1
|
Ma C, Hao X, Gao L, Wang Y, Shi J, Luo H, Li M. Extracellular Vesicles Released from Macrophages Infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae Stimulate Proinflammatory Response via the TLR2-NF-κB/JNK Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108588. [PMID: 37239946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae, Mp) is an intracellular pathogen that causes pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, pharyngitis, and asthma in humans and can infect and survive in the host cells leading to excessive immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from host cells carry components of pathogens to recipient cells and play a role in intercellular communication during infection. However, there is limited knowledge on whether EVs derived from M. pneumoniae-infected macrophages play as intercellular messengers and functional mechanisms. In this study, we establish a cell model of M. pneumoniae-infected macrophages that continuously secrete EVs to further asses their role as intercellular messengers and their functional mechanisms. Based on this model, we determined a method for isolating the pure EVs from M. pneumoniae-infected macrophages, which employs a sequence of operations, including differential centrifugation, filtering, and ultracentrifugation. We identified EVs and their purity using multiple methods, including electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, Western blot, bacteria culture, and nucleic acid detection. EVs from M. pneumoniae-infected macrophages are pure, with a 30-200 nm diameter. These EVs can be taken up by uninfected macrophages and induce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 through the nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signals pathway. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by EVs relies on TLR2-NF-κB/JNK signal pathways. These findings will help us better understand a persistent inflammatory response and cell-to-cell immune modulation in the context of M. pneumoniae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunji Ma
- Life Science School, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiujing Hao
- Life Science School, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Liyang Gao
- Life Science School, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yongyu Wang
- Life Science School, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Life Science School, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Haixia Luo
- Life Science School, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Min Li
- Life Science School, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fetal bovine serum, an important factor affecting the reproducibility of cell experiments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1942. [PMID: 36732616 PMCID: PMC9894865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a natural medium used in cell cultures containing the large amount of nutrients necessary for cell growth and is often used for in vitro cultures of animal cells. Although FBS plays a vital role in cell cultures, there are small molecules contained within FBS that remain unidentified, and their effects on cultured cells is poorly understood. Here, we report that different brands of FBS have varying influences on the background expression of IL-8, not TNFα and IL1β in epithelial cells. The endogenous small molecules in FBS and ERK pathways may contribute to these effects. In addition, FBS form the IL-8 stimulation and IL-8 non-responsive groups have different metabolome profiles. Overall, our study suggests that metabolites in FBS should be included in the quantitative considerations when conducting cell experiments, especially immune-related experiments, to improve the repeatability of experimental results in scientific papers; IL-8 could thus be an important factor in selecting FBS.
Collapse
|
3
|
Blanchard AM, Baumbach CM, Michler JK, Pickwell ND, Staley CE, Franklin JM, Wattegedera SR, Entrican G, Tötemeyer S. Natural Mycoplasma Infection Reduces Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Response to Ovine Footrot Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233235. [PMID: 36496756 PMCID: PMC9737833 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine footrot is a complex multifactorial infectious disease, causing lameness in sheep with major welfare and economic consequences. Dichelobacter nodosus is the main causative bacterium; however, footrot is a polymicrobial disease with Fusobacterium necrophorum, Mycoplasma fermentans and Porphyromonas asaccharolytica also associated. There is limited understanding of the host response involved. The proinflammatory mediators, interleukin (IL)-1β and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8), have been shown to play a role in the early response to D. nodosus in dermal fibroblasts and interdigital skin explant models. To further understand the response of ovine skin to bacterial stimulation, and to build an understanding of the role of the cytokines and chemokines identified, primary ovine interdigital fibroblasts and keratinocytes were isolated, cultured and stimulated. The expression of mRNA and protein release of CXCL8 and IL-1β were measured after stimulation with LPS, D. nodosus or F. necrophorum, which resulted in increased transcript levels of IL-1β and CXCL8 in the M. fermentans-free cells. However, only an increase in the CXCL8 protein release was observed. No IL-1β protein release was detected, despite increases in IL-1β mRNA, suggesting the signal for intracellular pre-IL-1β processing may be lacking when culturing primary cells in isolation. The keratinocytes and fibroblasts naturally infected with M. fermentans showed little response to the LPS, a range of D. nodosus preparations or heat-inactivated F. necrophorum. Primary single cell culture models complement ex vivo organ culture models to study different aspects of the host response to D. nodosus. The ovine keratinocytes and fibroblasts infected with M. fermentans had a reduced response to the experimental bacterial stimulation. However, in the case of footrot where Mycoplasma spp. are associated with diseased feet, this natural infection gives important insights into the impact of multiple pathogens on the host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Blanchard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (A.M.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule K. Michler
