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Meuten TK, Dean GA, Thamm DH. Review: The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway in canine cancer. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:339-356. [PMID: 37905509 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231207021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumors in dogs and humans share many similar molecular and genetic features, incentivizing a better understanding of canine neoplasms not only for the purpose of treating companion animals, but also to facilitate research of spontaneously developing tumors with similar biologic behavior and treatment approaches in an immunologically competent animal model. Multiple tumor types of both species have similar dysregulation of signal transduction through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB; AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), collectively known as the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. This review aims to delineate the pertinent aspects of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in health and in tumor development. It will then present a synopsis of current understanding of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in important canine cancers and advancements in targeted inhibitors of this pathway.
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Chon E, Hendricks W, White M, Rodrigues L, Haworth D, Post G. Precision Medicine in Veterinary Science. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:501-521. [PMID: 38212188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Precision medicine focuses on the clinical management of the individual patient, not on population-based findings. Successes from human precision medicine inform veterinary oncology. Early evidence of success for canines shows how precision medicine can be integrated into practice. Decreasing genomic profiling costs will allow increased utilization and subsequent improvement of knowledge base from which to make better informed decisions. Utility of precision medicine in canine oncology will only increase for improved cancer characterization, enhanced therapy selection, and overall more successful management of canine cancer. As such, practitioners are called to interpret and leverage precision medicine reports for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Chon
- Vidium Animal Health, 7201 East Henkel Way, Suite 210, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - William Hendricks
- Vidium Animal Health, 7201 East Henkel Way, Suite 210, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - Michelle White
- OneHealthCompany, Inc, 530 Lytton Avenue, 2nd Floor, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - Lucas Rodrigues
- OneHealthCompany, Inc, 530 Lytton Avenue, 2nd Floor, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - David Haworth
- Vidium Animal Health, 7201 East Henkel Way, Suite 210, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA
| | - Gerald Post
- OneHealthCompany, Inc, 530 Lytton Avenue, 2nd Floor, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA.
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Evans JB, Chou L, Kaeberlein M, Promislow DE, Creevy KE. Case report: Severe asymptomatic hypertriglyceridemia associated with long-term low-dose rapamycin administration in a healthy middle-aged Labrador retriever. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1285498. [PMID: 38094495 PMCID: PMC10716302 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1285498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is an mTOR inhibitor that has been shown to extend the lifespan of laboratory model organisms. In humans, rapamycin is used at higher doses as an immunosuppressive medication to prevent organ rejection. Numerous adverse effects are seen with rapamycin treatment in humans, with one of the most common being dysregulation of lipid metabolism. In humans, this often manifests as mild to moderate serum lipid elevations, with a small subset developing extreme triglyceride elevations. This case report describes an eight-year-old, castrated male, clinically healthy Labrador retriever who developed severe hypertriglyceridemia associated with low-dose rapamycin administration over a six-month period. During this time, the dog was asymptomatic and displayed no other clinical abnormalities, aside from a progressive lipemia. Within 15 days of discontinuing rapamycin treatment, and with no targeted lipemic intervention, the dog's lipemia and hypertriglyceridemia completely resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. Evans
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Chou
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Optispan, Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel E.L. Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kate E. Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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Chon E, Sakthikumar S, Tang M, Hamilton MJ, Vaughan A, Smith A, Sommer B, Robat C, Manley C, Mullin C, Ohashi E, Manor E, Custis J, Intile J, Shiu KB, Parshley L, Bergman N, Sheppard‐Olivares S, Hafeman S, Wright Z, Haworth D, Hendricks W, Wang G. Novel genomic prognostic biomarkers for dogs with cancer. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2410-2421. [PMID: 37801037 PMCID: PMC10658597 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence from dogs and humans supports the abundance of mutation-based biomarkers in tumors of dogs. Increasing the use of clinical genomic diagnostic testing now provides another powerful data source for biomarker discovery. HYPOTHESIS Analyzed clinical outcomes in dogs with cancer profiled using SearchLight DNA, a cancer gene panel for dogs, to identify mutations with prognostic value. ANIMALS A total of 127 cases of cancer in dogs were analyzed using SearchLight DNA and for which clinical outcome information was available. METHODS Clinical data points were collected by medical record review. Variables including mutated genes, mutations, signalment, and treatment were fitted using Cox proportional hazard models to identify factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS). The log-rank test was used to compare PFS between patients receiving and not receiving targeted treatment before first progression. RESULTS Combined genomic and outcomes analysis identified 336 unique mutations in 89 genes across 26 cancer types. Mutations in 6 genes (CCND1, CCND3, SMARCB1, FANCG, CDKN2A/B, and MSH6) were significantly associated with shorter PFS. Dogs that received targeted treatment before first progression (n = 45) experienced significantly longer PFS compared with those that did not (n = 82, P = .01). This significance held true for 29 dogs that received genomically informed targeted treatment compared with those that did not (P = .05). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We identified novel mutations with prognostic value and demonstrate the benefit of targeted treatment across multiple cancer types. These results provide clinical evidence of the potential for genomics and precision medicine in dogs with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Chon
- Vidium Animal HealthA Subsidiary of The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)ScottsdaleArizonaUSA
| | - Sharadha Sakthikumar
- Vidium Animal HealthA Subsidiary of The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)ScottsdaleArizonaUSA
| | - Min Tang
- STATBEYOND Consulting LLCIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Ashley Smith
