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Charge-changing point mutations in the E protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:100. [PMID: 36871232 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of point mutations is one of the forces enabling arboviruses to rapidly adapt in a changing environment. The influence of these mutations on the properties of the virus is not always obvious. In this study, we attempted to clarify this influence using an in silico approach. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigated how the position of charge-changing point mutations influences the structure and conformational stability of the E protein for a set of variants of a single TBEV strain. The computational findings were supported by experimental evaluation of relevant properties of virions, such as binding to heparan sulfate, thermostability, and susceptibility of the viral hemagglutinating activity to detergents. Our results also point to relationships between E protein dynamics and viral neuroinvasiveness.
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2
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Belova OA, Polienko AE, Averianova AD, Karganova GG. Hybrids of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks effectively acquire and transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1104484. [PMID: 36743302 PMCID: PMC9895388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ixodes rici nus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks are the main vectors of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which has three main subtypes connected with certain tick species: the European subtype, associated with I. ricinus, and the Siberian and Far-Eastern subtypes, associated with I. persulcatus. Distribution ranges of these species overlap and form large sympatric areas in the East European Plain and Baltic countries. It has previously been shown that crossing of I. ricinus and I. persulcatus is possible, with the appearance of sterile hybrids. Hybridization of ticks can affect not only the spread of ticks but also the properties of natural foci of arbovirus infections, in particular TBEV. In the present study, we analyzed the effectiveness of virus transmission from infected mice to larvae and nymphs and trans-stadial transmission (from larvae to nymph and adult) in I. ricinus, I. persulcatus, and hybrids. For this purpose, we bred a hybrid generation from the crossing of I. persulcatus females and I. ricinus males, and we used the Siberian and European subtypes of TBEV. We showed that after feeding on infected mice, virus prevalence in engorged ticks decreased over time, and after molting, the opposite was true. In hybrids we observed the highest acquisition effectiveness and RNA copy numbers during Siberian TBEV subtype transmission. The efficiency of trans-stadial transmission of both TBEV subtypes was similar in hybrids and parental species. After the second trans-stadial TBEV transmission, a significant increase in ticks' infection rates was observed only in specific subtype-tick combination. Our data demonstrate the possible features of TBEV circulation in the I. ricinus and I. persulcatus sympatry area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana A. Belova
- Laboratory of Biology of arboviruses, Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and- Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Oxana A. Belova,
| | - Alexandra E. Polienko
- Laboratory of Biology of arboviruses, Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and- Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia D. Averianova
- Laboratory of Biology of arboviruses, Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and- Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina G. Karganova
- Laboratory of Biology of arboviruses, Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and- Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia,Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Upstone L, Colley R, Harris M, Goonawardane N. Functional characterization of 5' untranslated region (UTR) secondary RNA structures in the replication of tick-borne encephalitis virus in mammalian cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011098. [PMID: 36689554 PMCID: PMC9894543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes neurological disorders including viral encephalitis of varying severity. Whilst secondary RNA structures within the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of many flaviviruses determine both virus replication and pathogenic outcomes in humans, these elements have not been systematically investigated for TBEV. In this study, we investigated the role of predicted RNA secondary elements of the first 107 nucleotides (nts) of the viral genome forming the stem-loop A (SLA). Experiments were performed in replicons and infectious TBEV system. This region comprises three distinct structures: 5' stem 0 (S0), stem-loop 1 (SL1) and stem-loop 2 (SL2). S0 was found to be essential for virus infection as mutations in the lower stem of this region significantly reduced virus replication. Point mutations in SL1 that preserved the Y-shape confirmation delayed viral RNA replication but did not abolish virus infectivity. Deletion of SL2 did not abolish infectivity but had a negligible effect on virus propagation. No correlation was observed between in vitro translation efficiency and virus infectivity, suggesting that the 5'UTR functions independently to virus translation. Together, these findings reveal distinct RNA elements within the 5'UTR that are essential for the stability and replication of viral RNA. We further identify changes in RNA folding that lead to altered TBEV infectivity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Upstone
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Colley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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4
