defense at mucosa but IL-8 may give rise to characteristic pathology of colitis. Results Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 was used to infect SW480, an intestinal epithelial cell. IL-8 and hBD-2 mRNA expression and protein secretion were then assessed in SW480 cells using RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Intracellular signaling pathways and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 protein expression were analyzed by Western blot in SW480 cells in the presence or absence of inhibitors or transfected with siRNA. We demonstrate that prolonged infection by P. aeruginosa results in suppression of IL-8 but enhancement of hBD-2, either protein secretion and mRNA expression, in SW480 cells. Inhibitors of ERK suppressed but inhibitor of PI3K enhanced P. aeruginosa-induced IL-8 mRNA expression in SW480 cells while both signaling had no effect on P. aeruginosa-induced hBD-2 expression in SW480 cells. On the other hand, NOD 1 was illustrated to get involved in P. aeruginosa-induced hBD-2 mRNA expression and protein production in SW480 cells. Conclusions The P. aeruginosa-induced antimicrobial peptide in IECs continuously protect the host against prolonged infection, while modulation of proinflammatory responses prevents the host from the detrimental effects of overwhelming inflammation. Thus, P. aeruginosa-induced innate immunity in IECs represents a host protective mechanism, which may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0275-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta-pei Road, Niao-sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Host defense peptide resistance contributes to colonization and maximal intestinal pathology by Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3383-93. [PMID: 24866805 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01888-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides secreted by colonocytes and Paneth cells play a key role in innate host defenses in the gut. In Crohn's disease, the burden of tissue-associated Escherichia coli commonly increases at epithelial surfaces where host defense peptides concentrate, suggesting that this bacterial population might actively resist this mechanism of bacterial killing. Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) is associated with Crohn's disease; however, the colonization determinants of AIEC in the inflamed gut are undefined. Here, we establish that host defense peptide resistance contributes to host colonization by Crohn's-associated AIEC. We identified a plasmid-encoded genomic island (called PI-6) in AIEC strain NRG857c that confers high-level resistance to α-helical cationic peptides and α- and β-defensins. Deletion of PI-6 sensitized strain NRG857c to these host defense molecules, reduced its competitive fitness in a mouse model of infection, and attenuated its ability to induce cecal pathology. This phenotype is due to two genes in PI-6, arlA, which encodes a Mig-14 family protein implicated in defensin resistance, and arlC, an OmpT family outer membrane protease. Implicit in these findings are new bacterial targets whose inhibition might limit AIEC burden and disease in the gut.
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Lee YJ, Park KS. Irritable bowel syndrome: Emerging paradigm in pathophysiology. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2456-2469. [PMID: 24627583 PMCID: PMC3949256 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. These symptoms cannot be explained by structural abnormalities and there is no specific laboratory test or biomarker for IBS. Therefore, IBS is classified as a functional disorder with diagnosis dependent on the history taking about manifested symptoms and careful physical examination. Although a great deal of research has been carried out in this area, the pathophysiology of IBS is complex and not completely understood. Multiple factors are thought to contribute to the symptoms in IBS patients; altered gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, and the brain-gut interaction are important classical concepts in IBS pathophysiology. New areas of research in this arena include inflammation, postinfectious low-grade inflammation, genetic and immunologic factors, an altered microbiota, dietary factors, and enteroendocrine cells. These emerging studies have not shown consistent results, provoking controversy in the IBS field. However, certain lines of evidence suggest that these mechanisms are important at least a subset of IBS patients, confirming that IBS symptoms cannot be explained by a single etiological mechanism. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that IBS requires a more holistic approach to determining effective treatment and understanding the underlying mechanisms.
