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High GILT Expression Is Associated with Improved Survival in Metastatic Melanoma Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092200. [PMID: 35565329 PMCID: PMC9100272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer, with melanoma being among the deadliest of skin cancers due to its propensity to metastasize. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) generate anti-tumor immune responses resulting in improved outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma. However, only a subset of melanoma patients responds to these therapies, which are costly and come with a risk of adverse effects. Therefore, there is a need for biomarkers to predict which patients will respond to ICI. We found that ICI-treated metastatic melanoma patients with high GILT mRNA expression in bulk tumor samples had improved survival. Additionally, high GILT protein expression within metastatic melanoma cells was associated with improved survival in patients treated with ICI. This study suggests that GILT may serve as a biomarker to predict which patients will respond to ICI, which could improve patient care, reduce healthcare costs, and facilitate appropriate selection of therapies for patients with metastatic melanoma. Abstract Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is critical for MHC class II restricted presentation of multiple melanoma antigens. There is variable GILT protein expression in malignant melanocytes in melanoma specimens. High GILT mRNA expression in melanoma specimens is associated with improved overall survival, before the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, the association of GILT in metastatic melanoma with survival in patients treated with ICI and the cell type expressing GILT associated with survival have not been determined. Using RNA sequencing datasets, high GILT mRNA expression in metastatic melanoma specimens was associated with improved progression-free and overall survival in patients treated with ICI. A clinical dataset of metastatic melanoma specimens was generated and annotated with clinical information. Positive GILT immunohistochemical staining in antigen presenting cells and melanoma cells was observed in 100% and 65% of metastatic melanoma specimens, respectively. In the subset of patients treated with ICI in the clinical dataset, high GILT protein expression within melanoma cells was associated with improved overall survival. The association of GILT mRNA and protein expression with survival was independent of cancer stage. These studies support that high GILT mRNA expression in bulk tumor samples and high GILT protein expression in melanoma cells is associated with improved survival in ICI-treated patients. These findings support further investigation of GILT as a biomarker to predict the response to ICI.
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2
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Stopfer L, D'Souza A, White F. 1,2,3, MHC: a review of mass-spectrometry-based immunopeptidomics methods for relative and absolute quantification of pMHCs. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2021; 11:100042. [PMID: 35756972 PMCID: PMC9216433 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mass-spectrometry-based methods to perform relative and absolute quantification of peptides in the immunopeptidome are growing in popularity as researchers aim to measure the dynamic nature of the peptide major histocompatibility complex repertoire and make copies-per-cell estimations of target antigens of interest. Multiple methods to carry out these experiments have been reported, each with unique advantages and limitations. This article describes existing methods and recent applications, offering guidance for improving quantitative accuracy and selecting an appropriate experimental set-up to maximize data quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.E. Stopfer
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - A.D. D'Souza
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA,Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, USA
| | - F.M. White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA,Correspondence to: Prof. Forest M. White, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel: 617-258-8949
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3
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GILT in tumor cells improves T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune surveillance. Immunol Lett 2021; 234:1-12. [PMID: 33838181 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal thiol reductase GILT catalyzes the reduction of disulfide bonds of protein antigens, facilitating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen to T cells. However, whether GILT expression in tumor cells can be associated with improved T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses remains unknown. Here, we identify that GILT is able to facilitate anti-tumor immune surveillance via promoting MHC class I mediated-antigen presentation in colon carcinoma. By using mice model bearing colon tumors, we find that GILT inhibites tumor growth in vivo with more leucocytes infiltration but has no effect on tumor cell development in vitro in terms of proliferation, cell cycle and migration. Furthermore, by using transgenic OT-I mice, we recognize the tumor-expressing OVA peptide, a surrogate tumor antigen, we find that GILT is capable of enhancing MHC class I mediated antigen presentation and improving specific CD8+ T cell anti-tumor responses in murine colon carcinoma. These findings propose the boost of GILT-MHC-I axis in tumors as a viable option for immune system against cancer.