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Goonawardane N, Upstone L, Harris M, Jones IM. Identification of Host Factors Differentially Induced by Clinically Diverse Strains of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0081822. [PMID: 36098513 PMCID: PMC9517736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00818-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important human arthropod-borne virus that causes tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in humans. TBEV acutely infects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to neurological symptoms of various severity. No therapeutics are currently available for TBEV-associated disease. Virus strains of various pathogenicity have been described, although the basis of their diverse clinical outcome remains undefined. Work with infectious TBEV requires high-level biocontainment, meaning model systems that can recapitulate the virus life cycle are highly sought. Here, we report the generation of a self-replicating, noninfectious TBEV replicon used to study properties of high (Hypr) and low (Vs) pathogenic TBEV isolates. Using a Spinach2 RNA aptamer and luciferase reporter system, we perform the first direct comparison of Hypr and Vs in cell culture. Infectious wild-type (WT) viruses and chimeras of the nonstructural proteins 3 (NS3) and 5 (NS5) were investigated in parallel to validate the replicon data. We show that Hypr replicates to higher levels than Vs in mammalian cells, but not in arthropod cells, and that the basis of these differences map to the NS5 region, encoding the methyltransferase and RNA polymerase. For both Hypr and Vs strains, NS5 and the viral genome localized to intracellular structures typical of positive-strand RNA viruses. Hypr was associated with significant activation of IRF-3, caspase-3, and caspase-8, while Vs activated Akt, affording protection against caspase-mediated apoptosis. Higher activation of stress-granule proteins TIAR and G3BPI were an additional early feature of Vs but not for Hypr. These findings highlight novel host cell responses driven by NS5 that may dictate the differential clinical characteristics of TBEV strains. This highlights the utility of the TBEV replicons for further virological characterization and antiviral drug screening. IMPORTANCE Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an emerging virus of the flavivirus family that is spread by ticks and causes neurological disease of various severity. No specific therapeutic treatments are available for TBE, and control in areas of endemicity is limited to vaccination. The pathology of TBEV ranges from mild to fatal, depending on the virus genotype. Characterization of TBEV isolates is challenging due to the requirement for high-containment facilities. Here, we described the construction of novel TBEV replicons that permit a molecular comparison of TBEV isolates of high and low pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niluka Goonawardane
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Upstone
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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5
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Deviatkin AA, Kholodilov IS, Belova OA, Bugmyrin SV, Bespyatova LA, Ivannikova AY, Vakulenko YA, Lukashev AN, Karganova GG. Baltic Group Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Phylogeography: Systemic Inconsistency Pattern between Genetic and Geographic Distances. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101589. [PMID: 33076346 PMCID: PMC7602664 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a dangerous arbovirus widely distributed in Northern Eurasia. The area of this pathogen changes over time. At the beginning of the 2000s, the Ixodes tick populations in Karelia increased. At the same time, the area of I. persulcatus, the main vector of the Siberian TBEV subtype, also expanded. Herein, we sequenced 10 viruses isolated from ticks collected in three locations from the Karelia region in 2008-2018. PCR positive samples were passaged in suckling mice or pig embryo kidney cells (PEK). After the second passage in suckling, mice viral RNA was isolated and E-gene fragment was sequenced. Viral sequences were expected to be similar or nearly identical. Instead, there was up to a 4.8% difference in nucleotide sequence, comparable with the most diverse viruses belonging to the Baltic subgroup in Siberian TBEV subtype (Baltic TBEV-Sib). To reveal whether this was systemic or incidental, a comprehensive phylogeographical analysis was conducted. Interestingly, viruses within each geographic region demonstrated comparable diversity to the whole Baltic TBEV-Sib. Moreover, Baltic TBEV-Sib has a distribution area limited by three ecological regions. This means that active virus mixing occurs in the vast geographic area forming one common virus pool. The most plausible explanation is the involvement of flying animals in the TBEV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Deviatkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (A.A.D.); (G.G.K.)
| | - Ivan S. Kholodilov
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (A.Y.I.)
| | - Oxana A. Belova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (A.Y.I.)
| | - Sergey V. Bugmyrin
- Laboratory for Animal and Plant Parasitology, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia; (S.V.B.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Lubov A. Bespyatova
- Laboratory for Animal and Plant Parasitology, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia; (S.V.B.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Anna Y. Ivannikova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (A.Y.I.)
| | - Yulia A. Vakulenko
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina G. Karganova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (A.Y.I.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.A.D.); (G.G.K.)
