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Roy S, Williams CM, Wijesundara DK, Furuya Y. Impact of Pre-Existing Immunity to Influenza on Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) Immunogenicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E683. [PMID: 33207559 PMCID: PMC7711626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the previous influenza seasons, between 2010 and 2016, the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) provided variable efficacy against influenza in the U.S., causing the recommendation against the use of the LAIV. In striking contrast, pre-clinical studies have repeatedly demonstrated superior efficacy of LAIV against mismatched influenza viruses, compared to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). This disparity in reported vaccine efficacies between pre-clinical and clinical studies may in part be explained by limitations of the animal models of influenza. In particular, the absence of pre-existing immunity in animal models has recently emerged as a potential explanation for the discrepancies between preclinical findings and human studies. This commentary focuses on the potential impact of pre-existing immunity on LAIV induced immunogenicity with an emphasis on cross-protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Roy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.R.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Clare M. Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.R.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Danushka K. Wijesundara
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia;
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.R.); (C.M.W.)
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Karunarathna HMTK, Perera RAPM, Fang VJ, Yen HL, Cowling BJ, Peiris M. Serum anti-neuraminidase antibody responses in human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:404-412. [PMID: 30898033 PMCID: PMC6455630 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1572433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titres are a correlate of protection for influenza virus infection, but several studies have also demonstrated the protective role of anti-neuraminidase (anti-NA) antibodies. However, there is limited data on anti-NA antibody responses in naturally occurring human influenza. We investigated anti-NA antibody responses to pandemic N1 and seasonal N1 in 18 RT-PCR-confirmed patients with naturally acquired pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 disease detected as part of a prospective community study of influenza. There were increases in neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) antibody titres to both pandemic and seasonal N1 antigens, with greater fold increases in those who had low levels of anti-pandemic N1 titres in acute sera. Of 18 patients with pandemic H1N1 infection, fourfold increases in antibody were observed by HAI in 11 (61%) patients, by anti-pandemic N1 inhibition in 13 (72%) or either in 15 of them (83%). Prior seasonal H1N1 virus infections had elicited cross-reactive anti-pandemic N1 antibody titres in some people prior to the emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Antibody responses to the anti-N1 pandemic 2009 virus and cross-reactive responses to anti-seasonal N1 antibody were seen in influenza A pandemic 2009 infections. NAI antibodies can complement HAI antibody in sero-diagnosis and sero-epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herath M T K Karunarathna
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,b Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Vicky J Fang
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin John Cowling
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Malik Peiris
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Zoonotic Influenza and Human Health-Part 2: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2018; 20:38. [PMID: 30069787 PMCID: PMC7102074 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Zoonotic influenza viruses are those influenza viruses that cross the animal-human barrier and can cause disease in humans, manifesting from minor respiratory illnesses to multiorgan dysfunction. The increasing incidence of infections caused by these viruses worldwide has necessitated focused attention to improve both diagnostic as well as treatment modalities. In this second part of a two-part review, we discuss the clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and treatment of zoonotic influenza, and provide an overview of prevention strategies. Recent Findings Illnesses caused by novel reassortant avian influenza viruses continue to be detected and described; most recently, a human case of avian influenza A(H7N4) has been described from China. We continue to witness increasing rates of A(H7N9) infections, with the latest (fifth) wave, from late 2016 to 2017, being the largest to date. The case fatality rate for A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) infections among humans is much higher than that of seasonal influenza infections. Since the emergence of the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic, and subsequently A(H7N9), testing and surveillance for novel influenzas have become more effective. Various newer treatment options, including peramivir, favipiravir (T-705), and DAS181, and human or murine monoclonal antibodies have been evaluated in vitro and in animal models. Summary Armed with robust diagnostic modalities, antiviral medications, vaccines, and advanced surveillance systems, we are today better prepared to face a new influenza pandemic and to limit the burden of zoonotic influenza than ever before. Sustained efforts and robust research are necessary to efficiently deal with the highly mutagenic zoonotic influenza viruses.
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Dong W, Bhide Y, Sicca F, Meijerhof T, Guilfoyle K, Engelhardt OG, Boon L, de Haan CAM, Carnell G, Temperton N, de Vries-Idema J, Kelvin D, Huckriede A. Cross-Protective Immune Responses Induced by Sequential Influenza Virus Infection and by Sequential Vaccination With Inactivated Influenza Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2312. [PMID: 30356772 PMCID: PMC6189474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequential infection with antigenically distinct influenza viruses induces cross-protective immune responses against heterologous virus strains in animal models. Here we investigated whether sequential immunization with antigenically distinct influenza vaccines can also provide cross-protection. To this end, we compared immune responses and protective potential against challenge with A(H1N1)pdm09 in mice infected sequentially with seasonal A(H1N1) virus followed by A(H3N2) virus or immunized sequentially with whole inactivated virus (WIV) or subunit (SU) vaccine derived from these viruses. Sequential infection provided solid cross-protection against A(H1N1)pdm09 infection while sequential vaccination with WIV, though not capable of preventing weight loss upon infection completely, protected the mice from reaching the humane endpoint. In contrast, sequential SU vaccination did not prevent rapid and extensive weight loss. Protection correlated with levels of cross-reactive but non-neutralizing antibodies of the IgG2a subclass, general increase of memory T cells and induction of influenza-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Adoptive serum transfer experiments revealed that despite lacking neutralizing activity, serum antibodies induced by sequential infection protected mice from weight loss and vigorous virus growth in the lungs upon A(H1N1)pdm09 virus challenge. Antibodies induced by WIV vaccination alleviated symptoms but could not control virus growth in the lung. Depletion of T cells prior to challenge revealed that CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, contributed to cross-protection. These results imply that sequential immunization with WIV but not SU derived from antigenically distinct viruses could alleviate the severity of infection caused by a pandemic and may improve protection to unpredictable seasonal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yoshita Bhide
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Federica Sicca
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kate Guilfoyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - George Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline de Vries-Idema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - David Kelvin
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Anke Huckriede
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Complexities in Ferret Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission Models. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:733-44. [PMID: 27412880 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00022-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are widely employed to study the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of influenza viruses. However, inherent variations in inoculation methods, sampling schemes, and experimental designs are often overlooked when contextualizing or aggregating data between laboratories, leading to potential confusion or misinterpretation of results. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of parameters to consider when planning an experiment using ferrets, collecting data from the experiment, and placing results in context with previously performed studies. This review offers information that is of particular importance for researchers in the field who rely on ferret data but do not perform the experiments themselves. Furthermore, this review highlights the breadth of experimental designs and techniques currently available to study influenza viruses in this model, underscoring the wide heterogeneity of protocols currently used for ferret studies while demonstrating the wealth of information which can benefit risk assessments of emerging influenza viruses.
