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Tanaka S, Kawakita M, Yasui H, Sudo K, Itoh F, Sasaki M, Shibata N, Hara H, Iwakura Y, Hashidate-Yoshida T, Shindou H, Shimizu T, Oyama T, Matsunaga H, Takahara K. An immune-adrenergic pathway induces lethal levels of platelet-activating factor in mice. Commun Biol 2024; 7:782. [PMID: 38951147 PMCID: PMC11217416 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute immune responses with excess production of cytokines, lipid/chemical mediators, or coagulation factors, often result in lethal damage. In addition, the innate immune system utilizes multiple types of receptors that recognize neurotransmitters as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, making immune responses complex and clinically unpredictable. We here report an innate immune and adrenergic link inducing lethal levels of platelet-activating factor. Injecting mice with toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cell wall N-glycans of Candida albicans, and the α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonist medetomidine induces lethal damage. Knocking out the C-type lectin Dectin-2 prevents the lethal damage. In spleen, large amounts of platelet-activating factor (PAF) are detected, and knocking out lysophospholipid acyltransferase 9 (LPLAT9/LPCAT2), which encodes an enzyme that converts inactive lyso-PAF to active PAF, protects mice from the lethal damage. These results reveal a linkage/crosstalk between the nervous and the immune system, possibly inducing lethal levels of PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuto Tanaka
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Kawakita
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yasui
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Sudo
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumie Itoh
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Sasaki
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibata
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Oyama
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Himawari Matsunaga
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takahara
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Tachibana T, One C, Khan S, Cline MA. Effect of platelet-activating factor on food intake, cloacal temperature, voluntary activity and crop emptying rate in chicks. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 172:106818. [PMID: 38340978 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) plays a significant role in several leucocyte functions, including platelet aggregation and inflammation. Additionally, PAF has a role in the behavioral and physiological changes in mammals. However, the effect of PAF has not been well studied in birds. Therefore, the study aimed to determine if PAF affects feeding behavior, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, and feed passage through the digestive tract in chicks (Gallus gallus). We also studied the involvement of PAF in the innate immune system induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria. Both intraperitoneal (IP) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of PAF significantly decreased food intake. IP injection of PAF significantly decreased voluntary activity and slowed the feed passage from the crop, whereas ICV injection had no effect. Conversely, ICV injection of PAF significantly increased the cloacal temperature, but IP injection had no effect. The IP injection of LPS significantly reduced the mRNA expression of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2, an enzyme responsible for PAF production in the heart and pancreas. On the other hand, LPS significantly increased the mRNA expression of the PAF receptor in the peripheral organs. The present study shows that PAF influences behavioral and physiological responses and is related to the response against bacterial infections in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Chisato One
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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Prado JP, Castro AE, Carvalho J, Pereira D, Faccioli LH, Sorgi C, Novaes R, Silva S, Galdino G. Investigation of the involvement of platelet-activating factor in the control of hypertension by aerobic training. A randomized controlled trial. Biol Sport 2024; 41:163-174. [PMID: 38524817 PMCID: PMC10955738 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of exercise in controlling systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), the mechanisms involved in this effect are still poorly understood. Thus, this study investigated the impact of aerobic training on the relationship between platelet-activating factor (PAF) circulating levels and blood pressure in hypertensives. Seventy-seven hypertensive subjects were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial (age 66.51 ± 7.53 years, body mass 76.17 ± 14.19 kg). Participants were randomized to two groups: the intervention group (IG, n = 36), composed of hypertensive individuals submitted to an aerobic training protocol, and the control group (CG, n = 41), composed of non-exercised hypertensives. Body mass index, arterial blood pressure, quality of life, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity were assessed before and after 12 weeks. PAF and plasma cytokine levels were also evaluated respectively by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Aerobic training promoted a significant reduction in blood pressure while functional capacity, expiratory muscle strength, and quality of life, PAFC16:0 and PAFC18:1 plasma levels were increased in comparison to the CG (p < 0.05). In addition, multiple correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation [F (3.19) = 6.322; p = 0.001; R2adjusted = 0.499] between PAFC16:0 levels and expiratory muscle strength after aerobic training. Taken together, our findings indicate that PAF may be involved in the indirect mechanisms that control SAH, being mainly associated with increased respiratory muscle strength in hypertensive subjects undergoing aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Prado
- Institute of Motricity of Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 2600 Jovino Fernandes Sales Ave, Alfenas, MG 37133-550, Brazil
| | - Ana Emilia Castro
- Institute of Motricity of Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 2600 Jovino Fernandes Sales Ave, Alfenas, MG 37133-550, Brazil
| | - Jonatan Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, Univer-sity of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniele Pereira
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sorgi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, Univer-sity of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Novaes
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 700 Gabriel Monteiro Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Silvia Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovane Galdino
- Institute of Motricity of Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 2600 Jovino Fernandes Sales Ave, Alfenas, MG 37133-550, Brazil
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Mao Y, Lei R, Pei H, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Gu Y, Zhu C, Zhu Z. Identification of module genes and functional pathway analysis in septic shock subtypes by integrated bioinformatics analysis. J Gene Med 2023; 25:e3561. [PMID: 37394280 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to identify the module genes and key gene functions and biological pathways of septic shock (SS) through integrated bioinformatics analysis. METHODS In the study, we performed batch correction and principal component analysis on 282 SS samples and 79 normal control samples in three datasets, GSE26440, GSE95233 and GSE57065, to obtain a combined corrected gene expression matrix containing 21,654 transcripts. Patients with SS were then divided into three molecular subtypes according to sample subtyping analysis. RESULTS By analyzing the demographic characteristics of the different subtypes, we found no statistically significant differences in gender ratio and age composition among the three groups. Then, three subtypes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and specific upregulated DEGs (SDEGs) were identified by differential gene expression analysis. We found 7361 DEGs in the type I group, 5594 DEGs in the type II group, and 7159 DEGs in the type III group. There were 1698 SDEGs in the type I group, 2443 in the type II group, and 1831 in the type III group. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between the expression data of 5972 SDEGs in the three subtypes and the gender and age of 227 patients, constructed a weighted gene co-expression network, and identified 11 gene modules, among which the module with the highest correlation with gender ratio was MEgrey. The modules with the highest correlation with age composition were MEgrey60 and MElightyellow. Then, by analyzing the differences in module genes among different subgroups of SS, we obtained the differential expression of 11 module genes in four groups: type I, type II, type III and the control group. Finally, we analyzed the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment of all module DEGs, and the GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment of different module genes were different. CONCLUSIONS Our findings aim to identify the specific genes and intrinsic molecular functional pathways of SS subtypes, as well as further explore the genetic and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Mao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Lei