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4
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Ewanchuk BW, Arnold CR, Balce DR, Premnath P, Orsetti TL, Warren AL, Olsen A, Krawetz RJ, Yates RM. A non-immunological role for γ-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) in osteoclastic bone resorption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabd3684. [PMID: 33893096 PMCID: PMC8064644 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular bone resorbing lacuna of the osteoclast shares many characteristics with the degradative lysosome of antigen-presenting cells. γ-Interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) enhances antigen processing within lysosomes through direct reduction of antigen disulfides and maintenance of cysteine protease activity. In this study, we found the osteoclastogenic cytokine RANKL drove expression of GILT in osteoclast precursors in a STAT1-dependent manner, resulting in high levels of GILT in mature osteoclasts, which could be further augmented by γ-interferon. GILT colocalized with the collagen-degrading cysteine protease, cathepsin K, suggesting a role for GILT inside the osteoclastic resorption lacuna. GILT-deficient osteoclasts had reduced bone-resorbing capacity, resulting in impaired bone turnover and an osteopetrotic phenotype in GILT-deficient mice. We demonstrated that GILT could directly reduce the noncollagenous bone matrix protein SPARC, and additionally, enhance collagen degradation by cathepsin K. Together, this work describes a previously unidentified, non-immunological role for GILT in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Corey R Arnold
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Priyatha Premnath
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tanis L Orsetti
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Amy L Warren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Olsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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5
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Stefanović M, Životić I, Stojković L, Dinčić E, Stanković A, Živković M. The association of genetic variants IL2RA rs2104286, IFI30 rs11554159 and IKZF3 rs12946510 with multiple sclerosis onset and severity in patients from Serbia. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577346. [PMID: 32738499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An algorithm Probabilistic Identification of Causal SNPs, identified 434 causal variants for multiple sclerosis (MS) including IL2RA rs2104286, IFI30 rs11554159 and IKZF3 rs12946510. Analysis of individual and combined effects of these variants in the Serbian population identified that Il2RA rs2104286 G allele carriers had a lower risk for developing MS (gender adjusted OR = 0.63, p = .003). With regard to the IFI30 rs11554159 recessive genetic model, among HLA-DRB1*15:01 positive patients, the AA homozygote had a significantly higher MSSS compared to the G allele carriers (p = .003). This study confirms role of IL2RA rs2104286 in MS and suggest the role of IFI30 rs11554159 in disease severity, which needs validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Životić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Stojković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evica Dinčić
- Military Medical Academy, Clinic for Neurology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Živković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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6
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Stopfer LE, Mesfin JM, Joughin BA, Lauffenburger DA, White FM. Multiplexed relative and absolute quantitative immunopeptidomics reveals MHC I repertoire alterations induced by CDK4/6 inhibition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2760. [PMID: 32488085 PMCID: PMC7265461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides bound to class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) play a critical role in immune cell recognition and can trigger an antitumor immune response in cancer. Surface MHC levels can be modulated by anticancer agents, altering immunity. However, understanding the peptide repertoire's response to treatment remains challenging and is limited by quantitative mass spectrometry-based strategies lacking normalization controls. We describe an experimental platform that leverages recombinant heavy isotope-coded peptide MHCs (hipMHCs) and multiplex isotope tagging to quantify peptide repertoire alterations using low sample input. HipMHCs improve quantitative accuracy of peptide repertoire changes by normalizing for variation across analyses and enable absolute quantification using internal calibrants to determine copies per cell of MHC antigens, which can inform immunotherapy design. Applying this platform in melanoma cell lines to profile the immunopeptidome response to CDK4/6 inhibition and interferon-γ - known modulators of antigen presentation - uncovers treatment-specific alterations, connecting the intracellular response to extracellular immune presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Stopfer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joshua M Mesfin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Forest M White
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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7
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A temporal thymic selection switch and ligand binding kinetics constrain neonatal Foxp3 + T reg cell development. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1046-1058. [PMID: 31209405 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal thymus generates Foxp3+ regulatory T (tTreg) cells that are critical in controlling immune homeostasis and preventing multiorgan autoimmunity. The role of antigen specificity on neonatal tTreg cell selection is unresolved. Here we identify 17 self-peptides recognized by neonatal tTreg cells, and reveal ligand specificity patterns that include self-antigens presented in an age- and inflammation-dependent manner. Fate-mapping studies of neonatal peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (Padi4)-specific thymocytes reveal disparate fate choices. Neonatal thymocytes expressing T cell receptors that engage IAb-Padi4 with moderate dwell times within a conventional docking orientation are exported as tTreg cells. In contrast, Padi4-specific T cell receptors with short dwell times are expressed on CD4+ T cells, while long dwell times induce negative selection. Temporally, Padi4-specific thymocytes are subject to a developmental stage-specific change in negative selection, which precludes tTreg cell development. Thus, a temporal switch in negative selection and ligand binding kinetics constrains the neonatal tTreg selection window.