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6
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Helmová R, Hönig V, Tykalová H, Palus M, Bell-Sakyi L, Grubhoffer L. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Adaptation in Different Host Environments and Existence of Quasispecies. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080902. [PMID: 32824843 PMCID: PMC7472235 DOI: 10.3390/v12080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly virulent strain (Hypr) of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was serially subcultured in the mammalian porcine kidney stable (PS) and Ixodes ricinus tick (IRE/CTVM19) cell lines, producing three viral variants. These variants exhibited distinct plaque sizes and virulence in a mouse model. Comparing the full-genome sequences of all variants, several nucleotide changes were identified in different genomic regions. Furthermore, different sequential variants were revealed to co-exist within one sample as quasispecies. Interestingly, the above-mentioned nucleotide changes found within the whole genome sequences of the new variants were present alongside the nucleotide sequence of the parental strain, which was represented as a minority quasispecies. These observations further imply that TBEV exists as a heterogeneous population that contains virus variants pre-adapted to reproduction in different environments, probably enabling virus survival in ticks and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Helmová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
| | - Václav Hönig
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-387-775-463
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Palus
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK;
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (H.T.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
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7
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Velay A, Paz M, Cesbron M, Gantner P, Solis M, Soulier E, Argemi X, Martinot M, Hansmann Y, Fafi-Kremer S. Tick-borne encephalitis virus: molecular determinants of neuropathogenesis of an emerging pathogen. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:472-493. [PMID: 31267816 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1629872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic agent causing severe encephalitis. The transmission cycle involves the virus, the Ixodes tick vector, and a vertebrate reservoir, such as small mammals (rodents, or shrews). Humans are accidentally involved in this transmission cycle. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a growing public health problem in Europe and Asia over the past 30 years. The mechanisms involved in the development of TBE are very complex and likely multifactorial, involving both host and viral factors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current literature on TBE neuropathogenesis in the human host and to demonstrate the emergence of common themes in the molecular pathogenesis of TBE in humans. We discuss and review data on experimental study models and on both viral (molecular genetics of TBEV) and host (immune response, and genetic background) factors involved in TBE neuropathogenesis in the context of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Velay
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Magali Paz
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Marlène Cesbron
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Pierre Gantner
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Xavier Argemi
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Martin Martinot
- Service de Médecine Interne et de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar , Colmar , France
| | - Yves Hansmann
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
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8
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Talactac MR, Hernandez EP, Fujisaki K, Tanaka T. A Continuing Exploration of Tick-Virus Interactions Using Various Experimental Viral Infections of Hard Ticks. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1728. [PMID: 30564140 PMCID: PMC6288443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To fully unravel the ixodid ticks’ role as vectors of viral pathogens, their susceptibility to new control measures, and their ability to develop acaricide resistance, acclimatization of ticks under laboratory conditions is greatly needed. However, the unique and complicated feeding behavior of these ticks compared to that of other hematophagous arthropods requires efficient and effective techniques to infect them with tick-borne viruses (TBVs). In addition, relatively expensive maintenance of animals for blood feeding and associated concerns about animal welfare critically limit our understanding of TBVs. This mini review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the artificial infection of hard ticks with viral pathogens, which is currently used to elucidate virus transmission and vector competence and to discover immune modulators related to tick–virus interactions. This review will also present the advantages and limitations of the current techniques for tick infection. Fortunately, new artificial techniques arise, and the limitations of current protocols are greatly reduced as researchers continuously improve, streamline, and standardize the laboratory procedures to lower cost and produce better adoptability. In summary, convenient and low-cost techniques to study the interactions between ticks and TBVs provide a great opportunity to identify new targets for the future control of TBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, Philippines.,Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Emmanuel P Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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9
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Kellman EM, Offerdahl DK, Melik W, Bloom ME. Viral Determinants of Virulence in Tick-Borne Flaviviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060329. [PMID: 29914165 PMCID: PMC6024809 DOI: 10.3390/v10060329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne flaviviruses have a global distribution and cause significant human disease, including encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever, and often result in neurologic sequelae. There are two distinct properties that determine the neuropathogenesis of a virus. The ability to invade the central nervous system (CNS) is referred to as the neuroinvasiveness of the agent, while the ability to infect and damage cells within the CNS is referred to as its neurovirulence. Examination of laboratory variants, cDNA clones, natural isolates with varying pathogenicity, and virally encoded immune evasion strategies have contributed extensively to our understanding of these properties. Here we will review the major viral determinants of virulence that contribute to pathogenesis and influence both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence properties of tick-borne flaviviruses, focusing particularly on the envelope protein (E), nonstructural protein 5 (NS5), and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M Kellman
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Danielle K Offerdahl
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Wessam Melik
- School of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, SE-703 62 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Marshall E Bloom
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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10
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Demina TV, Kozlova IV, Tkachev SE, Doroshchenko EK, Lisak OV, Savinova YS, Suntsova OV, Verkhozina MM, Dzhioev YP, Paramonov AI, Kiselev DO, Zlobin VI. DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GENOMIC STRUCTURE OF SIBERIAN STRAINS OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS OF THE EUROPEAN SUBTYPE. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:29-36. [PMID: 36494994 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-1-29-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is classified into three subtypes: Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), European (TBEV-EU) and Siberian (TBEV-SIB). In Russia, these are also called genotypes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Geographically, TBEV-EU dominates in Central and Northern Europe, but its representatives are also found to the east - along the southern part of the forest zone of extratropical Eurasia - up to Eastern Siberia and South Korea. However, the strains isolated outside Europe remain poorly investigated. In the proposed study, eight full genomes of the Siberian isolates of TBEV-EU were determined and 13 complete genomes were compared. The analysis of 152 full-genome TBEV sequences showed that the TBEV-EU has a higher degree of stability of the genome-coding region in the entire Eurasian area (3.1% of differences) compared to TBEV-FE (6.6%) and TBEV-SIB (7.8%). At the same time, the maximum differences are observed not between European and Siberian strains, as one could expect, but between the representatives from Europe - TBEV strains Mandl-2009 from Norway and Hypr from the Czech Republic. The studied strains from Siberia form the compact genetic cluster of 42 TBEV-EU strains and are divided into two subclusters - West Siberian and East Siberian variants. These variants differ in the combinations of amino acid substitutions in all proteins except NS2B. The West Siberian variant mostly circulates in the territory of Altai, and the closest relative of its representatives is Absettarov strain from the European part of Russia. The strains similar to the East Siberian variant of the European subtype were recorded in the Altai (strain 84.2, 2007) and in Belarus (N256, about 1940).