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalie D. Pickwell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ceri E. Staley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jemma M. Franklin
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sean R. Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sabine Tötemeyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (A.M.B.); (S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blanchard AM, Staley CE, Shaw L, Wattegedera SR, Baumbach CM, Michler JK, Rutland C, Back C, Newbold N, Entrican G, Tötemeyer S. A Trifecta of New Insights into Ovine Footrot for Infection Drivers, Immune Response, and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0027021. [PMID: 34227837 PMCID: PMC8445190 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00270-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Footrot is a polymicrobial infectious disease in sheep causing severe lameness, leading to one of the industry's largest welfare problems. The complex etiology of footrot makes in situ or in vitro investigations difficult. Computational methods offer a solution to understanding the bacteria involved and how they may interact with the host, ultimately providing a way to identify targets for future hypothesis-driven investigative work. Here, we present the first combined global analysis of bacterial community transcripts together with the host immune response in healthy and diseased ovine feet during a natural polymicrobial infection state using metatranscriptomics. The intratissue and surface bacterial populations and the most abundant bacterial transcriptomes were analyzed, demonstrating that footrot-affected skin has reduced diversity and increased abundances of not only the causative bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus but also other species such as Mycoplasma fermentans and Porphyromonas asaccharolytica. Host transcriptomics reveals the suppression of biological processes related to skin barrier function, vascular functions, and immunosurveillance in unhealthy interdigital skin, supported by histological findings that type I collagen (associated with scar tissue formation) is significantly increased in footrot-affected interdigital skin compared to outwardly healthy skin. Finally, we provide some interesting indications of host and pathogen interactions associated with virulence genes and the host spliceosome, which could lead to the identification of future therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Blanchard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri E. Staley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Shaw
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sean R. Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
| | - Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule K. Michler
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catrin Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Back
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Nerissa Newbold
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
| | - Sabine Tötemeyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gavrilin MA, Prather ER, Vompe AD, McAndrew CC, Wewers MD. cAbl Kinase Regulates Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis via ASC Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1329-1336. [PMID: 33568399 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is regulated in part by the posttranslational modification of inflammasome proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation is one possible modification. Having previously shown that the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor AG126 greatly inhibits inflammasome activation, we sought to uncover the target kinase. To do this, we screened a commercial tyrosine kinase library for inhibition of inflammasome-dependent IL-18/IL-1β release and pyroptosis. THP-1 cells (human monocyte cell line) were incubated with PTK inhibitors (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) before stimulation with LPS followed by ATP. The PTK inhibitors DCC-2036 (Rebastinib) and GZD824, specific for Bcr-Abl kinase, showed the most severe reduction of IL-18 and lactate dehydrogenase release at all concentrations used. The suggested kinase target, cAbl kinase, was then deleted in THP-1 cells by CRISPR/Cas9 editing and then tested for its role in inflammasome function and potential to phosphorylate the inflammasome adaptor ASC. The cABL knockout not only significantly inhibited inflammasome function but also decreased release of phosphorylated ASC after LPS/ATP stimulation. One predicted target of cAbl kinase is tyrosine 146 in ASC. Complementation of ASC knockout THP-1 cells with mutated Y146A ASC significantly abrogated inflammasome activation and ASC oligomerization as compared with wild-type ASC complementation. Thus, these findings support cAbl kinase as a positive regulator of inflammasome activity and pyroptosis, likely via phosphorylation of ASC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and .,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Evan R Prather
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Alex D Vompe
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Christian C McAndrew
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and .,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roth JS, Lee TD, Cheff DM, Gosztyla ML, Asawa RR, Danchik C, Michael S, Simeonov A, Klumpp-Thomas C, Wilson KM, Hall MD. Keeping It Clean: The Cell Culture Quality Control Experience at the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2020; 25:491-497. [PMID: 32233736 PMCID: PMC8506661 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220911451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quality control monitoring of cell lines utilized in biomedical research is of utmost importance and is critical for the reproducibility of data. Two key pitfalls in tissue culture are 1) cell line authenticity and 2) Mycoplasma contamination. As a collaborative research institute, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) receives cell lines from a range of commercial and academic sources, which are adapted for high-throughput screening. Here, we describe the implementation of routine NCATS-wide Mycoplasma testing and short tandem repeat (STR) testing for cell lines. Initial testing identified a >10% Mycoplasma contamination rate. While the implementation of systematic testing has not fully suppressed Mycoplasma contamination rates, clearly defined protocols that include the immediate destruction of contaminated cell lines wherever possible has enabled rapid intervention and removal of compromised cell lines. Data for >2000 cell line samples tested over 3 years, and case studies are provided. STR testing of 186 cell lines with established STR profiles revealed only five misidentified cell lines, all of which were received from external labs. The data collected over the 3 years since implementation of this systematic testing demonstrate the importance of continual vigilance for rapid identification of "problem" cell lines, for ensuring reproducible data in translational science research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Roth
