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Zinn PO, Habib A, Deng H, Gecici NN, Elidrissy H, Alami Idrissi Y, Amjadzadeh M, Sherry NS. Uncovering Interoceptive Human Insular Lobe Function through Intraoperative Cortical Stimulation-A Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:646. [PMID: 39061387 PMCID: PMC11274540 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex, a critical hub in the brain's sensory, cognitive, and emotional networks, remains an intriguing subject of study. In this article, we discuss its intricate functional neuroanatomy, emphasizing its pivotal role in processing olfactory information. Through concise exploration, we delve into the insula's diverse connectivity and its involvement in sensory integration, particularly in olfaction. Stimulation studies in humans reveal compelling insights into the insula's contribution to the perception of smell, hinting at its broader implications for cognitive processing. Additionally, we explore an avenue of research in which studying olfactory processing via insular stimulation could unravel higher-level cognitive processes. This innovative approach could help give a fresh perspective on the interplay between sensory and cognitive domains, offering valuable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and emotion. In conclusion, future research efforts should emphasize a multidisciplinary approach, combining advanced imaging and surgical techniques to explore the intricate functions of the human insula. Moreover, awake craniotomies could offer a unique opportunity for real-time observation, shedding light on its neural circuitry and contributions to higher-order brain functions. Furthermore, olfaction's direct cortical projection enables precise exploration of insular function, promising insights into cognitive and emotional processes. This multifaceted approach will deepen our understanding of the insular cortex and its significance in human cognition and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal O. Zinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.H.); (H.D.); (N.N.G.); (N.S.S.)
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (H.E.); (Y.A.I.)
| | - Ahmed Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.H.); (H.D.); (N.N.G.); (N.S.S.)
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (H.E.); (Y.A.I.)
| | - Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.H.); (H.D.); (N.N.G.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Neslihan Nisa Gecici
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.H.); (H.D.); (N.N.G.); (N.S.S.)
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (H.E.); (Y.A.I.)
| | - Hayat Elidrissy
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (H.E.); (Y.A.I.)
| | - Yassine Alami Idrissi
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (H.E.); (Y.A.I.)
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Amjadzadeh
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (H.E.); (Y.A.I.)
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Natalie Sandel Sherry
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (A.H.); (H.D.); (N.N.G.); (N.S.S.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Department of Hematology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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2
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Taste perceptual circuit for the generation of autonomous responses in virtual creatures. COGN SYST RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Hintiryan H, Bowman I, Johnson DL, Korobkova L, Zhu M, Khanjani N, Gou L, Gao L, Yamashita S, Bienkowski MS, Garcia L, Foster NN, Benavidez NL, Song MY, Lo D, Cotter KR, Becerra M, Aquino S, Cao C, Cabeen RP, Stanis J, Fayzullina M, Ustrell SA, Boesen T, Tugangui AJ, Zhang ZG, Peng B, Fanselow MS, Golshani P, Hahn JD, Wickersham IR, Ascoli GA, Zhang LI, Dong HW. Connectivity characterization of the mouse basolateral amygdalar complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2859. [PMID: 34001873 PMCID: PMC8129205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The basolateral amygdalar complex (BLA) is implicated in behaviors ranging from fear acquisition to addiction. Optogenetic methods have enabled the association of circuit-specific functions to uniquely connected BLA cell types. Thus, a systematic and detailed connectivity profile of BLA projection neurons to inform granular, cell type-specific interrogations is warranted. Here, we apply machine-learning based computational and informatics analysis techniques to the results of circuit-tracing experiments to create a foundational, comprehensive BLA connectivity map. The analyses identify three distinct domains within the anterior BLA (BLAa) that house target-specific projection neurons with distinguishable morphological features. We identify brain-wide targets of projection neurons in the three BLAa domains, as well as in the posterior BLA, ventral BLA, posterior basomedial, and lateral amygdalar nuclei. Inputs to each nucleus also are identified via retrograde tracing. The data suggests that connectionally unique, domain-specific BLAa neurons are associated with distinct behavior networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houri Hintiryan
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ian Bowman
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David L Johnson
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura Korobkova
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Muye Zhu
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neda Khanjani
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lin Gou
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seita Yamashita
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Bienkowski
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luis Garcia
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas N Foster
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nora L Benavidez
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monica Y Song
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darrick Lo
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaelan R Cotter
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marlene Becerra
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarvia Aquino
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunru Cao
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan P Cabeen
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jim Stanis
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marina Fayzullina
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A Ustrell
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Boesen
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Tugangui
