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Pushchina EV, Varaksin AA. Constitutive Neurogenesis and Neuronal Plasticity in the Adult Cerebellum and Brainstem of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5595. [PMID: 38891784 PMCID: PMC11171520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system of Pacific salmon retains signs of embryonic structure throughout life and a large number of neuroepithelial neural stem cells (NSCs) in the proliferative areas of the brain, in particular. However, the adult nervous system and neurogenesis studies on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are limited. Here, we studied the localization of glutamine synthetase (GS), vimentin (Vim), and nestin (Nes), as well as the neurons formed in the postembryonic period, labeled with doublecortin (DC), under conditions of homeostatic growth in adult cerebellum and brainstem of Oncorhynchus mykiss using immunohistochemical methods and Western Immunoblotting. We observed that the distribution of vimentin (Vim), nestin (Nes), and glutamine synthetase (GS), which are found in the aNSPCs of both embryonic types (neuroepithelial cells) and in the adult type (radial glia) in the cerebellum and the brainstem of trout, has certain features. Populations of the adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSPCs) expressing GS, Vim, and Nes have different morphologies, localizations, and patterns of cluster formation in the trout cerebellum and brainstem, which indicates the morphological and, obviously, functional heterogeneity of these cells. Immunolabeling of PCNA revealed areas in the cerebellum and brainstem of rainbow trout containing proliferating cells which coincide with areas expressing Vim, Nes, and GS. Double immunolabeling revealed the PCNA/GS PCNA/Vim coexpression patterns in the neuroepithelial-type cells in the PVZ of the brainstem. PCNA/GS coexpression in the RG was detected in the submarginal zone of the brainstem. The results of immunohistochemical study of the DC distribution in the cerebellum and brainstem of trout have showed a high level of expression of this marker in various cell populations. This may indicate: (i) high production of the adult-born neurons in the cerebellum and brainstem of adult trout, (ii) high plasticity of neurons in the cerebellum and brainstem of trout. We assume that the source of new cells in the trout brain, along with PVZ and SMZ, containing proliferating cells, may be local neurogenic niches containing the PCNA-positive and silent (PCNA-negative), but expressing NSC markers, cells. The identification of cells expressing DC, Vim, and Nes in the IX-X cranial nerve nuclei of trout was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Vladislavovna Pushchina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
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Jurgens JA, Barry BJ, Chan WM, MacKinnon S, Whitman MC, Matos Ruiz PM, Pratt BM, England EM, Pais L, Lemire G, Groopman E, Glaze C, Russell KA, Singer-Berk M, Di Gioia SA, Lee AS, Andrews C, Shaaban S, Wirth MM, Bekele S, Toffoloni M, Bradford VR, Foster EE, Berube L, Rivera-Quiles C, Mensching FM, Sanchis-Juan A, Fu JM, Wong I, Zhao X, Wilson MW, Weisburd B, Lek M, Brand H, Talkowski ME, MacArthur DG, O’Donnell-Luria A, Robson CD, Hunter DG, Engle EC. Expanding the genetics and phenotypes of ocular congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.22.24304594. [PMID: 38585811 PMCID: PMC10996726 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.24304594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To identify genetic etiologies and genotype/phenotype associations for unsolved ocular congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (oCCDDs). Methods We coupled phenotyping with exome or genome sequencing of 467 pedigrees with genetically unsolved oCCDDs, integrating analyses of pedigrees, human and animal model phenotypes, and de novo variants to identify rare candidate single nucleotide variants, insertion/deletions, and structural variants disrupting protein-coding regions. Prioritized variants were classified for pathogenicity and evaluated for genotype/phenotype correlations. Results Analyses elucidated phenotypic subgroups, identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant(s) in 43/467 probands (9.2%), and prioritized variants of uncertain significance in 70/467 additional probands (15.0%). These included known and novel variants in established oCCDD genes, genes associated with syndromes that sometimes include oCCDDs (e.g., MYH10, KIF21B, TGFBR2, TUBB6), genes that fit the syndromic component of the phenotype but had no prior oCCDD association (e.g., CDK13, TGFB2), genes with no reported association with oCCDDs or the syndromic phenotypes (e.g., TUBA4A, KIF5C, CTNNA1, KLB, FGF21), and genes associated with oCCDD phenocopies that had resulted in misdiagnoses. Conclusion This study suggests that unsolved oCCDDs are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders often overlapping other Mendelian conditions and nominates many candidates for future replication and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Jurgens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brenda J. Barry
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Sarah MacKinnon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary C. Whitman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brandon M. Pratt
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleina M. England
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Pais
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lemire
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Groopman
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmen Glaze
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Russell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moriel Singer-Berk
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Silvio Alessandro Di Gioia
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Arthur S. Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherin Shaaban
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Megan M. Wirth
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Bekele
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Toffoloni
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Emma E. Foster
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay Berube
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Alba Sanchis-Juan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack M. Fu
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac Wong
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuefang Zhao
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael W. Wilson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben Weisburd
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Harrison Brand
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E. Talkowski
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G. MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne O’Donnell-Luria
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline D. Robson
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David G. Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Engle
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhang R, Jia H, Chang Q, Zhang Z, Peng C, Ma Q, Liang Y, Yang S, Jiao Y. Two novel CHN1 variants identified in Duane retraction syndrome pedigrees disrupt development of ocular motor nerves in zebrafish. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:33-39. [PMID: 37853116 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a rare congenital eye movement disorder causing by the dysplasia of abducens nerve, and has highly variable phenotype. MRI can reveal the endophenotype of DRS. Most DRS cases are sporadical and isolated, while some are familial or accompanied by other ocular disorders and systemic congenital abnormalities. CHN1 was the most common causative gene for familial DRS. Until now, 13 missense variants of CHN1 have been reported. In this study, we enrolled two unrelated pedigrees with DRS. Detailed clinical examinations, MRI, and the whole exome sequencing (WES) were performed to reveal their clinical and genetic characteristics. Patients from pedigree-1 presented with isolated DRS, and a novel heterozygous variant c.650 A > G, p. His217Arg was identified in CHN1 gene. Patients from pedigree-2 presented with classic DRS and abnormalities in auricle morphology, and the pedigree segregated another novel heterozygous CHN1 variant c.637 T > C, p. Phe213Leu. A variety of bioinformatics software predicted that the two variants had deleterious or disease-causing effects. After injecting of two mutant CHN1 mRNAs into zebrafish embryos, the dysplasia of ocular motor nerves (OMN) was observed. Our present findings expanded the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of CHN1 related DRS, as well as provided new insights into the role of CHN1 in OMN development. Genetic testing is strongly recommended for patients with a DRS family history or accompanying systemic congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Jia
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Zongrui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhi Peng
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Yang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, 100020, Beijing, China.
| | - Yonghong Jiao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, 100730, Beijing, China.