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Mlacki M, Darido C, Jane SM, Wilanowski T. Loss of Grainy head-like 1 is associated with disruption of the epidermal barrier and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89247. [PMID: 24586629 PMCID: PMC3930704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Grainyhead-like 1 (GRHL1) transcription factor regulates the expression of desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in suprabasal layers of the epidermis. As a consequence, the epidermis of Grhl1-null mice displays fewer desmosomes that are abnormal in structure. These mice also exhibit mild chronic skin barrier defects as evidenced by altered keratinocyte terminal differentiation, increased expression of inflammatory markers and infiltration of the skin by immune cells. Exposure of Grhl1−/− mice to a standard chemical skin carcinogenesis protocol results in development of fewer papillomas than in wild type control animals, but with a rate of conversion to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that is strikingly higher than in normal littermates. The underlying molecular mechanism differs from mice with conditional ablation of a closely related Grhl family member, Grhl3, in the skin, which develop SCC due to the loss of expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mlacki
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Charbel Darido
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Jane
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Taudien S, Huse K, Groth M, Platzer M. Narrowing down the distal border of the copy number variable beta-defensin gene cluster on human 8p23. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:93. [PMID: 24552181 PMCID: PMC3942070 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variation (CNV) in the range from 2 to 12 per diploid genome is an outstanding feature of the beta-defensin gene (DEFB) cluster on human chromosome 8p23.1 numerously demonstrated by different methods. So far, CNV was proven for a 115 kb region between DEFB4 and 21 kb proximal of DEFB107 but the borders for the entire CNV repeat unit are still unknown. Our study aimed to narrow down the distal border of the DEFB cluster. Results We established tests for length polymorphisms based on amplification and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) analysis of seven insertion/deletion (indel) containing regions spread over the entire cluster. The tests were carried out with 25 genomic DNAs with different previously determined cluster copy numbers. CNV was demonstrated for six indels between ~1 kb distal of DEFB108P and 10 kb proximal of DEFB107. In contrast, the most distal indel is not affected by CNV. Conclusion Our analysis fixes the minimal length of proven CNV to 157 kb including DEFB108P but excluding DEFB109P. The distal border between CNV and non-CNV part of the DEF cluster is located in the 59 kb interval chr8:7,171,082-7,230,128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Taudien
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr, 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Kim JM. Antimicrobial proteins in intestine and inflammatory bowel diseases. Intest Res 2014; 12:20-33. [PMID: 25349560 PMCID: PMC4204685 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2014.12.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surface of the intestinal tract is continuously exposed to a large number of microorganisms. To manage the substantial microbial exposure, epithelial surfaces produce a diverse arsenal of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) that directly kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Thus, AMPs are important components of innate immunity in the gut mucosa. They are frequently expressed in response to colonic inflammation and infection. Expression of many AMPs, including human β-defensin 2-4 and cathelicidin, is induced in response to invasion of pathogens or enteric microbiota into the mucosal barrier. In contrast, some AMPs, including human α-defensin 5-6 and human β-defensin 1, are constitutively expressed without microbial contact or invasion. In addition, specific AMPs are reported to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to altered expression of AMPs or development of autoantibodies against AMPs. The advanced knowledge for AMPs expression in IBD can lead to its potential use as biomarkers for disease activity. Although the administration of exogenous AMPs as therapeutic strategies against IBD is still at an early stage of development, augmented induction of endogenous AMPs may be another interesting future research direction for the protective and therapeutic purposes. This review discusses new advances in our understanding of how intestinal AMPs protect against pathogens and contribute to pathophysiology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Pagnini C, Fave GD, Bamias G. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: Pathophysiological background and clinical applications. World J Immunol 2013; 3:31-43. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v3.i3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, collectively termed the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. A “dysbiotic” relationship between the commensal gut flora and the intestinal mucosa-associated immune system has been at the core of the pathogenesis of these conditions. Probiotics are “good bacteria” with the ability to benefit the health of the host and their therapeutic application has been studied in IBD. The theoretical basis for such utilization relies upon the ability of probiotic microorganisms to interfere with the dysregulated homeostasis that takes place in IBD and restore the immune-bacterial interaction at the intestinal mucosa. Proposed mechanisms of action include the reconstitution of altered flora composition, enhancement of the integrity of the epithelial barrier, promotion of tolerogenic action by dendritic cells, strengthening of the defensive mechanisms of the innate immunity, and the suppression of pro-inflammatory adaptive immune responses. Despite this abundance of supporting experimental evidence, clinical application of probiotics in IBD has been disappointing. Possible explanations for such discrepancy include the great diversity of microorganisms that fall under the definition of probiotics, the lack of standardization of dosages and administration schemes, the heterogeneity between clinical trials, and the inclusion in the treatment arms of patients with a large variety of clinical phenotypes. Addressing these important issues will be critical for the optimal usage of probiotic-based therapies for patients with IBD.