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zheng-Gang Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Brain Research Institute, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel D Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuitry & Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- UCLA Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Zamyad M, Abbasnejad M, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Sheibani V, Raoof M. Pain influences food preference and food-related memory by activating the basolateral amygdala in rats. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:79-93. [PMID: 33104830 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala has been demonstrated to contribute to pain-related behavior and food preference. Here, the effect of pain on food preference and food-matched visual-cue memory, in the presence or absence of a basolateral amygdala (BLA) lesion, has been evaluated using a novel innovative apparatus and protocol. Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8) as follows: control, pain, ibuprofen + pain, BLA lesion, BLA lesion + pain groups. Bilateral lesions of the BLA were produced by passing a current of 1.5 mA for 7 s. Pain was induced on the right hind paw of the rats by sub-plantar injection of 50 μl of 2.5% formalin. The animals were encountered with four different meals including wholemeal, wholemeal + sugar, white flour, and biscuit. Each test session consisted of six trials with inter-trial intervals of 15 min. The number of visits to each meal zone and port, the amount of time spent in each food zone and port, traveled distance in each food zone, food consumption per each visit and the total food consumption were recorded. The control group showed a high biscuit preference and low white flour preference. Rats suffering BLA lesion and rats in the BLA lesion + pain group exhibited a shifted preference curve. They had a bias toward eating wholemeal + sugar rather than white flour and biscuit. This group also showed an impaired spatial memory. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the BLA may be involved in pain-induced food preference and food-matched visual-cue memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Zamyad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box: 76135-133, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box: 76135-133, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box: 76135-133, Kerman, Iran
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center (KNRC), Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center (KNRC), Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Raoof
- Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Campos-Ramírez C, Ramírez-Amaya V, Olalde-Mendoza L, Palacios-Delgado J, Anaya-Loyola MA. Soft Drink Consumption in Young Mexican Adults Is Associated with Higher Total Body Fat Percentage in Men but Not in Women. Foods 2020; 9:E1760. [PMID: 33260727 PMCID: PMC7761352 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A high consumption of soft drinks (SDs) has been linked with the development of anthropometric and metabolic alterations. We evaluate the association between SD consumption and some anthropometric and metabolic variables. This study is an observational study, using a sample of 394 university students, of which 158 were men (40.1%) and 238 women (59.9%), between 18 and 30 years. An SD intake questionnaire provided the consumption of different SDs. The participants' weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were collected. Metabolic biomarkers were analyzed. The average intake of caloric SDs (CSDs) was 1193.6 ± 1534.8 mL/week and 84.5 ± 115.02 mL/week for non-caloric SDs (NCSDs). Sex differences were found in the amount of SD consumption and these statistical differences were driven by those men subjects with a high total body fat percentage (TBF%). In men, correlations were found between the intake of CSDs and the body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, TBF%, and visceral fat percentage. In woman, a correlation was found with glucose and triglycerides. The prediction model revealed that the intake of CSDs predicts TBF% and low-density lipoprotein only in men. A high amount of CSD consumption in men was associated with a high TBF%, and this may be predictive of future development of metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Campos-Ramírez
- Program of Biological Science, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (C.C.-R.); (L.O.-M.)
| | - Víctor Ramírez-Amaya
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Friuli 2434, Colinas de Vélez Sarsfield, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
| | - Liliana Olalde-Mendoza
- Program of Biological Science, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (C.C.-R.); (L.O.-M.)
| | - Jorge Palacios-Delgado
- University of Mexican Valley-Campus Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 1000 Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Miriam Aracely Anaya-Loyola
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
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6
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Guzmán-Ramos K, Venkataraman A, Morin JP, Osorio-Gómez D, Bermúdez-Rattoni F. Differential requirement of de novo Arc protein synthesis in the insular cortex and the amygdala for safe and aversive taste long-term memory formation. Behav Brain Res 2018; 342:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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New Insights on Retrieval-Induced and Ongoing Memory Consolidation: Lessons from Arc. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:184083. [PMID: 26380114 PMCID: PMC4561316 DOI: 10.1155/2015/184083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mainstream view on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory formation states that memory traces reside on the network of cells activated during initial acquisition that becomes active again upon retrieval (reactivation). These activation and reactivation processes have been called "conjunctive trace." This process implies that singular molecular events must occur during acquisition, strengthening the connection between the implicated cells whose synchronous activity must underlie subsequent reactivations. The strongest experimental support for the conjunctive trace model comes from the study of immediate early genes such as c-fos, zif268, and activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein. The expressions of these genes are reliably induced by behaviorally relevant neuronal activity and their products often play a central role in long-term memory formation. In this review, we propose that the peculiar characteristics of Arc protein, such as its optimal expression after ongoing experience or familiar behavior, together with its versatile and central functions in synaptic plasticity could explain how familiarization and recognition memories are stored and preserved in the mammalian brain.