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Motoyoshi A, Saitoh F, Iida T, Fujieda H. Nestin Regulates Müller Glia Proliferation After Retinal Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:8. [PMID: 37934159 PMCID: PMC10631512 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The proliferative and neurogenic potential of retinal Müller glia after injury varies widely across species. To identify the endogenous mechanisms regulating the proliferative response of mammalian Müller glia, we comparatively analyzed the expression and function of nestin, an intermediate filament protein established as a neural stem cell marker, in the mouse and rat retinas after injury. Methods Nestin expression in the retinas of C57BL/6 mice and Wistar rats after methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-induced photoreceptor injury was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivered control and nestin short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were intravitreally injected to rats and Müller glia proliferation after MMS-induced injury was analyzed by BrdU incorporation and immunofluorescence. Photoreceptor removal and microglia/macrophage infiltration were also analyzed by immunofluorescence. Results Rat Müller glia re-entered the cell cycle and robustly upregulated nestin after injury whereas Müller glia proliferation and nestin upregulation were not observed in mice. In vivo knockdown of nestin in the rat retinas inhibited Müller glia proliferation while transiently stimulating microglia/macrophage infiltration and phagocytic removal of dead photoreceptors. Conclusions Our findings suggest a critical role for nestin in the regulation of Müller glia proliferation after retinal injury and highlight the importance of cross species analysis to identify the molecular mechanisms regulating the injury responses of the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Motoyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Saitoh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iida
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujieda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhu Z, Hou W, Cao Y, Zheng H, Tian W, Cao L. Spastic paraplegia type 76 due to novel CAPN1 mutations: three case reports with literature review. Neurogenetics 2023; 24:243-250. [PMID: 37468791 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 76 (SPG76) is a subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) caused by calpain-1 (CAPN1) mutations. Our study described the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of three families with spastic ataxia due to various CAPN1 mutations and further explored the pathogenesis of the two novel mutations. The three patients were 48, 39, and 48 years old, respectively. Patients 1 and 3 were from consanguineous families, while patient 2 was sporadic. Physical examination showed hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and Babinski signs in the lower limbs. Patients 2 and 3 additionally had dysarthria and depression. CAPN1 mutations were identified by whole-exome sequencing, followed by Sanger sequencing and co-segregation analysis within the family. Functional examination of the newly identified mutations was further explored. Two homozygous mutations were detected in patient 1 (c.213dupG, p.D72Gfs*95) and patient 3 (c.1729+1G>A) with HSP, respectively. Patient 2 had compound heterozygous mutations c.853C>T (p.R285X) and c.1324G>A (p.G442S). Western blotting revealed the p.D72Gfs*95 with a smaller molecular weight than WT and p.G442S. In vitro, the wild-type calpain-1 is mostly located in the cytoplasm and colocalized with tubulin by immunostaining. However, p.D72Gfs*95 and p.G442S abnormally formed intracellular aggregation, with little colocalization with tubulin. In this study, we identified three cases with SPG76, due to four various CAPN1 mutations, presenting lower limb spasticity and ataxia, with or without bulbar involvement and emotional disorder. Among these, c.213dupG and c.1324G>A are first identified in this paper. The genotype-phenotype correlation of the SPG76 cases reported worldwide was further summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wenzhe Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui Province, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Yuwen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Haoran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Wotu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Perego MC, McMichael BD, McMurry NR, Ventrello SW, Bain LJ. Arsenic Impairs Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Cholinergic Motor Neurons. TOXICS 2023; 11:644. [PMID: 37624150 PMCID: PMC10458826 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure during embryogenesis can lead to improper neurodevelopment and changes in locomotor activity. Additionally, in vitro studies have shown that arsenic inhibits the differentiation of sensory neurons and skeletal muscle. In the current study, human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were differentiated into motor neurons over 28 days, while being exposed to up to 0.5 μM arsenic. On day 6, neuroepithelial progenitor cells (NEPs) exposed to arsenic had reduced transcript levels of the neural progenitor/stem cell marker nestin (NES) and neuroepithelial progenitor marker SOX1, while levels of these transcripts were increased in motor neuron progenitors (MNPs) at day 12. In day 18 early motor neurons (MNs), choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) expression was reduced two-fold in cells exposed to 0.5 μM arsenic. RNA sequencing demonstrated that the cholinergic synapse pathway was impaired following exposure to 0.5 μM arsenic, and that transcript levels of genes involved in acetylcholine synthesis (CHAT), transport (solute carriers, SLC18A3 and SLC5A7) and degradation (acetylcholinesterase, ACHE) were all downregulated in day 18 early MNs. In day 28 mature motor neurons, arsenic significantly downregulated protein expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and ChAT by 2.8- and 2.1-fold, respectively, concomitantly with a reduction in neurite length. These results show that exposure to environmentally relevant arsenic concentrations dysregulates the differentiation of human iPS cells into motor neurons and impairs the cholinergic synapse pathway, suggesting that exposure impairs cholinergic function in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Chiara Perego
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R. McMurry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Scott W. Ventrello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lisa J. Bain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Gopal U, Monroe JD, Marudamuthu AS, Begum S, Walters BJ, Stewart RA, Washington CW, Gibert Y, Zachariah MA. Development of a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Leptomeningeal Disease Model in Zebrafish. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070995. [PMID: 37048068 PMCID: PMC10093412 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal disease occurs when cancer cells migrate into the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord and then colonize the meninges of the central nervous system. The triple-negative subtype of breast cancer often progresses toward leptomeningeal disease and has a poor prognosis because of limited treatment options. This is due, in part, to a lack of animal models with which to study leptomeningeal disease. Here, we developed a translucent zebrafish casper (roy-/-; nacre-/-) xenograft model of leptomeningeal disease in which fluorescent labeled MDA-MB-231 human triple-negative breast cancer cells are microinjected into the ventricles of zebrafish embryos and then tracked and measured using fluorescent microscopy and multimodal plate reader technology. We then used these techniques to measure tumor area, cell proliferation, and cell death in samples treated with the breast cancer drug doxorubicin and a vehicle control. We monitored MDA-MB-231 cell localization and tumor area, and showed that samples treated with doxorubicin exhibited decreased tumor area and proliferation and increased apoptosis compared to control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jerry D Monroe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Amarnath S Marudamuthu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Salma Begum
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bradley J Walters
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Rodney A Stewart
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chad W Washington
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yann Gibert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Marcus A Zachariah
- Neurosurgical Medical Clinic, 3750 Convoy Street, Suite 301, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
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Zheng C, Gao Y, Zhu J, Gan L, Wang M, Zhang W, Yang S, Yang L. Prolonged electrolysis injures the neural development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25863-25872. [PMID: 36348236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, electrolysis technology has been widely applied in nitrogen and phosphorus removal in river water due to its high efficiency, but its effects on aquatic animals, especially on their neurodevelopmental system, are still unclear. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used as model organisms and were put into an electrolytic reaction device with a Ti/IrO2/RuO2 mesh plate as the anode and a Ti mesh plate as the cathode to explore the effects of prolonged electrolysis on the nervous system. The neural development of zebrafish embryos was injured when the current density was greater than 0.89 A/m2. Compared with the control group, the movement speed of zebrafish larvae (120 h postfertilization, hpf) was significantly reduced from 65.48 ± 23.69 to 48.08 ± 22.73 mm/min in a dark environment with an electric current density of 0.89 A/m2 in the electrolysis group. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase activity of zebrafish larvae (120 hpf) gradually decreased from 7.60 ± 0.55 to 6.00 ± 0.01 U/mg prot and the dopamine concentration was reduced from 46.96 ± 0.85 to 40.86 ± 1.05 pg/mL with an electric current density from 0 to 0.89 A/m2 in the electrolysis groups. Furthermore, the expression of nerve-related genes (syn2a, mbp, nestin, and AChE) was significantly inhibited when the current density was more than 0.89 A/m2. However, there were few adverse effects on the neural development of zebrafish embryos when the current density was less than 0.86 A/m2. Thus, a current density of 0.86 A/m2 is a reference value to reduce the harm to the neural development of fish when electrolysis technology is used in river water pollutant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gan
- Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210017, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Miloudi S, Valensi M, El Sanharawi M, Abitbol MM, Behar-Cohen F, Versaux-Botteri C. Nestin contributes to laser choroidal and retinal neovascularization. Mol Vis 2022; 28:280-299. [PMID: 36284669 PMCID: PMC9514549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroidal and retinal neovascularization plays an essential role in various ocular diseases. In this study, we examined the role of nestin in this process. Nestin is an intermediate filament protein known to play several roles, including as a marker of neural progenitor and proliferating endothelial cells. METHODS We used Brown Norway rats, in which choroidal and retinal neovascularization was induced using intraocular laser impacts. The role of nestin was examined using angiography, western blot from the second to the 14th day after laser impacts, and intraocular injection of nestin siRNA. The localization of the protein was specified by co-immunoreactivity with glial fibrillary protein (GFAP), glutamine synthetase (GS), and von Willebrand factor (vWF). RESULTS In the control retina, nestin was found principally in glial structures in the ganglion cell layer, as confirmed by nestin/GFAP immunolabeling. Two days after the laser impacts, the nestin expression extended to numerous radial processes at the site of the impacts. With Bruch's membrane ruptured, these processes penetrated into the choroid. Nestin immunolabeling remained high from the third to the seventh day but appeared reduced on the 14th day. The nature of these processes was not clearly defined, but co-immunolabeling with GFAP suggested that they were principally in activated Müller cells from the third day after the laser impacts. However, the co-immunoreactivity of nestin and GS, a marker of mature functional Müller cells, could be observable only from the seventh day. Nestin was also observed in some vascular cells, as demonstrated by the co-immunoreactivity of the protein with vWF in the choroid and retina. As observed on angiography, the numbers of choroidal and retinal blood vessels were significantly increased (principally on the seventh day) after the laser impacts. An intraocular injection of nestin siRNAs led to a significant decrease in the number of blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed the presence of nestin in glial (e.g., astrocytes), reactive Müller, and endothelial cells. They demonstrated their critical involvement in a rat model of retinal and choroidal neovascularization experimentally induced using ocular laser impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Miloudi
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, UMR_S INSERM 1138, Équipe 17, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maud Valensi
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, UMR_S INSERM 1138, Équipe 17, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed El Sanharawi
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, UMR_S INSERM 1138, Équipe 17, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc M. Abitbol
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, UMR_S INSERM 1138, Équipe 17, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France,APHP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, UMR_S INSERM 1138, Équipe 17, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France,APHP, Hôpital Universitaire Cochin-Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Versaux-Botteri
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, UMR_S INSERM 1138, Équipe 17, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
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10
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Accurate identification of circRNA landscape and complexity reveals their pivotal roles in human oligodendroglia differentiation. Genome Biol 2022; 23:48. [PMID: 35130952 PMCID: PMC8819885 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of poorly conserved non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, are highly enriched in the human brain. Despite increasing discoveries of circRNA function in human neurons, the circRNA landscape and function in developing human oligodendroglia, the myelinating cells that govern neuronal conductance, remains unexplored. Meanwhile, improved experimental and computational tools for the accurate identification of circRNAs are needed. Results We adopt a published experimental approach for circRNA enrichment and develop CARP (CircRNA identification using A-tailing RNase R approach and Pseudo-reference alignment), a comprehensive 21-module computational framework for accurate circRNA identification and quantification. Using CARP, we identify developmentally programmed human oligodendroglia circRNA landscapes in the HOG oligodendroglioma cell line, distinct from neuronal circRNA landscapes. Numerous circRNAs display oligodendroglia-specific regulation upon differentiation, among which a subclass is regulated independently from their parental mRNAs. We find that circRNA flanking introns often contain cis-regulatory elements for RNA editing and are predicted to bind differentiation-regulated splicing factors. In addition, we discover novel oligodendroglia-specific circRNAs that are predicted to sponge microRNAs, which co-operatively promote oligodendroglia development. Furthermore, we identify circRNA clusters derived from differentiation-regulated alternative circularization events within the same gene, each containing a common circular exon, achieving additive sponging effects that promote human oligodendroglia differentiation. Conclusions Our results reveal dynamic regulation of human oligodendroglia circRNA landscapes during early differentiation and suggest critical roles of the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in advancing human oligodendroglia development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02621-1.