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Demina
- Irkutsk State Agrarian University named after A.A. Ezhevsky
| | - I V Kozlova
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction.,Irkutsk State Medical University
| | - S E Tkachev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine
| | | | - O V Lisak
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
| | - Y S Savinova
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
| | - O V Suntsova
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
| | - M M Verkhozina
- Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Irkutsk region
| | | | - A I Paramonov
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
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11
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New genetic lineage within the Siberian subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus found in Western Siberia, Russia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:36-43. [PMID: 29069610 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a causative agent of a severe neurological disease. There are three main TBEV subtypes: the European (TBEV-Eu), Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), and Siberian (TBEV-Sib). Currently, three lineages within TBEV-Sib have been recorded. In this study, the genetic and biological characteristics of a new original strain, TBEV-2871, isolated in the Novosibirsk province of Western Siberia, Russia were investigated. The strain has low neuroinvasiveness in mice. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that TBEV-2871 belongs to TBEV-Sib, but does not cluster with any of the TBEV-Sib lineages. The TBEV-2871 strain has 88-89% nucleotide sequence identity with the other TBEV-Sib strains, 84-86% nucleotide sequence identity with the TBEV-FE and TBEV-Eu subtypes and is genetically close to the subtype division border. The TBEV-2871 polyprotein sequence includes 43 unique amino acid substitutions, 30 of which are recorded at positions that are conserved among all TBEV subtypes. Strain TBEV-2871 and two similar but not identical isolates found in Kemerovo province, Western Siberia are separated into a new lineage tentatively named Obskaya after the name of Ob riber, in the vicinity of which the TBEV-2871 was first found. A molecular evolution investigation demonstrated that within TBEV-Sib, the Obskaya lineage likely separated 1535years ago, which is even earlier than the Baltic lineage.
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Belova OA, Litov AG, Kholodilov IS, Kozlovskaya LI, Bell-Sakyi L, Romanova LI, Karganova GG. Properties of the tick-borne encephalitis virus population during persistent infection of ixodid ticks and tick cell lines. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:895-906. [PMID: 28784308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a vector-borne zoonotic neuroinfection. For successful circulation in natural foci the virus has to survive in the vector for a long period of time. Information about the effect of long-term infection of ticks on properties of the viral population is of great importance. In recent years, changes in the eco-epidemiology of TBEV due to changes in distribution of ixodid ticks have been observed. These changes in TBEV-endemic areas could result in a shift of the main tick vector species, which in turn may lead to changes in properties of the virus. In the present study we evaluated the selective pressure on the TBEV population during persistent infection of various species of ticks and tick cell lines. TBEV effectively replicated and formed persistent infection in ticks and tick cell lines of the vector species (Ixodes spp.), potential vectors (Dermacentor spp.) and non-vector ticks (Hyalomma spp.). During TBEV persistence in Ixodes and Dermacentor ticks, properties of the viral population remained virtually unchanged. In contrast, persistent TBEV infection of tick cell lines from both vector and non-vector ticks favoured selection of viral variants with low neuroinvasiveness for laboratory mice and substitutions in the E protein that increased local positive charge of the virion. Thus, selective pressure on viral population may differ in ticks and tick cell lines during persistent infection. Nevertheless, virus variants with properties of the original strain adapted to mouse CNS were not eliminated from the viral population during long-term persistence of TBEV in ticks and tick cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana A Belova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), prem. 8, k.17, pos. Institut Poliomyelita, poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia.
| | - Alexander G Litov
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), prem. 8, k.17, pos. Institut Poliomyelita, poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia; Lomonosov MSU, Faculty of Biology, Lenin Hills, 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Ivan S Kholodilov
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), prem. 8, k.17, pos. Institut Poliomyelita, poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia.