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tobie D. Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dorian M. Cheff
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Maya L. Gosztyla
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rosita R. Asawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carina Danchik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sam Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelli M. Wilson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gavrilin MA, McAndrew CC, Prather ER, Tsai M, Spitzer CR, Song MA, Mitra S, Sarkar A, Shields PG, Diaz PT, Wewers MD. Inflammasome Adaptor ASC Is Highly Elevated in Lung Over Plasma and Relates to Inflammation and Lung Diffusion in the Absence of Speck Formation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:461. [PMID: 32265920 PMCID: PMC7096349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Caspase-1 is a zymogen whose activation predominantly depends upon the assembly of ASC monomers into insoluble prion-like polymers (specks). ASC polymers support caspase-1 dimer formation inducing a proximity mediated auto-activation of caspase-1. Therefore, the amount and nature of ASC monomers and polymers in lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) might serve as a marker of lung inflammasome activity. Objectives: To determine whether lung ASC concentrations or oligomerization status predicts lung function or activity of lung inflammation. Methods: BALF ASC amount and oligomerization status was studied in three distinct cohorts: (1) young healthy non-smokers, vapers and smokers; (2) healthy HIV+ smokers who underwent detailed lung function studies; and (3) hospitalized patients with suspected pneumonia. We quantified cell free BALF ASC levels by ELISA and immunoblot. Oligomers (i.e., ASC specks) were identified by chemical crosslinking and ability to sediment with centrifugation. Measurement and Main Results: ASC levels are significantly higher in lung lining fluid than in plasma as well as higher in smoker lungs compared to non-smoker lungs. In this context, ASC levels correlate with macrophage numbers, smoking intensity and loss of lung diffusion capacity in a well-characterized cohort of healthy HIV+ smokers. However, only monomeric ASC was found in our BALF samples from all subjects, including patients with lung infections. Conclusions: Even though, most, if not all, extracellular ASC in BALF exists in the soluble, monomeric form, monomeric ASC concentrations still reflect the inflammatory status of the lung microenvironment and correlate with loss of lung function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christian C McAndrew
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Evan R Prather
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - MuChun Tsai
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Carleen R Spitzer
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Min-Ae Song
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Srabani Mitra
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anasuya Sarkar
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Philip T Diaz
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molla Kazemiha V, Azari S, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Amanzadeh A, Bonakdar S, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R. Effectiveness of Plasmocure™ in Elimination of Mycoplasma Species from Contaminated Cell Cultures: A Comparative Study versus other Antibiotics. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:143-149. [PMID: 30825287 PMCID: PMC6397598 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Mycoplasmas spp. is among major contaminants of eukaryotic cell cultures. They cause a wide range of problems
associated with cell culture in biology research centers or biotechnological companies. Mycoplasmas are also resistant to
several antibiotics. Plasmocin™ has been used to treat cell lines but Plasmocin™-resistant strains have been reported.
InvivoGen has developed a new anti-Mycoplasma agent called Plasmocure™ in order to eliminate resistant Mycoplasma
contamination. The aim of this study was the selection of the best antibiotics for treatment of mycoplasma in cell cultures.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, a total of 100 different mammalian cell lines contaminated with different
Mycoplasma species were evaluated by microbiological culture (as the gold standard method), indirect DNA fluorochrome
staining, enzymatic (MycoAlert™), and universal or species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection methods.
In this study, animal and human cell lines available in National Cell Bank of Iran, were treated with Plasmocure™. The
treatment efficacy and cytotoxicity of Plasmocure™ were compared with those of commonly used antibiotics such as BM-
cyclin, Plasmocin™, MycoRAZOR™, sparfloxacin and enrofloxacin.
Results Plasmocure™ is comprised of two antibiotics that act through various mechanisms of action than those in
Plasmocin™. Two-week treatment with Plasmocure™ was enough to completely eliminate Mycoplasma spp. A moderate
toxicity was observed during Mycoplasma treatment with plasmocure™; But, after elimination of Mycoplasma, cells were
fully recovered. Mycoplasma infections were eliminated by Plasmocure™, BM-cyclin, Plasmocin™, MycoRAZOR™,
sparfloxacin and enrofloxacin. However, the outcome of the treatment process (i.e. the frequency of complete cure,
regrowth or cell death) varied among different antibiotics.