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yepeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumin Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yulei Gu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changjv Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Emergency Department and Trauma Engineering Research Center, Henan Provincial, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma Research Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Casais-E-Silva LL, da Cruz-Hofling MA, Teixeira CFP. The edematogenic effect of Micrurus lemniscatus venom is dependent on venom phospholipase A 2 activity and modulated by non-neurogenic factors. Toxicol Lett 2022; 369:12-21. [PMID: 35970279 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Coral snakes mainly cause neurotoxic symptoms in human envenomation, but experimental studies have already demonstrated several pharmacological activities in addition to these effects. This investigation was carried out with the aim of evaluating (1) non-neurogenic mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response induced by Micrurus lemniscatus venom (MLV) in rat hind paws, (2) participation of PLA2 in this response, and (3) neutralizing efficiency of commercial anti-elapid antivenom on edema. MLV promoted a rapid, significant increase in vascular permeability, influx of leukocytes, and disorganization of collagen bundles, as demonstrated by histological analysis. Several pretreatments were applied to establish the involvement of inflammatory mediators in MLV-induced edema (5 µg/paw). Treatment of animals with chlorpromazine reduced MLV-induced edema, indicating participation of TNF-α. However, the inefficiency of other pharmacological treatments suggests that eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and nitric oxide have no role in this type of edema formation. In contrast, PAF negatively modulates this venom-induced effect. MLV was recognized by anti-elapid serum, but this antivenom did not neutralize edema formation. Chemical modification of MLV with p-bromophenacyl bromide abrogated the phospholipase activity and markedly reduced edema, demonstrating PLA2 participation in MLV-induced edema. In conclusion, the non-neurogenic inflammatory profile of MLV is characterized by TNF-α-mediated edema, participation of PLA2 activity, and down-regulation by PAF. MLV induces an influx of leukocytes and destruction of collagen fibers at the site of its injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L Casais-E-Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunoendocrinology and Toxinology, Department of Bioregulation, Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Hofling
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Abhilasha KV, Sumanth MS, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP, Kemparaju K, Marathe GK. Reversible cross-tolerance to platelet-activating factor signaling by bacterial toxins. Platelets 2021; 32:960-967. [PMID: 32835559 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1810652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial toxins signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. Among the toxins, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exerts its action via TLR-4 while lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and bacterial lipoproteins such as Braun lipoprotein (BLP) or its synthetic analogue Pam3CSK4 act through TLR-2. Part of the TLR mediated pathogenicity is believed to stem from endogenously biosynthesized platelet-activating factor (PAF)- a potent inflammatory phospholipid acting through PAF-receptor (PAF-R). However, the role of PAF in inflammatory diseases like endotoxemia is controversial. In order to test the direct contribution of PAF in TLR-mediated pathogenicity, we intraperitoneally injected PAF to Wistar albino mice in the presence or absence of bacterial toxins. Intraperitoneal injection of PAF (5 μg/mouse) causes sudden death of mice, that can be delayed by simultaneously or pre-treating the animals with high doses of bacterial toxins- a phenomenon known as endotoxin cross-tolerance. The bacterial toxins- induced tolerance to PAF can be reversed by increasing the concentration of PAF suggesting the reversibility of cross-tolerance. We did similar experiments using human platelets that express both canonical PAF-R and TLRs. Although bacterial toxins did not induce human platelet aggregation, they inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation in a reversible manner. Using rabbit platelets that are ultrasensitive to PAF, we found bacterial toxins (LPS and LTA) and Pam3CSK4 causing rabbit platelet aggregation via PAF-R dependent way. The physical interaction of PAF-R and bacterial toxins is also demonstrated in a human epidermal cell line having stable PAF-R expression. Thus, we suggest the possibility of direct physical interaction of bacterial toxins with PAF-R leading to cross-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Ravi Prakash Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India.,Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India.,Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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Yuk SA, Kim H, Abutaleb NS, Dieterly AM, Taha MS, Tsifansky MD, Lyle LT, Seleem MN, Yeo Y. Nanocapsules modify membrane interaction of polymyxin B to enable safe systemic therapy of Gram-negative sepsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabj1577. [PMID: 34362742 PMCID: PMC8346222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Systemic therapy of Gram-negative sepsis remains challenging. Polymyxin B (PMB) is well suited for sepsis therapy due to the endotoxin affinity and antibacterial activity. However, the dose-limiting toxicity has limited its systemic use in sepsis patients. For safe systemic use of PMB, we have developed a nanoparticulate system, called D-TZP, which selectively reduces the toxicity to mammalian cells but retains the therapeutic activities of PMB. D-TZP consists of an iron-complexed tannic acid nanocapsule containing a vitamin D core, coated with PMB and a chitosan derivative that controls the interaction of PMB with endotoxin, bacteria, and host cells. D-TZP attenuated the membrane toxicity associated with PMB but retained the ability of PMB to inactivate endotoxin and kill Gram-negative bacteria. Upon intravenous injection, D-TZP protected animals from pre-established endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis, showing no systemic toxicities inherent to PMB. These results support D-TZP as a safe and effective systemic intervention of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simseok A Yuk
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Alexandra M Dieterly
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maie S Taha
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Michael D Tsifansky
- Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Medicine and Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's National Medical Center, Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20310, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Amunugama K, Pike DP, Ford DA. The lipid biology of sepsis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100090. [PMID: 34087197 PMCID: PMC8243525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as the dysregulated immune response to an infection leading to organ dysfunction, is one of the leading causes of mortality around the globe. Despite the significant progress in delineating the underlying mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis, there are currently no effective treatments or specific diagnostic biomarkers in the clinical setting. The perturbation of cell signaling mechanisms, inadequate inflammation resolution, and energy imbalance, all of which are altered during sepsis, are also known to lead to defective lipid metabolism. The use of lipids as biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity may aid in early diagnosis and guide clinical decision making. In addition, identifying the link between specific lipid signatures and their role in sepsis pathology may lead to novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence on dysregulated lipid metabolism both in experimental and human sepsis focused on bioactive lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol as well as the enzymes regulating their levels during sepsis. We highlight not only their potential roles in sepsis pathogenesis but also the possibility of using these respective lipid compounds as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Tong S, Wang H, A LS, Bai TN, Gong JH, Jin WJ, Dai LL, Ba GN, Cho SB, Fu MH. Protective effect and mechanisms of action of Mongolian medicine Sulongga-4 on pyloric ligation-induced gastroduodenal ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1770-1784. [PMID: 33967556 PMCID: PMC8072194 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i16.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulongga-4 (SL-4) is a herbal formula used in traditional Mongolian medical clinics for the treatment of peptic ulcers and gastroenteritis, even though its pharmacological mechanism has not been well characterized.
AIM To evaluate the protective effect and identify the mechanisms of action of SL-4 on gastroduodenal ulcer induced by pyloric ligation (PL) in rats.
METHODS PL was performed to induce gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats, which were then treated with oral SL-4 (1.3, 2.6, or 3.9 g/kg per day) for 15 d. PL-induced gastroduodenal ulceration. Therapeutic effects were characterized by pathological and histological evaluations and inflammatory indicators were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Microarray analyses were conducted to identify gene expression profiles of gastroduodenal tissue in PL rats with or without SL-4 treatment. The candidate target genes were selected and verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
RESULTS SL-4 decreased histopathological features in the PL-induced ulcerated rats. SL-4 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, endotoxin, platelet-activating factor, and increased prostaglandin E2 and epidermal growth factor in ulcer tissue. Microarray analysis was used to identify a panel of candidate target genes for SL-4 acting on PL-induced ulceration. Genes included some complement and coagulation cascade and retinol metabolism pathways that are closely associated with inflammatory responses and gastric mucosal protective mechanisms. qRT-PCR showed that altered expression of the selected genes, such as CYP2b2, UGT2b1, A2m, and MASP1 was consistent with the microarray results.