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8
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Baranov MV, Bianchi F, Schirmacher A, van Aart MAC, Maassen S, Muntjewerff EM, Dingjan I, Ter Beest M, Verdoes M, Keyser SGL, Bertozzi CR, Diederichsen U, van den Bogaart G. The Phosphoinositide Kinase PIKfyve Promotes Cathepsin-S-Mediated Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen Presentation. iScience 2018; 11:160-177. [PMID: 30612035 PMCID: PMC6319320 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation to T cells in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) requires the conversion of early endo/phagosomes into lysosomes by a process called maturation. Maturation is driven by the phosphoinositide kinase PIKfyve. Blocking PIKfyve activity by small molecule inhibitors caused a delay in the conversion of phagosomes into lysosomes and in phagosomal acidification, whereas production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased. Elevated ROS resulted in reduced activity of cathepsin S and B, but not X, causing a proteolytic defect of MHC class II chaperone invariant chain Ii processing. We developed a novel universal MHC class II presentation assay based on a bio-orthogonal "clickable" antigen and showed that MHC class II presentation was disrupted by the inhibition of PIKfyve, which in turn resulted in reduced activation of CD4+ T cells. Our results demonstrate a key role of PIKfyve in the processing and presentation of antigens, which should be taken into consideration when targeting PIKfyve in autoimmune disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Baranov
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans Bianchi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Schirmacher
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melissa A C van Aart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors Maassen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Elke M Muntjewerff
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Dingjan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ulf Diederichsen
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
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9
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Ewanchuk BW, Yates RM. The phagosome and redox control of antigen processing. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:53-61. [PMID: 29578071 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to debris clearance and antimicrobial function, versatile organelles known as phagosomes play an essential role in the processing of exogenous antigen in antigen presenting cells. While there has been much attention on human leukocyte antigen haplotypes in the determination of antigenic peptide repertoires, the lumenal biochemistries within phagosomes and endosomes are emerging as equally-important determinants of peptide epitope composition and immunodominance. Recently, the lumenal redox microenvironment within these degradative compartments has been shown to impact two key antigenic processing chemistries: proteolysis by lysosomal cysteine proteases and disulfide reduction of protein antigens. Through manipulation of the balance between oxidative and reductive capacities in the phagosome-principally by modulating NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and γ-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) activities-studies have demonstrated changes to antigen processing patterns leading to modified repertoires of antigenic peptides available for presentation, and subsequently, altered disease progression in T cell-driven autoimmunity. This review focuses on the mechanisms and consequences of redox-mediated phagosomal antigen processing, and the potential downstream implications to tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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10
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Álvaro-Benito M, Morrison E, Abualrous ET, Kuropka B, Freund C. Quantification of HLA-DM-Dependent Major Histocompatibility Complex of Class II Immunopeptidomes by the Peptide Landscape Antigenic Epitope Alignment Utility. Front Immunol 2018; 9:872. [PMID: 29774024 PMCID: PMC5943503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex of class II (MHCII) immunopeptidome represents the repertoire of antigenic peptides with the potential to activate CD4+ T cells. An understanding of how the relative abundance of specific antigenic epitopes affects the outcome of T cell responses is an important aspect of adaptive immunity and offers a venue to more rationally tailor T cell activation in the context of disease. Recent advances in mass spectrometric instrumentation, computational power, labeling strategies, and software analysis have enabled an increasing number of stratified studies on HLA ligandomes, in the context of both basic and translational research. A key challenge in the case of MHCII immunopeptidomes, often determined for different samples at distinct conditions, is to derive quantitative information on consensus epitopes from antigenic peptides of variable lengths. Here, we present the design and benchmarking of a new algorithm [peptide landscape antigenic epitope alignment utility (PLAtEAU)] allowing the identification and label-free quantification (LFQ) of shared consensus epitopes arising from series of nested peptides. The algorithm simplifies the complexity of the dataset while allowing the identification of nested peptides within relatively short segments of protein sequences. Moreover, we apply this algorithm to the comparison of the ligandomes of cell lines with two different expression levels of the peptide-exchange catalyst HLA-DM. Direct comparison of LFQ intensities determined at the peptide level is inconclusive, as most of the peptides are not significantly enriched due to poor sampling. Applying the PLAtEAU algorithm for grouping of the peptides into consensus epitopes shows that more than half of the total number of epitopes is preferentially and significantly enriched for each condition. This simplification and deconvolution of the complex and ambiguous peptide-level dataset highlights the value of the PLAtEAU algorithm in facilitating robust and accessible quantitative analysis of immunopeptidomes across cellular contexts. In silico analysis of the peptides enriched for each HLA-DM expression conditions suggests a higher affinity of the pool of peptides isolated from the high DM expression samples. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that while for certain autoimmune-relevant epitopes their presentation increases upon DM expression others are clearly edited out from the peptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Álvaro-Benito