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Breann Sommer
- Wisconsin Veterinary Referral Center by EthosWaukeshaWisconsinUSA
| | - Cecilia Robat
- VCA Veterinary Emergency Service & Veterinary Specialty CenterMiddletonWisconsinUSA
| | | | | | - Emi Ohashi
- VCA Animal Specialty GroupLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emily Manor
- VCA Advanced Veterinary Care CenterFishersIndianaUSA
| | | | - Joanne Intile
- North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kai Biu Shiu
- VCA Veterinary Emergency Service & Veterinary Specialty CenterMiddletonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lisa Parshley
- Olympia Veterinary Specialists – The Cancer CenterOlympiaWashingtonUSA
| | - Noelle Bergman
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | | | - Scott Hafeman
- VCA Highlands Ranch Animal Specialty and Emergency CenterHighlands RanchColoradoUSA
| | | | - David Haworth
- Vidium Animal HealthA Subsidiary of The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)ScottsdaleArizonaUSA
| | - William Hendricks
- Vidium Animal HealthA Subsidiary of The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)ScottsdaleArizonaUSA
| | - Guannan Wang
- Vidium Animal HealthA Subsidiary of The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)ScottsdaleArizonaUSA
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Jin J, Cong J, Lei S, Zhang Q, Zhong X, Su Y, Lu M, Ma Y, Li Z, Wang L, Zhu N, Yang J. Cracking the code: Deciphering the role of the tumor microenvironment in osteosarcoma metastasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110422. [PMID: 37302370 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. It is characterized by a rapid progression, poor prognosis, and early pulmonary metastasis. Over the past 30 years, approximately 85% of patients with osteosarcoma have experienced metastasis. The five-year survival of patients with lung metastasis during the early stages of treatment is less than 20%. The tumor microenvironment (TME) not only provides conditions for tumor cell growth but also releases a variety of substances that can promote the metastasis of tumor cells to other tissues and organs. Currently, there is limited research on the role of the TME in osteosarcoma metastasis. Therefore, to explore methods for regulating osteosarcoma metastasis, further investigations must be conducted from the perspective of the TME. This will help to identify new potential biomarkers for predicting osteosarcoma metastasis and assist in the discovery of new drugs that target regulatory mechanisms for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism of osteosarcoma metastasis based on TME theory, which will provide guidance for the clinical treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541001, China; Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Jiacheng Cong
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Shangbo Lei
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Qiujin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinyi Zhong
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Mingchuan Lu
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yifen Ma
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zihe Li
- Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Ningxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, Guilin 541001, China; Department of Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
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Barnett BG, Wesselowski SR, Gordon SG, Saunders AB, Promislow DEL, Schwartz SM, Chou L, Evans JB, Kaeberlein M, Creevy KE. A masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluating safety and the effect on cardiac function of low-dose rapamycin in 17 healthy client-owned dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168711. [PMID: 37275618 PMCID: PMC10233048 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Geroscience studies of low-dose rapamycin in laboratory species have identified numerous benefits, including reversing age-related cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovascular benefits have been observed in dogs with 10 weeks of treatment, raising questions about possible benefits and adverse effects of long-term use of low-dose rapamycin. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of 6 months of low-dose rapamycin on echocardiographic indices of cardiac function in healthy dogs and to document the occurrence of adverse events. Methods Seventeen client-owned dogs aged 6-10 years, weighing 18-36 kg, and without significant systemic disease were included in a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, masked clinical trial. Low-dose rapamycin (0.025 mg/kg) or placebo was administered three times per week for 6 months. Baseline, 6-month, and 12-month evaluation included physical examination, cardiology examination, and clinicopathology. Three-month evaluation included physical examination and clinicopathology. Owners completed online questionnaires every 2 weeks. Results There were no statistically significant differences in echocardiographic parameters between rapamycin and placebo groups at 6 or 12 months. No clinically significant adverse events occurred. In 26.8% of the bi-weekly surveys owners whose dogs received rapamycin reported perceived positive changes in behavior or health, compared to 8.1% in the placebo group (p = 0.04). Discussion While no clinically significant change in cardiac function was observed in dogs treated with low-dose rapamycin, the drug was well-tolerated with no significant adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Barnett
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonya R Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen M Schwartz
- Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lucy Chou
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jeremy B Evans
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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p-S6 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070935. [PMID: 35883491 PMCID: PMC9313205 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarce information exists on the role of mTOR pathway proteins and their association to aggressiveness and prognosis of patients with canine oral cancers. We aimed to investigate the activated form of mTOR and its downstream S6 protein in canine oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and to evaluate potential associations between protein expression and clinic-pathologic variables and survival. For that we analysed p-mTOR and p-S6 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 61 canine OSCCs. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine their role in patients’ cancer-specific survival (CSS). p-mTOR and p-S6 expression were present in almost all cases. High-expression of p-mTOR was observed in 44 (72.1%) cases using extent score and 52 (85.2%) cases using intensity score. For p-S6, high expression was observed in 53 (86.9%) cases using extent score and in 54 (88.5%) cases using intensity score. An independent prognostic value for p-S6 extension (p = 0.027), tumour stage (p = 0.013) and treatment (p = 0.0009) was found in patients’ CSS analysis. Our data suggest that p-mTOR and p-S6 proteins are commonly expressed in canine OSCC and p-S6 expression is correlated with poor CSS in dogs with OSCC. More studies should be performed to identify possible therapeutic targets related with mTOR pathway for these patients.