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), prem. 8, k.17, pos. Institut Poliomyelita, poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Lidiya Iu Romanova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), prem. 8, k.17, pos. Institut Poliomyelita, poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Galina G Karganova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS), prem. 8, k.17, pos. Institut Poliomyelita, poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia; Lomonosov MSU, Faculty of Biology, Lenin Hills, 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Grabowski JM, Tsetsarkin KA, Long D, Scott DP, Rosenke R, Schwan TG, Mlera L, Offerdahl DK, Pletnev AG, Bloom ME. Flavivirus Infection of Ixodes scapularis (Black-Legged Tick) Ex Vivo Organotypic Cultures and Applications for Disease Control. mBio 2017; 8:e01255-17. [PMID: 28830948 PMCID: PMC5565970 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01255-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis ticks transmit many infectious agents that cause disease, including tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs). TBFV infections cause thousands of human encephalitis cases worldwide annually. In the United States, human TBFV infections with Powassan virus (POWV) are increasing and have a fatality rate of 10 to 30%. Additionally, Langat virus (LGTV) is a TBFV of low neurovirulence and is used as a model TBFV. TBFV replication and dissemination within I. scapularis organs are poorly characterized, and a deeper understanding of virus biology in this vector may inform effective countermeasures to reduce TBFV transmission. Here, we describe short-term, I. scapularis organ culture models of TBFV infection. Ex vivo organs were metabolically active for 9 to 10 days and were permissive to LGTV and POWV replication. Imaging and videography demonstrated replication and spread of green fluorescent protein-expressing LGTV in the organs. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed LGTV envelope and POWV protein synthesis within the infected organs. LGTV- and POWV-infected organs produced infectious LGTV and POWV; thus, the ex vivo cultures were suitable for study of virus replication in individual organs. LGTV- and POWV-infected midgut and salivary glands were subjected to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) transfection with dsRNA to the LGTV 3' untranslated region (UTR), which reduced infectious LGTV and POWV replication, providing a proof-of-concept use of RNA interference in I. scapularis organ cultures to study the effects on TBFV replication. The results contribute important information on TBFV localization within ex vivo I. scapularis organs and provide a significant translational tool for evaluating recombinant, live vaccine candidates and potential tick transcripts and proteins for possible therapeutic use and vaccine development to reduce TBFV transmission.IMPORTANCE Tick-borne flavivirus (TBFV) infections cause neurological and/or hemorrhagic disease in humans worldwide. There are currently no licensed therapeutics or vaccines against Powassan virus (POWV), the only TBFV known to circulate in North America. Evaluating tick vector targets for antitick vaccines directed at reducing TBFV infection within the arthropod vector is a critical step in identifying efficient approaches to controlling TBFV transmission. This study characterized infection of female Ixodes scapularis tick organ cultures of midgut, salivary glands, and synganglion with the low-neurovirulence Langat virus (LGTV) and the more pathogenic POWV. Cell types of specific organs were susceptible to TBFV infection, and a difference in LGTV and POWV replication was noted in TBFV-infected organs. This tick organ culture model of TBFV infection will be useful for various applications, such as screening of tick endogenous dsRNA corresponding to potential control targets within midgut and salivary glands to confirm restriction of TBFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Grabowski
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Konstantin A Tsetsarkin
- Neurotropic Flaviviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Long
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Luwanika Mlera
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Danielle K Offerdahl
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Alexander G Pletnev
- Neurotropic Flaviviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marshall E Bloom
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Kazimírová M, Thangamani S, Bartíková P, Hermance M, Holíková V, Štibrániová I, Nuttall PA. Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:339. [PMID: 28798904 PMCID: PMC5526847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are efficient vectors of arboviruses, although less than 10% of tick species are known to be virus vectors. Most tick-borne viruses (TBV) are RNA viruses some of which cause serious diseases in humans and animals world-wide. Several TBV impacting human or domesticated animal health have been found to emerge or re-emerge recently. In order to survive in nature, TBV must infect and replicate in both vertebrate and tick cells, representing very different physiological environments. Information on molecular mechanisms that allow TBV to switch between infecting and replicating in tick and vertebrate cells is scarce. In general, ticks succeed in completing their blood meal thanks to a plethora of biologically active molecules in their saliva that counteract and modulate different arms of the host defense responses (haemostasis, inflammation, innate and acquired immunity, and wound healing). The transmission of TBV occurs primarily during tick feeding and is a complex process, known to be promoted by tick saliva constituents. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TBV transmission are poorly understood. Immunomodulatory properties of tick saliva helping overcome the first line of defense to injury and early interactions at the tick-host skin interface appear to be essential in successful TBV transmission and infection of susceptible vertebrate hosts. The local host skin site of tick attachment, modulated by tick saliva, is an important focus of virus replication. Immunomodulation of the tick attachment site also promotes co-feeding transmission of viruses from infected to non-infected ticks in the absence of host viraemia (non-viraemic transmission). Future research should be aimed at identification of the key tick salivary molecules promoting virus transmission, and a molecular description of tick-host-virus interactions and of tick-mediated skin immunomodulation. Such insights will enable the rationale design of anti-tick vaccines that protect against disease caused by tick-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kazimírová