Conclusion The highest number of cured cell lines was achieved by using Plasmocure™ which also had the lowest
regrowth rate after a period of four months. As a conclusion; Plasmocure™ might be considered an effective antibiotic to treat
Mycoplasma infections in mammalian cell cultures especially for precious or vulnerable cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahram Azari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Battin C, Hennig A, Mayrhofer P, Kunert R, Zlabinger GJ, Steinberger P, Paster W. A human monocytic NF-κB fluorescent reporter cell line for detection of microbial contaminants in biological samples. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178220. [PMID: 28542462 PMCID: PMC5443541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of pathogens by innate immune cells is essential for the initiation of appropriate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are highly sensitive for various structurally and evolutionary conserved molecules derived from microbes have a prominent role in this process. TLR engagement results in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which induces the expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. The exquisite sensitivity of TLR signalling can be exploited for the detection of bacteria and microbial contaminants in tissue cultures and in protein preparations. Here we describe a cellular reporter system for the detection of TLR ligands in biological samples. The well-characterized human monocytic THP-1 cell line was chosen as host for an NF-ᴋB-inducible enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene. We studied the sensitivity of the resultant reporter cells for a variety of microbial components and observed a strong reactivity towards TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 ligands. Mycoplasma lipoproteins are potent TLR2/6 agonists and we demonstrate that our reporter cells can be used as reliable and robust detection system for mycoplasma contaminations in cell cultures. In addition, a TLR4-sensitive subline of our reporters was engineered, and probed with recombinant proteins expressed in different host systems. Bacterially expressed but not mammalian expressed proteins induced strong reporter activity. We also tested proteins expressed in an E. coli strain engineered to lack TLR4 agonists. Such preparations also induced reporter activation in THP-1 cells highlighting the importance of testing recombinant protein preparations for microbial contaminations beyond endotoxins. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of monocytic reporter cells for high-throughput screening for microbial contaminations in diverse biological samples, including tissue culture supernatants and recombinant protein preparations. Fluorescent reporter assays can be measured on standard flow cytometers and in contrast to established detection methods, like luciferase-based systems or Limulus Amebocyte Lysate tests, they do not require costly reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Hennig
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Zlabinger
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PS); (WP), (WP)
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PS); (WP), (WP)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nolan TJ, Gadsby NJ, Hellyer TP, Templeton KE, McMullan R, McKenna JP, Rennie J, Robb CT, Walsh TS, Rossi AG, Conway Morris A, Simpson AJ. Low-pathogenicity Mycoplasma spp. alter human monocyte and macrophage function and are highly prevalent among patients with ventilator-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2016; 71:594-600. [PMID: 27071419 PMCID: PMC4941152 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) remains a significant problem within intensive care units (ICUs). There is a growing recognition of the impact of critical-illness-induced immunoparesis on the pathogenesis of VAP, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We hypothesised that, because of limitations in their routine detection, Mycoplasmataceae are more prevalent among patients with VAP than previously recognised, and that these organisms potentially impair immune cell function. METHODS AND SETTING 159 patients were recruited from 12 UK ICUs. All patients had suspected VAP and underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). VAP was defined as growth of organisms at >10(4) colony forming units per ml of BAL fluid on conventional culture. Samples were tested for Mycoplasmataceae (Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp.) by PCR, and positive samples underwent sequencing for speciation. 36 healthy donors underwent BAL for comparison. Additionally, healthy donor monocytes and macrophages were exposed to Mycoplasma salivarium and their ability to respond to lipopolysaccharide and undertake phagocytosis was assessed. RESULTS Mycoplasmataceae were found in 49% (95% CI 33% to 65%) of patients with VAP, compared with 14% (95% CI 9% to 25%) of patients without VAP. Patients with sterile BAL fluid had a similar prevalence to healthy donor BAL fluid (10% (95% CI 4% to 20%) vs 8% (95% CI 2% to 22%)). The most common organism identified was M. salivarium. Blood monocytes from healthy volunteers incubated with M. salivarium displayed an impaired TNF-α response to lipopolysaccharide (p=0.0003), as did monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) (p=0.024). MDM exposed to M. salivarium demonstrated impaired phagocytosis (p=0.005). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a high prevalence of Mycoplasmataceae among patients with VAP, with a markedly lower prevalence among patients with suspected VAP in whom subsequent cultures refuted the diagnosis. The most common organism found, M. salivarium, is able to alter the functions of key immune cells. Mycoplasmataceae may contribute to VAP pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Nolan
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N J Gadsby
- Clinical Microbiology, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T P Hellyer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - R McMullan
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - J P McKenna
- Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - J Rennie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C T Robb
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T S Walsh
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Conway Morris
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A J Simpson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stoppelkamp S, Würschum N, Stang K, Löder J, Avci-Adali M, Toliashvili L, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Fennrich S. Speeding up pyrogenicity testing: Identification of suitable cell components and readout parameters for an accelerated monocyte activation test (MAT). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:260-273. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Stoppelkamp