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Ostaff MJ, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. Antimicrobial peptides and gut microbiota in homeostasis and pathology. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1465-83. [PMID: 24039130 PMCID: PMC3799574 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We survive because we adapted to a world of microorganisms. All our epithelial surfaces participate in keeping up an effective barrier against microbes while not initiating ongoing inflammatory processes and risking collateral damage to the host. Major players in this scenario are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Such broad-spectrum innate antibiotics are in part produced by specialized cells but also widely sourced from all epithelia as well as circulating inflammatory cells. AMPs belong to an ancient defense system found in all organisms and participated in a preservative co-evolution with a complex microbiome. Particularly interesting interactions between host barrier and microbiota can be found in the gut. The intestinal cell lining not only has to maintain a tightly regulated homeostasis during its high-throughput regeneration, but also a balanced relationship towards an extreme number of mutualistic or commensal inhabitants. Recent research suggests that advancing our understanding of the circumstances of such balanced and sometimes imbalanced interactions between gut microbiota and host AMPs should have therapeutic implications for different intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J Ostaff
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Germany
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Modulation of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 upon individual and combined Fusarium toxin exposure in a swine jejunal epithelial cell line. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2225-32. [PMID: 23354708 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03277-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in the innate immune system of mammals. Since the effect of mycotoxin contamination of food and feed on the secretion of intestinal AMPs is poorly understood, the aim of this study was to elucidate the individual and combined effects of four common Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on the mRNA expression, protein secretion, and corresponding antimicrobial effects of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 (pBD-1 and pBD-2) using a porcine jejunal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2. In general, upregulation of pBD-1 and pBD-2 mRNA expression occurred following exposure to Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures (P < 0.05). However, no significant increase in secreted pBD-1 and pBD-2 protein levels was observed, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Supernatants from IPEC-J2 cells exposed to toxins, singly or in combination, however, possessed significantly less antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli than untreated supernatants. When single toxins and two-toxin combinations were assessed, toxicity effects were shown to be nonadditive (including synergism, potentiation, and antagonism), suggesting interactive toxin effects when cells are exposed to mycotoxin combinations. The results show that Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures, activate distinct antimicrobial defense mechanisms possessing the potential to alter the intestinal microbiota through diminished antimicrobial effects. Moreover, by evaluating toxin mixtures, this improved understanding of toxin effects will enable more effective risk assessments for common mycotoxin combinations observed in contaminated food and feed.
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Inflammatory bowel disease: an impaired barrier disease. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 398:1-12. [PMID: 23160753 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-012-1030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal barrier is a delicate structure composed of a single layer of epithelial cells, the mucus, commensal bacteria, immune cells, and antibodies. Furthermore, a wealth of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be found in the mucus and defend the mucosa. Different lines of investigations now point to a prominent pathophysiological role of defensins, an important family of AMPs, in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and, particularly, in small intestinal Crohn's disease. PURPOSE In this review, we introduce the different antimicrobial peptides of the intestinal mucosa and describe their function, their expression pattern along the gastrointestinal tract, and their spatial relationship to the mucus layer. We then focus on the alterations found in inflammatory bowel disease. Small intestinal Crohn's disease (CD) is closely linked to defects in Paneth cells (specialized secretory epithelial cells at the bottom crypts) which secrete α-defensin human defensin (HD)-5 in huge quantities in healthy individuals. Decreased expression of these antimicrobial peptides is found in ileal CD, and single nucleotide polymorphisms with the highest linkage to CD affect genes involved in Paneth cell biology and defensin secretion. Additionally, antimicrobial peptides have a role in ulcerative colitis, where the depleted mucus layer cannot fulfill its crucial function of binding defensins and other AMPs to their proper site of action. CONCLUSION Inflammatory bowel disease arises when the mucosal barrier is compromised in its defense against challenges from the intestinal microbiota. In ileal CD, a strong association can be found between diminished expression or defective function of defensins and the advent of intestinal inflammation.