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11
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Molecular Markers of Adult Neurogenesis in the Telencephalon and Tectum of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031188. [PMID: 35163116 PMCID: PMC8835435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain of teleost fish, radial glial cells are the major type of astroglial cells. To answer the question as to how radial glia structures adapt to the continuous growth of the brain, which is characteristic of salmonids, it is necessary to study various types of cells (neuronal precursors, astroglial cells, and cells in a state of neuronal differentiation) in the major integrative centers of the salmon brain (telencephalon and tectum opticum), using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as a model. A study of the distribution of several molecular markers in the telencephalon and tectum with the identification of neural stem/progenitor cells, neuroblasts, and radial glia was carried out on juvenile (three-year-old) O. mykiss. The presence of all of these cell types provides specific conditions for the adult neurogenesis processes in the trout telencephalon and tectum. The distribution of glutamine synthetase, a molecular marker of neural stem cells, in the trout telencephalon revealed a large population of radial glia (RG) corresponding to adult-type neural stem cells (NSCs). RG dominated the pallial region of the telencephalon, while, in the subpallial region, RG was found in the lateral and ventral zones. In the optic tectum, RG fibers were widespread and localized both in the marginal layer and in the periventricular gray layer. Doublecortin (DC) immunolabeling revealed a large population of neuroblasts formed in the postembryonic period, which is indicative of intense adult neurogenesis in the trout brain. The pallial and subpallial regions of the telencephalon contained numerous DC+ cells and their clusters. In the tectum, DC+ cells were found not only in the stratum griseum periventriculare (SGP) and longitudinal torus (TL) containing proliferating cells, but also in the layers containing differentiated neurons: the central gray layer, the periventricular gray and white layers, and the superficial white layer. A study of the localization patterns of vimentin and nestin in the trout telencephalon and tectum showed the presence of neuroepithelial neural stem cells (eNSCs) and ependymoglial cells in the periventricular matrix zones of the brain. The presence of vimentin and nestin in the functionally heterogeneous cell types of adult trout indicates new functional properties of these proteins and their heterogeneous involvement in intracellular motility and adult neurogenesis. Investigation into the later stages of neuronal development in various regions of the fish brain can substantially elucidate the major mechanisms of adult neurogenesis, but it can also contribute to understanding the patterns of formation of certain brain regions and the involvement of RG in the construction of the definite brain structure.
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12
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Bott CJ, Winckler B. Intermediate filaments in developing neurons: Beyond structure. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:110-128. [PMID: 31970897 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal development relies on a highly choreographed progression of dynamic cellular processes by which newborn neurons migrate, extend axons and dendrites, innervate their targets, and make functional synapses. Many of these dynamic processes require coordinated changes in morphology, powered by the cell's cytoskeleton. Intermediate filaments (IFs) are the third major cytoskeletal elements in vertebrate cells, but are rarely considered when it comes to understanding axon and dendrite growth, pathfinding and synapse formation. In this review, we first introduce the many new and exciting concepts of IF function, discovered mostly in non-neuronal cells. These roles include dynamic rearrangements, crosstalk with microtubules and actin filaments, mechano-sensing and -transduction, and regulation of signaling cascades. We then discuss the understudied roles of neuronally expressed IFs, with a particular focus on IFs expressed during development, such as nestin, vimentin and α-internexin. Lastly, we illustrate how signaling modulation by the unconventional IF nestin shapes neuronal morphogenesis in unexpected and novel ways. Even though the first IF knockout mice were made over 20 years ago, the study of the cell biological functions of IFs in the brain still has much room for exciting new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bott
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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13
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Pushchina EV, Kapustyanov IA, Varaksin AA. Neural Stem Cells/Neuronal Precursor Cells and Postmitotic Neuroblasts in Constitutive Neurogenesis and After ,Traumatic Injury to the Mesencephalic Tegmentum of Juvenile Chum Salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020065. [PMID: 31991815 PMCID: PMC7071460 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs)/neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) and the occurrence of postmitotic neuroblasts in the mesencephalic tegmentum of intact juvenile chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, and at 3 days after a tegmental injury, were studied by immunohistochemical labeling. BrdU+ constitutive progenitor cells located both in the periventricular matrix zone and in deeper subventricular and parenchymal layers of the brain are revealed in the tegmentum of juvenile chum salmon. As a result of traumatic damage to the tegmentum, the proliferation of resident progenitor cells of the neuroepithelial type increases. Nestin-positive and vimentin-positive NPCs and granules located in the periventricular and subventricular matrix zones, as well as in the parenchymal regions of the tegmentum, are revealed in the mesencephalic tegmentum of juvenile chum salmon, which indicates a high level of constructive metabolism and constitutive neurogenesis. The expression of vimentin and nestin in the extracellular space, as well as additionally in the NSCs and NPCs of the neuroepithelial phenotype, which do not express nestin in the control animals, is enhanced during the traumatic process. As a result of the proliferation of such cells in the post-traumatic period, local Nes+ and Vim+ NPCs clusters are formed and become involved in the reparative response. Along with the primary traumatic lesion, which coincides with the injury zone, additional Nes+ and Vim+ secondary lesions are observed to form in the adjacent subventricular and parenchymal zones of the tegmentum. In the lateral tegmentum, the number of doublecortin-positive cells is higher compared to that in the medial tegmentum, which determines the different intensities and rates of neuronal differentiation in the sensory and motor regions of the tegmentum, respectively. In periventricular regions remote from the injury, the expression of doublecortin in single cells and their groups significantly increases compared to that in the damage zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V. Pushchina
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia; (I.A.K.); (A.A.V.)
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilya A. Kapustyanov
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia; (I.A.K.); (A.A.V.)
| | - Anatoly A. Varaksin
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia; (I.A.K.); (A.A.V.)
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14
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Gudmundsson S, Wilbe M, Filipek-Górniok B, Molin AM, Ekvall S, Johansson J, Allalou A, Gylje H, Kalscheuer VM, Ledin J, Annerén G, Bondeson ML. TAF1, associated with intellectual disability in humans, is essential for embryogenesis and regulates neurodevelopmental processes in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10730. [PMID: 31341187 PMCID: PMC6656882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1 (TAF1) protein is a key unit of the transcription factor II D complex that serves a vital function during transcription initiation. Variants of TAF1 have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, but TAF1's molecular functions remain elusive. In this study, we present a five-generation family affected with X-linked intellectual disability that co-segregated with a TAF1 c.3568C>T, p.(Arg1190Cys) variant. All affected males presented with intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, while heterozygous females were asymptomatic and had completely skewed X-chromosome inactivation. We investigated the role of TAF1 and its association to neurodevelopment by creating the first complete knockout model of the TAF1 orthologue in zebrafish. A crucial function of human TAF1 during embryogenesis can be inferred from the model, demonstrating that intact taf1 is essential for embryonic development. Transcriptome analysis of taf1 zebrafish knockout revealed enrichment for genes associated with neurodevelopmental processes. In conclusion, we propose that functional TAF1 is essential for embryonic development and specifically neurodevelopmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Gudmundsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden.
| | - Maria Wilbe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden
| | - Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Organismal Biology, Genome Engineering Zebrafish, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maja Molin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden
| | - Sara Ekvall
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden
| | - Josefin Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden
| | - Amin Allalou
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 05, Sweden
| | - Hans Gylje
- Department of Paediatrics, Central Hospital, Västerås, 721 89, Sweden
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 141 95, Germany
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Genome Engineering Zebrafish, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Göran Annerén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden.
| | - Marie-Louise Bondeson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden.