CONCLUSION SL-4 exerts protective effects against PL-induced gastroduodenal ulcers via reducing inflammatory cytokines and elevating expression of gastric acid inhibitory factors. Downregulation of CYP2b2 and UGT2b1 genes in retinol metabolism and upregulation of A2m and MASP1 genes in the complement and coagulation cascades pathways are possibly involved in SL-4-mediated protection against gastroduodenal ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tong
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Mongolian Medicine Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Sha A
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ta-Na Bai
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ju-Hua Gong
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Jie Jin
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Li Dai
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gen-Na Ba
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Sung-Bo Cho
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ming-Hai Fu
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Guo X, Li W, An R, Huang M, Yu Z. Composite ammonium glycyrrhizin has hepatoprotective effects in chicken hepatocytes with lipopolysaccharide/enrofloxacin-induced injury. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:52. [PMID: 32952642 PMCID: PMC7485299 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite ammonium glycyrrhizin (CAG) has anti-inflammatory activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and enrofloxacin (ENR) induce liver damage; however, the mechanism underlying LPS/ENR-induced hepatic injury remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the mechanism of LPS/ENR-induced liver injury was investigated in vitro and the protective effects of CAG were also evaluated. Primary chicken hepatocytes were isolated and a model of LPS/ENR-induced hepatocyte injury was established. mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. LPS/ENR exposure significantly increased supernatant aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In the LPS/ENR-treated group, glutathione (GSH) and the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were significantly increased. Flow cytometry results revealed that the apoptotic rate significantly increased in the LPS/ENR-treated group compared with the control, while treatment with CAG given 24 h prior to LPS/ENR caused a significant decrease in the apoptotic rate compared with the model group. Furthermore, CAG treatment reversed LPS/ENR-associated alterations in the mRNA and protein expression of Caspase-3, apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X-protein. The mitochondrial membrane potential significantly decreased and the mitochondrial microstructure was notably altered following exposure to LPS/ENR compared with the control. In conclusion, these results suggested that LPS/ENR-treated hepatocytes were damaged via apoptotic signaling pathways and CAG prevented LPS/ENR-induced hepatocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Guo
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zugong Yu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
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11
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Li W, Li W, Yu J, Liu F, Zang L, Xiao X, Zhao J, Yao Q, Niu X. Fraxin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokines and protects against endotoxic shock in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:91-101. [PMID: 31325387 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fraxin, the effective component isolated from Cortex Fraxini, has been reported to have anti-inflammation effects. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of fraxin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxic shock in mice. We used Kunming male mice to establish the model, and we found that fraxin could improve the survival rate of the LPS-induced mice. Histopathological study showed that fraxin could mitigate the injuries in LPS-induced lung and liver tissues. The levels of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 both in serum and lung, liver tissues, and the productions of nitric oxide (NO), aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase in serum were decreased by fraxin. Western blot assay demonstrated that the pretreatment with fraxin could downregulate LPS-induced protein expressions of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and NLRP3 inflammatory corpuscle signalling pathways. Overall, fraxin had protective effects on LPS-induced endotoxic shock mice and the possible mechanisms might activate through NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammatory corpuscle signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - JinJin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lulu Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jinmeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Material Basis Analysis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
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12
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Jiang SJ, Tsai PI, Peng SY, Chang CC, Chung Y, Tsao HH, Huang HT, Chen SY, Hsu HJ. A potential peptide derived from cytokine receptors can bind proinflammatory cytokines as a therapeutic strategy for anti-inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2317. [PMID: 30783144 PMCID: PMC6381106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and coronary artery disease. The efficacy of current treatment or preventive strategies for such inflammation is still inadequate. Thus, new anti-inflammatory strategies are needed. In this study, based on molecular docking and structural analysis, a potential peptide KCF18 with amphiphilic properties (positively charged and hydrophobic residues) derived from the receptors of proinflammatory cytokines was designed to inhibit cytokine-induced inflammatory response. Simulations suggested that KCF18 could bind to cytokines simultaneously, and electrostatic interactions were dominant. Surface plasmon resonance detection showed that KCF18 bound to both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6, which is consistent with MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations. The cell experiments showed that KCF18 significantly reduced the binding of proinflammatory cytokines to their cognate receptors, suppressed TNF-α mRNA expression and monocyte binding and transmigration, and alleviated the infiltration of white blood cells in a peritonitis mouse model. The designed peptide KCF18 could remarkably diminish the risk of vascular inflammation by decreasing plasma cytokines release and by directly acting on the vascular endothelium. This study demonstrated that a combination of structure-based in silico design calculations, together with experimental measurements can be used to develop potential anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Jong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsiang Tsao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ting Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
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13
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Chaithra VH, Jacob SP, Lakshmikanth CL, Sumanth MS, Abhilasha KV, Chen CH, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP, Travers JB, McIntyre TM, Kemparaju K, Marathe GK. Modulation of inflammatory platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor by the acyl analogue of PAF. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2063-2074. [PMID: 30139761 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator that exerts its actions via the single PAF receptor (PAF-R). Cells that biosynthesize alkyl-PAF also make abundant amounts of the less potent PAF analogue acyl-PAF, which competes for PAF-R. Both PAF species are degraded by the plasma form of PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). We examined whether cogenerated acyl-PAF protects alkyl-PAF from systemic degradation by acting as a sacrificial substrate to enhance inflammatory stimulation or as an inhibitor to dampen PAF-R signaling. In ex vivo experiments both PAF species are prothrombotic in isolation, but acyl-PAF reduced the alkyl-PAF-induced stimulation of human platelets that express canonical PAF-R. In Swiss albino mice, alkyl-PAF causes sudden death, but this effect can also be suppressed by simultaneously administering boluses of acyl-PAF. When PAF-AH levels were incrementally elevated, the protective effect of acyl-PAF on alkyl-PAF-induced death was serially decreased. We conclude that, although acyl-PAF in isolation is mildly proinflammatory, in a pathophysiological setting abundant acyl-PAF suppresses the action of alkyl-PAF. These studies provide evidence for a previously unrecognized role for acyl-PAF as an inflammatory set-point modulator that regulates both PAF-R signaling and hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | | | - Mosale Seetharam Sumanth
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Jeffery Bryant Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India .,and Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
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14
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Yu Z, Wu F, Tian J, Guo X, An R, Guo Y. Ammonium glycyrrhizin counteracts liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide/amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96837-96851. [PMID: 29228575 PMCID: PMC5722527 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We treated isolated chicken primary hepatocytes with lipopolysaccharide/amoxicillin clavulanate potassium (LPS/AC) to model liver injury and investigate its underlying mechanisms. We also used this model to assess the cytoprotective effects of compound ammonium glycyrrhizin (CAG) in vitro. LPS/AC-induced injury decreased cell viability and increased the activity of serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase. Levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase were lower than control, while levels of the oxidative product malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species were higher. Treatment with CAG for 24 h ameliorated these changes. Caspase-3 activity assays and flow cytometry revealed increased apoptosis in the model group. However, apoptosis decreased after CAG treatment, as confirmed by Hoechst 33342 staining. We also observed changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses showed that CAG treatment downregulated LPS/AC-induced RNA expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, bax, cytochrome c, and fas, and upregulated the expression of bcl-2. Mitochondrial cytochrome c was released into the cytosol and the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was decreased. Our results highlight CAG as a potential therapeutic agent to counteract LPS/AC-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugong Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xuewen Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ran An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
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15
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Kang DR, Yoon GY, Cho J, Lee SJ, Lee SJ, Park HJ, Kang TH, Han HD, Park WS, Yoon YK, Park YM, Jung ID. Neoagarooligosaccharides prevent septic shock by modulating A20-and cyclooxygenase-2-mediated interleukin-10 secretion in a septic-shock mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:998-1004. [PMID: 28363868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the signaling mechanism triggered by endotoxin-mediated toll-like receptor-4 activation using immune cell systems or rodent models may help identify potential agents for the prevention of Gram-negative bacteria infection. β-agarase cleaves the β-1,4-linkages of agar to produce neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs), which have various physiological functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of NAOs in preventing experimental sepsis caused by the administration of endotoxin or Gram-negative bacteria. Organ damage and neutrophil infiltration in an endotoxemia and septic-shock mouse model were suppressed by NAOs. Pro-inflammatory cytokine level was decreased, but IL-10 level was increased by NAO-treatment. Further induction by NAOs in the presence of endotoxin was associated with a significant induction of A20 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions. Our data suggest that NAOs have a beneficial preventive effect in septic shock correlated with the enhancement of IL-10 via the induction of A20 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Rae Kang
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Gun Young Yoon
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Joon Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 05030, South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Lee
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Hee Jo Park
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young Kyung Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea.