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Murase Y, Hosoya K, Sato T, Kim S, Okumura M. Antitumor activity of the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor gedatolisib and the involvement of ABCB1 in gedatolisib resistance in canine tumor cells. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:61. [PMID: 35088890 PMCID: PMC8848474 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) signaling pathway is a therapeutic target for various types of human tumors, and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors demonstrate antitumor activities in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, resistance mechanisms limit their abilities. As the molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular resistance are not clear in any canine tumors, an understanding of resistance mechanisms would support the potential use of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in canine tumors. The antitumor activity of gedatolisib on cell viability, protein phosphorylation, and cell cycle distribution was assessed using 12 canine tumor cell lines from 6 types of tumors. In addition, the molecular determinants involved in the cellular sensitivity to gedatolisib were explored by investigating the involvement of serum-and-glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1), PIK3CA, and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 (ABCB1). The results demonstrated that gedatolisib decreased cell viability in all cell lines, with IC50 values <1 µM in 10 of the 12 lines. Gedatolisib inhibited Akt and mTOR complex 1 substrate phosphorylation and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. However, certain cell lines with higher IC50 values were more resistant to these effects. These cell lines exhibited higher ABCB1 activity and the ABCB1 inhibitor cyclosporin A enhanced the decrease of cell viability caused by gedatolisib. SGK1 overexpression did not confer resistance to gedatolisib. The mutations of E545K and H1047R in PIK3CA were not observed. The present results indicated that gedatolisib decreased cell viability in canine tumor cell lines and ABCB1 played an important role in gedatolisib resistance, supporting the potential use of gedatolisib for canine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murase
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‑0818, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‑0818, Japan
| | - Takachika Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‑0818, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‑0818, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‑0818, Japan
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Hendricks-Wenger A, Arnold L, Gannon J, Simon A, Singh N, Sheppard H, Nagai-Singer MA, Imran KM, Lee K, Clark-Deener S, Byron C, Edwards MR, Larson MM, Rossmeisl JH, Coutermarsh-Ott SL, Eden K, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Tuohy J, Allen IC, Vlaisavljevich E. Histotripsy Ablation in Preclinical Animal Models of Cancer and Spontaneous Tumors in Veterinary Patients: A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:5-26. [PMID: 34478363 PMCID: PMC9284566 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.
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Bernard S, Poon AC, Tam PM, Mutsaers AJ. Investigation of the effects of mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and everolimus in combination with carboplatin on canine malignant melanoma cells. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:382. [PMID: 34895222 PMCID: PMC8665592 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant melanoma in dogs is considered to be largely resistant to conventional chemotherapy, although responses to carboplatin have been documented. Invasion and early metastasis are common features of certain melanoma subtypes that contribute to tumour progression despite aggressive local and systemic therapy. Upregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been observed in canine malignant melanoma and may represent a potential target for therapy. Rapamycin (sirolimus) and everolimus are commercially available small molecule inhibitors that target mTOR and therefore may have anticancer activity in canine melanoma. It was hypothesized that there is synergism between rapamycin or everolimus and platinum chemotherapy, and that combination drug treatment would inhibit target/downstream proteins involved in cell viability/proliferation and increase cell death in canine melanoma cells. It was further hypothesized that rapamycin or everolimus would impact metabolism by reducing glycolysis in these cells. Four canine melanoma cell lines were treated in vitro with rapamycin and everolimus as sole treatment or combined with carboplatin. Cell viability, apoptosis, target modulation, and glycolytic metabolism were evaluated by crystal violet colourimetric assay, Annexin V/PI flow cytometry, western blotting, and Seahorse bioanalyzer, respectively. Results When combined with carboplatin chemotherapy, rapamycin or everolimus treatment was overall synergistic in reducing cell viability. Carboplatin-induced apoptosis was noted at 72 h after treatment compared to the vehicle control. Levels of phosphorylated mTOR were reduced by rapamycin and everolimus in all four cell lines, but activation of the downstream protein p70S6K was not consistently reduced by treatment in two of the cell lines. Both mTOR inhibitors decreased the extracellular acidification rate of canine melanoma cells, indicating reduced cancer cell glycolytic activity. Conclusions Inhibition of mTOR by rapalogs, such as rapamycin and everolimus combined with carboplatin chemotherapy may have activity in canine melanoma. Future mechanistic investigation is warranted, including in vivo assessment of this combination therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03089-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bernard
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew C Poon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peyton M Tam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Massimini M, Romanucci M, De Maria R, Della Salda L. An Update on Molecular Pathways Regulating Vasculogenic Mimicry in Human Osteosarcoma and Their Role in Canine Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722432. [PMID: 34631854 PMCID: PMC8494780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine tumors are valuable comparative models for human counterparts, especially to explore novel biomarkers and to understand pathways and processes involved in metastasis. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a unique property of malignant cancer cells which promote metastasis. Thus, it represents an opportunity to investigate both the molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets of a crucial phenotypic malignant switch. Although this biological process has been largely investigated in different human cancer types, including osteosarcoma, it is still largely unknown in veterinary pathology, where it has been mainly explored in canine mammary tumors. The presence of VM in human osteosarcoma is associated with poor clinical outcome, reduced patient survival, and increased risk of metastasis and it shares the main pathways involved in other type of human tumors. This review illustrates the main findings concerning the VM process in human osteosarcoma, search for the related current knowledge in canine pathology and oncology, and potential involvement of multiple pathways in VM formation, in order to provide a basis for future investigations on VM in canine tumors.