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6
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Yoon S, Kim ED, Song MS, Han SJ, Park TK, Choi KS, Choi YK, Seo KY. Eyedrop Vaccination Induced Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against Influenza Virus in Ferrets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157634. [PMID: 27333331 PMCID: PMC4917170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated eyedrop vaccination (EDV) in pre-clinical development for immunological protection against influenza and for potential side effects involving ocular inflammation and the central nervous system (CNS). Live attenuated influenza EDV, CA07 (H1N1), PZ-4 (H1N2) and Uruguay (H3N2), induced both systemic and mucosal virus-specific antibody responses in ferrets. In addition, EDV resulted in a clinically significant protection against viral challenge, and suppression of viral replication in nasal secretion and lung tissue. Regarding safety, we found that administered EDV flow through the tear duct to reach the base of nasal cavity, and thus do not contact the olfactory bulb. All analyses for potential adverse effects due to EDV, including histological and functional examinations, did not reveal significant side effects. On the basis of these findings, we propose that EDV as effective, while being a safe administration route with minimum local side effects, CNS invasion, or visual function disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Medical Center, Seoul, 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Gyounggi-do, 10444, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Ploemen IHJ, Hirschberg HJHB, Kraan H, Zeltner A, van Kuijk S, Lankveld DPK, Royals M, Kersten GFA, Amorij JP. Minipigs as an animal model for dermal vaccine delivery. Comp Med 2014; 64:50-54. [PMID: 24512961 PMCID: PMC3929219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate animal models for intradermal vaccine delivery are scarce. Given the high similarity of their skin anatomy to that of humans, minipigs may be a suitable model for dermal vaccine delivery. Here we describe the immunization of Göttingen minipigs by using intradermal and intramuscular delivery of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Intradermal vaccine delivery by needle and syringe and by needle-free jet injection induced humoral antiHBsAg responses. Priming immunization by using the disposable syringe jet injector (DSJI) resulted in a higher antibody titer than did conventional intradermal immunization and a titer comparable to that after intramuscular vaccination with HBsAg and Al(OH)3 adjuvant. This study highlights the utility of the minipig model in vaccine studies assessing the efficacy of conventional and novel methods of dermal delivery. Moreover, we include suggestions regarding working with minipigs during dermal vaccine delivery studies, thereby fostering future work in this area of vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoang JHB Hirschberg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gideon FA Kersten
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology
- Division of Drug Technology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Impact of prior seasonal H3N2 influenza vaccination or infection on protection and transmission of emerging variants of influenza A(H3N2)v virus in ferrets. J Virol 2013; 87:13480-9. [PMID: 24089569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02434-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza H3N2 A viruses continue to circulate in swine and occasionally infect humans, resulting in outbreaks of variant influenza H3N2 [A(H3N2)v] virus. It has been previously demonstrated in ferrets that A(H3N2)v viruses transmit as efficiently as seasonal influenza viruses, raising concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. However, A(H3N2)v viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, which may be due in part to existing cross-reactive immunity to A(H3N2)v viruses. Although current seasonal H3N2 and A(H3N2)v viruses are antigenically distinct from one another, historical H3N2 viruses have some antigenic similarity to A(H3N2)v viruses and previous exposure to these viruses may provide a measure of immune protection sufficient to dampen A(H3N2)v virus transmission. Here, we evaluated whether prior seasonal H3N2 influenza virus vaccination or infection affects virus replication and transmission of A(H3N2)v virus in the ferret animal model. We found that the seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (TIV) or a monovalent vaccine prepared from an antigenically related 1992 seasonal influenza H3N2 (A/Beijing/32/1992) virus failed to substantially reduce A(H3N2)v (A/Indiana/08/2011) virus shedding and subsequent transmission to naive hosts. Conversely, ferrets primed by seasonal H3N2 virus infection displayed reduced A(H3N2)v virus shedding following challenge, which blunted transmission to naive ferrets. A higher level of specific IgG and IgA antibody titers detected among infected versus vaccinated ferrets was associated with the degree of protection offered by seasonal H3N2 virus infection. The data demonstrate in ferrets that the efficiency of A(H3N2)v transmission is disrupted by preexisting immunity induced by seasonal H3N2 virus infection.