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15
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Bott CJ, Johnson CG, Yap CC, Dwyer ND, Litwa KA, Winckler B. Nestin in immature embryonic neurons affects axon growth cone morphology and Semaphorin3a sensitivity. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1214-1229. [PMID: 30840538 PMCID: PMC6724523 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct wiring in the neocortex requires that responses to an individual guidance cue vary among neurons in the same location, and within the same neuron over time. Nestin is an atypical intermediate filament expressed strongly in neural progenitors and is thus used widely as a progenitor marker. Here we show a subpopulation of embryonic cortical neurons that transiently express nestin in their axons. Nestin expression is thus not restricted to neural progenitors, but persists for 2-3 d at lower levels in newborn neurons. We found that nestin-expressing neurons have smaller growth cones, suggesting that nestin affects cytoskeletal dynamics. Nestin, unlike other intermediate filament subtypes, regulates cdk5 kinase by binding the cdk5 activator p35. Cdk5 activity is induced by the repulsive guidance cue Semaphorin3a (Sema3a), leading to axonal growth cone collapse in vitro. Therefore, we tested whether nestin-expressing neurons showed altered responses to Sema3a. We find that nestin-expressing newborn neurons are more sensitive to Sema3a in a roscovitine-sensitive manner, whereas nestin knockdown results in lowered sensitivity to Sema3a. We propose that nestin functions in immature neurons to modulate cdk5 downstream of the Sema3a response. Thus, the transient expression of nestin could allow temporal and/or spatial modulation of a neuron's response to Sema3a, particularly during early axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Bott
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - C. G. Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - C. C. Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - N. D. Dwyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - K. A. Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - B. Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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16
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Peng F, Sun YM, Quan C, Wang J, Wu JJ. Two novel homozygous mutations of CAPN1 in Chinese patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia and literatures review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:83. [PMID: 31023339 PMCID: PMC6482496 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are of great clinical and genetic heterogeneity. According to the clinical features, HSP can be divided into pure or complicated subtypes which combined with other neurological symptoms including cerebellar ataxia. Up to date, 78 loci or genes have been implicated in HSP. CAPN1 was a novel gene detected recently for spastic paraplegia 76 (SPG76). METHODS Patients referred to our clinic with spastic or spastic-ataxic gait were collected. Genetic testing of the probands were performed by target sequencing of a panel containing over 4000 known virulence genes. And the candidate mutations were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. The clinical materials of these patients were demonstrated retrospectively. RESULTS Two Chinese patients, both from consanguineous families, each carried a novel homozygous mutation of CAPN1, p.R48X and p.R339X. The male proband presented pure HSP subtype while the female proband presented complicated HSP symptoms with cerebellar ataxia. We then reviewed all the literatures of HSP patients carrying CAPN1 mutations and summarized the molecular spectrum and clinical characteristics of CAPN1-related SPG76. CONCLUSION These two SPG76 patients carrying CAPN1 mutations were the first reported in China. By reviewing the clinical manifestations of SPG76 patients, we validated the "spastic-ataxia" phenotype and emphasized the association between spasticity and ataxia, indicating the importance of CAPN1 screening in HSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Peng
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yi-Min Sun
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Department of Neurology, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, 259 Xikang Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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17
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Devassy G, Ramachandran R, Jeena K, Junnuthula VR, Gopinatha VK, Manju C, Manohar M, Nair SV, Raghavan SC, Koyakutty M. Simultaneous release of two drugs from polymer nano-implant inhibits recurrence in glioblastoma spheroids. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.33218/prnano2(1).181122.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Local implant-based delivery of rationally selected combination of chemotherapeutics has some major advantages for the treatment of glioblastoma such as: (a) 100 % bio-availability locally in brain can be achieved at the tumor site (b) avoid systemic leakage and associated toxicity, and (c) simultaneous inhibition of multiple, mutually exclusive cancer mechanisms is possible. Here, we report a polymeric brain implant capable of delivering two different drugs in recur-rent glioma cells. We have selected a combination of clinically used DNA alkylating agent, Te-mozolomide, and a DNA mismatch repair protein (Ligase IV) inhibitor, SCR-7, and delivered simultaneously into tumor spheroids formed by rat glioma cells, C6. The dual-drug loaded polymeric wafer, prepared by lyophilization method, could deliver both the drugs in a controlled fashion. To test the efficacy of this system, we have optimized an in vitro recurrent model of glioma spheroids wherein, the implant released both the drugs in a sustained fashion, thereby continuously exposing the cells to DNA methylation while inhibiting the DNA repair pathways. This leads to synergistic toxicity and inhibition of tumor recurrence for extended duration compared to free drug combination.
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18
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Welbat JU, Chaisawang P, Pannangrong W, Wigmore P. Neuroprotective Properties of Asiatic Acid against 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapy in the Hippocampus in an Adult Rat Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1053. [PMID: 30096914 PMCID: PMC6115773 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
5-fluorouracil or 5-FU (a chemotherapeutic medication) has been revealed to induce memory deficits in many cancer patients. Asiatic acid (AA) is a triterpenoid extract from Centella asiatica. This compound can ameliorate intracellular oxidative stress caused by chemotherapy drugs. Recent studies have shown that AA is capable of inhibiting neuronal generation and memory deficit produced by 5-FU chemotherapy. This study aimed to assess the molecular mechanisms of AA related to hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in rats receiving 5-FU. Male Sprague Dawley rats were given AA (30 mg/kg) orally and given 5-FU (25 mg/kg) by i.v. injection 5 times. Some rats were given AA for 20 days before and during 15-FU treatment (preventive), some received AA for 20 days after 5-FU treatment (recovery), and some underwent treatment with AA throughout the time of the experiment (throughout) for 40 days. Treatment with 5-FU caused significant reductions in Notch1, sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), nestin, doublecortin (DCX), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels within the hippocampus. In addition, 5-FU significantly increased p21 positive cell number in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus. Administration with both AA and 5-FU in prevention and throughout was able to prevent decreases in Notch1 SOX2, nestin, DCX, and Nrf2 caused by 5-FU. Treatment with AA also led to decreases in p21 positive cells and MDA levels in the hippocampus. These findings exhibit that AA has the ability to counteract the down-regulation of neurogenesis within the hippocampus and memory deficits caused by 5-FU via inhibiting oxidative stress and increasing neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jariya Umka Welbat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
- Neuroscience Research and Development Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Pornthip Chaisawang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Wanassanun Pannangrong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Peter Wigmore
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Bekri A, Drapeau P. Glycine Promotes the Survival of a Subpopulation of Neural Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:68. [PMID: 30050902 PMCID: PMC6050367 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine is mainly known as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult mature neurons, regulating neuronal network activity in the central nervous system. In contrast, during embryogenesis glycine can act as an excitatory neurotransmitter and generates the first electrical signal in immature neurons. The roles and functional significance of this excitatory glycinergic activity during neurodevelopment are still unclear. Using the zebrafish embryo as a model, we previously showed that glycine regulates proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) to interneurons. Moreover, we identified that glycine signaling in NSCs is associated with several common developmental pathways and surprisingly also the p53-related apoptosis. Here we investigated how glycine signaling regulates NSC survival. First, we showed by two approaches, acridine orange staining and active caspase 3 immunostaining that defects in glycine signaling induce an early and transient cell death, which was suppressed by knockdown of p53. Then, we developed an NSC transplantation strategy to directly assess NSC-autonomous development upon perturbing glycine signaling. In vivo time-lapse imaging showed that disruption of glycine signaling disturbed the normal NSC interkinetic nuclear migration, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Finally, we analyzed two main subpopulations of NSCs, expressing either nestin or GFAP, by in situ labeling and in transgenic lines expressing GFP in either population. We found that disruption of glycine signaling induced a drastic and selective loss of nestin-positive (nestin+) NSCs, which was only partially rescued upon p53 knockdown. Taken together, our findings support a role of glycine signaling in promoting survival of the nestin+ NSC subpopulation early during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhamid Bekri
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Drapeau
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Yeh SW, Cheng YH, Nan FN, Wen CM. Characterization and virus susceptibility of a continuous cell line derived from the brain of Aequidens rivulatus (Günther). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:635-641. [PMID: 29399816 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures derived from the brain tissues of Aequidens rivulatus (Günther) have been characterized previously. In this study, a continuous cell line ARB8 was further established, and its growth characteristics, transcription and susceptibility to fish viruses-including chum salmon reovirus (CSV), marbled eel infectious pancreative necrosis virus (MEIPNV), grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV), giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV), red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), koi herpesvirus (KHV), herpesvirus anguilla (HVA) and marbled eel polyoma-like virus (MEPyV)-were examined. ARB8 cells that showed epithelioid morphology and were passaged >80 times grew well at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 30°C in L-15 medium containing 5%-15% foetal bovine serum. The cells constitutively transcribed connexion 43, glutamine synthetase, nestin and nkx6-2, which are markers for neural progenitor cells. The cells were highly susceptible to CSV, MEIPNV, GSIV and RSIV and showed the typical cytopathic effect (CPE). However, the cells were resistant to GNNV, KHV, HVA and MEPyV because no significant CPE was noted after infection. Optimal temperatures for virus production ranged from 25°C to 30°C. The results revealed that the neural progenitor cell line ARB8 can potentially serve as a useful tool for investigating fish viruses and isolating new viruses in ornamental cichlid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y H Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - F N Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - C M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Hu W, Lu H, Wang S, Yin W, Liu X, Dong L, Chiu R, Shen L, Lu WJ, Lan F. Suppression of Nestin reveals a critical role for p38-EGFR pathway in neural progenitor cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:87052-87063. [PMID: 27894083 PMCID: PMC5349970 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of intermediate filament Nestin is necessary for the neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to maintain stemness, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Nestin is required for the self-renew of NPCs through activating MAPK and EGFR pathways. Knockdown of Nestin by shRNA inhibited cell cycle progression and proliferation in mouse NPCs. Moreover, suppression of Nestin reduced expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in NPCs and inhibited the mitogenic effects of EGF on these cells. Treatment of NPCs with p38-MAPK inhibitor PD169316 reversed cell cycle arrest caused by the knockdown of Nestin. Our findings indicate that Nestin promotes NPC proliferation via p38-MAPK and EGFR pathways, and reveals the necessity of these pathways in NPCs self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenhan Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xujie Liu
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Deparment of Radiological Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Cell Biology Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Richard Chiu
- Deparment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cell Biology Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Lu
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Lan
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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22
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Torres-Pérez M, Rosillo JC, Berrosteguieta I, Olivera-Bravo S, Casanova G, García-Verdugo JM, Fernández AS. Stem cells distribution, cellular proliferation and migration in the adult Austrolebias charrua brain. Brain Res 2017; 1673:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Eryiğit Eroğul L. Pterjium Büyümesinde Etkili Yeni Mediatörler Ve Büyüme Faktörleri. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2017. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.294045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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24
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Yang CH, Yeh YJ, Wang JY, Liu YW, Chen YL, Cheng HW, Cheng CM, Chuang YJ, Yuh CH, Chen YR. NEAP/DUSP26 suppresses receptor tyrosine kinases and regulates neuronal development in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5241. [PMID: 28701747 PMCID: PMC5507855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of neuroendocrine-associated phosphatase (NEAP, also named as dual specificity phosphatase 26, [DUSP26]) is restricted to neuroendocrine tissues. We found that NEAP, but not its phosphatase-defective mutant, suppressed nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor TrkA and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) activation in PC12 cells upon NGF stimulation. Conversely, suppressing NEAP expression by RNA interference enhanced TrkA and FGFR1 phosphorylation. NEAP was capable of de-phosphorylating TrkA and FGFR1 directly in vitro. NEAP-orthologous gene existed in zebrafish. Morpholino (MO) suppression of NEAP in zebrafish resulted in hyper-phosphorylation of TrkA and FGFR1 as well as abnormal body postures and small eyes. Differentiation of retina in zebrafishes with NEAP MO treatment was severely defective, so were cranial motor neurons. Taken together, our data indicated that NEAP/DUSP26 have a critical role in regulating TrkA and FGFR1 signaling as well as proper development of retina and neuronal system in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Yeh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Jiz-Yuh Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Mei Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rong Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan.