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Noriana Würschum
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Katharina Stang
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Jasmin Löder
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Leila Toliashvili
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Stefan Fennrich
- University Hospital Tuebingen; Clinic for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery; Calwerstr. 7/1 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Welc SS, Morse DA, Mattingly AJ, Laitano O, King MA, Clanton TL. The Impact of Hyperthermia on Receptor-Mediated Interleukin-6 Regulation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148927. [PMID: 26872389 PMCID: PMC4752463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory cells, hyperthermia inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression and protein secretion. Since hyperthermia alone stimulates IL-6 in skeletal muscle, we hypothesized that it would amplify responses to other receptor-mediated stimuli. IL-6 regulation was tested in C2C12 myotubes and in soleus during treatment with epinephrine (EPI) or LPS. In EPI-treated myotubes (100 ng/ml), 1 h exposure at 40.5°C-42°C transiently increased IL-6 mRNA compared to EPI treatment alone at 37°C. In LPS-treated myotubes (1 μg/ml), exposure to 41°C-42°C also increased IL-6 mRNA. In isolated mouse soleus, similar amplifications of IL-6 gene expression were observed in 41°C, during both low (1 ng/ml) and high dose (100 ng/ml) EPI, but only in high dose LPS (1 μg/ml). In myotubes, heat increased IL-6 secretion during EPI exposure but had no effect or inhibited secretion with LPS. In soleus there were no effects of heat on IL-6 secretion during either EPI or LPS treatment. Mechanisms for the effects of heat on IL-6 mRNA were explored using a luciferase-reporter in C2C12 myotubes. Overexpression of heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) had no impact on IL-6 promoter activity during EPI stimulation, but elevated IL-6 promoter activity during LPS stimulation. In contrast, when the activator protein-1 (AP-1) element was mutated, responses to both LPS and EPI were suppressed in heat. Using siRNA against activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3), a heat-stress-induced inhibitor of IL-6, no ATF-3-dependent effects were observed. The results demonstrate that, unlike inflammatory cells, hyperthermia in muscle fibers amplifies IL-6 gene expression to EPI and LPS. The effect appears to reflect differential engagement of HSF-1 and AP-1 sensitive elements on the IL-6 gene, with no evidence for involvement of ATF-3. The functional significance of increased IL-6 mRNA expression during heat may serve to overcome the well-known suppression of protein synthetic pathways occurring during heat shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S. Welc
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Morse
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Mattingly
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Orlando Laitano
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Physical Education School, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Michelle A. King
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Clanton
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shamaa OR, Mitra S, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD. Monocyte Caspase-1 Is Released in a Stable, Active High Molecular Weight Complex Distinct from the Unstable Cell Lysate-Activated Caspase-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142203. [PMID: 26599267 PMCID: PMC4657934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes utilize caspase-1 activation as a means to respond to danger signals. Although caspase-1 was discovered using highly concentrated cell extracts that spontaneously activate caspase-1, it is now clear that in live cell models caspase-1 activation occurs in the process of its cellular release and is not an intracellular event. Therefore, we compared the characteristics of caspase-1 activation in the cell lysate model to that of caspase-1 that is released in response to exogenous inflammasome activation. Whereas both models generated active caspase-1, the cell-lysate induced caspase-1 required highly concentrated cell lysates and had a short half-life (~15 min) whereas, the activation induced released caspase-1 required 2-3 log fold fewer cells and was stable for greater than 12 h. Both forms were able to cleave proIL-1beta but unexpectedly, the released activity was unable to be immunodepleted by caspase-1 antibodies. Size exclusion chromatography identified two antigenic forms of p20 caspase-1 in the activation induced released caspase-1: one at the predicted size of tetrameric, p20/p10 caspase-1 and the other at >200 kDa. However, only the high molecular weight form had stable functional activity. These results suggest that released caspase-1 exists in a unique complex that is functionally stable and protected from immunodepletion whereas cell-extract generated active caspase-1 is rapidly inhibited in the cytosolic milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Obada R. Shamaa
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Srabani Mitra
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mikhail A. Gavrilin
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12 Avenue, 201 DHLRI, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heidegger S, Jarosch A, Schmickl M, Endres S, Bourquin C, Hotz C. Mycoplasma hyorhinis-Contaminated Cell Lines Activate Primary Innate Immune Cells via a Protease-Sensitive Factor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142523. [PMID: 26565413 PMCID: PMC4643973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma are a frequent and occult contaminant of cell cultures, whereby these prokaryotic organisms can modify many aspects of cell physiology, rendering experiments that are conducted with such contaminated cells problematic. Chronic Mycoplasma contamination in human monocytic cells lines has been associated with suppressed Toll-like receptor (TLR) function. In contrast, we show here that components derived from a Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell line can activate innate immunity in non-infected primary immune cells. Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 by dendritic cells in response to Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell components was critically dependent on the adapter protein MyD88 but only partially on TLR2. Unlike canonical TLR2 signaling that is triggered in response to the detection of Mycoplasma infection, innate immune activation by components of Mycoplasma-infected cells was inhibited by chloroquine treatment and sensitive to protease treatment. We further show that in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, soluble factors from Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cells induce the production of large amounts of IFN-α. We conclude that Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell lines release protein factors that can potently activate co-cultured innate immune cells via a previously unrecognized mechanism, thus limiting the validity of such co-culture experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Heidegger