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea.
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16
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Noh KT, Jung ID, Cha GS, Han MK, Park YM. Platelet-activating Factor Mediates Endotoxin Tolerance by Regulating Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-dependent Expression of the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3290-3298. [PMID: 28077574 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) mediates immune tolerance, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) negatively regulates the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway. We determined previously that platelet-activating factor (PAF) protects mice against LPS-induced endotoxic shock, but its detailed mechanism of action was unknown. We performed survival experiments in IDO+/+ and IDO-/- mice using an LPS-induced endotoxemia model and rated organ injury (neutrophil infiltration and liver function). Using ELISA and Western blotting, we also investigated the mechanism of PAF-mediated endotoxin tolerance during endotoxemia. PAF-mediated endotoxin tolerance was dependent on IDO in vivo and in vitro and was not observed in IDO-/- mice. JAK/STAT signaling, crucial for SOCS3 expression, was also impaired in the absence of IDO. In an IDO- and STAT-dependent manner, PAF mediated a decrease in IL-12 and a dramatic increase in IL-10 and reduced mouse mortality. In addition, PAF attenuated LPS-mediated neutrophil infiltration into the lungs and interactions between neutrophil-like (THP-1) and endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). These results indicate that PAF-mediated endotoxin tolerance is initiated via IDO- and JAK/STAT-dependent expression of SOCS3. Our study has revealed a novel tolerogenic mechanism of IDO action and an important association between IDO and SOCS3 with respect to endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Tae Noh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Armed Forces Medical Research Institute, 90bun, Jaunro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-878, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Gil Sun Cha
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Myung-Kwan Han
- Department of Microbiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-182, South Korea.
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
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17
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Petsel Jacob S, Lakshminarayana Lakshmikanth C, M. McIntyre T, Kedihitlu Marathe G. Platelet-activating factor and oxidized phosphatidylcholines do not suppress endotoxin-induced pro-inflammatory signaling among human myeloid and endothelial cells. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2017.3.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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PAFR activation of NF-κB p65 or p105 precursor dictates pro- and anti-inflammatory responses during TLR activation in murine macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32092. [PMID: 27554194 PMCID: PMC4995467 DOI: 10.1038/srep32092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in many diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether PAFR signaling changes the macrophages responsiveness to agonists of TLR2 (Pam3Cys), TLR4 (LPS), and TLR3 agonist Poly(I:C). Exogenous PAF inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p40, IL-6, and TNF-α) and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 in macrophages challenged with Pam3Cys and LPS, but not with Poly (I:C). PAF did not affect mRNA expression of MyD88, suggesting that PAF acts downstream the adaptor. PAF inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and increased NF-κB p105 phosphorylation, which is processed in the proteasome to generate p50 subunit. The PAF potentiation of IL-10 production was dependent on proteasome processing but independent of NF-κB transactivation domain. Inhibition of p50 abolished the PAF-induced IL-10 production. These findings indicate that the impaired transcriptional activity of the p65 subunit and the enhanced p105 phosphorylation induced by PAF are responsible for down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up regulation of IL-10, respectively, in LPS-challenged macrophages. Together, our data unveil a heretofore unrecognized role for PAFR in modulating activation of NF-κB in macrophages.
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19
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Park JH, Jang JH, Choi EJ, Kim YS, Lee EJ, Jung ID, Han HD, Wu TC, Hung CF, Kang TH, Park YM. Annexin A5 increases survival in murine sepsis model by inhibiting HMGB1-mediated pro-inflammation and coagulation. Mol Med 2016; 22:424-436. [PMID: 27447360 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of HMGB1 as a late-mediator in sepsis has highlighted HMGB1 as a promising therapeutic target for sepsis treatment. Recent studies have revealed that annexin A5, a 35 kDa Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding protein, exerts anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting LPS binding to TLR4/MD2 complex. Annexin A5 administration has been shown to protect against endotoxin lethality even when the treatment was given after the early cytokine response, which prompted our group to suspect that annexin A5 may inhibit the binding of HMGB1, as well as endotoxin to TLR4. Here we suggest annexin A5 as a new inhibitor of HMGB1-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine production and coagulation in sepsis. We first confirmed the inhibitory role of annexin A5 in LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines both in vitro and in vivo. We observed that annexin A5 protects against tissue damage and organ dysfunction during endotoxemia in vivo. We then assessed the inhibiting role of annexin A5 in HMGB1/TLR4 interaction, and showed that annexin A5 treatment reduces HMGB1-mediated cytokines IL6 and TNFα both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we confirmed that anticoagulant property of annexin A5 persists in various septic conditions including elevated HMGB1. Overall, we suggest annexin A5 as an alternative therapeutic approach for controlling HMGB1-mediated pro-inflammation and coagulation in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Park
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Jang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Hanseo University, Seosan 356-706, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Young Seob Kim
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, KU open innovation center and School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
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20
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Jacob SP, Lakshmikanth CL, Chaithra VH, Kumari TRS, Chen CH, McIntyre TM, Marathe GK. Lipopolysaccharide Cross-Tolerance Delays Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Sudden Death in Swiss Albino Mice: Involvement of Cyclooxygenase in Cross-Tolerance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153282. [PMID: 27064683 PMCID: PMC4827832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling through Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. Some believe that TLR-mediated pathogenicity is due, in part, to the lipid pro-inflammatory mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), but this has been questioned. To test the direct contribution of PAF in endotoxemia in murine models, we injected PAF intraperitoneally into Swiss albino mice in the presence and absence of LPS. PAF alone (5 μg/mouse) caused death within 15-20 min, but this could be prevented by pretreating mice with PAF-receptor (PAF-R) antagonists or PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). A low dose of LPS (5 mg/kg body wt) did not impair PAF-induced death, whereas higher doses (10 or 20 mg/kg body wt) delayed death, probably via LPS cross-tolerance. Cross-tolerance occurred only when PAF was injected simultaneously with LPS or within 30 min of LPS injection. Tolerance does not appear to be due to an abundant soluble mediator. Histologic examination of lungs and liver and measurement of circulating TNF-α and IL-10 levels suggested that the inflammatory response is not diminished during cross-tolerance. Interestingly, aspirin, a non-specific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, partially blocked PAF-induced sudden death, whereas NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, completely protected mice from the lethal effects of PAF. Both COX inhibitors (at 20 mg/kg body wt) independently amplified the cross-tolerance exerted by higher dose of LPS, suggesting that COX-derived eicosanoids may be involved in these events. Thus, PAF does not seem to have a protective role in endotoxemia, but its effects are delayed by LPS in a COX-sensitive way. These findings are likely to shed light on basic aspects of the endotoxin cross-tolerance occurring in many disease conditions and may offer new opportunities for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, 77225–0345, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Gopal Kedihitlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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Choi JW, Kim IH, Kim YM, Lee MK, Nam TJ. Pyropia yezoensis glycoprotein regulates antioxidant status and prevents hepatotoxicity in a rat model of D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3110-4. [PMID: 26935645 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Pyropia yezoensis glycoprotein (PYGP) on hepatic antioxidative enzyme activity and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in a rat model of D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced hepatotoxicity. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were measured to determine the severity of hepatotoxicity. Treatment with D‑GalN/LPS significantly increased the GOT, GPT and lipid peroxidation levels, and decreased the antioxidant capacity of the rats. Treatment with PYGP (150 and 300 mg/kg/body weight) decreased the levels of GOT, GPT and lipid peroxidation levels. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, including catalase, glutathione S‑transferase and glutathione were upregulated following PYGP treatment. Furthermore, D‑GalN/LPS‑induced MAPK phosphorylation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression were downregulated by PYGP. These results indicated that PYGP may exert hepatoprotective effects via the upregulation of antioxidative enzymes, and the downregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway and iNOS and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Wook Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hye Kim
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
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Macrophage derived platelet activating factor implicated in the resolution phase of gouty inflammation. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:526496. [PMID: 25328755 PMCID: PMC4190697 DOI: 10.1155/2014/526496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood derived in vitro differentiated monocytes or macrophages are a population of cells which have been investigated over the years to determine the role these cells play in the resolution phase of gout. Macrophages are able to phagocytose monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals without releasing inflammatory factors. This study analysed macrophage platelet activating factor secretion and its possible role in the pathway of gout resolution. Analysis of sunatants from in vitro differentiated macrophages stimulated with MSU crystals revealed the secretion of platelet activating factor (PAF) 1.54 ± 0.10 mean ± SEM; ng/mL per 106 cells. This secretion was absent in immature monocytes treated similarly. When these monocytes were pretreated with recombinant human PAF-acetylhydrolase (rhuPAF-AH) and MSU crystals resulted in TNFα suppression. Addition of WEB2086, a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, to differentiated macrophages with MSU crystals unmasked TNFα secretion 0.7 ± 0.06 mean ± SEM; ng/mL per 106 cells. This study identifies a role for PAF and the PAF receptor antagonist in the pathway by which macrophages ingest MSU crystals and resolve the concomitant inflammation.