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12
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Kisseberth WC, Lee DA. Adoptive Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy for Canine Osteosarcoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:672361. [PMID: 34164452 PMCID: PMC8215197 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.672361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in both humans and dogs. It is a highly metastatic cancer and therapy has not improved significantly since the inclusion of adjuvant chemotherapy into disease treatment strategies. Osteosarcoma is an immunogenic tumor, and thus development of immunotherapies for its treatment, especially treatment of microscopic pulmonary metastases might improve outcomes. NK cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system and can recognize a variety of stressed cells, including cancer cells, in the absence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted receptor ligand interactions. NK cells have a role in controlling tumor progression and metastasis and are important mediators of different therapeutic interventions. The core hypothesis of adoptive natural killer (NK) cell therapy is there exists a natural defect in innate immunity (a combination of cancer-induced reduction in NK cell numbers and immunosuppressive mechanisms resulting in suppressed function) that can be restored by adoptive transfer of NK cells. Here, we review the rationale for adoptive NK cell immunotherapy, NK cell biology, TGFβ and the immunosuppressive microenvironment in osteosarcoma, manufacturing of ex vivo expanded NK cells for the dog and provide perspective on the present and future clinical applications of adoptive NK cell immunotherapy in spontaneous osteosarcoma and other cancers in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dean A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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13
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Gibbs NH, Michalski H, Promislow DEL, Kaeberlein M, Creevy KE. Reasons for Exclusion of Apparently Healthy Mature Adult and Senior Dogs From a Clinical Trial. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:651698. [PMID: 34150883 PMCID: PMC8206478 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interventional clinical trials intended to maintain health in aging dogs are unusual and require particular attention to exclusion criteria. Objectives: To describe reasons for exclusion when a mature adult and senior canine population with normal health status was sought. Animals: Fifty six companion dogs nominated for a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Procedures: Exclusions occurred within Stage 1 (S1): owner-provided survey information; Stage 2 (S2): medical records review; and Stage 3 (S3): screening examination and within Owner, Dog, or Other factor categories. Results: Of 56 nominated dogs, 39 were excluded at S1 (n = 19), S2 (n = 5), and S3 (n = 15), respectively. Dogs were excluded for Owner (n = 4), Dog (n = 27), Other (n = 6), and concurrent (Owner + Dog; n = 2) factors. The most common exclusion period was S1 (n = 19), with weight outside the target range being the most common exclusion factor in that stage (n = 10). Heart murmurs were the second most common exclusion factor (S1: n = 1; S3: n = 5); suspected or confirmed systemic illness was third most common (S1: n = 2; S2: n = 3; S3: n = 2). Among dogs who passed S1 and S2 screening (n = 32), 15 dogs (48%) were excluded at S3, for heart murmur > grade II/VI (n = 5), cardiac arrhythmias (n = 2), and clinicopathologic abnormalities (n = 2). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Dogs nominated for a clinical trial for healthy mature adult and senior dogs were excluded for size, previous diagnoses, and newly discovered cardiac abnormalities. For future interventions in mature adult and senior dogs of normal health status, it is important to define expected age-related abnormalities to ensure that meaningful exclusion criteria are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H Gibbs
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hannah Michalski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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14
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LeBlanc AK, Mazcko CN, Cherukuri A, Berger EP, Kisseberth WC, Brown ME, Lana SE, Weishaar K, Flesner BK, Bryan JN, Vail DM, Burton JH, Willcox JL, Mutsaers AJ, Woods JP, Northrup NC, Saba C, Curran KM, Leeper H, Wilson-Robles H, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Lindley S, Smith AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Higginbotham ML, Wouda RM, Krick E, Mahoney JA, London CA, Barber LG, Balkman CE, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Suter SE, Martin O, Borgatti A, Burgess K, Childress MO, Fidel JL, Allstadt SD, Gustafson DL, Selmic LE, Khanna C, Fan TM. Adjuvant Sirolimus Does Not Improve Outcome in Pet Dogs Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapy for Appendicular Osteosarcoma: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of 324 Dogs. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3005-3016. [PMID: 33753454 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mTOR pathway has been identified as a key nutrient signaling hub that participates in metastatic progression of high-grade osteosarcoma. Inhibition of mTOR signaling is biologically achievable with sirolimus, and might slow the outgrowth of distant metastases. In this study, pet dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were leveraged as high-value biologic models for pediatric osteosarcoma, to assess mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for attenuating metastatic disease progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 324 pet dogs diagnosed with treatment-naïve appendicular osteosarcoma were randomized into a two-arm, multicenter, parallel superiority trial whereby dogs received amputation of the affected limb, followed by adjuvant carboplatin chemotherapy ± oral sirolimus therapy. The primary outcome measure was disease-free interval (DFI), as assessed by serial physical and radiologic detection of emergent macroscopic metastases; secondary outcomes included overall 1- and 2-year survival rates, and sirolimus pharmacokinetic variables and their correlative relationship to adverse events and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the median DFI or overall survival between the two arms of this trial; the median DFI and survival for standard-of-care (SOC; defined as amputation and carboplatin therapy) dogs was 180 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 144-237] and 282 days (95% CI, 224-383) and for SOC + sirolimus dogs, it was 204 days (95% CI, 157-217) and 280 days (95% CI, 252-332), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In a population of pet dogs nongenomically segmented for predicted mTOR inhibition response, sequentially administered adjuvant sirolimus, although well tolerated when added to a backbone of therapy, did not extend DFI or survival in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Christina N Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aswini Cherukuri
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erika P Berger