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Taudien S, Gäbel G, Kuss O, Groth M, Grützmann R, Huse K, Kluttig A, Wolf A, Nothnagel M, Rosenstiel P, Greiser KH, Werdan K, Krawczak M, Pilarsky C, Platzer M. Association studies of the copy-number variable ß-defensin cluster on 8p23.1 in adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:629. [PMID: 23148552 PMCID: PMC3532138 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human ß-defensins are a family of antimicrobial peptides located at the mucosal surface. Both sequence multi-site variations (MSV) and copy-number variants (CNV) of the defensin-encoding genes are associated with increased risk for various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis and acute pancreatitis. In a case–control study, we investigated the association between MSV in DEFB104 as well as defensin gene (DEF) cluster copy number (CN), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Results Two groups of PDAC (N=70) and CP (N=60) patients were compared to matched healthy control groups CARLA1 (N=232) and CARLA2 (N=160), respectively. Four DEFB104 MSV were haplotyped by PCR, cloning and sequencing. DEF cluster CN was determined by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Neither the PDAC nor the CP cohorts show significant differences in the DEFB104 haplotype distribution compared to the respective control groups CARLA1 and CARLA2, respectively. The diploid DEF cluster CN exhibit a significantly different distribution between PDAC and CARLA1 (Fisher’s exact test P=0.027), but not between CP and CARLA2 (P=0.867). Conclusion Different DEF cluster b CN distribution between PDAC patients and healthy controls indicate a potential protective effect of higher CNs against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Taudien
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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Werner L, Paclik D, Fritz C, Reinhold D, Roggenbuck D, Sturm A. Identification of pancreatic glycoprotein 2 as an endogenous immunomodulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2774-83. [PMID: 22891285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic autoantibodies are Crohn disease-specific serologic markers. The function and immunological role of their recently identified autoantigen, glycoprotein 2 (GP2), are unknown. We therefore investigated the impact of GP2 on modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to evaluate its potential therapeutic use in mucosal inflammation. Our data indicate a previously unknown function for GP2 as an immunomodulator. GP2 was ubiquitously expressed on cells vital to mucosal immune responses. The expression of GP2 was upregulated on activated human T cells, and it was further influenced by pharmaceutical TNF-α inhibitors. Recombinant GP2 significantly decreased human intestinal epithelial cells, mucosal and peripheral T cell proliferation, apoptosis, and activation, and it distinctly modulated cytokine secretion. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with GP2 potently attracted T cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel role for GP2 in immune regulation that could provide a platform for new therapeutic interventions in the treatment of Crohn disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael Werner
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow Clinic, Medical University of Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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The N-terminal fragment of chromogranin A, vasostatin-1 protects mice from acute or chronic colitis upon oral administration. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1227-37. [PMID: 22278339 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasostatin-1 (VS-1), the N-terminal fragment of chromogranin A (CgA), decreases the permeability of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. AIMS Here, we investigated whether a similar effect could be observed also on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro and whether VS-1 could have favorable effects on animal models of acute or chronic colitis, which are characterized by increased permeability of the intestinal epithelium. METHODS In vitro, VS-1 was tested on IEC monolayers showing increased permeability, on mechanically injured IEC monolayers, and on the production of the chemokine IL-8/KC by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IECs. In vivo, VS-1 was tested in animal models of dextran sodium salt (DSS)-induced acute or chronic colitis. RESULTS In vitro, VS-1 inhibited increased permeability of IECs induced by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, VS-1 promoted healing of mechanically injured IEC monolayers, most likely through stimulation of cell migration, rather than cell proliferation. Eventually, VS-1 inhibited LPS-induced production of IL-8. In vivo, VS-1 exerted protective effects in animal models of acute or chronic colitis upon oral, but not systemic administration. CONCLUSIONS VS-1 is therapeutically active in animal models of acute or chronic, DSS-induced colitis. The mechanisms underlying this effect are likely to be multiple, and may include inhibition of enhanced intestinal permeability, repair of injured intestinal mucosae, and inhibition of the production of IL-8/KC and possibly other inflammatory cytokines.
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Langhorst J, Choi KE. The role of human defensins in gastrointestinal diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 7:779-87. [PMID: 22014019 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In clarifying the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, a dysregulation of the adaptive immune function was the main focus of research in the last decade. With increasing knowledge of antimicrobial peptides, a primary disturbed barrier function and the system of innate immunity has recently received increasing attention. Contrary to the common understanding of irritable bowel syndrome as a functional disorder, there is first evidence for an involvement of innate immunity for this condition. Peptides with high relevance seem to be the class of human defensins. This article will thus discuss current advances in immunologic research of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, focusing on defensins and their possible role as biomarkers of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Langhorst
- Integrative Gastroenterology, Department of Integrative and Internal Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Knappschafts Krankenhaus, Am Deimelsberg 34a, 45276 Essen, Germany.