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Jarosch
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schmickl
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Carole Bourquin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Hotz
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rahman MA, Mitra S, Sarkar A, Wewers MD. Alpha 1-antitrypsin does not inhibit human monocyte caspase-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117330. [PMID: 25658455 PMCID: PMC4319913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is a 52 kDa serine protease inhibitor produced largely by hepatocytes but also by mononuclear phagocytes. A1AT chiefly inhibits neutrophil elastase and proteinase-3 but has also been reported to have immune modulatory functions including the ability to inhibit caspases. Its clinical availability for infusion suggests that A1AT therapy might modulate caspase related inflammation. Here we tested the ability of A1AT to modulate caspase-1 function in human mononuclear phagocytes. Methods Purified plasma derived A1AT was added to active caspase-1 in a cell-free system (THP-1 lysates) as well as added exogenously to cell-culture models and human whole blood models of caspase-1 activation. Functional caspase-1 activity was quantified by the cleavage of the caspase-1 specific fluorogenic tetrapeptide substrate (WEHD-afc) and the release of processed IL-18 and IL-1β. Results THP-1 cell lysates generated spontaneous activation of caspase-1 both by WEHD-afc cleavage and the generation of p20 caspase-1. A1AT added to this cell free system was unable to inhibit caspase-1 activity. Release of processed IL-18 by THP-1 cells was also unaffected by the addition of exogenous A1AT prior to stimulation with LPS/ATP, a standard caspase-1 activating signal. Importantly, the A1AT exhibited potent neutrophil elastase inhibitory capacity. Furthermore, A1AT complexed to NE (and hence conformationally modified) also did not affect THP-1 cell caspase-1 activation. Finally, exogenous A1AT did not inhibit the ability of human whole blood samples to process and release IL-1β. Conclusions A1AT does not inhibit human monocyte caspase-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Akhlakur Rahman
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Srabani Mitra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Anasuya Sarkar
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rahman MA, Sundaram K, Mitra S, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD. Receptor interacting protein-2 plays a critical role in human lung epithelial cells survival in response to Fas-induced cell-death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92731. [PMID: 24658576 PMCID: PMC3962444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cell death is critical to the lung injury that occurs in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. It is known that FasL plays a prominent role in this lung cell death pathway and may work in part through activation of the receptor interacting protein-2 (RIP2). RIP2 is serine/threonine kinase with a C-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). This CARD contains a highly conserved, predicted tyrosine phosphorylation site. Thus, involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in the CARD domain of RIP2 may play a critical role in Fas-mediated apoptosis in the human lung immune system. To test this hypothesis, human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were induced to undergo cell death in response to the Fas agonist antibody CH11 with and without manipulation of endogenous RIP2 concentrations. We show that CH11 increases lung epithelial cell death in a dose-dependent manner as determined by LDH release and nuclear condensation. Fas-induced LDH release was inhibited by RIP2 knock-down. Reduced levels of RIP2 in BEAS-2B cells after treatment with RIP2 siRNA were confirmed by immunoblot. Overexpression of RIP2 in BEAS-2B cells synergized with Fas ligand-induced LDH release in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, mutation of the tyrosine phosphorylation site in CARD of RIP2 protected BEAS-2B cells from Fas ligand induced cell death. Thus RIP2's CARD tyrosine phosphorylation may represent a new therapeutic target to promote the survival of human lung epithelial cells in disorders that lead to acute lung injury and ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Akhlakur Rahman
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kruthika Sundaram
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Srabani Mitra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mikhail A. Gavrilin
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Welc SS, Judge AR, Clanton TL. Skeletal muscle interleukin-6 regulation in hyperthermia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C406-13. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that IL-6 production is acutely elevated in skeletal muscles exposed to ≥41°C, but the regulatory pathways are poorly understood. The present study characterizes the heat-induced transcriptional control of IL-6 in C2C12 muscle fibers. Hyperthermia exposure (42°C for 1 h) induced transcription from an IL-6 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid. Heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), a principal mediator of the heat shock response, was then tested for its role in IL-6 regulation. Overexpression of a constitutively active HSF-1 construct increased basal (37°C) promoter activity, whereas overexpression of a dominant negative HSF-1 reduced IL-6 promoter activity during basal and hyperthermia conditions. Since hyperthermia also induces stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling, we tested whether mutation of a transcription site downstream of SAPK, (i.e., activator protein-1, AP-1) influences IL-6 transcription in hyperthermia. The mutation had no effect on baseline reporter activity but completely inhibited heat-induced activity. We then tested whether pharmacologically induced states of protein stress, characteristic of cellular responses to hyperthermia and known to induce SAPKs and HSF-1, would induce IL-6 production in the absence of heat. The proteasome was inhibited with MG-132 in one set of experiments, and the unfolded protein response was stimulated with dithiothreitol, thapsigargin, tunicamycin, or castanospermine in other experiments. All treatments stimulated IL-6 protein secretion in the absence of hyperthermia. These studies demonstrate that IL-6 regulation in hyperthermia is directly controlled by HSF-1 and AP-1 signaling and that the IL-6 response in C2C12 myotubes is sensitive to categories of protein stress that reflect accumulation of damaged or unfolded proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S. Welc