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25
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Hilinski WC, Bostrom JR, England SJ, Juárez-Morales JL, de Jager S, Armant O, Legradi J, Strähle U, Link BA, Lewis KE. Lmx1b is required for the glutamatergic fates of a subset of spinal cord neurons. Neural Dev 2016; 11:16. [PMID: 27553035 PMCID: PMC4995821 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in neurotransmitter phenotypes of specific neurons can cause imbalances in excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to diseases. Therefore, the correct specification and maintenance of neurotransmitter phenotypes is vital. As with other neuronal properties, neurotransmitter phenotypes are often specified and maintained by particular transcription factors. However, the specific molecular mechanisms and transcription factors that regulate neurotransmitter phenotypes remain largely unknown. Methods In this paper we use single mutant, double mutant and transgenic zebrafish embryos to elucidate the functions of Lmx1ba and Lmx1bb in the regulation of spinal cord interneuron neurotransmitter phenotypes. Results We demonstrate that lmx1ba and lmx1bb are both expressed in zebrafish spinal cord and that lmx1bb is expressed by both V0v cells and dI5 cells. Our functional analyses demonstrate that these transcription factors are not required for neurotransmitter fate specification at early stages of development, but that in embryos with at least two lmx1ba and/or lmx1bb mutant alleles there is a reduced number of excitatory (glutamatergic) spinal interneurons at later stages of development. In contrast, there is no change in the numbers of V0v or dI5 cells. These data suggest that lmx1b-expressing spinal neurons still form normally, but at least a subset of them lose, or do not form, their normal excitatory fates. As the reduction in glutamatergic cells is only seen at later stages of development, Lmx1b is probably required either for the maintenance of glutamatergic fates or to specify glutamatergic phenotypes of a subset of later forming neurons. Using double labeling experiments, we also show that at least some of the cells that lose their normal glutamatergic phenotype are V0v cells. Finally, we also establish that Evx1 and Evx2, two transcription factors that are required for V0v cells to acquire their excitatory neurotransmitter phenotype, are also required for lmx1ba and lmx1bb expression in these cells, suggesting that Lmx1ba and Lmx1bb act downstream of Evx1 and Evx2 in V0v cells. Conclusions Lmx1ba and Lmx1bb function at least partially redundantly in the spinal cord and three functional lmx1b alleles are required in zebrafish for correct numbers of excitatory spinal interneurons at later developmental stages. Taken together, our data significantly enhance our understanding of how spinal cord neurotransmitter fates are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Hilinski
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Jonathan R Bostrom
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Samantha J England
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - José L Juárez-Morales
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Sarah de Jager
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Katharine E Lewis
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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26
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Landgraf K, Strobach A, Kiess W, Körner A. Loss of mtch2 function impairs early development of liver, intestine and visceral adipocytes in zebrafish larvae. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2852-61. [PMID: 27468124 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial carrier homologue 2 (MTCH2) has been shown to be essential for embryogenesis in mice, and variants in the MTCH2 locus have been linked to obesity in humans. Here, we investigated the importance of mtch2 for embryogenesis and adipocyte formation in zebrafish in vivo. We show that mtch2 is conserved in zebrafish and broadly expressed during embryogenesis. Knock-down of mtch2 results in impaired development of liver and intestine, and is associated with a reduced number of adipocytes and impaired postembryonic growth. The findings indicate an essential role for mtch2 during organ development and adipogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Center AdiposityDiseases (IFB), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ariane Strobach
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Center AdiposityDiseases (IFB), University of Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Gan-Or Z, Bouslam N, Birouk N, Lissouba A, Chambers D, Vérièpe J, Androschuk A, Laurent S, Rochefort D, Spiegelman D, Dionne-Laporte A, Szuto A, Liao M, Figlewicz D, Bouhouche A, Benomar A, Yahyaoui M, Ouazzani R, Yoon G, Dupré N, Suchowersky O, Bolduc F, Parker J, Dion P, Drapeau P, Rouleau G, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B. Mutations in CAPN1 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:1038-1046. [PMID: 27153400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs with or without additional neurological symptoms. Although more than 70 genes and genetic loci have been implicated in HSP, many families remain genetically undiagnosed, suggesting that other genetic causes of HSP are still to be identified. HSP can be inherited in an autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, or X-linked manner. In the current study, we performed whole-exome sequencing to analyze a total of nine affected individuals in three families with autosomal-recessive HSP. Rare homozygous and compound-heterozygous nonsense, missense, frameshift, and splice-site mutations in CAPN1 were identified in all affected individuals, and sequencing in additional family members confirmed the segregation of these mutations with the disease (spastic paraplegia 76 [SPG76]). CAPN1 encodes calpain 1, a protease that is widely present in the CNS. Calpain 1 is involved in synaptic plasticity, synaptic restructuring, and axon maturation and maintenance. Three models of calpain 1 deficiency were further studied. In Caenorhabditis elegans, loss of calpain 1 function resulted in neuronal and axonal dysfunction and degeneration. Similarly, loss-of-function of the Drosophila melanogaster ortholog calpain B caused locomotor defects and axonal anomalies. Knockdown of calpain 1a, a CAPN1 ortholog in Danio rerio, resulted in abnormal branchiomotor neuron migration and disorganized acetylated-tubulin axonal networks in the brain. The identification of mutations in CAPN1 in HSP expands our understanding of the disease causes and potential mechanisms.