- Department of Medical Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
| | - Pavlína Bartíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Meghan Hermance
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
| | - Viera Holíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Štibrániová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia A. Nuttall
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingford, United Kingdom
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Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Structural Proteins Are the Primary Viral Determinants of Non-Viraemic Transmission between Ticks whereas Non-Structural Proteins Affect Cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158105. [PMID: 27341437 PMCID: PMC4920422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 50 million humans live in areas of potential exposure to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The disease exhibits an estimated 16,000 cases recorded annually over 30 European and Asian countries. Conventionally, TBEV transmission to Ixodes spp. ticks occurs whilst feeding on viraemic animals. However, an alternative mechanism of non-viraemic transmission (NVT) between infected and uninfected ticks co-feeding on the same transmission-competent host, has also been demonstrated. Here, using laboratory-bred I. ricinus ticks, we demonstrate low and high efficiency NVT for TBEV strains Vasilchenko (Vs) and Hypr, respectively. These virus strains share high sequence similarity but are classified as two TBEV subtypes. The Vs strain is a Siberian subtype, naturally associated with I. persulcatus ticks whilst the Hypr strain is a European subtype, transmitted by I. ricinus ticks. In mammalian cell culture (porcine kidney cell line PS), Vs and Hypr induce low and high cytopathic effects (cpe), respectively. Using reverse genetics, we engineered a range of viable Vs/Hypr chimaeric strains, with substituted genes. No significant differences in replication rate were detected between wild-type and chimaeric viruses in cell culture. However, the chimaeric strain Vs[Hypr str] (Hypr structural and Vs non-structural genomic regions) demonstrated high efficiency NVT in I. ricinus whereas the counterpart Hypr[Vs str] was not transmitted by NVT, indicating that the virion structural proteins largely determine TBEV NVT transmission efficiency between ticks. In contrast, in cell culture, the extent of cpe was largely determined by the non-structural region of the TBEV genome. Chimaeras with Hypr non-structural genes were more cytotoxic for PS cells when compared with Vs genome-based chimaeras.
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Hai VV, Almeras L, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, Parola P, Pagès F. Monitoring human tick-borne disease risk and tick bite exposure in Europe: available tools and promising future methods. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:607-19. [PMID: 25178542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are the main vector for infectious disease pathogens in both humans and animals, and tick-borne diseases are currently spreading throughout Europe. Various surveillance methods have been developed to estimate the burden and risk of tick-borne diseases and host exposure to tick bites. The ultimate aims of these approaches are to determine the risk level of a tick-borne disease in a given area, determine its health priority, identify the at-risk population and propose specific countermeasures or complementary studies as needed. The purpose of this review is to present the current methods for monitoring the circulation of tick-borne diseases and to highlight the use of salivary antigens as original and recently developed serological tools that could be useful for tick bite risk assessment and could improve the current surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Vu Hai
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Marseille, Unité de Parasitologie, URMITE UMR 6236, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 Avenue de la Corse BP 40026, 13568 Marseille Cedex 02, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Marseille, Unité de Parasitologie, URMITE UMR 6236, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 Avenue de la Corse BP 40026, 13568 Marseille Cedex 02, France
| | - Cristina Socolovschi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; CIRE/ARS Océan Indien, 2 bis Avenue Georges Brassens CS 60050, 97408 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Reunion.
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17
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Slovák M, Kazimírová M, Siebenstichová M, Ustaníková K, Klempa B, Gritsun T, Gould EA, Nuttall PA. Survival dynamics of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:962-9. [PMID: 25131151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biotic factors contributing to the survival of tick-borne viruses in nature are poorly understood. Using tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and its principal European vector, Ixodes ricinus, we examined the relative roles of salivary gland infection, co-feeding transmission, and moulting in virus survival. Virus titres in the salivary glands increased after blood-feeding in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This was observed in ticks infected by inoculation but not in ticks infected by the natural route of co-feeding. Amplification of infection prevalence occurred via co-feeding. However, when larvae or nymphs subsequently moulted, the infection prevalence dramatically declined although this was not observed when ticks were infected by inoculation. Trans-stadial survival is a hitherto overlooked parameter that may contribute to the low incidence of TBEV infection in field-collected I. ricinus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Slovák
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Kazimírová
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Gritsun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Universite, France; NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Nuttall