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8
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Pazart L, Comte A, Magnin E, Millot JL, Moulin T. An fMRI study on the influence of sommeliers' expertise on the integration of flavor. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:358. [PMID: 25360093 PMCID: PMC4199283 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavors guide consumers' choice of foodstuffs, preferring those that they like and meet their needs, and dismissing those for which they have a conditioned aversion. Flavor affects the learning and consumption of foods and drinks; what is already well-known is favored and what is new is apprehended. The flavor of foodstuffs is also crucial in explaining some eating behaviors such as overconsumption. The "blind" taste test of wine is a good model for assessing the ability of people to convert mouth feelings into flavor. To determine the relative importance of memory and sensory capabilities, we present the results of an fMRI neuro-imaging study involving 10 experts and 10 matched control subjects using wine as a stimulus in a blind taste test, focusing primarily on the assessment of flavor integration. The results revealed activations in the brain areas involved in sensory integration, both in experts and control subjects (insula, frontal operculum, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala). However, experts were mainly characterized by a more immediate and targeted sensory reaction to wine stimulation with an economic mechanism reducing effort than control subjects. Wine experts showed brainstem and left-hemispheric activations in the hippocampal and parahippocampal formations and the temporal pole, whereas control subjects showed activations in different associative cortices, predominantly in the right hemisphere. These results also confirm that wine experts work simultaneously on sensory quality assessment and on label recognition of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Pazart
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Alexandre Comte
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Millot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France
| | - Thierry Moulin
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
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9
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Risco S, Mediavilla C. Orexin-1 receptor antagonist in central nucleus of the amygdala attenuates the acquisition of flavor-taste preference in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 126:7-12. [PMID: 25223979 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the intracerebroventricular administration of SB-334867-A, a selective antagonist of orexin OX1R receptors, blocks the acquisition of saccharin-induced conditioned flavor preference (CFP) but not LiCl-induced taste aversion learning (TAL). Orexinergic fibers from the lateral hypothalamus end in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), which expresses orexin OX1R receptors. Taste and sensory inputs also are present in CeA, which may contribute to the development of taste learning. This study analyzed the effect of two doses (1.5 and 6μg/0.5μl) of SB-334867-A administered into the CeA on flavor-taste preference induced by saccharin and on TAL induced by a single administration of LiCl (0.15M, 20ml/kg, i.p.). Outcomes indicate that inactivation of orexinergic receptors in the CeA attenuates flavor-taste preference in a two-bottle test (saccharin vs. water). Intra-amygdalar SB-334867-A does not affect gustatory processing or the preference for the sweet taste of saccharin given that SB-334867-A- and DMSO-treated groups (control animals) increased the intake of the saccharin-associated flavor across training acquisition sessions. Furthermore, SB-334867-A in the CeA does not block TAL acquisition ruling out the possibility that functional inactivation of OX1R receptors interferes with taste processing. Orexin receptors in the CeA appear to intervene in the association of a flavor with orosensory stimuli, e.g., a sweet and pleasant taste, but could be unnecessary when the association is established with visceral stimuli, e.g., lithium chloride. These data suggest that orexinergic projections to the CeA may contribute to the reinforcing signals facilitating the acquisition of taste learning and the change in hedonic evaluation of the taste, which would have important implications for the OX1R-targeted pharmacological treatment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severiano Risco
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Mediavilla
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Cartuja s/n, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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10
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Liénard F, Desmoulins L, Pénicaud L, Datiche F. Role of the basolateral amygdala in retrieval of conditioned flavors in the awake rat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 268:40-7. [PMID: 24675157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Learned association between odor, taste and further post-ingestive consequence is known as flavor nutrient conditioned preference. Amygdala is supposed to be one of the areas involved in these associations. In the present study, one flavor was associated with a 16% glucose (CS(+)) whereas another flavor was paired with less reinforcing 4% glucose (CS(-)). We showed that CS(+) presentation after conditioning increased Fos expression in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, we performed electrophysiological recordings in the BLA in free moving rats. After preference acquisition, rats were exposed to either the CS(+) or the CS(-). The proportion of neurons showing a decreased activity during the CS(-) presentation was significantly higher in conditioned rats compared to controls. Among this neuronal population recorded in conditioned rats, we noticed a significant proportion of neurons that also showed a decreased activity during the CS(+) presentation. Our data indicate an involvement of BLA during retrieval of learned flavors. It also suggests that both flavors might have acquired a biological value through conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Liénard