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28
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Yang P, Shen WB, Reece EA, Chen X, Yang P. High glucose suppresses embryonic stem cell differentiation into neural lineage cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:306-12. [PMID: 26940741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal neurogenesis occurs during embryonic development in human diabetic pregnancies and in animal models of diabetic embryopathy. Our previous studies in a mouse model of diabetic embryopathy have implicated that high glucose of maternal diabetes delays neurogenesis in the developing neuroepithelium leading to neural tube defects. However, the underlying process in high glucose-impaired neurogenesis is uncharacterized. Neurogenesis from embryonic stem (ES) cells provides a valuable model for understanding the abnormal neural lineage development under high glucose conditions. ES cells are commonly generated and maintained in high glucose (approximately 25 mM glucose). Here, the mouse ES cell line, E14, was gradually adapted to and maintained in low glucose (5 mM), and became a glucose responsive E14 (GR-E14) line. High glucose induced the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, CHOP, in GR-E14 cells. Under low glucose conditions, the GR-E14 cells retained their pluripotency and capability to differentiate into neural lineage cells. GR-E14 cell differentiation into neural stem cells (Sox1 and nestin positive cells) was inhibited by high glucose. Neuron (Tuj1 positive cells) and glia (GFAP positive cells) differentiation from GR-E14 cells was also suppressed by high glucose. In addition, high glucose delayed GR-E14 differentiation into neural crest cells by decreasing neural crest markers, paired box 3 (Pax3) and paired box 7 (Pax7). Thus, high glucose impairs ES cell differentiation into neural lineage cells. The low glucose adapted and high glucose responsive GR-E14 cell line is a useful in vitro model for assessing the adverse effect of high glucose on the development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei-bin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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29
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Lindqvist J, Wistbacka N, Eriksson JE. Studying Nestin and its Interrelationship with Cdk5. Methods Enzymol 2015; 568:509-35. [PMID: 26795482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current research utilizes the specific expression pattern of intermediate filaments (IF) for identifying cellular state and origin, as well as for the purpose of disease diagnosis. Nestin is commonly utilized as a specific marker and driver for CNS progenitor cell types, but in addition, nestin can be found in several mesenchymal progenitor cells, and it is constitutively expressed in a few restricted locations, such as muscle neuromuscular junctions and kidney podocytes. Alike most other members of the IF protein family, nestin filaments are dynamic, constantly being remodeled through posttranslational modifications, which alter the solubility, protein levels, and signaling capacity of the nestin filaments. Through its interactions with kinases and other signaling executors, resulting in a complex and bidirectional regulation of cell signaling events, nestin has the potential to determine whether cells divide, differentiate, migrate, or stay in place. In this review, the broad and similar roles of IFs as dynamic signaling scaffolds, is exemplified by observations of nestin functions and its interaction with the cyclin- dependent kinase 5, the atypical kinase in the family of cyclin-dependent kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lindqvist
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Num Wistbacka
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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30
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Interplay of proliferation and differentiation factors is revealed in the early human eye development. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:2187-201. [PMID: 26255818 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye development is a consequence of numerous epithelial-to-mesenchymal interactions between the prospective lens ectoderm, outpocketings of the forebrain forming optic vesicles, and surrounding mesenchyme. How different cell types forming eye structures differentiate from their precursors, and which factors coordinate complex human eye development remains largely unknown. Proper differentiation of photoreceptors is of special interest because of their involvement in the appearance of degenerative retinal diseases. METHODS Here we analyze the spatiotemporal expression of neuronal markers nestin, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and calcium binding protein (S100), proliferation marker (Ki-67), markers for cilia (alpha-tubulin), and cell stemness marker octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) in histological sections of 5-12 -week human eyes using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods. RESULTS While during the investigated developmental period nestin shows strong expression in all mesenchymal derivatives, lens, optic stalk and inner neuroblastic layer, PGP9.5 and S100 expression characterizes only neural derivatives (optic nerve and neural retina). PGP9.5 is co-localized with nestin and S100 in the differentiating cells of the inner neuroblastic layer. Initially strong proliferation in all parts of the developing eye gradually ceases, especially in the outer neuroblastic layer. Proliferating Ki-67 positive cells co-localize with nestin in the retina, lens, and choroid. Strong Oct-4 and alpha-tubulin immunoreactivity in the retina and optic nerve gradually decreases, while they co-localize in outer neuroblastic and nerve fiber layers. CONCLUSIONS The described expression of investigated markers indicates their importance in eye growth and morphogenesis, while their spatially and temporally restricted pattern coincides with differentiation of initially immature cells into specific retinal cell lineages. Alterations in their spatiotemporal interplay might lead to disturbances of visual function.
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31
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Mu L, Gao Y, Hu X. l-Cysteine: A biocompatible, breathable and beneficial coating for graphene oxide. Biomaterials 2015; 52:301-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Nestin overexpression promotes the embryonic development of heart and brain through the regulation of cell proliferation. Brain Res 2015; 1610:1-11. [PMID: 25843934 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nestin, an intermediate filament protein, is a key regulator of various extracellular proteins that play important roles in cell growth and differentiation. In recent years, nestin has been widely accepted as a molecular marker for neural stem/progenitor cells. However, its function during embryogenesis remains largely unknown since its depletion is lethal after stage embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5). In order to understand the role of this protein in vivo, we compared the heart and brain tissues of control mice with those of mice overexpressing a human nestin cDNA transgene under the control of a ROSA26 promoter. In these tissues we examined the general histology and cell size, the presence of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay, and the presence of progenitor cell markers like SOX2. Compared to controls, mouse embryos overexpressing the human nestin transgene have a larger size and display characteristic morphological changes including a larger heart and forebrain. In these tissues we found corresponding increases in the size of cardiomyocytes and brain cells, as well as indications of augmented cell proliferation. In contrast, apoptosis was not significantly altered. Co-staining brain sections with SOX2 and Ki67 showed that most of the proliferating cells in the forebrain were neural stem cells. Moreover, nestin overexpression was responsible for a marked activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that nestin plays an important role in the embryonic development of at least two mouse organs (heart and brain) through the regulation of cell proliferation.
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Involvement of extracellular factors in maintaining self-renewal of neural stem cell by nestin. Neuroreport 2015; 25:782-7. [PMID: 24918459 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nestin knockout leads to embryonic lethality and self-renewal deficiency in neural stem cells (NSCs). However, how nestin maintains self-renewal remains uncertain. Here, we used the dosage effect of nestin in heterozygous mice (Nes+/-) to study self-renewal of NSCs. With existing extracellular signaling in vivo or in vitro, nestin levels do not affect proliferation ability or apoptosis when compared between Nes+/- and Nes+/+ NSCs. However, self-renewal ability of Nes+/- NSCs is impaired when plated at a low cell density and completely lost at a clonal density. This deficiency in self-renewal at a clonal density is rescued using a medium conditioned by Nes+/+ NSCs. In addition, the Akt signaling pathway is altered at low density and reversed by conditioned medium. Our data show that secreted factors contribute toward maintaining self-renewal of NSCs by nestin, potentially through Akt signaling.
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Hayashi L, Sheth M, Young A, Kruger M, Wayman GA, Coffin AB. The effect of the aquatic contaminants bisphenol-A and PCB-95 on the zebrafish lateral line. Neurotoxicology 2014; 46:125-36. [PMID: 25556122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants such as bisphenol-A (BPA) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are prevalent in our water supply, soil, and many food products and can profoundly affect the central nervous system. Both BPA and PCBs can disrupt endocrine signaling, which is important for auditory development and function, but the effect of these toxicants on the auditory periphery is not understood. In this study we investigated the effect of PCB-95 and BPA on lateral line development, function, and regeneration in larval zebrafish. The lateral line is a system of mechanosensory hair cells on the exterior of the fish that are homologous to the hair cells located in the mammalian inner ear. We found that PCB-95 had no effect on lateral line development or hair cell survival. BPA also did not affect lateral line development, but instead had a significant effect on both hair cell survival and regeneration. BPA-induced hair cell loss is both dose- and time-dependent, with concentrations of 1 μM or higher killing lateral line hair cells during a 24h exposure period. Pharmacologic manipulation experiments suggest that BPA kills hair cells via activation of oxidative stress pathways, similar to prior reports of BPA toxicity in other tissues. We also observed that hair cells killed with neomycin, a known ototoxin, failed to regenerate normally when BPA was present, suggesting that BPA in aquatic environments could impede innate regenerative responses in fishes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that BPA can have detrimental effects on sensory systems, both in aquatic life and perhaps in terrestrial organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hayashi
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA.
| | - Meghal Sheth
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA.
| | - Alexander Young
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA.
| | - Matthew Kruger
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA.
| | - Gary A Wayman
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Allison B Coffin
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA.
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Depletion of intermediate filament protein Nestin, a target of microRNA-940, suppresses tumorigenesis by inducing spontaneous DNA damage accumulation in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1377. [PMID: 25118937 PMCID: PMC4454294 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major malignant tumor of the head and neck region in southern China. The understanding of its underlying etiology is essential for the development of novel effective therapies. We report for the first time that microRNA-940 (miR-940) significantly suppresses the proliferation of a variety of cancer cell lines, arrests cells cycle, induces caspase-3/7-dependent apoptosis and inhibits the formation of NPC xenograft tumors in mice. We further show that miR-940 directly binds to the 3′-untranslated regions of Nestin mRNA and promotes its degradation. Likewise, depletion of Nestin inhibits tumor cell proliferation, arrest cells at G2/M, induces apoptosis and suppresses xenograft tumor formation in vivo. These functions of miR-940 can be reversed by ectopic expression of Nestin, suggesting that miR-940 regulates cell proliferation and survival through Nestin. Notably, we observed reduced miR-940 and increased Nestin levels in NPC patient samples. Protein microarray revealed that knockdown of Nestin in 5-8F NPC cells alters the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the DNA damage response, suggesting a mechanism for the miR-940/Nestin axis. Consistently, depletion of Nestin induced spontaneous DNA damage accumulation, delayed the DNA damage repair process and increased the sensitivity to irradiation and the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. Collectively, our findings indicate that Nestin, which is downregulated by miR-940, can promote tumorigenesis in NPC cells through involvement in the DNA damage response. The levels of microRNA-940 and Nestin may serve as indicators of cancer status and prognosis.