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Zhou XJ, Cheng FJ, Lv JC, Luo H, Yu F, Chen M, Zhao MH, Zhang H. Higher DEFB4 genomic copy number in SLE and ANCA-associated small vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:992-5. [PMID: 22302058 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence shows that defensins are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE and ANCA-associated small vasculitis (AASV). The copy number variation of DEFB4 has been proposed to be susceptible to inflammatory disorders. This study aims to investigate whether the DEFB4 genomic copy number variations associate with the susceptibility to these two autoimmune diseases. METHODS A total of 1178 Chinese people were enrolled, including panel 1 comprising 240 SLE patients and 275 matched controls, panel 2 comprising 303 SLE patients and 248 matched controls and panel 3 with 112 AASV patients. The DEFB4 copy number was typed by a paralogue ratio test (PRT), and all the subjects in panel 1 were also typed using the restriction enzyme digest variant ratio (REDVR) for validation. RESULTS The results from PRT and REDVR were highly concordant (R = 0.911, P = 3.85 × 10(-199)) and allowed copy numbers to be assigned into integer classes with high confidence. Comparison of mean DEFB4 copy number revealed a small increase in cases with SLE both in Panel 1 (P = 0.063) and Panel 2 (P = 0.017). When pooling panels 1 and 2 together, the association was reinforced (P = 0.002) in SLE. Such association was also observed in AASV (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION We found that a higher DEFB4 gene copy number was associated with both SLE and AASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
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Scarpa M, Grillo A, Scarpa M, Brun P, Castoro C, Pozza A, Cavallo D, Faggian D, Ruffolo C, D'Incà R, Bardini R, Castagliuolo I, Angriman I. Innate immune environment in ileal pouch mucosa: α5 defensin up-regulation as predictor of chronic/relapsing pouchitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:188-201; discussion 201-2. [PMID: 21983950 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are small cationic peptides with antibacterial activity expressed in Paneth cells (α-defensins) or generally in intestinal epithelial cells (β-defensins) that have a profound effect on gut microbiota. Chronic pouchitis, which occurs in 5% of patients after restorative proctocolectomy and can cause pouch failure, is associated to a significant increase of Clostridiaceae spp. The aim of this study was to gain further insight in the pathogenesis of pouch dysbiosis by exploring defensin expression. Thirty-two consecutive patients coming for follow-up endoscopy were recruited. On pouch biopsies, we cultured bacteria adherent to the mucosa and determined α- and β-defensins and toll-like receptor-4 and -2 mRNA by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Serum and mucosal levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured with immunometric assays. Faecal lactoferrin was analysed by quantitative ELISA. After a median follow-up of 23 (IQR 20-24) months, the patients were contacted for a reassessment of current and past disease activity. During the follow-up, chronic/relapsing pouchitis was diagnosed in six patients. The mucosal level of α-5 and α-6 defensins correlated with chronic/relapsing pouchitis onset (τ = 0.30, p = 0.034 and τ = 0.28, p = 0.053, respectively). High levels of α-5 defensin resulted to be predictive of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [AUC = 74% (95% CI = 53-89%), p = 0.052]. Patients with high levels of α-5 and α-6 defensins had earlier pouchitis relapses (p = 0.009 and p = 0.034, respectively). High levels of α-5 defensin were associated to a significant risk of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [OR = 10.6 (95% CI = 1.2-97.6), p = 0.027]. At multivariate analysis, the mucosal levels of α-5 defensin and the number of CFU of mucosa-associated Clostridiaceae spp resulted to be independent predictors of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [β = 0.46 (0.18), p = 0.024 and β = 0.44 (0.18), p = 0.027, respectively]. In conclusion, chronic/relapsing pouchitis is associated to increased expression of mucosal HD-5 and to increased antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. In patients with chronic/relapsing pouchitis, HD-5 and TLR-4 over-expression is likely to create a hostile environment against Enterobacteriaceae, thus favouring Clostridiaceae spp by decreasing competing bacteria families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Oncological Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padua, Italy.