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Comparative Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan E Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susan E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kristen Weishaar
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brian K Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David M Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole C Northrup
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Corey Saba
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Haley Leeper
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Brandan G Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephanie Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia.,ICATS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Raelene M Wouda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Erika Krick
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer A Mahoney
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa G Barber
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl E Balkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Angela L McCleary-Wheeler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Steven E Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Olya Martin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kristine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Michael O Childress
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Janean L Fidel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Sara D Allstadt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts.,Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. .,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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15
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Lainetti PF, Leis-Filho AF, Kobayashi PE, de Camargo LS, Laufer-Amorim R, Fonseca-Alves CE, Souza FF. Proteomics Approach of Rapamycin Anti-Tumoral Effect on Primary and Metastatic Canine Mammary Tumor Cells In Vitro. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051213. [PMID: 33668689 PMCID: PMC7956669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is an antifungal drug with antitumor activity and acts inhibiting the mTOR complex. Due to drug antitumor potential, the aim of this study was to evaluate its effect on a preclinical model of primary mammary gland tumors and their metastases from female dogs. Four cell lines from our cell bank, two from primary canine mammary tumors (UNESP-CM1, UNESP-CM60) and two metastases (UNESP-MM1, and UNESP-MM4) were cultured in vitro and investigated for rapamycin IC50. Then, cell lines were treated with rapamycin IC50 dose and mRNA and protein were extracted in treated and non-treated cells to perform AKT, mTOR, PTEN and 4EBP1 gene expression and global proteomics by mass spectrometry. MTT assay demonstrated rapamycin IC50 dose for all different tumor cells between 2 and 10 μM. RT-qPCR from cultured cells, control versus treated group and primary tumor cells versus metastatic tumor cells, did not shown statistical differences. In proteomics were found 273 proteins in all groups, and after data normalization 49 and 92 proteins were used for statistical analysis for comparisons between control versus rapamycin treatment groups, and metastasis versus primary tumor versus metastasis rapamycin versus primary tumor rapamycin, respectively. Considering the two statistical analysis, four proteins, phosphoglycerate mutase, malate dehydrogenase, l-lactate dehydrogenase and nucleolin were found in decreased abundance in the rapamycin group and they are related with cellular metabolic processes and enhanced tumor malignant behavior. Two proteins, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase, also related with metabolic processes, were found in higher abundance in rapamycin group and are associated with apoptosis. The results suggested that rapamycin was able to inhibit cell growth of mammary gland tumor and metastatic tumors cells in vitro, however, concentrations needed to reach the IC50 were higher when compared to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia F. Lainetti
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (P.F.L.); (L.S.d.C.); (C.E.F.-A.)
| | - Antonio F. Leis-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (A.F.L.-F.); (P.E.K.); (R.L.-A.)
| | - Priscila E. Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (A.F.L.-F.); (P.E.K.); (R.L.-A.)
| | - Laíza S. de Camargo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (P.F.L.); (L.S.d.C.); (C.E.F.-A.)
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (A.F.L.-F.); (P.E.K.); (R.L.-A.)
| | - Carlos E. Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (P.F.L.); (L.S.d.C.); (C.E.F.-A.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Paulista—UNIP, Bauru 17048-290, Brazil
| | - Fabiana F. Souza
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (P.F.L.); (L.S.d.C.); (C.E.F.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-38802237
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16
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Qayed M, Cash T, Tighiouart M, MacDonald TJ, Goldsmith KC, Tanos R, Kean L, Watkins B, Suessmuth Y, Wetmore C, Katzenstein HM. A phase I study of sirolimus in combination with metronomic therapy (CHOAnome) in children with recurrent or refractory solid and brain tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28134. [PMID: 31876107 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To determine the maximum tolerated dose, toxicities, and response of sirolimus combined with oral metronomic therapy in pediatric patients with recurrent and refractory solid and brain tumors. PROCEDURE Patients younger than 30 years of age with recurrent, refractory, or high-risk solid and brain tumors were eligible. Patients received six-week cycles of sirolimus with twice daily celecoxib, and alternating etoposide and cyclophosphamide every three weeks, with Bayesian dose escalation over four dose levels (NCT01331135). RESULTS Eighteen patients were enrolled: four on dose level (DL) 1, four on DL2, eight on DL3, and two on DL4. Diagnoses included solid tumors (Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, rhabdoid tumor, retinoblastoma) and brain tumors (glioblastoma multiforme [GBM], diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, high-grade glioma [HGG], medulloblastoma, ependymoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, low-grade infiltrative astrocytoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, nongerminomatous germ cell tumor]. One dose-limiting toxicity (DLT; grade 4 neutropenia) was observed on DL2, two DLTs (grade 3 abdominal pain and grade 3 mucositis) on DL3, and two DLTs (grade 3 dehydration and grade 3 mucositis) on DL4. The recommended phase II dose of sirolimus was 2 mg/m2 (DL3). Best response was stable disease (SD) in eight patients, and partial response (PR) in one patient with GBM. A patient with HGG was removed from the study with SD and developed PR without further therapy. Western blot analysis showed inhibition of phospho-S6 kinase in all patients during the first cycle of therapy. CONCLUSION The combination of sirolimus with metronomic chemotherapy is well tolerated in children. A phase II trial of this combination is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Qayed