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Leonova GN, Maystrovskaya OS, Kondratov IG, Takashima I, Belikov SI. The nature of replication of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated from residents of the Russian Far East with inapparent and clinical forms of infection. Virus Res 2014; 189:34-42. [PMID: 24747117 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the biological properties and molecular characteristics of complete genomes of 33 tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains that induced different forms of infection, from inapparent to severe focal ones resulting in fatal outcome. Hemagglutinating activity of Oshima-like strains was higher at pH 5.8, while activity of Sofjin- and Senhzang-like strains were higher at pH 6.2 and 6.8, respectively. We determined susceptibility of porcine kidney (PK) cell cultures to these TBEV strains by cytopathic effect (CPE), plaque formation, and size of plaques. The clinical TBEV strains had higher virus titers both in tissue culture infectious dose 50(TCID50) and in plaque-forming unit (PFU) titers and larger plaques than the inapparent strains. A comparison of virus multiplication kinetics by PFU in culture fluid with kinetics of ELISA antigen and hemagglutinin accumulation suggested a different mechanism of interaction between these virus strains and PK cells at the initial stage of cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina N Leonova
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga S Maystrovskaya
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya G Kondratov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ikuo Takashima
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sergei I Belikov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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20
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The three subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus induce encephalitis in a natural host, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). PLoS One 2013; 8:e81214. [PMID: 24349041 PMCID: PMC3862475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infects bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in nature, but the relevance of rodents for TBEV transmission and maintenance is unclear. We infected colonized bank voles subcutaneously to study and compare the infection kinetics, acute infection, and potential viral persistence of the three known TBEV subtypes: European (TBEV-Eur), Siberian (TBEV-Sib) and Far Eastern (TBEV-FE). All strains representing the three subtypes were infective and highly neurotropic. They induced (meningo)encephalitis in some of the animals, however most of the cases did not present with apparent clinical symptoms. TBEV-RNA was cleared significantly slower from the brain as compared to other organs studied. Supporting our earlier findings in natural rodent populations, TBEV-RNA could be detected in the brain for up to 168 days post infection, but we could not demonstrate infectivity by cell culture isolation. Throughout all time points post infection, RNA of the TBEV-FE was detected significantly more often than RNA of the other two strains in all organs studied. TBEV-FE also induced prolonged viremia, indicating distinctive kinetics in rodents in comparison to the other two subtypes. This study shows that bank voles can develop a neuroinvasive TBEV infection with persistence of viral RNA in brain, and mount an anti-TBEV IgG response. The findings also provide further evidence that bank voles can serve as sentinels for TBEV endemicity.
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Katargina O, Russakova S, Geller J, Kondrusik M, Zajkowska J, Zygutiene M, Bormane A, Trofimova J, Golovljova I. Detection and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Baltic countries and eastern Poland. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61374. [PMID: 23650497 PMCID: PMC3641128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks were collected from the vegetation in the Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and eastern Poland and analyzed for the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) by amplification of the partial E and NS3 genes. In Estonia we found statistically significant differences in the TBEV prevalence between I. persulcatus and I. ricinus ticks (4.23% and 0.42%, respectively). In Latvia, the difference in TBEV prevalence between the two species was not statistically significant (1.02% for I. persulcatus and 1.51% for I. ricinus, respectively). In Lithuania and Poland TBEV was detected in 0.24% and 0.11% of I. ricinus ticks, respectively. Genetic characterization of the partial E and NS3 sequences demonstrated that the TBEV strains belonged to the European subtype in all countries, as well as to the Siberian subtype in Estonia. We also found that in areas where ranges of two tick species overlap, the TBEV subtypes may be detected not only in their natural vector, but also in sympatric tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Katargina
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Stanislava Russakova
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Julia Geller
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Macije Kondrusik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milda Zygutiene
- Department of Epidemiological Surveillance, Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Antra Bormane
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance and Immunisation Unit, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Julia Trofimova
- Molecular Biology of Bacterial Infection Unit, Latvian Centre of Infectious Diseases, East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Irina Golovljova
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Belova OA, Burenkova LA, Karganova GG. Different tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) prevalences in unfed versus partially engorged ixodid ticks – Evidence of virus replication and changes in tick behavior. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 3:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Complete genomic characterization of two tick-borne encephalitis viruses isolated from China. Virus Res 2012; 167:310-3. [PMID: 22659297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) is prevalent over a wide area of the Eurasian continent. TBE viruses cause severe encephalitis in humans, with serious sequelae, and have a significant impact on public health in these endemic regions. To gain insight into genetic evolution of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in China, the complete genomic sequences of two TBEV strains Senzhang and MDJ01, which were isolated in 1953 and 2001 respectively, were characterized. The complete genome sequences of two strains were all consist 10,784 nucleotides and there are 364 nucleotides deletion in the 3' nontranslated region. Compared with other TBEV strains, homology range from 85.2% (Zausaev) to 99.6% (MDJ02 and MDJ03) on the level of nucleotide. Phylogenetic trees based on the complete genome, open reading frame and E gene nucleotide sequences all showed that the strains Senzhang and MDJ01 belong to Far-Eastern subtype and cluster with other Chinese TBEV strains. All these implied that TBEVs prevalent in China were highly conservative, other measurement should be taken to improve protective efficacy of present vaccine.