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Jensen SR, Nielsen OH, Brix S. Are NOD2 polymorphisms linked to a specific disease endophenotype of Crohn's disease? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2392-401. [PMID: 21337670 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The complex and yet unknown etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) might consist of various disease endophenotypes, each of which represent their own pathogenesis. This review focuses on the disease endophenotype linked to polymorphisms in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein and on the importance of established adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) in ileal mucosa. To date, there are several reports pointing to the implications of NOD2 polymorphisms in epithelial and immunological responses against microbes, but the pathological significance of NOD2 mutations in CD is not yet clarified. The enhanced number of pathogenic E. coli in the ileal mucosa of CD as compared to healthy controls may result from a genetically based failure in one of the intestinal bacteria sensing systems, like NOD2, making the ileal epithelium more prone to colonization with microbes harboring specific properties such as AIEC. Increasing the focus on defining subgroups of patients with similar disease initiations, mechanisms of action, and manifestations in CD may be pivotal for the development and implementation of future individualized treatment strategies of benefit for the single patient at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Rikke Jensen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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46
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Spiller R, Lam C. The shifting interface between IBS and IBD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:586-92. [PMID: 22000604 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data developing from the study of postinfectious IBS has challenged the belief that IBS is a purely psychological disorder. Distinct abnormalities of the gut mucosa have been reported including immune activation and increased release of inflammatory mediators with some overlap with IBD. New studies show that genetic factors which predispose to IBD are also associated with IBS. A common feature is impaired gut barrier function which appears to precede the development of IBD while in IBS it may be the result of either a preceding infection or psychosocial stress. Stress can activate mast cells which are a feature in most but not all IBS series. Anti-inflammatory treatments targeting activated mast cells may benefit IBS patients but currently the evidence is weak and larger trials are needed. Changes in the commensal microbiota have been recently described with a "dysbiosis" in CD characterised by reduced diversity. Inconsistent changes have also been described in IBS but studies controlling for antibiotic use and differences in diet and bowel habit are needed before definitive conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Spiller
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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47
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Aldhous MC, Soo K, Stark LA, Ulanicka AA, Easterbrook JE, Dunlop MG, Satsangi J. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) delays NOD2 expression and affects NOD2/RIPK2 interactions in intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24715. [PMID: 21931826 PMCID: PMC3171477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental factors influence susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD): NOD2 is the strongest individual genetic determinant and smoking the best-characterised environmental factor. Carriage of NOD2 mutations predispose to small-intestinal, stricturing CD, a phenotype also associated with smoking. We hypothesised that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) altered NOD2 expression and function in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS AND FINDINGS Intestinal epithelial cell-lines (SW480, HT29, HCT116) were stimulated with CSE and nicotine (to mimic smoking) ±TNFα (to mimic inflammation). NOD2 expression was measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting; NOD2-RIPK2 interactions by co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP); nuclear NFκB-p65 by ELISA; NFκB activity by luciferase reporter assays and chemokines (CCL20, IL8) in culture supernatants by ELISA. In SW480 and HT29 cells the TNFα-induced NOD2 expression at 4 hours was reduced by CSE (p = 0.0226), a response that was dose-dependent (p = 0.003) and time-dependent (p = 0.0004). Similar effects of CSE on NOD2 expression were seen in cultured ileal biopsies from healthy individuals. In SW480 cells CSE reduced TNFα-induced NFκB-p65 translocation at 15 minutes post-stimulation, upstream of NOD2. Levels of the NOD2-RIPK2 complex were no different at 8 hours post-stimulation with combinations of CSE, nicotine and TNFα, but at 18 hours it was increased in cells stimulated with TNFα+CSE but decreased with TNFα alone (p = 0.0330); CSE reduced TNFα-induced NFκB activity (p = 0.0014) at the same time-point. At 24 hours, basal CCL20 and IL8 (p<0.001 for both) and TNFα-induced CCL20 (p = 0.0330) production were decreased by CSE. CSE also reduced NOD2 expression, CCL20 and IL8 production seen with MDP-stimulation of SW480 cells pre-treated with combinations of TNFα and CSE. CONCLUSIONS CSE delayed TNFα-induced NOD2 mRNA expression and was associated with abnormal NOD2/RIPK2 interaction, reduced NFκB activity and decreased chemokine production. These effects may be involved in the pathogenesis of small-intestinal CD and may have wider implications for the effects of smoking in NOD2-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian C Aldhous
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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48