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Lucie Desmoulins
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Datiche
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Abstract
Food perception and preference formation relies on the ability to combine information from both the taste and olfactory systems. Accordingly, psychophysical investigations in humans and behavioral work in animals has shown that the taste system plays an integral role in odor processing. However, the neural basis for the influence of taste (gustation) on odor (olfaction) remains essentially unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that gustatory influence on olfactory processing occurs at the level of primary olfactory cortex. We recorded activity from single neurons in posterior olfactory (piriform) cortex (pPC) of awake rats while presenting basic taste solutions directly to the tongue. A significant portion of pPC neurons proved to respond selectively to taste stimuli. These taste responses were significantly reduced by blockade of the gustatory epithelium, were unaffected by blockade of the olfactory epithelium, and were independent of respiration behavior. In contrast, responses to olfactory stimuli, recorded from the same area, were reduced by nasal epithelial deciliation and phase-locked to the respiration cycle. These results identify pPC as a likely site for gustatory influences on olfactory processing, which play an important role in food perception and preference formation.
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12
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Abstract
A significant problem in the study of Pavlovian conditioning is characterizing the nature of the representations of events that enter into learning. This issue has been explored extensively with regard to the question of what features of the unconditioned stimulus enter into learning, but considerably less work has been directed to the question of characterizing the nature of the conditioned stimulus. This article introduces a multilayered connectionist network approach to understanding how "perceptual" or "conceptual" representations of the conditioned stimulus might emerge from conditioning and participate in various learning phenomena. The model is applied to acquired equivalence/distinctiveness of cue effects, as well as a variety of conditional discrimination learning tasks (patterning, biconditional, ambiguous occasion setting, feature discriminations). In addition, studies that have examined what aspects of the unconditioned stimulus enter into learning are also reviewed. Ultimately, it is concluded that adopting a multilayered connectionist network perspective of Pavlovian learning provides us with a richer way in which to view basic learning processes, but a number of key theoretical problems remain to be solved, particularly as they relate to the integration of what we know about the nature of the representations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
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Scarlet J, Delamater AR, Campese V, Fein M, Wheeler DS. Differential involvement of the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in the formation of sensory-specific associations in conditioned flavor preference and magazine approach paradigms. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1799-809. [PMID: 22672133 PMCID: PMC3376021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments examined the roles of the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in the formation of sensory-specific associations in conditioned flavor preference and conditioned magazine approach paradigms using unconditioned stimulus (US) devaluation and selective Pavlovian-instrumental transfer procedures in Long Evans rats. Experiment 1 found that pre-training amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex lesions had no detectable effect on the formation or flexible use of sensory-specific flavor-nutrient associations in a US devaluation task, where flavor cues were paired either simultaneously or sequentially with nutrient rewards in water-deprived subjects. In Experiment 2, pre-training amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex lesions both attenuated outcome-specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. Experiment 3 indicated that amygdala lesions have no effect on the formation of sensory-specific flavor-nutrient associations in a US devaluation task in food-deprived subjects. Finally, Experiment 4 demonstrated that the outcomes used in Experiment 3 were sufficiently motivationally significant to support conditioned flavor preference. These findings suggest that, although both orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala lesions attenuate the acquisition of sensory-specific associations in magazine approach conditioning, neither lesion reduces the ability to appropriately respond to a flavor cue that was paired with a devalued outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Scarlet
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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14