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Marathe GK, Pandit C, Lakshmikanth CL, Chaithra VH, Jacob SP, D'Souza CJM. To hydrolyze or not to hydrolyze: the dilemma of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1847-54. [PMID: 24859738 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r045492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting ambiguity persists around the functional role of the plasma form of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Because PAF-AH hydrolyzes PAF and related oxidized phospholipids, it is widely accepted as an anti-inflammatory enzyme. On the other hand, its actions can also generate lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), a component of bioactive atherogenic oxidized LDL, thus allowing the enzyme to have proinflammatory capabilities. Presence of a canonical lysoPC receptor has been seriously questioned for a multitude of reasons. Animal models of inflammation show that elevating PAF-AH levels is beneficial and not deleterious and overexpression of PAF receptor (PAF-R) also augments inflammatory responses. Further, many Asian populations have a catalytically inert PAF-AH that appears to be a severity factor in a range of inflammatory disorders. Correlation found with elevated levels of PAF-AH and CVDs has led to the design of a specific PAF-AH inhibitor, darapladib. However, in a recently concluded phase III STABILITY clinical trial, use of darapladib did not yield promising results. Presence of structurally related multiple ligands for PAF-R with varied potency, existence of multi-molecular forms of PAF-AH, broad substrate specificity of the enzyme and continuous PAF production by the so called bi-cycle of PAF makes PAF more enigmatic. This review seeks to address the above concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Kedihitlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Chaitanya Pandit
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
| | | | | | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
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Yang XF, He Y, Li HY, Liu X, Chen H, Liu JB, Ji WJ, Wang B, Chen LN. Hepatoprotective effects of erythropoietin on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:555-9. [PMID: 24788561 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure is a severe clinical syndrome associated with a high rate of patient mortality. Recent studies have shown that in addition to its hematopoietic effect, erythropoietin (EPO) has multiple protective effects and exhibits antiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of EPO and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms using a D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of acute liver injury. Experimental groups of mice were administered with various doses of EPO (1,000, 3,000 or 10,000 U/kg, intraperitoneal) once per day for 3 days, prior to injection with D-GalN (700 mg/kg)/LPS (10 µg/kg). Mice were sacrificed 8 h after treatment with D‑GalN/LPS. Liver function and histopathology, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‑Px) activities and EPO receptor (EPOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) mRNA expression were evaluated. D-GalN/LPS administration markedly induced liver injury, as evidenced by elevated levels of serum aminotransferases, as well as histopathological changes. Compared with the D-GalN/LPS group, pretreatment with EPO significantly decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and MDA, and increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Furthermore, the protective effects of EPO were paralleled by an upregulation in the mRNA expression of EPOR and PI3K. These data suggest that EPO can ameliorate D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury by reducing oxidative stress and upregulating the mRNA expression of EPOR and PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Ou TT, Kuo CY, Chyau CC, Lee HJ, Peng JS, Wang CJ. Improvement of lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic injuries and inflammation with mulberry extracts. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1880-1886. [PMID: 23238799 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mulberry water extracts (MWEs), which contain polyphenols including anthocyanins, have been used in traditional Chinese edible food. The hepatoprotective effects and molecular mechanisms of MWEs on acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were investigated in vivo. RESULTS Rats were administered different doses of MWEs (0.5 and 1 g kg(-1)) 1 h before injection of LPS (5 mg kg(-1)) and then sacrificed 10 h after treatment with LPS. Liver function, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress index and hepatic histopathological alteration were examined in the rats with and without MWE treatment. Pretreatment with MWEs prevented LPS-induced liver damage by preventing associated increases of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), triglycerol (TG), cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio. MWEs also suppressed oxidative stress to prevent the formation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the molecular mechanism involved in LPS-induced liver injury was associated with reducing the expression of COX-2, NF-κB and iNOS in liver tissues. CONCLUSION The results support the investigation of MWEs as a therapeutic candidate for liver injuries and indicate that MWEs exhibit hepatoprotective activities via NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Tsz Ou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Department of Clinical laboratory, Tai-An Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Jiang Z, Fehrenbach ML, Ravaioli G, Kokalari B, Redai IG, Sheardown SA, Wilson S, Macphee C, Haczku A. The effect of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 deficiency on pulmonary allergic responses in Aspergillus fumigatus sensitized mice. Respir Res 2012; 13:100. [PMID: 23140447 PMCID: PMC3546878 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)/platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. A therapeutic targeting of this enzyme was challenged by the concern that increased circulating platelet activating factor (PAF) may predispose to or increase the severity of the allergic airway response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Lp-PLA2 gene deficiency increases the risk of PAF and IgE-mediated inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo using mouse models. Methods Lp-PLA2-/- mice were generated and back crossed to the C57BL/6 background. PAF-AH activity was measured using a hydrolysis assay in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples obtained from mice. Aspergillus fumigatus (Af)-specific serum was prepared for passive allergic sensitization of mice in vivo and mast cells in vitro. β- hexosaminidase release was studied in bone marrow derived mast cells sensitized with Af-specific serum or DNP-IgE and challenged with Af or DNP, respectively. Mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and PAF intratracheally and studied 24 hours later. Mice were sensitized either passively or actively against Af and were studied 48 hours after a single intranasal Af challenge. Airway responsiveness to methacholine, inflammatory cell influx in the lung tissue and BAL, immunoglobulin (ELISA) and cytokine (Luminex) profiles were compared between the wild type (WT) and Lp-PLA2-/- mice. Results PAF-AH activity was reduced but not completely abolished in Lp-PLA2-/- serum or by in vitro treatment of serum samples with a high saturating concentration of the selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, SB-435495. PAF inhalation significantly enhanced airway inflammation of LPS treated WT and Lp-PLA2-/- mice to a similar extent. Sensitized WT and Lp-PLA2-/- bone-marrow derived mast cells released β-hexosaminidase following stimulation by allergen or IgE crosslinking to equivalent levels. Wild type and Lp-PLA2-/- mice responded to passive or active allergic sensitization by significant IgE production, airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness after Af challenge. BAL cell influx was not different between these strains while IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and eotaxin release was attenuated in Lp-PLA2-/- mice. There were no differences in the amount of total IgE levels in the Af sensitized WT and Lp-PLA2-/- mice. Conclusions We conclude that Lp-PLA2 deficiency in C57BL/6 mice did not result in a heightened airway inflammation or hyperresponsiveness after PAF/LPS treatment or passive or active allergic sensitization and challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Jiang