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliot Morrison
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esam T Abualrous
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Institute for Mathematics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Protein Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Clement CC, Becerra A, Yin L, Zolla V, Huang L, Merlin S, Follenzi A, Shaffer SA, Stern LJ, Santambrogio L. The Dendritic Cell Major Histocompatibility Complex II (MHC II) Peptidome Derives from a Variety of Processing Pathways and Includes Peptides with a Broad Spectrum of HLA-DM Sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5576-5595. [PMID: 26740625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The repertoire of peptides displayed in vivo by MHC II molecules derives from a wide spectrum of proteins produced by different cell types. Although intracellular endosomal processing in dendritic cells and B cells has been characterized for a few antigens, the overall range of processing pathways responsible for generating the MHC II peptidome are currently unclear. To determine the contribution of non-endosomal processing pathways, we eluted and sequenced over 3000 HLA-DR1-bound peptides presented in vivo by dendritic cells. The processing enzymes were identified by reference to a database of experimentally determined cleavage sites and experimentally validated for four epitopes derived from complement 3, collagen II, thymosin β4, and gelsolin. We determined that self-antigens processed by tissue-specific proteases, including complement, matrix metalloproteases, caspases, and granzymes, and carried by lymph, contribute significantly to the MHC II self-peptidome presented by conventional dendritic cells in vivo. Additionally, the presented peptides exhibited a wide spectrum of binding affinity and HLA-DM susceptibility. The results indicate that the HLA-DR1-restricted self-peptidome presented under physiological conditions derives from a variety of processing pathways. Non-endosomal processing enzymes add to the number of epitopes cleaved by cathepsins, altogether generating a wider peptide repertoire. Taken together with HLA-DM-dependent and-independent loading pathways, this ensures that a broad self-peptidome is presented by dendritic cells. This work brings attention to the role of "self-recognition" as a dynamic interaction between dendritic cells and the metabolic/catabolic activities ongoing in every parenchymal organ as part of tissue growth, remodeling, and physiological apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simone Merlin
- the School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- From the Departments of Pathology and; the School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and; the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, and
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- the Departments of Pathology and; Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- From the Departments of Pathology and; Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461,.
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12
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Balce DR, Greene CJ, Tailor P, Yates RM. Endogenous and exogenous pathways maintain the reductive capacity of the phagosome. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 100:17-26. [PMID: 26710800 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2hi0315-083r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although endosomes, lysosomes, and phagosomes require a reductive environment for the optimal activity of disulfide reductases and other thiol-dependent enzymes, how these reductive environments are established and maintained remain unknown. Our goal in this study was to begin to elucidate the redox control systems responsible for maintaining redox-sensitive enzymatic activities in the phagolysosome of murine macrophages. Through the use of specific inhibitors and genetic knockdown of known redox enzymes, we identified redox pathways that influence phagosomal disulfide reduction. In particular, known inhibitors of the NADPH-dependent selenoprotein, thioredoxin reductase, were shown to inhibit phagosomal disulfide reduction and phagosomal proteolysis. This was supported by the observation that conditional deletion of the selenocysteine tRNA in macrophages decreased phagosomal disulfide reduction capacity. In addition, pharmacologic inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway decreased rates of disulfide reduction and proteolysis in the phagosome, implicating NADPH as a source of phagosomal reductive energy. Finally, by analyzing the effect of extracellular redox couples, such as cysteine:cystine on thiol-dependent phagosomal processes, we demonstrated that the extracellular space can additionally supply the phagosome with reductive energy. Collectively, these data demonstrate that defined cytosolic reductive pathways act in concert with the uptake of cysteine from the extracellular space to support thiol-dependent chemistries in the phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Balce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Catherine J Greene
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Pankaj Tailor