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas Cash
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mourad Tighiouart
- Samuel Oschkin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly C Goldsmith
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel Tanos
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leslie Kean
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Watkins
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Cynthia Wetmore
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Howard M Katzenstein
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Nemours Children's Specialty Care and Wolfson Children's Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida
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17
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Poon AC, Matsuyama A, Mutsaers AJ. Recent and current clinical trials in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:301-308. [PMID: 32165755 PMCID: PMC7020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive primary bone tumor in the domestic dog that most often occurs within the appendicular skeleton. Despite the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, most dogs succumb to metastatic disease within 1 year of diagnosis. To improve this outcome, substantial research is currently focused on investigating novel therapies. Herein, we review emerging treatments and clinical trials that, if proven efficacious, could revolutionize the standard of care for canine appendicular OSA. This article includes a critical perspective on the safety, efficacy, and limitations of select immunotherapy, virotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and personalized medicine trials, all of which reflect similar investigations taking place in human oncology. These clinical trials represent a major evolution in the overall approach to therapy for dogs with appendicular OSA that could have significant implications for improving survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Poon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Poon, Matsuyama, Mutsaers), Department of Clinical Studies (Mutsaers), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Arata Matsuyama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Poon, Matsuyama, Mutsaers), Department of Clinical Studies (Mutsaers), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Poon, Matsuyama, Mutsaers), Department of Clinical Studies (Mutsaers), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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18
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Regan D, Garcia K, Thamm D. Clinical, Pathological, and Ethical Considerations for the Conduct of Clinical Trials in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Cancer: A Comparative Approach to Accelerate Translational Drug Development. ILAR J 2019; 59:99-110. [PMID: 30668709 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of comparative oncology in translational research is receiving increasing attention from drug developers and the greater biomedical research community. Pet dogs with spontaneous cancer are important and underutilized translational models, owing to dogs' large size and relative outbreeding, combined with their high incidence of certain tumor histotypes with significant biological, genetic, and histological similarities to their human tumor counterparts. Dogs with spontaneous tumors naturally develop therapy resistance and spontaneous metastasis, all in the context of an intact immune system. These fundamental features of cancer biology are often lacking in induced or genetically engineered preclinical tumor models and likely contribute to their poor predictive value and the associated overall high failure rate in oncology drug development. Thus, the conduct of clinical trials in pet dogs with naturally occurring cancer represents a viable surrogate and valuable intermediary step that should be increasingly incorporated into the cancer drug discovery and development pipeline. The development of molecular-targeted therapies has resulted in an expanded role of the pathologist in human oncology trials, and similarly the expertise of veterinary pathologists will be increasingly valuable to all phases of comparative oncology trial design and conduct. In this review, we provide a framework of clinical, ethical, and pathology-focused considerations for the increasing integration of translational research investigations in dogs with spontaneous cancer as a means to accelerate clinical cancer discovery and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kelly Garcia
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Douglas Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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19
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Rivera-Calderón LG, Fonseca-Alves CE, Kobayashi PE, Carvalho M, Vasconcelos RO, Laufer-Amorim R. p-mTOR, p-4EBP-1 and eIF4E expression in canine prostatic carcinoma. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:86-92. [PMID: 30476726 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR/4E-BP1/eIF4E pathway plays important roles in the neoplastic transformation process and in tumour growth. In men, the mTOR/4E-BP1/eIF4E pathway was described as altered in different tumours, including prostate cancer (PC). Apart from humans, the dog is the only species that develops PC with high frequency and is considered a good model for comparative oncology initiatives. Due to limited information on this pathway in canine tumours, this study aimed to investigate mTOR, 4E-BP1 and eIF4E gene and protein expression in canine PC, as well as in metastatic and normal prostatic tissues, and to evaluate the correlations between gene/protein expression and Gleason score (GS) in PC. A total of 35 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, including 13 of normal prostatic tissue, 17 PC samples and 5 metastasis samples, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. mTOR gene mutation in the kinase domain was also investigated. We identified higher p-mTOR and eIF4E protein levels in canine PC with higher GS values (≥ 8) and a significant positive correlation in expression between these proteins. eIF4E overexpression was observed in metastasis relative to expression in normal samples. Our data suggest that p-mTOR and eIF4E expression is positively correlated with GS in canine PC, similar to the pattern in humans. More studies of the mTOR/4EBP1/eIF4E pathway should be performed to identify possible correlations of the proteins involved with clinical and pathologic findings in canine PC and the roles of these proteins as therapeutic targets for the treatment of canine PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Rivera-Calderón