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chen L, Su J, Yang C, Peng L, Wan Q, Wang L. Functional characterizations of RIG-I to GCRV and viral/bacterial PAMPs in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42182. [PMID: 22860079 PMCID: PMC3409128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene-I) is one of the key cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for detecting nucleotide pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mediating the induction of type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines in innate immune response. Though the mechanism is well characterized in mammals, the study of the accurate function of RIG-I in teleosts is still in its infancy. Methodology/Principal Findings To clarify the functional characterizations of RIG-I in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (CiRIG-I), six representative overexpression plasmids were constructed and transfected into C. idella kidney (CIK) cell lines to obtain stably expressing recombinant proteins, respectively. A virus titer test and 96-well plate staining assay showed that all constructs exhibited the antiviral activity somewhat. The quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that mRNA expressions of CiIPS-1, CiIFN-I and CiMx2 were regulated by not only virus (GCRV) or viral PAMP (poly(IC)) challenge but also bacterial PAMPs (LPS and PGN) stimulation in the steadily transfected cells. The results showed that the full-length CiRIG-I played a key role in RLR pathway. The repressor domain (RD) exerted an inhibitory function of the signaling channel under all utilized challenges. Caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) showed a positive role in GCRV and poly(I:C) challenge. Helicase motifs were crucial for the signaling pathway upon LPS and PGN stimulation. Interestingly, ΔCARDs (CARDs deleted) showed postive modulation in RIG-I signal transduction. Conclusions/Significance The results provided some novel insights into RIG-I sensing with a strikingly broad regulation in teleosts, responding not only to the dsRNA virus or synthetic dsRNA but also bacterial PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
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Panda SK, Kumar S, Tupperwar NC, Vaidya T, George A, Rath S, Bal V, Ravindran B. Chitohexaose activates macrophages by alternate pathway through TLR4 and blocks endotoxemia. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002717. [PMID: 22654663 PMCID: PMC3359989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a consequence of systemic bacterial infections leading to hyper activation of immune cells by bacterial products resulting in enhanced release of mediators of inflammation. Endotoxin (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and a critical factor in pathogenesis of sepsis. Development of antagonists that inhibit the storm of inflammatory molecules by blocking Toll like receptors (TLR) has been the main stay of research efforts. We report here that a filarial glycoprotein binds to murine macrophages and human monocytes through TLR4 and activates them through alternate pathway and in the process inhibits LPS mediated classical activation which leads to inflammation associated with endotoxemia. The active component of the nematode glycoprotein mediating alternate activation of macrophages was found to be a carbohydrate residue, Chitohexaose. Murine macrophages and human monocytes up regulated Arginase-1 and released high levels of IL-10 when incubated with chitohexaose. Macrophages of C3H/HeJ mice (non-responsive to LPS) failed to get activated by chitohexaose suggesting that a functional TLR4 is critical for alternate activation of macrophages also. Chitohexaose inhibited LPS induced production of inflammatory molecules TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by macropahges in vitro and in vivo in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of chitohexaose completely protected mice against endotoxemia when challenged with a lethal dose of LPS. Furthermore, Chitohexaose was found to reverse LPS induced endotoxemia in mice even 6/24/48 hrs after its onset. Monocytes of subjects with active filarial infection displayed characteristic alternate activation markers and were refractory to LPS mediated inflammatory activation suggesting an interesting possibility of subjects with filarial infections being less prone to develop of endotoxemia. These observations that innate activation of alternate pathway of macrophages by chtx through TLR4 has offered novel opportunities to cell biologists to study two mutually exclusive activation pathways of macrophages being mediated through a single receptor. Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death contributing to mortality as high as 54 percent in intensive care units across the world. Hyper inflammation induced by bacteria or bacterial products through Toll like receptors leads to sepsis and hence current approaches are directed towards blockade such receptors. While many such candidate antagonists have shown promise they also result in induction of inappropriate innate immune responses thus increasing risk of development of shock leading to death. In this study we describe a novel approach to treat endotoxemia associated with sepsis, fundamentally different from other reports. Chitohexaose a small molecular weight polysaccharide by virtue of its ability to bind to active sites of TLR4 inhibited LPS induced production of inflammatory mediators by murine macrophages and human monocytes. Administration of chitohexaose with LPS blocked endotoxemia leading to mortality of mice. More significantly, Chitohexaose reversed inflammation and protected mice even 24/48 hrs after onset of endotoxemia. Apart from competitively inhibiting LPS induced inflammation chitohexaose also activated alternate pathway of macrophages. Such macrophages are known to display increased phagocytic activity, are resistant to LPS induced activation and associated with resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Tushar Vaidya
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Sahu RP, Kozman AA, Yao Y, DaSilva SC, Rezania S, Martel KC, Warren SJ, Travers JB, Konger RL. Loss of the platelet activating factor receptor in mice augments PMA-induced inflammation and cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:694-701. [PMID: 22223848 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a well-known acute inflammatory mediator, little is known regarding the role of PAF in chronic inflammation. Phorbol esters are known to stimulate PAF production. Moreover, the ability of repeated applications of phorbol esters to induce a sustained inflammatory response is crucial to their tumorigenic activity. We therefore examined whether PAF acts as a mediator of phorbol ester-induced inflammation and tumorigenesis. While PAF receptor knockout mice (PAFR(-/-)) showed an expected but modest reduction in the acute inflammatory response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), these mice exhibited a surprising increase in inflammation following chronic PMA application. This increased inflammation was documented by a number of findings that included: increased skin thickness, increased myeloperoxidase activity and expression and increased expression of known inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, vehicle-treated PAFR(-/-) mice also exhibited modest increases in levels of inflammatory markers. This suggests that the platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) acts to suppress chronic inflammation in response to other stimuli, such as barrier disruption. The idea that chronic PAFR activation is anti-inflammatory was documented by repetitive topical PAFR agonist administration that resulted in reduced myeloperoxidase activity in skin. We next utilized a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/PMA carcinogenesis protocol to demonstrate that PAFR(-/-) mice exhibit significantly increased tumor formation and malignant progression compared with wild-type control mice. These studies provide evidence for two important, unexpected and possibly interrelated pathological roles for the PAFR: first, the PAFR acts to suppress PMA-induced chronic inflammation; secondly, the PAFR acts to suppress neoplastic development in response to chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Tung D, Cheung PH, Ciallella J, Saha S. Novel anti-inflammatory effects of repaglinide in rodent models of inflammation. Pharmacology 2011; 88:295-301. [PMID: 22086064 DOI: 10.1159/000333793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repaglinide is an FDA-approved treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The anti-inflammatory effect of repaglinide in the absence of diabetes has not been reported previously. It is the objective of this set of studies to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of repaglinide. METHOD The in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of repaglinide were studied in two different models of delay type hyperreactivity (DTH) response induced by sheep red blood cells (sRBC) and 2,5'-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), and in two different rodent models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. RESULTS In mice systemically sensitized with sRBC, which subsequently received a local injection of sRBC in the footpad, local swelling occurred within 24 h after challenge. Repaglinide was efficacious in attenuating this response. In an orthogonal DTH model using DNFB as the antigen, the animals received topical sensitization with DNFB on their shaved backs, followed by topical challenge on the left ears. Repaglinide efficaciously downregulated the resulting ear swelling response. In mice challenged systemically or intratracheally with LPS, repaglinide significantly decreased serum tumor necrosis factor α level and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid MCP-1 levels, respectively. CONCLUSION This set of data suggests novel anti-inflammatory effects of repaglinide in nondiabetic animals. However, the high dose required for an efficacious effect would make this application impractical in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tung
- BioMed Valley Discoveries, Kansas City, Mo. 64111, USA.