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Mattapallil MJ, Silver PB, Cortes LM, St Leger AJ, Jittayasothorn Y, Kielczewski JL, Moon JJ, Chan CC, Caspi RR. Characterization of a New Epitope of IRBP That Induces Moderate to Severe Uveoretinitis in Mice With H-2b Haplotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5439-49. [PMID: 26284549 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced in mice using the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) is an animal model for posterior uveitis in humans. However, EAU induced by native IRBP protein or its widely used epitope amino acid residues 1 to 20 of human IRBP (hIRBP1-20) is inconsistent, often showing low scores and incidence. We found an urgent need to identify a better pathogenic epitope for the C57BL/6 strain. METHODS Mice were immunized with uveitogenic peptides or with native bovine IRBP. Clinical and histological disease and associated immunological responses were evaluated. Truncated and substituted peptides, as well as bioinformatic analyses, were used to identify critical major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/T cell receptor (TCR) contact residues and the minimal core epitope. RESULTS The new uveitogenic epitope of IRBP, amino acid residues 651 to 670 of human IRBP (LAQGAYRTAVDLESLASQLT [hIRBP651-670]) is uveitogenic for mice of the H-2b haplotype and elicits EAU with a higher severity and incidence in C57BL/6 mice than the previously characterized hIRBP1-20 epitope. Using truncated and substituted peptides, as well as bioinformatic analysis, we identified the critical contact residues with MHC/TCR and defined the minimal core epitope. This made it possible to design MHC tetramers and use them to detect epitope-specific T cells in the uveitic eye and in lymphoid organs of hIRBP651-670-immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that hIRBP651-670 is an epitope naturally processed from a conserved region of native IRBP, potentially explaining its relatively high uveitogenicity. This epitope should be useful for basic and preclinical studies of uveitis in the C57BL/6 model and gives access to genetically engineered mice available on this background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lizette M Cortes
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer L Kielczewski
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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14
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Rausch MP, Hastings KT. Diverse cellular and organismal functions of the lysosomal thiol reductase GILT. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:124-8. [PMID: 26116226 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is the only enzyme known to catalyze disulfide bond reduction in the endocytic pathway. GILT facilitates the presentation of a subset of epitopes from disulfide bond-containing antigens. Enhanced presentation of MHC class II-restricted epitopes alters central tolerance and modulates CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Improved cross-presentation of viral epitopes results in improved cross-priming of viral-specific CD8+ T cells. GILT regulates the cellular redox state. In GILT-/- cells, there is a shift from the reduced to the oxidized form of glutathione, resulting in mitochondrial autophagy, decreased superoxide dismutase 2, and elevated superoxide levels. GILT expression diminishes cellular activation, including decreased phosphorylated ERK1/2, and decreases cellular proliferation. GILT enhances the activity of bacterial hemolysins, such as listeriolysin O, and increases bacterial replication and infection. GILT expression in cancer cells is associated with improved patient survival. These diverse roles of GILT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, AZ, USA
| | - Karen Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, AZ, USA; Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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15
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Xiang YJ, Guo MM, Zhou CJ, Liu L, Han B, Kong LY, Gao ZC, Ma ZB, Wang L, Feng M, Chen HY, Jia GT, Gao DZ, Zhang Q, Li L, Li YY, Yu ZG. Absence of gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is associated with poor disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109449. [PMID: 25333930 PMCID: PMC4204821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunosurveillance is known to be of critical importance in controlling tumorigenesis and progression in various cancers. The role of gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) in tumor immunosurveillance has recently been studied in several malignant diseases, but its role in breast cancer remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found GILT as a significant different expressed gene by cDNA microarray analysis. To further determine the role of GILT in breast cancer, we examined GILT expression in breast cancers as well as noncancerous breast tissues by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, and assessed its association with clinicopathologic characteristics and patient outcome. The absence of GILT expression increased significantly from 2.02% (2/99) in noncancerous breast tissues to 15.6% (34/218) in breast cancer tissues (P<0.001). In accordance with its proliferation inhibiting function, GILT expression was inversely correlated with Ki67 index (P<0.05). In addition, absence of GILT was positively correlated with adverse characteristics of breast cancers, such as histological type, tumor size, lymph nodes status, and pTNM stage (P<0.05). Consistently, breast cancers with reduced GILT expression had poorer disease-free survival (P<0.005). Moreover, significantly decreased expression of GILT was found in both primary and metastatic breast cancer cells, in contrast to normal epithelial cells. These findings indicate that GILT may act as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, in line with its previously suggested role in anti-tumor immunity. Thus, GILT has the potential to be a novel independent prognostic factor in breast cancer and further studies are needed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Xiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ming Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Kong