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Lange J, Groth M, Schlegel M, Krumbholz A, Wieczorek K, Ulrich R, Köppen S, Schulz K, Appl D, Selbitz HJ, Sauerbrei A, Platzer M, Zell R, Dürrwald R. Reassortants of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and establishment of a novel porcine H1N2 influenza virus, lineage in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:345-56. [PMID: 24139631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incursion of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus (pdmH1N1) into the German pig population was investigated in a serosurvey and by virological means between June 2009 and December 2012. Analysis of 23,116 pig sera from a total of 2,666 herds revealed 224 herds that reacted with pdmH1N1 but not with the prevalent avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus. Sixty-six pdmH1N1 strains and their reassortant derivatives (pdmH1huN2, huH3pdmN1) have been collected since November 2009. Sequencing of three pdmH1N1, 20 pdmH1huN2 and one huH3pdmN1 strains with conventional and next generation sequencing techniques and subsequent phylogenetic analyses with available sequence data revealed the emergence of five distinct reassortant genotypes in Europe. The most frequent genotype emerged at least three times independently, one of which (Papenburg lineage) established a stable infection chain and became more prevalent in pigs than pdmH1N1 in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Lange
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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10
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Chan RWY, Karamanska R, Van Poucke S, Van Reeth K, Chan IWW, Chan MCW, Dell A, Peiris JSM, Haslam SM, Guan Y, Nicholls JM. Infection of swine ex vivo tissues with avian viruses including H7N9 and correlation with glycomic analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1269-82. [PMID: 24001121 PMCID: PMC4114536 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Swine have been regarded as intermediate hosts in the spread of influenza from birds to humans but studies of the sialylated glycans that comprise their respiratory tract have not been extensively studied in the past. This study analyzed the sialylated N‐glycan and O‐glycan profile of swine trachea and lung and correlated this with ex‐vivo infection of swine explants with avian influenza viruses. Sample Lungs and tracheal samples were obtained from normal farm and laboratory raised swine and used for ex vivo infection as well as mass spectrometric analysis. Infection of the ex vivo tissues used high pathogenic and low pathogenic avian viruses including the novel H7N9 virus that emerged in China in early 2013. Main outcome measures Assessment of successful replication was determined by TCID50 as well as virus immunohistochemistry. The N‐glycan and O‐glycan profiles were measured by MALDI‐TOF and sialylated linkages were determined by sialidase treatment. Lectin binding histochemistry was also performed on formalin fixed tissue samples with positive binding detected by chromogen staining. Results The swine respiratory tract glycans differed from the human respiratory tact glycans in two main areas. There was a greater abundance of Gal‐α‐Gal linkages resulting in a relative decrease in sialylated glycans. The swine respiratory tract also had a greater proportion of glycans containing Neu5Gc and Siaα2‐6 glycans than the human respiratory tract. Infection with avian viruses was confined primarily to lung bronchioles rather than trachea and parenchyma. Conclusions In contrast to previous studies we found that there was not as much expression of Siaα2‐3 glycans on the surface of the trachea. Infection of Siaα2‐3 binding avian viruses was restricted to the lower respiratory tract bronchioles. This finding may diminish the ability of the swine to act as an intermediary in the transmission of avian viruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee W Y Chan
- Department of Pathology, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Sage LK, Fox JM, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Subsisting H1N1 influenza memory responses are insufficient to protect from pandemic H1N1 influenza challenge in C57BL/6 mice. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1701-1711. [PMID: 23580424 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2009 swine-origin pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus transmitted and caused disease in many individuals immune to pre-2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Whilst extensive studies on antibody-mediated pH1N1 cross-reactivity have been described, few studies have focused on influenza-specific memory T-cells. To address this, the immune response in pre-2009 H1N1 influenza-immune mice was evaluated after pH1N1 challenge and disease pathogenesis was determined. The results show that despite homology shared between pre-2009 H1N1 and pH1N1 strains, the effector memory T-cell response to pre-2009 H1N1 was generally ineffective, a finding that correlated with lung virus persistence. Additionally, pH1N1 challenge generated T-cells reactive to new pH1N1 epitopes. These studies highlight the importance of vaccinating against immunodominant T-cell epitopes to provide for a more effective strategy to control influenza virus through heterosubtypic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo K Sage
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephen M Tompkins
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Tang Z, Xu Q, Wang Y, Zhao P, Qi Z. Pre-existing immunity with high neutralizing activity to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in Shanghai population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58810. [PMID: 23527030 PMCID: PMC3602581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity is an important factor countering the pandemic potential of an emerging influenza virus strain. Thus, studying of pre-existing immunity to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (2009 H1N1) will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. In the present study, sera were collected from 486 individuals in a hospital in Shanghai, China, before the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. The serum anti-hemagglutinins (HA) antibody, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody and neutralizing antibody against the 2009 H1N1 were assayed. Among this population, 84.2%, 14.61% and 26.5% subjects possessed anti-HA antibody, HI antibody and neutralizing antibody, respectively. Although neutralizing antibody only existed in those sera with detectable anti-HA antibody, there was no obvious correlation between the titers of anti-HA and neutralizing antibody. However, the titers of anti-HA and neutralizing antibody against seasonal H1N1 virus were highly correlated. In the same population, there was no correlation between titers of neutralizing antibody against 2009 H1N1 and seasonal H1N1. DNA immunization performed on mice demonstrated that antibodies to the HA of 2009 pandemic and seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses were strain-specific and had no cross-neutralizing activity. In addition, the predicted conserved epitope in the HA of 2009 H1N1 and recently circulating seasonal H1N1 virus, GLFGAIAGFIE, was not an immunologically valid B-cell epitope. The data in this report are valuable for advancing our understanding of 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Cell Line
- China
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Qingqiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, P. R. of China
- * E-mail: (YW); (PZ); (ZQ)