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Schaffer AE, Eggens VRC, Caglayan AO, Reuter MS, Scott E, Coufal NG, Silhavy JL, Xue Y, Kayserili H, Yasuno K, Rosti RO, Abdellateef M, Caglar C, Kasher PR, Cazemier JL, Weterman MA, Cantagrel V, Cai N, Zweier C, Altunoglu U, Satkin NB, Aktar F, Tuysuz B, Yalcinkaya C, Caksen H, Bilguvar K, Fu XD, Trotta CR, Gabriel S, Reis A, Gunel M, Baas F, Gleeson JG. CLP1 founder mutation links tRNA splicing and maturation to cerebellar development and neurodegeneration. Cell 2014; 157:651-63. [PMID: 24766810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases can occur so early as to affect neurodevelopment. From a cohort of more than 2,000 consanguineous families with childhood neurological disease, we identified a founder mutation in four independent pedigrees in cleavage and polyadenylation factor I subunit 1 (CLP1). CLP1 is a multifunctional kinase implicated in tRNA, mRNA, and siRNA maturation. Kinase activity of the CLP1 mutant protein was defective, and the tRNA endonuclease complex (TSEN) was destabilized, resulting in impaired pre-tRNA cleavage. Germline clp1 null zebrafish showed cerebellar neurodegeneration that was rescued by wild-type, but not mutant, human CLP1 expression. Patient-derived induced neurons displayed both depletion of mature tRNAs and accumulation of unspliced pre-tRNAs. Transfection of partially processed tRNA fragments into patient cells exacerbated an oxidative stress-induced reduction in cell survival. Our data link tRNA maturation to neuronal development and neurodegeneration through defective CLP1 function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Veerle R C Eggens
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9,1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmet Okay Caglayan
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Miriam S Reuter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Eric Scott
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer L Silhavy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuanchao Xue
- Cellular Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet Caddesi, 34093 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katsuhito Yasuno
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rasim Ozgur Rosti
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mostafa Abdellateef
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caner Caglar
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Paul R Kasher
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9,1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Leonie Cazemier
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9,1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marian A Weterman
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9,1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institut IMAGINE, INSERM U1163, Faculté Paris-Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Na Cai
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet Caddesi, 34093 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Bilge Satkin
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet Caddesi, 34093 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fesih Aktar
- Department of Pediatrics, Diyarbakir State Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Yalcinkaya
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Caksen
- Department of Pediatrics, Meram Medical School, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42080 Konya, Turkey
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Cellular Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Stacey Gabriel
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Murat Gunel
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9,1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Hatanpaa KJ, Hu T, Vemireddy V, Foong C, Raisanen JM, Oliver D, Hiemenz MC, Burns DK, White CL, Whitworth LA, Mickey B, Stegner M, Habib AA, Fink K, Maher EA, Bachoo RM. High expression of the stem cell marker nestin is an adverse prognostic factor in WHO grade II-III astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:183-189. [PMID: 24519516 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infiltrating astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas of low to anaplastic grade (WHO grades II and III), in spite of being associated with a wide range of clinical outcomes, can be difficult to subclassify and grade by the current histopathologic criteria. Unlike oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas that can be identified by the 1p/19q codeletion and the more malignant glioblastomas (WHO grade IV astrocytomas) that can be diagnosed solely based on objective features on routine hematoxylin and eosin sections, no such objective criteria exist for the subclassification of grade II-III astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas (A+OA II-III). In this study, we evaluated the prognostic and predictive value of the stem cell marker nestin in adult A+OA II-III (n = 50) using immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted analysis on tissue microarrays. In addition, the correlation between nestin mRNA level and total survival was analyzed in the NCI Rembrandt database. The results showed that high nestin expression is a strong adverse prognostic factor for total survival (p = 0.0004). The strength of the correlation was comparable to but independent of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH 1/2) mutation status. Histopathological grading and subclassification did not correlate significantly with outcome, although the interpretation of this finding is limited by the fact that grade III tumors were treated more aggressively than grade II tumors. These results suggest that nestin level and IDH 1/2 mutation status are strong prognostic features in A+OA II-III and possibly more helpful for treatment planning than routine histopathological variables such as oligodendroglial component (astrocytoma vs. oligoastrocytoma) and WHO grade (grade II vs. III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Tianshen Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Vamsidhara Vemireddy
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Chan Foong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jack M Raisanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dwight Oliver
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Matthew C Hiemenz
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dennis K Burns
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - L Anthony Whitworth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bruce Mickey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Martha Stegner
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX
| | - Karen Fink
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elizabeth A Maher
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Robert M Bachoo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Shiau CE, Monk KR, Joo W, Talbot WS. An anti-inflammatory NOD-like receptor is required for microglia development. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1342-52. [PMID: 24316075 PMCID: PMC3878655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are phagocytic cells that form the basis of the brain's immune system. They derive from primitive macrophages that migrate into the brain during embryogenesis, but the genetic control of microglial development remains elusive. Starting with a genetic screen in zebrafish, we show that the noncanonical NOD-like receptor (NLR) nlrc3-like is essential for microglial formation. Although most NLRs trigger inflammatory signaling, nlrc3-like acts cell autonomously in microglia precursor cells to suppress unwarranted inflammation in the absence of overt immune challenge. In nlrc3-like mutants, primitive macrophages initiate a systemic inflammatory response with increased proinflammatory cytokines and actively aggregate instead of migrating into the brain to form microglia. NLRC3-like requires both its pyrin and NACHT domains, and it can bind the inflammasome component apoptosis-associated speck-like protein. Our studies suggest that NLRC3-like may regulate the inflammasome and other inflammatory pathways. Together, these results demonstrate that NLRC3-like prevents inappropriate macrophage activation, thereby allowing normal microglial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia E Shiau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William Joo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Lin YS, Chu CC, Tsui PH, Chang CC. Evaluation of zebrafish brain development using optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:668-678. [PMID: 22961725 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a well-established model system used to study and understand various human biological processes. The present study used OCT to investigate growth of the adult zebrafish brain. Twenty zebrafish were studied, using their standard lengths as indicators of their age. Zebrafish brain aging was evaluated by analyzing signal attenuation rates and texture features in regions of interest (ROIs). Optical scattering originates from light interaction with biological structures. During development, the zebrafish brain gains cells. Signal attenuation rate, therefore, increases with increasing zebrafish brain age. This study's analyses of texture features could not identify aging in zebrafish brain. These results, therefore, indicated that the OCT signal attenuation rate can indicate zebrafish brain aging, and its analysis provides a more effective means of observing zebrafish brain aging than texture features analysis. Using OCT system could further increase the technique's potential for recognition and monitoring of zebrafish brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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40
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Wen D, Wang H, Heng BC, Liu H. Increased expression of nestin in human pterygial epithelium. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:259-63. [PMID: 23826515 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the distribution of nestin-positive cells in pterygium, as well as the relationship between nestin-positive cells and proliferative cells in the pathogenesis of pterygium. METHODS Nine pterygium specimens and 5 normal conjunctiva specimens were investigated. All explanted specimens were immediately immersed in 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as immunostaining to detect nestin. RESULTS Small sub-populations of nestin-expressing cells in both normal and pterygial conjunctiva epithelium were found. These were located at the superficial layer of the epithelium, and were significantly increased (P=0.007) and spread out in the pterygial conjunctiva epithelium, even though these cells were mitotically quiescent. CONCLUSION In pterygium, more nestin-positive cells were present at the superficial layer of the epithelium. With growing scientific evidence that nestin plays an important role in defining various specialized cell types, such as stem cells, cancer cells and angiogenic cells, further investigations on the roles of nestin-expressing cells in pterygium may help to uncover the mechanisms of initiation, development and the prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
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41
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Xiong F, Tentner AR, Huang P, Gelas A, Mosaliganti KR, Souhait L, Rannou N, Swinburne IA, Obholzer ND, Cowgill PD, Schier AF, Megason SG. Specified neural progenitors sort to form sharp domains after noisy Shh signaling. Cell 2013; 153:550-61. [PMID: 23622240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sharply delineated domains of cell types arise in developing tissues under instruction of inductive signal (morphogen) gradients, which specify distinct cell fates at different signal levels. The translation of a morphogen gradient into discrete spatial domains relies on precise signal responses at stable cell positions. However, cells in developing tissues undergoing morphogenesis and proliferation often experience complex movements, which may affect their morphogen exposure, specification, and positioning. How is a clear pattern achieved with cells moving around? Using in toto imaging of the zebrafish neural tube, we analyzed specification patterns and movement trajectories of neural progenitors. We found that specified progenitors of different fates are spatially mixed following heterogeneous Sonic Hedgehog signaling responses. Cell sorting then rearranges them into sharply bordered domains. Ectopically induced motor neuron progenitors also robustly sort to correct locations. Our results reveal that cell sorting acts to correct imprecision of spatial patterning by noisy inductive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Xiong
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2: a novel gene involved in zebrafish central nervous system development. Dev Biol 2013; 381:38-49. [PMID: 23796905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (Tfpi-2) is an important serine protease inhibitor in the extracellular matrix (ECM), but its precise physiological significance remains unknown. This work is part of a series of studies intended to investigate functional roles of Tfpi-2 and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. First, we cloned and identified zebrafish Tfpi-2 (zTfpi-2) as an evolutionarily conserved protein essential for zebrafish development. We also demonstrated that ztfpi-2 is mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of zebrafish, and embryonic depletion of ztfpi-2 caused severe CNS defects. In addition, changes of neural markers, including pax2a, egr2b, huC, ngn1, gfap and olig2, confirmed the presence of developmental abnormalities in the relevant regions of ztfpi-2 morphants. Using microarray analysis, we found that members of the Notch pathway, especially her4 and mib, which mediate lateral inhibition in CNS development, were also downregulated. Intriguingly, both her4 and mib were able to partially rescue the ztfpi-2 morphant phenotype. Furthermore, Morpholino knockdown of ztfpi-2 resulted in upregulation of neuronal markers while downregulation of glial markers, providing evidence that the Notch pathway is probably involved in ztfpi-2-mediated CNS development.