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Fritz R, Orlinger KK, Hofmeister Y, Janecki K, Traweger A, Perez-Burgos L, Barrett PN, Kreil TR. Quantitative comparison of the cross-protection induced by tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines based on European and Far Eastern virus subtypes. Vaccine 2011; 30:1165-9. [PMID: 22178103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus of wide geographic distribution and the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), an infection of the central nervous system. TBE has the highest incidence rate in Russia, where locally produced as well as Western European vaccines for the prevention of TBE are available. The Western European vaccines are based on TBE viruses that belong to the European subtype, while the Russian vaccines are based on Far Eastern subtype viruses. The question of to which extent vaccination with a vaccine based on the European subtype is effective in protecting against the heterologous Far Eastern virus subtype - and vice versa - has not been answered conclusively. Here we immunized mice with TBE vaccines based on European and Far Eastern subtype viruses, and used an unbiased hybrid virus test system to determine cross-neutralizing antibody titers and cross-protective efficacy. All vaccines tested elicited cross-protective responses against the heterologous strains, similar to those induced against the respective homologous vaccine strains. These data, therefore, fully support the use of TBE vaccines in geographic regions where virus subtypes heterologous to the vaccine strains are prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fritz
- Baxter BioScience, Vaccine Research and Development, Biomedical Research Centre, Uferstrasse 15, A-2304 Orth a.d. Donau, Austria
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25
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Tuplin A, Evans DJ, Buckley A, Jones IM, Gould EA, Gritsun TS. Replication enhancer elements within the open reading frame of tick-borne encephalitis virus and their evolution within the Flavivirus genus. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:7034-48. [PMID: 21622960 PMCID: PMC3303483 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide experimental evidence of a replication enhancer element (REE) within the capsid gene of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV, genus Flavivirus). Thermodynamic and phylogenetic analyses predicted that the REE folds as a long stable stem–loop (designated SL6), conserved among all tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV). Homologous sequences and potential base pairing were found in the corresponding regions of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, but not in more genetically distant flaviviruses. To investigate the role of SL6, nucleotide substitutions were introduced which changed a conserved hexanucleotide motif, the conformation of the terminal loop and the base-paired dsRNA stacking. Substitutions were made within a TBEV reverse genetic system and recovered mutants were compared for plaque morphology, single-step replication kinetics and cytopathic effect. The greatest phenotypic changes were observed in mutants with a destabilized stem. Point mutations in the conserved hexanucleotide motif of the terminal loop caused moderate virus attenuation. However, all mutants eventually reached the titre of wild-type virus late post-infection. Thus, although not essential for growth in tissue culture, the SL6 REE acts to up-regulate virus replication. We hypothesize that this modulatory role may be important for TBEV survival in nature, where the virus circulates by non-viraemic transmission between infected and non-infected ticks, during co-feeding on local rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tuplin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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26
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Abstract
Omsk haemorrhagic fever is an acute viral disease prevalent in some regions of western Siberia in Russia. The symptoms of this disease include fever, headache, nausea, severe muscle pain, cough, and moderately severe haemorrhagic manifestations. A third of patients develop pneumonia, nephrosis, meningitis, or a combination of these complications. The only treatments available are for control of symptoms. No specific vaccine has been developed, although the vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis might provide a degree of protection against Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus. The virus is transmitted mainly by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks, but people are mainly infected after contact with infected muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Muskrats are very sensitive to Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus. The introduction of this species to Siberia in the 1930s probably led to viral emergence in this area, which had previously seemed free from the disease. Omsk haemorrhagic fever is, therefore, an example of a human disease that emerged owing to human-mediated disturbance of an ecological niche. We review the biological properties of the virus, and the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Omsk haemorrhagic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Růžek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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27
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Pastorino B, Nougairède A, Wurtz N, Gould E, de Lamballerie X. Role of host cell factors in flavivirus infection: Implications for pathogenesis and development of antiviral drugs. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:281-94. [PMID: 20452379 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus contains approximately 70 arthropod-borne enveloped RNA viruses many of which cause severe human and in some cases, animal disease. They include dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Hundreds of thousands of deaths due to flavivirus infections occur each year, many of which are unpreventable due to lack of availability of appropriate vaccines and/or antiviral drugs. Flaviviruses exploit the cytoplasmic cellular machinery to facilitate propagation of infectious progeny virions. They engage in dynamic and antagonistic interactions with host cell membranes and biochemical processes. Following infection, the cells initiate various antiviral strategies to counteract viral invasion. In its defense, the virus has alternative strategies to suppress these host responses to infection. The fine balance between these interactions determines the outcome of the viral infection and disease progression. Published studies have revealed specific effects of flaviviruses on cellular processes, but the underlying mechanisms that determine the specific cytopathogenetic changes induced by different flaviviruses have not, as yet, been elucidated. Independently of the suppression of the type I IFN response which has been described in detail elsewhere, this review focuses on recent discoveries relating to alterations of host metabolism following viral infection. Such studies may contribute to new approaches to antiviral drug development. The role of host cellular factors will be examined in the context of protection and/or pathogenesis resulting from flavivirus infection, with particular emphasis on West Nile virus and dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Pastorino
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UMR190 "Emergence des pathologies virales" Université de la Méditerranée, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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28
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Kozlovskaya L, Osolodkin D, Shevtsova A, Romanova L, Rogova Y, Dzhivanian T, Lyapustin V, Pivanova G, Gmyl A, Palyulin V, Karganova G. GAG-binding variants of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Virology 2010; 398:262-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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