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
- * E-mail: (YW); (PZ); (ZQ)
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. of China
- * E-mail: (YW); (PZ); (ZQ)
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13
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Mahmud SM, Van Caeseele P, Hammond G, Kurbis C, Hilderman T, Elliott L. No association between 2008-09 influenza vaccine and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection, Manitoba, Canada, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:801-10. [PMID: 22516189 PMCID: PMC3358049 DOI: 10.3201/eid1805.111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receipt of seasonal inactivated trivalent vaccine neither increased nor decreased the risk for pandemic influenza virus infection. We conducted a population-based study in Manitoba, Canada, to investigate whether use of inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) during the 2008–09 influenza season was associated with subsequent infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus during the first wave of the 2009 pandemic. Data were obtained from a provincewide population-based immunization registry and laboratory-based influenza surveillance system. The test-negative case–control study included 831 case-patients with confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection and 2,479 controls, participants with test results negative for influenza A and B viruses. For the association of TIV receipt with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection, the fully adjusted odds ratio was 1.0 (95% CI 0.7–1.4). Among case-patients, receipt of 2008–09 TIV was associated with a statistically nonsignificant 49% reduction in risk for hospitalization. In agreement with study findings outside Canada, our study in Manitoba indicates that the 2008–09 TIV neither increased nor decreased the risk for infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
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Immunogenic and protective properties of the first Kazakhstan vaccine against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in ferrets. Virol Sin 2012. [PMID: 23180289 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a pre-clinical study of the immunogenicity and efficacy of an egg-derived, inactivated, whole-virion adjuvanted vaccine (Refluvac®) on ferret models. For this purpose, groups of eight ferrets (6 to 7 months old) were injected with 0.5 mL of vaccine specimens containing 3.75, 7.5 or 15.0 μg of virus hemagglutinin. Administration was intramuscular and given either as a single dose or as two doses 14 days apart. All vaccine specimens manifested immunogenicity in ferrets for single (HI titer, from 51 ± 7 to 160 ± 23) and double (HI titer, from 697 ± 120 to 829 ± 117) administrations. To assess the protective effects of the vaccine, ferrets from the vaccinated and control groups were infected intranasally with pandemic virus A/California/7/09 (H1N1) pdm09 at a dose of 10(6) EID(50)/0.5 mL. Fourteen days post-infection, the ferrets inoculated with single or double vaccines containing 3.75, 7.5 or 15.0 μg of hemagglutinin per dose showed no signs of influenza infection, weight loss, or body temperature rise, and no premature deaths occurred. The number of vaccinated ferrets shedding the virus via the upper airway, as well as the amount of virus shed after infection, was significantly reduced in comparison with animals from the control group. Based on our results, we suggest that a single vaccination at a dose of 3.75 or 7.5 μg hemagglutinin be used for Phase I clinical trials.
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15
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Cheng VCC, To KKW, Tse H, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Two years after pandemic influenza A/2009/H1N1: what have we learned? Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:223-63. [PMID: 22491771 PMCID: PMC3346300 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05012-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The world had been anticipating another influenza pandemic since the last one in 1968. The pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 virus (A/2009/H1N1) finally arrived, causing the first pandemic influenza of the new millennium, which has affected over 214 countries and caused over 18,449 deaths. Because of the persistent threat from the A/H5N1 virus since 1997 and the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2003, medical and scientific communities have been more prepared in mindset and infrastructure. This preparedness has allowed for rapid and effective research on the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and other basic scientific aspects of the disease, with impacts on its control. A PubMed search using the keywords "pandemic influenza virus H1N1 2009" yielded over 2,500 publications, which markedly exceeded the number published on previous pandemics. Only representative works with relevance to clinical microbiology and infectious diseases are reviewed in this article. A significant increase in the understanding of this virus and the disease within such a short amount of time has allowed for the timely development of diagnostic tests, treatments, and preventive measures. These findings could prove useful for future randomized controlled clinical trials and the epidemiological control of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C C Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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York I, Donis RO. The 2009 pandemic influenza virus: where did it come from, where is it now, and where is it going? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 370:241-57. [PMID: 22638836 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Around 2008 or 2009, an influenza A virus that had been circulating undetected in swine entered human population. Unlike most swine influenza infections of humans, this virus established sustained human-to-human transmission, leading to a global pandemic. The virus responsible, 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm), is the result of multiple reassortment events that brought together genomic segments from classical H1N1 swine influenza virus, human seasonal H3N2 influenza virus, North American avian influenza virus, and Eurasian avian-origin swine influenza viruses. Genetically, H1N1pdm possesses a number of unusual features, although the genomic characteristics that permitted sustained human-to-human transmission are yet unclear. Human infection with H1N1pdm has generally resulted in low mortality, although certain subgroups (including pregnant women, people with some chronic medical conditions, morbidly obese individuals, and immunosuppressed people) have significantly higher risk of severe disease. As H1N1pdm has spread throughout the human population it continued to evolve. It has also reentered the swine population as a circulating pathogen, and has been transiently identified in other species such as turkeys, cats, and domestic ferrets. Most genetic changes in H1N1pdm to date have not been clearly linked to changes in antigenicity, disease severity, antiviral drug resistance, or transmission efficiency. However, the rapid evolution rate characteristic of influenza viruses suggests that changes in antigenicity are inevitable in future years. Experience with this first pandemic of twenty-first century reemphasizes the importance of influenza surveillance in animals as well as humans, and offers lessons to develop and enhance our ability to identify potentially pandemic influenza viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian York