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Andrew R. Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Thomas L. Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tyrosine phosphatase inhibition induces an ASC-dependent pyroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:384-9. [PMID: 22842458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a type of cell death in which danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induce mononuclear phagocytes to activate caspase-1 and release mature IL-1β. Because the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG126 can prevent DAMP/PAMP induced activation of caspase-1, we hypothesized that tipping the tyrosine kinase/phosphatase balance toward phosphorylation would promote caspase-1 activation and cell death. THP-1 derived macrophages were therefore treated with the potent specific tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate (OVN) and analyzed for caspase-1 activation and cell death. OVN induced generalized increase in phosphorylated proteins, IL-1β release and cell death in a time and dose dependent pattern. This OVN induced pyroptosis correlated with speck formations that contained the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC). Culturing the cells in the presence of extracellular K(+) (known to inhibit ATP dependent pyroptosis), a caspase inhibitor (ZVAD) or down regulating the expression of ASC with stable expression of siASC prevented the OVN induced pyroptosis. These data demonstrate that pyroptotic death is linked to tyrosine phosphatase activity providing novel targets for future pharmacologic interventions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Welc SS, Phillips NA, Oca-Cossio J, Wallet SM, Chen DL, Clanton TL. Hyperthermia increases interleukin-6 in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C455-66. [PMID: 22673618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles produce and contribute to circulating levels of IL-6 during exercise. However, when core temperature is reduced, the response is attenuated. Therefore, we hypothesized that hyperthermia may be an important and independent stimulus for muscle IL-6. In cultured C2C12 myotubes, hyperthermia (42°C) increased IL-6 gene expression 14-fold after 1 h and 35-fold after 5 h of 37°C recovery; whereas exposure to 41°C resulted in a 2.6-fold elevation at 1 h. IL-6 protein was secreted and significantly elevated in the cell supernatant. Similar but reduced responses to heat were seen in C2C12 myoblasts. Isolated soleus muscles from mice, exposed ex vivo to 41°C for 1 h, yielded similar IL-6 gene responses (>3-fold) but without a significant effect on protein release. When whole animals were exposed to passive hyperthermia, such that core temperature increased to 42.4°C, IL-6 mRNA in soleus increased 5.4-fold compared with time matched controls. Interestingly, TNF-α gene expression was routinely suppressed at all levels of hyperthermia (40.5-42°C) in the isolated models, but TNF-α was elevated (4.2-fold) in the soleus taken from intact mice exposed, in vivo, to hyperthermia. Muscle HSP72 mRNA increased as a function of the level of hyperthermia, and IL-6 mRNA responses increased proportionally with HSP72. In cultured C2C12 myotubes, when heat shock factor was pharmacologically blocked with KNK437, both HSP72 and IL-6 mRNA elevations, induced by heat, were suppressed. These findings implicate skeletal muscle as a "heat stress sensor" at physiologically relevant hyperthermia, responding with a programmed cytokine expression pattern characterized by elevated IL-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Welc
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gavrilin MA, Abdelaziz DHA, Mostafa M, Abdulrahman BA, Grandhi J, Akhter A, Abu Khweek A, Aubert DF, Valvano MA, Wewers MD, Amer AO. Activation of the pyrin inflammasome by intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3469-77. [PMID: 22368275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic infection and induces progressive respiratory inflammation in cystic fibrosis patients. Recognition of bacteria by mononuclear cells generally results in the activation of caspase-1 and processing of IL-1β, a major proinflammatory cytokine. In this study, we report that human pyrin is required to detect intracellular B. cenocepacia leading to IL-1β processing and release. This inflammatory response involves the host adapter molecule ASC and the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS). Human monocytes and THP-1 cells stably expressing either small interfering RNA against pyrin or YFP-pyrin and ASC (YFP-ASC) were infected with B. cenocepacia and analyzed for inflammasome activation. B. cenocepacia efficiently activates the inflammasome and IL-1β release in monocytes and THP-1. Suppression of pyrin levels in monocytes and THP-1 cells reduced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release in response to B. cenocepacia challenge. In contrast, overexpression of pyrin or ASC induced a robust IL-1β response to B. cenocepacia, which correlated with enhanced host cell death. Inflammasome activation was significantly reduced in cells infected with T6SS-defective mutants of B. cenocepacia, suggesting that the inflammatory reaction is likely induced by an as yet uncharacterized effector(s) of the T6SS. Together, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that in human mononuclear cells infected with B. cenocepacia, pyrin associates with caspase-1 and ASC forming an inflammasome that upregulates mononuclear cell IL-1β processing and release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Molla Kazemiha V, Azari S, Amanzadeh A, Bonakdar S, Shojaei Moghadam M, Habibi Anbouhi M, Maleki S, Ahmadi N, Mousavi T, Shokrgozar MA. Efficiency of Plasmocin™ on various mammalian cell lines infected by mollicutes in comparison with commonly used antibiotics in cell culture: a local experience. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:609-20. [PMID: 21866311 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination is a deleterious event for cell culture laboratories. Plasmocin™ is used to prevent and eradicate mycoplasma infections from cell. In this study, 80 different mammalian cell lines from various sources; human, monkey, mice, hamster and rat were used to study and evaluate plasmocin™ efficiency and compare it to commonly used antibiotics such as BM-cyclin, ciprofloxacin and mycoplasma removal agent (MRA). It was shown that mycoplasma infections were eradicated by plasmocin™, BM-cyclin, ciprofloxacin and MRA in 65%, 66.25%, 20%, and 31.25%, respectively, of infected cell cultures. However, re-infection with mycoplasmas after the period of 4 months occurred in 10-80% of the studied cell lines. Cell cytotoxicity and culture death was observed in 25, 17.5 and 10% of the treated cells, for plasmocin™, BM-cyclin and MRA, respectively. In this study, Plasmocin™ showed strong ability to eradicate mollicutes from our cell lines with minimal percentage of regrowth. However, due to its high cell cytotoxicity it should be used with caution especially when dealing with expensive or hard-to-obtain cell lines. Amongst the antibiotics tested, BM-cyclin was shown to remove mycoplasma with the highest efficiency.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abdelaziz DHA, Gavrilin MA, Akhter A, Caution K, Kotrange S, Khweek AA, Abdulrahman BA, Hassan ZA, El-Sharkawi FZ, Bedi SS, Ladner K, Gonzalez-Mejia ME, Doseff AI, Mostafa M, Kanneganti TD, Guttridge D, Marsh CB, Wewers MD, Amer AO. Asc-dependent and independent mechanisms contribute to restriction of legionella pneumophila infection in murine macrophages. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:18. [PMID: 21713115 PMCID: PMC3112328 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (Asc) is an adaptor molecule that mediates inflammatory and apoptotic signals. Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of Legionnaire's pneumonia. L. pneumophila is able to cause pneumonia in immuno-compromised humans but not in most inbred mice. Murine macrophages that lack the ability to activate caspase-1, such as caspase(-1-/-) and Nlrc4(-/-) allow L. pneumophila infection. This permissiveness is attributed mainly to the lack of active caspase-1 and the absence of its down stream substrates such as caspase-7. However, the role of Asc in control of L. pneumophila infection in mice is unclear. Here we show that caspase-1 is moderately activated in Asc(-/-) macrophages and that this limited activation is required and sufficient to restrict L. pneumophila growth. Moreover, Asc-independent activation of caspase-1 requires bacterial flagellin and is mainly detected in cellular extracts but not in culture supernatants. We also demonstrate that the depletion of Asc from permissive macrophages enhances bacterial growth by promoting L. pneumophila-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway and decreasing caspase-3 activation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that L. pneumophila infection in murine macrophages is controlled by several mechanisms: Asc-independent activation of caspase-1 and Asc-dependent regulation of NF-κB and caspase-3 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia H A Abdelaziz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Microbial Interface Biology and the Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD. Francisella Recognition by Inflammasomes: Differences between Mice and Men. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:11. [PMID: 21687407 PMCID: PMC3109362 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition by intracellular sensors involves the assembly of a caspase-1 activation machine termed the inflammasome. Intracellular pathogens like Francisella that gain access to the cytosolic detection systems are useful tools to uncover the details of caspase-1 activation events. This review overviews Francisella function in the mononuclear phagocyte with particular attention to inflammasome versus pyroptosome roles and outlines differences between mouse and human caspase-1 activation pathways. Specific attention is placed on functional differences between human and murine pyrin as an intracellular recognition molecule for Francisella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maternal microbe-specific modulation of inflammatory response in extremely low-gestational-age newborns. mBio 2011; 2:e00280-10. [PMID: 21264056 PMCID: PMC3025357 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00280-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fetal response to intrauterine inflammatory stimuli appears to contribute to the onset of preterm labor as well as fetal injury, especially affecting newborns of extremely low gestational age. To investigate the role of placental colonization by specific groups of microorganisms in the development of inflammatory responses present at birth, we analyzed 25 protein biomarkers in dry blood spots obtained from 527 newborns delivered by Caesarean section in the 23rd to 27th gestation weeks. Bacteria were detected in placentas and characterized by culture techniques. Odds ratios for having protein concentrations in the top quartile for gestation age for individual and groups of microorganisms were calculated. Mixed bacterial vaginosis (BV) organisms were associated with a proinflammatory pattern similar to those of infectious facultative anaerobes. Prevotella and Gardnerella species, anaerobic streptococci, peptostreptococci, and genital mycoplasmas each appeared to be associated with a different pattern of elevated blood levels of inflammation-related proteins. Lactobacillus was associated with low odds of an inflammatory response. This study provides evidence that microorganisms colonizing the placenta provoke distinctive newborn inflammatory responses and that Lactobacillus may suppress these responses. Despite improved intensive care, preterm and especially extremely low-gestation-age neonates continue to be at a considerably increased risk of morbidity, mortality, and developmental problems. The fetal inflammatory response appears to contribute to the onset of preterm labor, fetal injury, and complications, underlying lifetime health challenges facing these children. This study provides evidence that bacterial colonization of the very preterm placenta is associated with distinct microorganism-specific inflammatory protein profiles in the newborn blood specimens. We also provide evidence that Lactobacillus reduces inflammatory responses in newborns. Our data support the concept that targeting of placental colonization by specific drugs or probiotics during early pregnancy holds promise for preventing not only preterm birth but also subsequent and long-lasting, inflammation-provoked late sequelae.
Collapse
|