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila E Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemeri O Vasconcelos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Schott CR, Ludwig L, Mutsaers AJ, Foster RA, Wood GA. The autophagy inhibitor spautin-1, either alone or combined with doxorubicin, decreases cell survival and colony formation in canine appendicular osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206427. [PMID: 30372478 PMCID: PMC6205606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma typically succumb to metastatic disease within a year of diagnosis. The current standard of care for curative intent, amputation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, increases survival time but chemoresistance is a major contributor to mortality. Unfortunately, the mechanisms driving the progression of metastatic disease and the development of chemoresistance are unknown. One theory is that autophagy may contribute to chemoresistance by providing neoplastic cells with a mechanism to survive chemotherapy treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of combining an autophagy inhibitor with a standard chemotherapeutic drug on response to chemotherapy in canine appendicular osteosarcoma cells. We hypothesized that combining the autophagy inhibitor spautin-1 with doxorubicin treatment would enhance chemoresponsiveness. Using commercial (D17) and primary cell lines derived from 1° and 2° sites of osteosarcoma, we showed that this combination treatment enhances cell killing and inhibits colony formation. Our findings support the theory that autophagy contributes to chemoresistance in canine appendicular osteosarcoma and indicate that adding an autophagy inhibitor to the standard of care has the potential to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R. Schott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J. Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sommer BC, Dhawan D, Ratliff TL, Knapp DW. Naturally-Occurring Canine Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: A Model for Emerging Therapies. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:149-159. [PMID: 29732386 PMCID: PMC5929349 DOI: 10.3233/blc-170145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of targeted therapies and the resurgence of immunotherapy offer enormous potential to dramatically improve the outlook for patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma (InvUC). Optimization of these therapies, however, is crucial as only a minority of patients achieve dramatic remission, and toxicities are common. With the complexities of the therapies, and the growing list of possible drug combinations to test, highly relevant animal models are needed to assess and select the most promising approaches to carry forward into human trials. The animal model(s) should possess key features that dictate success or failure of cancer drugs in humans including tumor heterogeneity, genetic-epigenetic crosstalk, immune cell responsiveness, invasive and metastatic behavior, and molecular subtypes (e.g., luminal, basal). While it may not be possible to create these collective features in experimental models, these features are present in naturally-occurring InvUC in pet dogs. Naturally occurring canine InvUC closely mimics muscle-invasive bladder cancer in humans in regards to cellular and molecular features, molecular subtypes, biological behavior (sites and frequency of metastasis), and response to therapy. Clinical treatment trials in pet dogs with InvUC are considered a win-win scenario; the individual dog benefits from effective treatment, the results are expected to help other dogs, and the findings are expected to translate to better treatment outcomes in humans. This review will provide an overview of canine InvUC, the similarities to the human condition, and the potential for dogs with InvUC to serve as a model to predict the outcomes of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann C Sommer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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22
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Sultan F, Ganaie BA. Comparative oncology: Integrating human and veterinary medicine. Open Vet J 2018; 8:25-34. [PMID: 29445618 PMCID: PMC5806664 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer constitutes the major health problem both in human and veterinary medicine. Comparative oncology as an integrative approach offers to learn more about naturally occurring cancers across different species. Canine models have many advantages as they experience spontaneous disease, have many genes similar to human genes, five to seven-fold accelerated ageing compared to humans, respond to treatments similarly as humans do and health care levels second only to humans. Also, the clinical trials in canines could generate more robust data, as their spontaneous nature mimics real-life situations and could be translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Sultan
- Indian Council of Medical Research, GADVASU-Ludhiana Punjab-141004, India
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23
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The first report of cases of pet dogs with naturally occurring cancer treated with the antitumor peptide CIGB-552. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:502-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Exosomes from Osteosarcoma and normal osteoblast differ in proteomic cargo and immunomodulatory effects on T cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:369-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Tanabe T, Watanabe H, Shah JA, Sahara H, Shimizu A, Nomura S, Asfour A, Danton M, Boyd L, Meyers AD, Ekanayake-Alper DK, Sachs DH, Yamada K. Role of Intrinsic (Graft) Versus Extrinsic (Host) Factors in the Growth of Transplanted Organs Following Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1778-1790. [PMID: 28117931 PMCID: PMC5489354 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In our studies of life-supporting α-1,3-galactocyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) pig-to-baboon kidneys, we found that some recipients developed increased serum creatinine with growth of the grafts, without histological or immunological evidence of rejection. We hypothesized that the rapid growth of orthotopic pig grafts in smaller baboon recipients may have led to deterioration of organ function. To test this hypothesis for both kidneys and lungs, we assessed whether the growth of outbred (Yorkshire) organ transplants in miniature swine was regulated by intrinsic (graft) or extrinsic (host environment) factors. Yorkshire kidneys exhibited persistent growth in miniature swine, reaching 3.7 times their initial volume over 3 mo versus 1.2 times for miniature swine kidneys over the same time period. Similar rapid early growth of lung allografts was observed and, in this case, led to organ dysfunction. For xenograft kidneys, a review of our results suggests that there is a threshold for kidney graft volume of 25 cm3 /kg of recipient body weight at which cortical ischemia is induced in transplanted GalT-KO kidneys in baboons. These results suggest that intrinsic factors are responsible, at least in part, for growth of donor organs and that this property should be taken into consideration for growth-curve-mismatched transplants, especially for life-supporting organs transplanted into a limited recipient space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsu Tanabe
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Transplantation Biology Research Center Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hironosuke Watanabe
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jigesh A Shah
- Transplantation Biology Research Center Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hisashi Sahara