- Molecular Virology and Vaccines Branch, Influenza Division, NCIRD, CCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road-Mail Stop G-16, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Smith JH, Papania M, Knaus D, Brooks P, Haas DL, Mair R, Barry J, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Nebulized live-attenuated influenza vaccine provides protection in ferrets at a reduced dose. Vaccine 2011; 30:3026-33. [PMID: 22075083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is delivered to vaccine recipients using a nasal spray syringe. LAIV delivered by this method is immunogenic at current doses; however, improvements in nasal delivery might allow for significant dose reduction. We investigated LAIV vaccination in ferrets using a high efficiency nebulizer designed for nasal delivery. LAIV nasal aerosol elicited high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies and protected ferrets from homologous virus challenge at conventional (10(7)TCID(50)) and significantly reduced (10(3)TCID(50)) doses. Aerosol LAIV also provided a significant level of subtype-specific cross-protection. These results demonstrate the dose-sparing potential of nebulizer-based nasal aerosol LAIV delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Humberd Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Marcelin G, DuBois R, Rubrum A, Russell CJ, McElhaney JE, Webby RJ. A contributing role for anti-neuraminidase antibodies on immunity to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26335. [PMID: 22039464 PMCID: PMC3200314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to contemporary seasonal influenza A viruses affords partial immunity to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (pH1N1) infection. The impact of antibodies to the neuraminidase (NA) of seasonal influenza A viruses to cross-immunity against pH1N1 infection is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Antibodies to the NA of different seasonal H1N1 influenza strains were tested for cross-reactivity against A/California/04/09 (pH1N1). A panel of reverse genetic (rg) recombinant viruses was generated containing 7 genes of the H1N1 influenza strain A/Puerto Rico/08/34 (PR8) and the NA gene of either the pandemic H1N1 2009 strain (pH1N1) or one of the following contemporary seasonal H1N1 strains: A/Solomon/03/06 (rg Solomon) or A/Brisbane/59/07 (rg Brisbane). Convalescent sera collected from mice infected with recombinant viruses were measured for cross-reactive antibodies to pH1N1 via Hemagglutinin Inhibition (HI) or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The ectodomain of a recombinant NA protein from the pH1N1 strain (pNA-ecto) was expressed, purified and used in ELISA to measure cross-reactive antibodies. Analysis of sera from elderly humans immunized with trivalent split-inactivated influenza (TIV) seasonal vaccines prior to 2009 revealed considerable cross-reactivity to pNA-ecto. High titers of cross-reactive antibodies were detected in mice inoculated with either rg Solomon or rg Brisbane. Convalescent sera from mice inoculated with recombinant viruses were used to immunize naïve recipient Balb/c mice by passive transfer prior to challenge with pH1N1. Mice receiving rg California sera were better protected than animals receiving rg Solomon or rg Brisbane sera. CONCLUSIONS The NA of contemporary seasonal H1N1 influenza strains induces a cross-reactive antibody response to pH1N1 that correlates with reduced lethality from pH1N1 challenge, albeit less efficiently than anti-pH1N1 NA antibodies. These findings demonstrate that seasonal NA antibodies contribute to but are not sufficient for cross-reactive immunity to pH1N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glendie Marcelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rebecca DuBois
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Adam Rubrum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Janet E. McElhaney
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Yang H, Chen Y, Shi J, Guo J, Xin X, Zhang J, Wang D, Shu Y, Qiao C, Chen H. Reassortant H1N1 influenza virus vaccines protect pigs against pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and H1N2 swine influenza virus challenge. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:229-34. [PMID: 21596495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A (H1N1) virus has caused human influenza outbreaks in a worldwide pandemic since April 2009. Pigs have been found to be susceptible to this influenza virus under experimental and natural conditions, raising concern about their potential role in the pandemic spread of the virus. In this study, we generated a high-growth reassortant virus (SC/PR8) that contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from a novel H1N1 isolate, A/Sichuan/1/2009 (SC/09), and six internal genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus, by genetic reassortment. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this reassortant virus were evaluated at different doses in a challenge model using a homologous SC/09 or heterologous A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(H1N2) virus (GD/06). Two doses of SC/PR8 virus vaccine elicited high-titer serum hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies specific for the 2009 H1N1 virus and conferred complete protection against challenge with either SC/09 or GD/06 virus, with reduced lung lesions and viral shedding in vaccine-inoculated animals compared with non-vaccinated control animals. These results indicated for the first time that a high-growth SC/PR8 reassortant H1N1 virus exhibits properties that are desirable to be a promising vaccine candidate for use in swine in the event of a pandemic H1N1 influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanliang Yang
- Animal Influenza Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
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20
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Loeffen W, Stockhofe N, Weesendorp E, van Zoelen-Bos D, Heutink R, Quak S, Goovaerts D, Heldens J, Maas R, Moormann R, Koch G. Efficacy of a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus vaccine in pigs against the pandemic influenza virus is superior to commercially available swine influenza vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:304-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reduced antibody responses to the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccine after recent seasonal influenza vaccination. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1519-23. [PMID: 21813667 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05053-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vaccination program against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (2009 H1N1) provided a unique opportunity to determine if immune responses to the 2009 H1N1 vaccine were affected by a recent, prior vaccination against seasonal influenza virus. In the present study, we studied the immune responses to the 2009 H1N1 vaccine in subjects who either received the seasonal influenza virus vaccination within the prior 3 months or did not. Following 2009 H1N1 vaccination, subjects previously given a seasonal influenza virus vaccination exhibited significantly lower antibody responses, as determined by hemagglutination inhibition assay, than subjects who had not received the seasonal influenza virus vaccination. This result is compatible with the phenomenon of "original antigenic sin," by which previous influenza virus vaccination hampers induction of immunity against a new variant. Our finding should be taken into account for future vaccination programs against pandemic influenza virus outbreaks.