- Department of Breast Diseases, Linyi Tumor Hospital, Linyi, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Bing Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Feng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Chen
- Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Key Laboratory of Medical Biology, and Central Laboratory for Experimental Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Tao Jia
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Zong Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hastings KT. GILT: Shaping the MHC Class II-Restricted Peptidome and CD4(+) T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:429. [PMID: 24409178 PMCID: PMC3885806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The MHC class II-restricted antigen processing pathway generates peptide:MHC complexes in the endocytic pathway for the activation of CD4(+) T cells. Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) reduces protein disulfide bonds in the endocytic compartment, thereby exposing buried epitopes for MHC class II binding and presentation. T cell hybridoma responses and elution of MHC class II bound peptides have identified GILT-dependent epitopes, GILT-independent epitopes, and epitopes that are more efficiently presented in the absence of GILT termed GILT-prevented epitopes. GILT-mediated alteration in the MHC class II-restricted peptidome modulates T cell development in the thymus and peripheral tolerance and influences the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Recent studies suggest an emerging role for GILT in the response to pathogens and cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine , Phoenix, AZ , USA
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17
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West LC, Cresswell P. Expanding roles for GILT in immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 25:103-8. [PMID: 23246037 PMCID: PMC4287230 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), a thioredoxin-related oxidoreductase, functions in MHC class II-restricted antigen processing and MHC class I-restricted cross-presentation by reducing disulfide bonds of endocytosed proteins and facilitating their unfolding and optimal degradation. However, recent reports have greatly expanded our understanding of GILT's function. Several studies of GILT and antigen processing have shown that the influence of GILT on the peptide repertoire can alter the character of the immune response and affect central tolerance. Furthermore, a few unexpected roles for GILT have been uncovered: as a host factor for Listeria monocytogenes infection, in the maintenance of cellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and possibly outside the cell, as enzymatically active GILT is secreted by activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ciaccia West
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 300, Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA
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18
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Phipps-Yonas H, Semik V, Hastings KT. GILT expression in B cells diminishes cathepsin S steady-state protein expression and activity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:65-74. [PMID: 23012103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-restricted Ag processing requires protein degradation in the endocytic pathway for the activation of CD4(+) T cells. Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) facilitates Ag processing by reducing protein disulfide bonds in this compartment. Lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin S (CatS) contains disulfide bonds and mediates essential steps in MHC class II-restricted processing, including proteolysis of large polypeptides and cleavage of the invariant chain. We sought to determine whether GILT's reductase activity regulates CatS expression and function. Confocal microscopy confirmed that GILT and CatS colocalized within lysosomes of B cells. GILT expression posttranscriptionally decreased the steady-state protein expression of CatS in primary B cells and B-cell lines. GILT did not substantially alter the expression of other lysosomal proteins, including H2-M, H2-O, or CatL. GILT's reductase active site was necessary for diminished CatS protein levels, and GILT expression decreased the half-life of CatS, suggesting that GILT-mediated reduction of protein disulfide bonds enhances CatS degradation. GILT expression decreased the proteolysis of a CatS selective substrate. This study illustrates a physiologic mechanism that regulates CatS and has implications for fine tuning MHC class II-restricted Ag processing and for the development of CatS inhibitors, which are under investigation for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Phipps-Yonas
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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19
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Bergman CM, Marta CB, Maric M, Pfeiffer SE, Cresswell P, Ruddle NH. A switch in pathogenic mechanism in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IFN-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase-free mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:6001-9. [PMID: 22586035 PMCID: PMC4133136 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is an enzyme located in the Lamp-2-positive compartments of APC. GILT(-/-) mice are phenotypically normal, but their T cells exhibit reduced proliferation to several exogenously administered Ags that include cysteine residues and disulfide bonds. We undertook the present studies to determine if GILT(-/-) mice would process exogenously administered myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which contains disulfide bonds, to generate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to the endogenous protein. One possibility was