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Hirota SA, Ng J, Lueng A, Khajah M, Parhar K, Li Y, Lam V, Potentier MS, Ng K, Bawa M, McCafferty DM, Rioux KP, Ghosh S, Xavier RJ, Colgan SP, Tschopp J, Muruve D, MacDonald JA, Beck PL. NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1359-72. [PMID: 20872834 PMCID: PMC3026862 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuated innate immune responses to the intestinal microbiota have been linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). Recent genetic studies have revealed that hypofunctional mutations of NLRP3, a member of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) superfamily, are associated with an increased risk of developing CD. NLRP3 is a key component of the inflammasome, an intracellular danger sensor of the innate immune system. When activated, the inflammasome triggers caspase-1-dependent processing of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β and IL-18. METHODS In the current study we sought to assess the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis through its regulation of innate protective processes. To investigate this role, Nlrp3(-/-) and wildtype mice were assessed in the dextran sulfate sodium and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid models of experimental colitis. RESULTS Nlrp3(-/-) mice were found to be more susceptible to experimental colitis, an observation that was associated with reduced IL-1β, reduced antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10, and reduced protective growth factor TGF-β. Macrophages isolated from Nlrp3(-/-) mice failed to respond to bacterial muramyl dipeptide. Furthermore, Nlrp3-deficient neutrophils exhibited reduced chemotaxis and enhanced spontaneous apoptosis, but no change in oxidative burst. Lastly, Nlrp3(-/-) mice displayed altered colonic β-defensin expression, reduced colonic antimicrobial secretions, and a unique intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm an essential role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis and provide biological insight into disease mechanisms associated with increased risk of CD in individuals with NLRP3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Hirota
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ng
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
,
Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alan Lueng
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
,
Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maitham Khajah
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ken Parhar
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Victor Lam
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
,
Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mireille S. Potentier
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
,
Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kelvin Ng
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Misha Bawa
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Kevin P. Rioux
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
,
Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
,
Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
| | - Jurg Tschopp
- Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Muruve
- Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Paul L. Beck
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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49
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Liu JJ, Wong K, Thiesen AL, Mah SJ, Dieleman LA, Claggett B, Saltzman JR, Fedorak RN. Increased epithelial gaps in the small intestines of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: density matters. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73:1174-80. [PMID: 21396639 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial gaps created by shedding of epithelial cells in the small intestine can be visualized by using confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE). The density of epithelial gaps in the small bowels of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and controls without IBD is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the epithelial gap density in patients with IBD is different from that in controls. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, cohort study. SETTING A tertiary-care referral center. PATIENTS This study involved patients with IBD and control patients without IBD undergoing colonoscopy. INTERVENTION Probe-based CLE (pCLE) was used to image the terminal ileum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome of the study was gap density, defined as the total number of gaps per 1000 cells counted in adequately imaged villi by using pCLE. The pCLE images were blindly reviewed, and the number of epithelial gaps and cells were manually counted. The secondary outcomes were correlation of gap density with disease activity, location, and severity of clinical disease. RESULTS There were 30 controls and 28 patients with IBD. Of the patients with IBD, 16 had Crohn's disease, and 12 had ulcerative colitis. The median epithelial gap densities for controls and patients with IBD were 18 and 61 gaps/1000 cells, respectively (P < .001). Gap density did not correlate with disease activity. Patients with ulcerative pan-colitis tended toward gap densities lower than those of patients with limited colitis (32 versus 97 gaps/1000 cells, P = .06). Patients with IBD with severe clinical disease also had lower median gap densities (37 vs 90 gaps/1000 cells, P = .04). LIMITATIONS A single-center study. CONCLUSION The epithelial gap density was significantly increased in patients with IBD compared with controls. ( CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00988273.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Chassaing B, Darfeuille-Michaud A. The commensal microbiota and enteropathogens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1720-28. [PMID: 21530738 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation arises from abnormal host-microbe interactions. The perturbations of homeostatic coexistence involve host genetic factors, barrier function, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of the microbiota. Dysbiosis toward selected micro-organisms and decreased complexity of commensal bacteria have been observed in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but it is not clear whether the dysbiosis contributes to development of inflammatory bowel disease or is instead a consequence of the disease. Pathogens with virulence factors that allow them to breach the intestinal barrier and induce chronic inflammation might mediate the pathogenesis of these diseases. To identify new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory bowel disease, it is important to identify host susceptibility factors involved in the control of microbial infection, characterize potential pathogens, and eliminate them or block the expression of their virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Jeune Equipe JE 2526, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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