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Ueji K, Yamamoto T. Flavor learning in weanling rats and its retention. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:417-22. [PMID: 22387575 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether weanling animals can acquire associative memory for reward and retain it several weeks later. Three-week-old Wistar male rats were trained in a flavor learning task. Half of the rats received unsweetened grape-flavored water on odd-numbered days and sweetened (sucrose) cherry-flavored solution on even-numbered days. The remaining rats received sweetened grape-flavored solution on odd-numbered days and unsweetened cherry-flavored water on even-numbered days. During the acquisition session, the liquid was presented to each rat for 15 min daily for 6 consecutive days. In the following test session, each rat was presented with unsweetened cherry-flavored water and grape-flavored water simultaneously for 15 min daily for 4 consecutive days. The rats showed significant preferences for the flavor previously associated with 2% and 10% sucrose, significant aversion to the flavor associated with 30% sucrose, and no particular preference or aversion to the flavor associated with 20% sucrose, indicating a hedonic shift from positive to negative with an increasing concentration of sucrose. The association learning acquired at the age of 3 weeks was retained when re-tested in adulthood at the age of 20 weeks. In contrast to the conditioned flavor aversion associated with 30% sucrose, 20-week-old rats showed a preference for this flavor. In accordance with these learning effects, 3-week-old rats preferred 2% sucrose to 30% sucrose, and the reverse was true in 20-week-old rats. The reasons for rejection of high-concentration sucrose by weanling rats are also discussed. The present study showed that weanling rats established a conditioned flavor preference or aversion depending on the concentration of associated sucrose and retained it in adulthood, indicating that feeding experience in the weanling period is important in influencing later dietary preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Ueji
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-4 Umami-naka, Koryo, Kitakatsuragi, Nara 635-0832, Japan
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15
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Gal-Ben-Ari S, Rosenblum K. Molecular mechanisms underlying memory consolidation of taste information in the cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 5:87. [PMID: 22319481 PMCID: PMC3251832 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The senses of taste and odor are both chemical senses. However, whereas an organism can detect an odor at a relatively long distance from its source, taste serves as the ultimate proximate gatekeeper of food intake: it helps in avoiding poisons and consuming beneficial substances. The automatic reaction to a given taste has been developed during evolution and is well adapted to conditions that may occur with high probability during the lifetime of an organism. However, in addition to this automatic reaction, animals can learn and remember tastes, together with their positive or negative values, with high precision and in light of minimal experience. This ability of mammalians to learn and remember tastes has been studied extensively in rodents through application of reasonably simple and well defined behavioral paradigms. The learning process follows a temporal continuum similar to those of other memories: acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, relearning, and reconsolidation. Moreover, inhibiting protein synthesis in the gustatory cortex (GC) specifically affects the consolidation phase of taste memory, i.e., the transformation of short- to long-term memory, in keeping with the general biochemical definition of memory consolidation. This review aims to present a general background of taste learning, and to focus on recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying taste–memory consolidation in the GC. Specifically, the roles of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, immediate early genes, and translation regulation are addressed.
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Yamamoto T, Ueji K. Brain mechanisms of flavor learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:76. [PMID: 21922004 PMCID: PMC3166791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the flavor of the ingested food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with a preferable (e.g., good taste or nutritive satisfaction) or aversive (e.g., malaise with displeasure) signal (unconditioned stimulus, US), animals react to its subsequent exposure by increasing or decreasing ingestion to the food. These two types of association learning (preference learning vs. aversion learning) are known as classical conditioned reactions which are basic learning and memory phenomena, leading selection of food and proper food intake. Since the perception of flavor is generated by interaction of taste and odor during food intake, taste and/or odor are mainly associated with bodily signals in the flavor learning. After briefly reviewing flavor learning in general, brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion is described in more detail. The CS-US association leading to long-term potentiation in the amygdala, especially in its basolateral nucleus, is the basis of establishment of conditioned taste aversion. The novelty of the CS detected by the cortical gustatory area may be supportive in CS-US association. After the association, CS input is conveyed through the amygdala to different brain regions including the hippocampus for contextual fear formation, to the supramammillary and thalamic paraventricular nuclei for stressful anxiety or memory dependent fearful or stressful emotion, to the reward system to induce aversive expression to the CS, or hedonic shift from positive to negative, and to the CS-responsive neurons in the gustatory system to enhance the responsiveness to facilitate to detect the harmful stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ueji
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
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17
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Regulation and function of immediate-early genes in the brain: Beyond neuronal activity markers. Neurosci Res 2011; 69:175-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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