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22
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Delangue J, Salez N, Ninove L, Kieffer A, Zandotti C, Seston M, Lina B, Nougairede A, Charrel R, Flahault A, de Lamballerie X. Serological study of the 2009 pandemic due to influenza A H1N1 in the metropolitan French population. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 18:177-83. [PMID: 21635661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We looked for evidence of antibodies to the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic virus in panels of sera from individuals living in metropolitan France, obtained either before, during or after the epidemic, using standard haemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization tests. The difference between seroprevalence values measured in post- and pre-epidemic panels was used as an estimate of seroconversion rate in different age groups (23.4% (0-24 years, age-group 0); 16.5% (25-34); 7.9% (35-44); 7.2% (45-54); 1.6% (55-64); and 3.1% (>65)), confirming that the distribution of cases in different age groups was similar to that of the seasonal H1N1 virus. During the pre-pandemic period low-titre cross-reactive antibodies were present in a large proportion of the population (presumably acquired against seasonal H1N1) whereas cross-reactive antibodies were detected in individuals over the age of 65 years with significantly higher prevalence and serological titres (presumably acquired previously against Spanish flu-related H1N1 strains). Clinical data and analysis of post-pandemic seroprevalence showed that few of these latter patients were infected by the influenza virus during the epidemic. In contrast, the majority of both clinical cases and seroconversions were recorded in the 0-24 age group and a global inverse relationship between prevalence of antibodies to pH1N1 in the pre-pandemic period and rate of seroconversion was observed amongst age groups. Our results emphasize the complex relationships involved in antigenic reactivity to pandemic and seasonal H1N1 viral antigens; hence the difficulty in distinguishing between low-titre specific and cross-reactive antibodies, establishing precise seroprevalence numbers and fully understanding the relationship between previous immunity to seasonal viruses and protection against the novel variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delangue
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UMR190 Université Aix-Marseille 2 and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
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23
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Fang J, Chen Z, Liu X, Li H, Wang J, Shen X, Chen W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhao P, Qi Z. Immunization with a low dose of hemagglutinin-encoding plasmid protects against 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus in mice. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:314-9. [PMID: 21392537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine against the novel pandemic influenza virus (2009 H1N1) is available, but several problems in preparation of vaccines against the new emerging influenza viruses need to be overcome. DNA vaccines represent a novel and powerful alternative to conventional vaccine approaches. To evaluate the ability of a DNA vaccine encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) of 2009 H1N1 to generate humoral responses and protective immunity, BALB/c mice were immunized with various doses of 2009 H1N1 HA-encoding plasmid and anti-HA total IgG, hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were assayed. The total IgG titers against HA correlated positively with the doses of DNA vaccine, but immunization with either a low dose (10 μg) or a higher dose (25-200 μg) of HA plasmid resulted in similar titers of hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibodies, following a single booster. Further, 10 μg plasmid conferred effective protection against lethal virus challenge. These results suggested that the DNA vaccine encoding the HA of 2009 H1N1 virus is highly effective for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. DNA vaccines are a promising new strategy for the rapid development of efficient vaccines to control new emerging pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Berhane Y, Ojkic D, Neufeld J, Leith M, Hisanaga T, Kehler H, Ferencz A, Wojcinski H, Cottam-Birt C, Suderman M, Handel K, Alexandersen S, Pasick J. Molecular characterization of pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from turkeys and pathogenicity of a human pH1N1 isolate in turkeys. Avian Dis 2011; 54:1275-85. [PMID: 21313850 DOI: 10.1637/9422-061410-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Suspected human-to-animal transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus has been reported in several animal species, including pigs, dogs, cats, ferrets, and turkeys. In this study we describe the genetic characterization of pH1N1 viruses isolated from breeder turkeys that was associated with a progressive drop in egg production. Sequence analysis of all eight gene segments from three viruses isolated from this outbreak demonstrated homology with other human and swine pH1N1 isolates. The susceptibility of turkeys to a human pH1N1 isolate was further evaluated experimentally. The 50% turkey infectious dose (TID50) for the human isolate A/Mexico/LnDRE/4487/2009 was determined by inoculating groups of 8-10-week-old turkeys with serial 10-fold dilutions of virus by oronasal and cloacal routes. We estimated the TID50 to be between 1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(6) TCID50. The pathogenesis of pH1N1 in oronasally or cloacally inoculated juvenile turkeys was also examined. None of the turkeys exhibited clinical signs, and no significant difference in virus shedding or seroconversion was observed between the two inoculation groups. More than 50% of the turkeys in both oronasal and cloacal groups shed virus beginning at 2 days postinoculation (dpi). All birds that actively shed virus seroconverted by 14 dpi. Virus antigen was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in the cecal tonsils and bursa of Fabricius in two of the birds that were infected by the cloacal route. Virus transmission to naive contact turkeys was at best doubtful. This report provides additional evidence that pH1N1 can cross the species barrier and cause disease outbreaks in domestic turkeys. However, it appears that the reproductive status of the host as well as environmental factors such as concurrent infections, stress, the presence or absence of litter, and stocking density may also contribute to efficient infection and transmission of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Berhane
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
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Choi YK, Pascua PNQ, Song MS. Swine Influenza Viruses: An Asian Perspective. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 370:147-72. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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26