that MOG(35-55) peptide would induce EAE, but that MOG protein would not. GILT(-/-) mice were relatively resistant to MOG(35-55)-induced EAE but slightly more susceptible to rat MOG protein-induced EAE than wild-type (WT) mice. Even though MOG(35-55) was immunogenic in GILT(-/-) mice, GILT APCs could not generate MOG(35-55) from MOG protein in vitro, suggesting that the endogenous MOG protein was not processed to the MOG(35-55) peptide in vivo. Immunization of GILT(-/-) mice with rat MOG protein resulted in a switch in pathogenic mechanism from that seen in WT mice; the CNS infiltrate included large numbers of plasma cells; and GILT(-/-) T cells proliferated to peptides other than MOG(35-55). In contrast to WT rat MOG-immunized mice, rat MOG-immunized GILT(-/-) mice generated Abs that transferred EAE to MOG(35-55)-primed GILT(-/-) mice, and these Abs bound to oligodendrocytes. These studies, demonstrating the key role of a processing enzyme in autoimmunity, indicate that subtle phenotypic changes have profound influences on pathogenic mechanisms and are directly applicable to the outbred human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M. Bergman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034
| | | | - Maja Maric
- DHHS/NIH/NIAID/DEA/SRP, Bethesda, MD 20892-7616
| | | | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011
| | - Nancy H. Ruddle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011
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20
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Burrows GG, Meza-Romero R, Huan J, Sinha S, Mooney JL, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Gilt required for RTL550-CYS-MOG to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:143-9. [PMID: 22392628 PMCID: PMC3348371 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) modulate the behavior of pathogenic T cells and can reverse clinical and histological signs of autoimmune disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and are currently in clinical trials for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). To expand the utility of these rationally-designed biologics and explore their mechanism(s) of activity in vivo, we have engineered RTL constructs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides and demonstrate that the appropriate cysteine-tethered RTLs effectively treat EAE. The data presented here suggests that the mechanism by which antigen-specific tolerance induction by RTLs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides in vivo involves delivery of RTL/antigen to endosomal compartments for processing and re-presentation by full-length MHC class II, with RTLs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides requiring gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol-reductase (GILT) for therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, 97239, USA.
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21
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Augustsson P, Malm J, Ekström S. Acoustophoretic microfluidic chip for sequential elution of surface bound molecules from beads or cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:34115. [PMID: 24003343 PMCID: PMC3448593 DOI: 10.1063/1.4749289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An acoustophoresis-based microfluidic flow-chip is presented as a novel platform to facilitate analysis of proteins and peptides loosely bound to the surface of beads or cells. The chip allows for direct removal of the background surrounding the beads or cells, followed by sequential treatment and collection of a sequence of up to five different buffer conditions. During this treatment, the beads/cells are retained in a single flow by acoustic radiation force. Eluted peptides are collected from the outlets and subsequently purified by miniaturized solid-phase extraction and analyzed with matrix assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry. Fundamental parameters such as the system fluidics and dispersion are presented. The device was successfully applied for wash and sequential elution of peptides bound to the surface of microbeads and human spermatozoa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Augustsson
- Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Hastings KT, Cresswell P. Disulfide reduction in the endocytic pathway: immunological functions of gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:657-68. [PMID: 21506690 PMCID: PMC3125571 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is constitutively expressed in most antigen presenting cells and is interferon γ inducible in other cell types via signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Normally, N- and C-terminal propeptides are cleaved in the early endosome, and the mature protein resides in late endosomes and lysosomes. Correspondingly, GILT has maximal reductase activity at an acidic pH. Monocyte differentiation via Toll-like receptor 4 triggers secretion of a disulfide-linked dimer of the enzymatically active precursor, which may contribute to inflammation. GILT facilitates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted processing through reduction of protein disulfide bonds in the endocytic pathway and is hypothesized to expose buried epitopes for MHC class II binding. GILT can also facilitate the transfer of disulfide-containing antigens into the cytosol, enhancing their cross-presentation by MHC class I. A variety of antigens are strongly influenced by GILT-mediated reduction, including hen egg lysozyme, melanocyte differentiation antigens, and viral envelope glycoproteins. In addition, GILT is conserved among lower eukaryotes and likely has additional functions. For example, GILT expression increases the stability of superoxide dismutase 2 and decreases reactive oxygen species, which correlates with decreased cellular proliferation. It is also a critical host factor for infection with Listeria monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona 85004,
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