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Takakuwa O, Maeno K, Kunii E, Ozasa H, Hijikata H, Uemura T, Kasai D, Ohkubo H, Miyazaki M, Oguri T, Niimi A. Involvement of intermediate filament nestin in cell growth of small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2013; 81:174-9. [PMID: 23706418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin is a class VI intermediate filament protein expressed in stem/progenitor cells during the development of the central nervous system. Nestin is detected in various types of tumors and is involved in malignant processes. This study investigated the expression and function of nestin in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). METHODS Expression of nestin and achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASH1) was studied in 21 lung cancer cell lines. To assess the function of nestin, a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting nestin was transfected into two SCLC cell lines (DMS53 and SBC3), and cloned cells that showed apparent down-regulation of nestin were obtained. Nestin expression was also studied immunohistochemically in surgically resected SCLC primary tumors and metastatic SCLC tumors obtained from autopsy cases. RESULT Nestin was expressed in nine of 10 SCLC cell lines. The nestin expression level was significantly higher in SCLC cell lines than in NSCLC cell lines (P < 0.01). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the expression levels of nestin and ASH1 in SCLC cell lines. Nestin knock-down cells created by transfection with shRNA exhibited decreased invasion and cell proliferation capabilities. Furthermore, nestin was detected in SCLC tumor cells and tumor vessels in all clinical tumor specimens. CONCLUSION Nestin is expressed in SCLC in association with neuroendocrine features and participates in malignant phenotypes, including cell growth. Therefore, nestin may be a novel therapeutic target for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Takakuwa
- Department of Medical Oncology and Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Wohl SG, Schmeer CW, Isenmann S. Neurogenic potential of stem/progenitor-like cells in the adult mammalian eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:213-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Wang X, Ren J, Wang Z, Yao J, Fei J. NRSF/REST is required for gastrulation and neurogenesis during zebrafish development. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:385-93. [PMID: 22427463 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) was recognized as a transcription suppressor regulating nervous system differentiation. However, the role of REST during early development has not been clarified. We cloned the zebrafish homolog of human REST. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that zebrafish REST mRNA was both maternal and zygotic with the higher expression level from blastula to the late segmentation period. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that REST was strongly expressed in the blastoderm since dome stage and dynamically expressed mainly in developing brain, especially in the border of the brain subdivisions in early segmentation period. Knockdown of REST using translation blocking morpholino (MO-tra) technique resulted in gastrulation delay or even blockage, and subsequently led to embryo lethality by early segmentation period with deficient neurogenesis. However, splicing blocking morpholino for REST did not show obviously abnormal phenotype until 48 hpf (hours post-fertilization), indicating that maternal REST was an important regulator for gastrulation. Further study revealed that the abnormal development in MO-tra morphants was at least partly due to the dysfunction of protein transportation from the yolk to the blastoderm. Our results showed that REST (especially maternal supplied REST) was required for gastrulation and neurogenesis during zebrafish early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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46
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Sipes NS, Padilla S, Knudsen TB. Zebrafish: as an integrative model for twenty-first century toxicity testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 93:256-67. [PMID: 21932434 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo is a useful small model for investigating vertebrate development because of its transparency, low cost, transgenic and morpholino capabilities, conservation of cell signaling, and concordance with mammalian developmental phenotypes. From these advantages, the zebrafish embryo has been considered as an alternative model for traditional in vivo developmental toxicity screening. The use of this organism in conjunction with traditional in vivo developmental toxicity testing has the potential to reduce cost and increase throughput of testing the chemical universe, prioritize chemicals for targeted toxicity testing, generate predictive models of developmental toxicants, and elucidate mechanisms and adverse outcome pathways for abnormal development. This review gives an overview of the zebrafish embryo for pre dictive toxicology and 21st century toxicity testing. Developmental eye defects were selected as an example to evaluate data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast program comparing responses in zebrafish embryos with those from pregnant rats and rabbits for a subset of 24 environmental chemicals across >600 in vitro assay targets. Cross-species comparisons implied a common basis for biological pathways associated with neuronal defects, extracellular matrix remodeling, and mitotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S Sipes
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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47
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Wen D, You L, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Gu Y, Hao CM, Chen J. Upregulation of nestin protects podocytes from apoptosis induced by puromycin aminonucleoside. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:423-34. [PMID: 21952051 DOI: 10.1159/000331701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin is an intermediate filament protein widely used as a marker of stem cells or progenitor cells. Nestin is also highly expressed in the glomerular podocyte, a type of terminally differentiated epithelial cell. Little is known about the significance of nestin in podocytes. METHODS Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) was injected into the rats to produce a PAN nephrosis model. Transmission electronic microscopy and terminal dUTP nick end-labeling assay were used to examine the podocyte foot process (FP) effacement and apoptosis, respectively. A mouse podocyte cell line was cultured and incubated with PAN. Immunoblot was used to examine the level of nestin expression both in vivo and in vitro. Enhanced green fluorescence protein-tagged plasmids containing nestin shRNA were transfected into the cultured podocytes to silence nestin expression. F-actin arrangement within cultured podocytes was investigated by immunofluorescence, while the apoptosis rate was examined by both Hoechst stain and flow cytometry. RESULTS In the PAN-induced rat nephrosis model, podocyte nestin expression was increased in the absence of apparent podocyte apoptosis, even though the FP was significantly effaced. In the cultured mouse podocytes, PAN upregulated nestin expression in a time-dependent manner within 24 h of treatment. Notably, no significant apoptosis occurred, however knocking down nestin expression resulted in a remarkable derangement of actin cytoskeleton and an increase in apoptosis in the cultured podocytes 24 h after being incubated with PAN. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of nestin expression during PAN nephrosis could protect podocytes from apoptosis and that this process is mediated by maintaining the regular arrangement of actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Teng Y, Xie X, Walker S, Saxena M, Kozlowski DJ, Mumm JS, Cowell JK. Loss of zebrafish lgi1b leads to hydrocephalus and sensitization to pentylenetetrazol induced seizure-like behavior. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24596. [PMID: 22053218 PMCID: PMC3203530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LGI1 gene predispose to a hereditary epilepsy syndrome and is the first gene associated with this disease which does not encode an ion channel protein. In zebrafish, there are two paralogs of the LGI1 gene, lgi1a and lgi1b. Knockdown of lgi1a results in a seizure-like hyperactivity phenotype with associated developmental abnormalities characterized by cellular loss in the eyes and brain. We have now generated knockdown morphants for the lgi1b gene which also show developmental abnormalities but do not show a seizure-like behavior. Instead, the most striking phenotype involves significant enlargement of the ventricles (hydrocephalus). As shown for the lgi1a morphants, however, lgi1b morphants are also sensitized to PTZ-induced hyperactivity. The different phenotypes between the two lgi1 morphants support a subfunctionalization model for the two paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- GHSU Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiayang Xie
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Steven Walker
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Meera Saxena
- Luminomics Inc, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David J. Kozlowski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeff S. Mumm
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John K. Cowell
- GHSU Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
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Divakar Rao K, Upadhyaya P, Sharma M, Gupta PK. Noninvasive imaging of ethanol-induced developmental defects in zebrafish embryos using optical coherence tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 95:7-11. [PMID: 21922639 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the use of optical coherence tomography for noninvasive cross-sectional real-time imaging of ethanol-induced developmental defects in zebrafish embryos larvae. For ethanol concentration of over 300 mM, developmental defects of eye (shrinkage and retinal abnormalities), malformation of the notochord and ataxia arising due to the toxic effects of ethanol were observed in OCT images from 3 days post fertilization onwards. The results suggest that OCT could be a valuable tool for noninvasive assessment of birth defects in small animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Divakar Rao
- Laser Biomedical Applications & Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India.
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50
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Wohl SG, Schmeer CW, Friese T, Witte OW, Isenmann S. In situ dividing and phagocytosing retinal microglia express nestin, vimentin, and NG2 in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22408. [PMID: 21850226 PMCID: PMC3151247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following injury, microglia become activated with subsets expressing nestin as well as other neural markers. Moreover, cerebral microglia can give rise to neurons in vitro. In a previous study, we analysed the proliferation potential and nestin re-expression of retinal macroglial cells such as astrocytes and Müller cells after optic nerve (ON) lesion. However, we were unable to identify the majority of proliferative nestin+ cells. Thus, the present study evaluates expression of nestin and other neural markers in quiescent and proliferating microglia in naïve retina and following ON transection in adult rats in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings For analysis of cell proliferation and cells fates, rats received BrdU injections. Microglia in retinal sections or isolated cells were characterized using immunofluorescence labeling with markers for microglia (e.g., Iba1, CD11b), cell proliferation, and neural cells (e.g., nestin, vimentin, NG2, GFAP, Doublecortin etc.). Cellular analyses were performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. In the naïve adult rat retina, about 60% of resting ramified microglia expressed nestin. After ON transection, numbers of nestin+ microglia peaked to a maximum at 7 days, primarily due to in situ cell proliferation of exclusively nestin+ microglia. After 8 weeks, microglia numbers re-attained control levels, but 20% were still BrdU+ and nestin+, although no further local cell proliferation occurred. In addition, nestin+ microglia co-expressed vimentin and NG2, but not GFAP or neuronal markers. Fourteen days after injury and following retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with Fluorogold (FG), nestin+NG2+ microglia were positive for the dye indicating an active involvement of a proliferating cell population in phagocytosing apoptotic retinal neurons. Conclusions/Significance The current study provides evidence that in adult rat retina, a specific resident population of microglia expresses proteins of immature neural cells that are involved in injury-induced cell proliferation and phagocytosis while transdifferentiation was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie G Wohl
- Hans Berger Clinic of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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