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Cao W, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang Y, Peng X, Lu D, Qi R, Wang Y, Wang H. Paeoniflorin improves survival in LPS-challenged mice through the suppression of TNF-α and IL-1β release and augmentation of IL-10 production. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:172-8. [PMID: 21094290 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in Gram-negative bacteria-induced sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which are still the leading cause of high mortality in intensive care units. Although paeoniflorin (Pae) has reportedly exhibited anti-inflammatory effect and protection against immunological liver injury in mice, it is not known whether Pae improve survival in endotoxemic mice. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Pae on the mortality, multiple organ dysfunction and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. We found that pretreatment with Pae decreased mortality, reduced lung and kidney injury, decreased serum creatinine level and improve systolic function of heart in mice challenged with LPS. Further experiments showed that Pae inhibited LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release and promoted LPS-induced interleukin-10 (IL-10) production. Our results indicate that Pae protects mice against lethal LPS challenge, at least in part, through inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1β production and accelerating IL-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
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Xu LF, Teng X, Wu J, Guo J, Mao ZQ, Sun M. Treatment with ITF attenuates PAF-induced disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:233-239. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore whether treatment with platelet-activating factor (PAF) disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier by altering the F-actin cytoskeleton and, if so, whether treatment with intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) exerts a protective effect against PAF-induced disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton.
METHODS: An in vitro model of intestinal epithelium was established with Caco-2 cells. PAF at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 nmol/L) was incubated with postconfluent monolayers of Caco-2 cells for 24 h. Moreover, 100 nmol/L PAF was administered for different periods (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 h). ITF (0.3 mol/L) was administered 30 min before or after PAF treatment (100 nmol/L). Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured to evaluate the permeability of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry were used to observe the morphological alterations and conduct protein quantitation of the F-actin cytoskeleton.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, TEER decreased in cells treated with PAF (100 nmol/L) for 24 h (232.75 Ω/cm2 ± 15.74 Ω/cm2vs 346.75 Ω/cm2 ± 26.69 Ω/cm2, P < 0.01). While compared with the model group, TEER had little enhancement in cells treated with ITF (313.75 Ω/cm2 ± 18.28 Ω/cm2, 299 Ω/cm2 ± 13.16 Ω/cm2vs 232.75 Ω/cm2 ± 15.74 Ω/cm2, both P < 0.01). Treatment with PAF induced a significant decline in paracellular permeability. After treatment with PAF (100 nmol/L) for 24 h, extensive disorganization, kinking, condensation, and beading of the F-actin ring could be seen and the mean fluorescent intensity of F-actin had a significant decline (218.56 ± 23.18 vs 425.35 ± 40.31, P < 0.01). Treatment with ITF could reverse the high permeability of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers partly by recovering the normal structure of F-actin and increasing the content of F-actin (391.76 ± 58.57, 360.86 ± 8.68 vs 218.56 ± 23.18, both P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: PAF plays an important role in the regulation of intestinal mucosal permeability and induces the structural alterations of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Treatment with ITF can protect intestinal epithelium by restricting the rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton.
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Garland RC, Sun D, Zandi S, Xie F, Faez S, Tayyari F, Frimmel SAF, Schering A, Nakao S, Hafezi-Moghadam A. Noninvasive molecular imaging reveals role of PAF in leukocyte-endothelial interaction in LPS-induced ocular vascular injury. FASEB J 2011; 25:1284-94. [PMID: 21257713 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-160051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a systemic immune disease and a common cause of blindness. The eye is an ideal organ for light-based imaging of molecular events underlying vascular and immune diseases. The phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of inflammation, the action of which in endothelial and immune cells in vivo is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PAF in endothelial injury in uveitis. Here, we use our recently introduced in vivo molecular imaging approach in combination with the PAF inhibitors WEB 2086 (WEB) and ginkgolide B (GB). The differential inhibitory effects of WEB and GB in reducing LPS-induced endothelial injury in the choroid indicate an important role for PAF-like lipids, which might not require the PAF receptor for their signaling. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1-mediated rolling of mouse leukocytes on immobilized P-selectin in our autoperfused microflow chamber assay revealed a significant reduction in rolling velocity on the cells' contact with PAF. Rolling cells that came in contact with PAF rapidly assumed morphological signs of cell activation, indicating that activation during rolling does not require integrins. Our results show a key role for PAF in mediating endothelial and leukocyte activation in acute ocular inflammation. Our in vivo molecular imaging provides a detailed view of cellular and molecular events in the complex physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Garland
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Voorhees T, Chang J, Yao Y, Kaplan MH, Chang CH, Travers JB. Dendritic cells produce inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial products from Staphylococcus aureus-infected atopic dermatitis lesions. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:17-22. [PMID: 21109237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) patients often acquire secondary skin infections resulting in increased inflammation. The increased inflammation occurs through the activation of multiple cell types including dendritic cells (DC). In this study, we investigated the activity of soluble products present in infected AD lesions by measuring the ability of patients' wash fluids from a quantitative culture of lesions to activate DC. We found that wash fluid derived from AD lesions induced cytokine production by murine bone marrow-derived DC, including IL-1β, IL-6, ΙL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The lipoprotein lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcusaureus was implicated as a potent stimulus in the wash fluids as only wash fluid samples that contained LTA exerted this activity, and exogenous LTA triggered similar DC cytokine activation. Wash fluid- and LTA-stimulated DC cytokine production required MyD88, but not the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R), despite the ability of LTA to function through this receptor in keratinocytes. Thus, our results support a role for DC in the worsening of AD inflammation due to secondary bacteria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Voorhees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Baicalein inhibits nuclear factor-κB and apoptosis via c-FLIP and MAPK in D-GalN/LPS induced acute liver failure in murine models. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:526-34. [PMID: 20850421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective effects and molecular mechanisms of baicalein on acute liver failure induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN)/lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were investigated in vivo. Mice were administered with different doses of baicalein (50, 100 or 150mg/kg, p.o.) 1h before injection of d-GalN (700mg/kg)/LPS (10μg/kg) and then sacrificed 6h after treatment with d-GalN/LPS. Pretreatment with baicalein prevented d-GalN/LPS-induced liver damage by preventing associated increases of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and by reducing serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions. The molecular mechanisms involved in baicalein-induced inhibition of d-GalN/LPS-caused apoptosis were associated with the protection of mitochondria, increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, blocking the release of cytochrome c, and suppressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, ERK and JNK. Moreover, baicalein activated c-FLIP(L), XIAP and cIAP2 proteins, potentially blocking the recruitment of NF-κB signaling molecules. The results support the investigation of baicalein as a therapeutic candidate for acute liver apoptosis or injury and indicate that baicalein might inhibit liver apoptosis by mediating one or more of these pathways.