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Grund S, Adams O, Wählisch S, Schweiger B. Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition assay, an ELISA-based micro-neutralization assay and colorimetric microneutralization assay to detect antibody responses to vaccination against influenza A H1N1 2009 virus. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:369-73. [PMID: 21146560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay has been the main method used to investigate immune responses to vaccination against influenza H1N1 (2009) virus. However microneutralization tests (MNT) have been shown to be more sensitive and more specific. In this study, the three methods of choice: (i) the HI assay, (ii) an ELISA-based conventional MNT and (iii) a colorimetric MNT in terms of their ability to detect antibody responses in serum pairs collected from 43 healthy individuals before and 21 days after vaccination were compared. The colorimetric MNT was established yielding intra- and inter-run imprecisions of 7.5% and 12.4%, respectively. Testing of antisera to seasonal influenza viruses demonstrated the assay to be specific for antibodies to influenza H1N1 (2009) virus. A good correlation between the three methods was found, being highest for the ELISA-MNT and the colorimetric MNT (r=0.714 for geometric mean titers (GMT) and r=0.695 for titer increases). Similar rates of fourfold titer increases were detected: 95.3% in the ELISA-MNT vs. 93.0% in colorimetric MNT and 95.3% in HI assay. The ELISA-based MNT demonstrated the highest titer range leading to the highest postvaccination GMT and the highest titer increase (>50-fold). The lowest GMTs were measured with the HI assay, while the colorimetric MNT detected the highest GMT in prevaccination sera. Taken together, similar seroconversion rates were obtained with the three assays. The ELISA-MNT appeared to be the best method to compare absolute pre- and postvaccination GMTs. The colorimetric MNT, being less labour-intensive than the ELISA-MNT, seems to be a suitable tool in vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grund
- Institute of Virology of the University of Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Crum-Cianflone NF, Eberly LE, Duplessis C, Maguire J, Ganesan A, Faix D, Defang G, Bai Y, Iverson E, Lalani T, Whitman T, Blair PJ, Brandt C, Macalino G, Burgess T. Immunogenicity of a monovalent 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in an immunocompromised population: a prospective study comparing HIV-infected adults with HIV-uninfected adults. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 52:138-46. [PMID: 21148532 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist on the immunogenicity of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine among immunocompromised persons, including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS We compared the immunogenicity and tolerability of a single dose of the monovalent 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine (strain A/California/7/2009H1N1) between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults 18-50 years of age. The primary end point was an antibody titer of ≥ 1:40 at day 28 after vaccination in those with a prevaccination level of ≤ 1:10, as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition assay. Geometric mean titers, influenza-like illnesses, and tolerability were also evaluated. RESULTS One hundred thirty-one participants were evaluated (65 HIV-infected and 66 HIV-uninfected patients), with a median age of 35 years (interquartile range, 27-42 years). HIV-infected persons had a median CD4 cell count of 581 cells/mm(3) (interquartile range, 476-814 cells/mm(3)) , and 82% were receiving antiretroviral medications. At baseline, 35 patients (27%) had antibody titers of >1:10. HIV-infected patients (29 [56%] of 52), compared with HIV-uninfected persons (35 [80%] of 44), were significantly less likely to develop an antibody response (odds ratio, .20; P = .003). Changes in the median geometric mean titer from baseline to day 28 were also significantly lower in HIV-infected patients than in HIV-uninfected persons (75 vs 153; P = .001). Five influenza-like illnesses occurred (2 cases in HIV-infected persons), but none was attributable to the 2009 influenza H1N1 virus. The vaccine was well tolerated in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite high CD4 cell counts and receipt of antiretroviral medications, HIV-infected adults generated significantly poorer antibody responses, compared with HIV-uninfected persons. Future studies evaluating a 2-dose series or more-immunogenic influenza A (H1N1) vaccines among HIV-infected adults are needed (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996970).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Crum-Cianflone
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Garland P, de Lavallade H, Sekine T, Hoschler K, Sriskandan S, Patel P, Brett S, Stringaris K, Loucaides E, Howe K, Marin D, Kanfer E, Cooper N, Macdonald D, Rahemtulla A, Atkins M, Danga A, Milojkovic D, Gabriel I, Khoder A, Alsuliman A, Apperley J, Rezvani K. Humoral and cellular immunity to primary H1N1 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies following stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 17:632-9. [PMID: 20708085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available on immunologic responses to primary H1N1 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies. We present a prospective, case-surveillance study of such patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed H1N1-influenza who presented to our institution between September 2009 and January 2010. Ninety-two patients presented with influenza-like symptoms, and 13 had H1N1 infection confirmed by RT-PCR, including 4 allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients (1 with acute myelogenous leukemia, 1 with chronic lymphoblastic leukemia [CLL], 1 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 1 with chronic myelogenous leukemia), 5 patients with multiple myeloma following autologous stem cell transplantation, 1 patient with multiple myeloma perimobilization, 2 patients with NHL post chemotherapy, and 1 patient with CLL. All 13 patients required hospitalization. Six (43%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), of whom 4 (67%) died. We evaluated B cell and T cell responses to H1N1 infection prospectively in these patients compared with those in 4 otherwise healthy controls. Within 12 weeks of diagnosis, only 6 of 11 patients developed seropositive antibody titers as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition or microneutralization assays, compared with 4 of 4 controls. H1N1-specific T cells were detected in only 2 of 8 evaluable patients compared with 4 of 4 controls. H1N1-specific T cells were functional, capable of producing interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and CD107a mobilization. Furthermore, CD154 was up-regulated on CD4(+) T cells in 3 of 4 controls and 2 of 2 patients who had both B cell and T cell responses to H1N1. Post-H1N1 infection, 5 of 8 patients developed seasonal influenza-specific T cells, suggesting cross-reactivity induced by H1N1 infection. These data offer novel insights into humoral and cell-mediated immunologic responses to primary H1N1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Garland