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Kim SD, Kim YK, Lee HY, Kim YS, Jeon SG, Baek SH, Song DK, Ryu SH, Bae YS. The agonists of formyl peptide receptors prevent development of severe sepsis after microbial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4302-10. [PMID: 20817875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Severe sepsis, a principal cause of death in intensive care units, occurs when host immune defenses fail to combat invading microbes. In this paper, we report that the administration of peptide agonists of formyl peptide receptors, including Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met (WKYMVm), protected against death by enhanced bactericidal activity and inhibition of vital organ inflammation and immune cell apoptosis in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis mouse model. The administration of WKYMVm also enhanced the production of type 1 (IFN-γ and IL-12) and type 17 (IL-17 and TGF-β) cytokines in CLP mice. In contrast, the administration of WKYMVm inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the CLP mice. The therapeutic and bactericidal effects of WKYMVm were partly reversed in IFN-γ-deficient mice, whereas target organ inflammation was not. Meanwhile, the therapeutic and anti-inflammatory effects of WKYMVm were partly reversed in IL-17-deficient mice. In addition, the administration of WKYMVm also enhanced type 1 and type 17 Th cell responses in mice sensitized with LPS plus Ags. These results suggest that the agonists of formyl peptide receptors effectively prevent development of severe sepsis following microbial infection partly via augmentation of type 1 and type 17 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Doo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Secor D, Li F, Ellis CG, Sharpe MD, Gross PL, Wilson JX, Tyml K. Impaired microvascular perfusion in sepsis requires activated coagulation and P-selectin-mediated platelet adhesion in capillaries. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:1928-34. [PMID: 20689935 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impaired microvascular perfusion in sepsis is not treated effectively because its mechanism is unknown. Since inflammatory and coagulation pathways cross-activate, we tested if stoppage of blood flow in septic capillaries is due to oxidant-dependent adhesion of platelets in these microvessels. METHODS Sepsis was induced in wild type, eNOS(-/-), iNOS(-/-), and gp91phox(-/-) mice (n = 14-199) by injection of feces into the peritoneum. Platelet adhesion, fibrin deposition, and blood flow stoppage in capillaries of hindlimb skeletal muscle were assessed by intravital microscopy. Prophylactic treatments at the onset of sepsis were intravenous injection of platelet-depleting antibody, P-selectin blocking antibody, ascorbate, or antithrombin. Therapeutic treatments (delayed until 6 h) were injection of ascorbate or the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide, or local superfusion of the muscle with NOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin or NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). RESULTS Sepsis at 6-7 h markedly increased the number of stopped-flow capillaries and the occurrence of platelet adhesion and fibrin deposition in these capillaries. Platelet depletion, iNOS and gp91phox deficiencies, P-selectin blockade, antithrombin, or prophylactic ascorbate prevented, whereas delayed ascorbate, eptifibatide, tetrahydrobiopterin, or SNAP reversed, septic platelet adhesion and/or flow stoppage. The reversals by ascorbate and tetrahydrobiopterin were absent in eNOS(-/-) mice. Platelet adhesion predicted 90% of capillary flow stoppage. CONCLUSION Impaired perfusion and/or platelet adhesion in septic capillaries requires NADPH oxidase, iNOS, P-selectin, and activated coagulation, and is inhibited by intravenous administration of ascorbate and by local superfusion of tetrahydrobiopterin and NO. Reversal of flow stoppage by ascorbate and tetrahydrobiopterin may depend on local eNOS-derived NO which dislodges platelets from the capillary wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Secor
- Critical Illness Research, Victoria Research Laboratories, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada
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Yost CC, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. The platelet activating factor (PAF) signaling cascade in systemic inflammatory responses. Biochimie 2010; 92:692-7. [PMID: 20167241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The platelet-activating factor (PAF) signaling cascade evolved as a component of the repertoire of innate host defenses, but is also an effector pathway in inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. This review focuses on the PAF signaling cascade in systemic inflammatory responses and, specifically, explores its activities in experimental and clinical sepsis and anaphylaxis in the context of the basic biochemistry and biology of signaling via this lipid mediator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Yost
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Yang J, Xu J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Guo X, Zhao G. Decrease of plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in lipopolysaccharide induced mongolian gerbil sepsis model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9190. [PMID: 20169191 PMCID: PMC2820537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis, and the level of plasma PAF acetylhydrolase (pPAF-AH), which inactivates PAF, decreases in sepsis patients except for the sepsis caused by severe leptospirosis. Usually, increase of pPAF-AH activity was observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Syrian hamster and rat sepsis models, while contradictory effects were reported for mouse model in different studies. Here, we demonstrated the in vivo effects of LPS upon the change of pPAF-AH activity in C57BL/6 mice and Mongolian gerbils. After LPS-treatment, the clinical manifestations of Mongolian gerbil model were apparently similar to that of C57BL/6 mouse sepsis model. The pPAF-AH activity increased in C57BL/6 mice after LPS induction, but decreased in Mongolian gerbils, which was similar to that of the human sepsis. It thus suggests that among the LPS-induced rodent sepsis models, only Mongolian gerbil could be used for the study of pPAF-AH related to the pathogenesis of human sepsis. Proper application of this model might enable people to clarify the underline mechanism accounted for the contradictory results between the phase II and phase III clinical trials for the administration of recombinant human pPAF-AH in the sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xucheng Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Konecny FA. Review of cellular and molecular pathways linking thrombosis and innate immune system during sepsis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2010; 15:348-58. [PMID: 21526108 PMCID: PMC3082833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and molecular pathways link thrombosis and innate immune system during sepsis. Extrinsic pathway activation of protease thrombin through FVIIa and tissue factor (TF) in sepsis help activate its endothelial cell (EC) membrane Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR-1). Thrombin adjusts the EC cycle through activation of G proteins (G12/13), and later through Rho GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors), and provides a path for Rho GTPases mediated cytoskeletal responses involved in shape change and permeability of the EC membrane leading to an increase of leakage of plasma proteins.At the same time, thrombin stimulates spontaneous mitogenesis by inducing activation of the cell cycle from G0-G1 to S by down-regulation of p27Kip1, a negative regulator of the cell cycle, in association with the up-regulation of S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (Skp2). After transport in cytoplasm, p27 Kip1 binds to RhoA thus prevent activation of RhoA by GEFs, thus inhibit GDP-GTP exchange mediated by GEFs. In cytoplasm, releasing factor (RF) p27-RF-Rho is able to free RhoA. P27 RF-Rho binds p27kip1 and prevents p27kip1 from binding to RhoA. Exposed RhoA is later able to increase the expression of the F-box protein Skp2, after its Akt triggered 14-3-3-β-dependent cytoplasm relocation. Skp2 increases cytoplasm ubiquitination-dependent degradation of p27Kip1. Additionally, after septic induction of canonical NF-kB pathway in EC through TLR4/IRAK4/TRAF/IkB, an IKKα dimer phosphorylates the p52 precursor NF-kB2/p100, leading to p100 processing and translocation of RelB/p52 to the nucleus. By controlling the NF-kB-RelB complex, IKKα signaling regulates the transcription of the Skp2 and correspondingly p27Kip1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip A. Konecny
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; and St. Joseph Hospital and McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. E-mail:
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