- Department of Hematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Aguilar-Yáñez JM, Portillo-Lara R, Mendoza-Ochoa GI, García-Echauri SA, López-Pacheco F, Bulnes-Abundis D, Salgado-Gallegos J, Lara-Mayorga IM, Webb-Vargas Y, León-Angel FO, Rivero-Aranda RE, Oropeza-Almazán Y, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Zertuche-Guerra MI, DuBois RM, White SW, Schultz-Cherry S, Russell CJ, Alvarez MM. An influenza A/H1N1/2009 hemagglutinin vaccine produced in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11694. [PMID: 20661476 PMCID: PMC2908544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The A/H1N1/2009 influenza pandemic made evident the need for faster and higher-yield methods for the production of influenza vaccines. Platforms based on virus culture in mammalian or insect cells are currently under investigation. Alternatively, expression of fragments of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein in prokaryotic systems can potentially be the most efficacious strategy for the manufacture of large quantities of influenza vaccine in a short period of time. Despite experimental evidence on the immunogenic potential of HA protein constructs expressed in bacteria, it is still generally accepted that glycosylation should be a requirement for vaccine efficacy. Methodology/Principal Findings We expressed the globular HA receptor binding domain, referred to here as HA63–286-RBD, of the influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus in Escherichia coli using a simple, robust and scalable process. The recombinant protein was refolded and purified from the insoluble fraction of the cellular lysate as a single species. Recombinant HA63–286-RBD appears to be properly folded, as shown by analytical ultracentrifugation and bio-recognition assays. It binds specifically to serum antibodies from influenza A/H1N1/2009 patients and was found to be immunogenic, to be capable of triggering the production of neutralizing antibodies, and to have protective activity in the ferret model. Conclusions/Significance Projections based on our production/purification data indicate that this strategy could yield up to half a billion doses of vaccine per month in a medium-scale pharmaceutical production facility equipped for bacterial culture. Also, our findings demonstrate that glycosylation is not a mandatory requirement for influenza vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Aguilar-Yáñez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Roberto Portillo-Lara
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | | | | | - Felipe López-Pacheco
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - David Bulnes-Abundis
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Itzel M. Lara-Mayorga
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Yenny Webb-Vargas
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Felipe O. León-Angel
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mario M. Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, México
- * E-mail:
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Khurana S, Verma S, Verma N, Crevar CJ, Carter DM, Manischewitz J, King LR, Ross TM, Golding H. Properly folded bacterially expressed H1N1 hemagglutinin globular head and ectodomain vaccines protect ferrets against H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11548. [PMID: 20634959 PMCID: PMC2902520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the face of impending influenza pandemic, a rapid vaccine production and mass vaccination is the most effective approach to prevent the large scale mortality and morbidity that was associated with the 1918 "Spanish Flu". The traditional process of influenza vaccine production in eggs is time consuming and may not meet the demands of rapid global vaccination required to curtail influenza pandemic. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recombinant technology can be used to express the hemagglutinin (HA) of the emerging new influenza strain in a variety of systems including mammalian, insect, and bacterial cells. In this study, two forms of HA proteins derived from the currently circulating novel H1N1 A/California/07/2009 virus, HA1 (1-330) and HA (1-480), were expressed and purified from E. coli under controlled redox refolding conditions that favoured proper protein folding. However, only the recombinant HA1 (1-330) protein formed oligomers, including functional trimers that bound receptor and caused agglutination of human red blood cells. These proteins were used to vaccinate ferrets prior to challenge with the A/California/07/2009 virus. Both proteins induced neutralizing antibodies, and reduced viral loads in nasal washes. However, the HA1 (1-330) protein that had higher content of multimeric forms provided better protection from fever and weight loss at a lower vaccine dose compared with HA (1-480). Protein yield for the HA1 (1-330) ranged around 40 mg/Liter, while the HA (1-480) yield was 0.4-0.8 mg/Liter. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study that describes production in bacterial system of properly folded functional globular HA1 domain trimers, lacking the HA2 transmembrane protein, that elicit potent neutralizing antibody responses following vaccination and protect ferrets from in vivo challenge. The combination of bacterial expression system with established quality control methods could provide a mechanism for rapid large scale production of influenza vaccines in the face of influenza pandemic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Evidence of human-to-swine transmission of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus in South Korea. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3204-11. [PMID: 20610681 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00053-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus continues to infect human populations globally, reports on epidemiologically linked animal infections are also on the rise. Since December 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009-like viruses have been isolated in pigs from different swine farms of South Korea. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of viral segments demonstrated several events of human-to-swine transmission with no apparent signs of reassortment. These events were also supported by serological surveillance in pig sera collected from April to December, suggesting that reverse transmission probably started between June and July with a drastic increase in prevalence the following months. Although molecular characterization indicates that the swine isolates are generally stable, some viruses are genetically evolving, most notably in their surface proteins. Animal studies (ferrets and mice) reveal that swine pandemic isolates epitomize biological properties attributed to the currently circulating human pandemic viruses, including replication kinetics and efficient transmission, indicating their potential to return to circulation among humans. Overall, these results indicate widespread human-to-animal transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses in South Korea. With the significant role of pigs in the ecology of influenza viruses, these transmission events should be closely monitored and minimized to prevent the risk of generating viruses with greater human health concerns.
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Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza A H1N1 (2009): Where Do We Stand? INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2010; 21:90-1. [DOI: 10.1007/s13337-010-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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