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Nomura
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Arsenoi Asfour
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Makenzie Danton
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lennan Boyd
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Adrienne Dardenne Meyers
- Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Orangeburg, New York
| | | | - David H Sachs
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Transplantation Biology Research Center Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Transplantation Biology Research Center Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Kazuhiko Yamada, M.D, PhD., Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, 630 W 168th St, BB1705, New York, NY, USA, Tel: +1-212-304-5695,
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26
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A randomized controlled trial to establish effects of short-term rapamycin treatment in 24 middle-aged companion dogs. GeroScience 2017; 39:117-127. [PMID: 28374166 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is the single greatest risk factor for most causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and their companion animals. As opposed to other model organisms used to study aging, dogs share the human environment, are subject to similar risk factors, receive comparable medical care, and develop many of the same age-related diseases humans do. In this study, 24 middle-aged healthy dogs received either placebo or a non-immunosuppressive dose of rapamycin for 10 weeks. All dogs received clinical and hematological exams before, during, and after the trial and echocardiography before and after the trial. Our results showed no clinical side effects in the rapamycin-treated group compared to dogs receiving the placebo. Echocardiography suggested improvement in both diastolic and systolic age-related measures of heart function (E/A ratio, fractional shortening, and ejection fraction) in the rapamycin-treated dogs. Hematological values remained within the normal range for all parameters studied; however, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was decreased in rapamycin-treated dogs. Based on these results, we will test rapamycin on a larger dog cohort for a longer period of time in order to validate its effects on cardiac function and to determine whether it can significantly improve healthspan and reduce mortality in companion dogs.
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27
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Diehl R, Ferrara F, Müller C, Dreyer AY, McLeod DD, Fricke S, Boltze J. Immunosuppression for in vivo research: state-of-the-art protocols and experimental approaches. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:146-179. [PMID: 27721455 PMCID: PMC5301156 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost every experimental treatment strategy using non-autologous cell, tissue or organ transplantation is tested in small and large animal models before clinical translation. Because these strategies require immunosuppression in most cases, immunosuppressive protocols are a key element in transplantation experiments. However, standard immunosuppressive protocols are often applied without detailed knowledge regarding their efficacy within the particular experimental setting and in the chosen model species. Optimization of such protocols is pertinent to the translation of experimental results to human patients and thus warrants further investigation. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding immunosuppressive drug classes as well as their dosages and application regimens with consideration of species-specific drug metabolization and side effects. It also summarizes contemporary knowledge of novel immunomodulatory strategies, such as the use of mesenchymal stem cells or antibodies. Thus, this review is intended to serve as a state-of-the-art compendium for researchers to refine applied experimental immunosuppression and immunomodulation strategies to enhance the predictive value of preclinical transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Diehl
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Fabienne Ferrara
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charite University Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Claudia Müller
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Antje Y Dreyer
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
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28
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Larson JC, Allstadt SD, Fan TM, Khanna C, Lunghofer PJ, Hansen RJ, Gustafson DL, Legendre AM, Galyon GD, LeBlanc AK, Martin-Jimenez T. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered low-dose rapamycin in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:65-71. [PMID: 26709938 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of orally administered rapamycin in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 5 healthy purpose-bred hounds. PROCEDURES The study consisted of 2 experiments. In experiment 1, each dog received rapamycin (0.1 mg/kg, PO) once; blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after administration. In experiment 2, each dog received rapamycin (0.1 mg/kg, PO) once daily for 5 days; blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 3, 6, 24, 27, 30, 48, 51, 54, 72, 75, 78, 96, 96.5, 97, 98, 100, 102, 108, 120, 144, and 168 hours after the first dose. Blood rapamycin concentration was determined by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by compartmental and noncompartmental analyses. RESULTS Mean ± SD blood rapamycin terminal half-life, area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 48 hours after dosing, and maximum concentration were 38.7 ± 12.7 h, 140 ± 23.9 ng•h/mL, and 8.39 ± 1.73 ng/mL, respectively, for experiment 1, and 99.5 ± 89.5 h, 126 ± 27.1 ng•h/mL, and 5.49 ± 1.99 ng/mL, respectively, for experiment 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters for rapamycin after administration of 5 daily doses differed significantly from those after administration of 1 dose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that oral administration of low-dose (0.1 mg/kg) rapamycin to healthy dogs achieved blood concentrations measured in nanograms per milliliter. The optimal dose and administration frequency of rapamcyin required to achieve therapeutic effects in tumor-bearing dogs, as well as toxicity after chronic dosing, need to be determined.
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29
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LeBlanc AK, Mazcko C, Brown DE, Koehler JW, Miller AD, Miller CR, Bentley RT, Packer RA, Breen M, Boudreau CE, Levine JM, Simpson RM, Halsey C, Kisseberth W, Rossmeisl JH, Dickinson PJ, Fan TM, Corps K, Aldape K, Puduvalli V, Pluhar GE, Gilbert MR. Creation of an NCI comparative brain tumor consortium: informing the translation of new knowledge from canine to human brain tumor patients. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1209-18. [PMID: 27179361 PMCID: PMC4999002 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On September 14-15, 2015, a meeting of clinicians and investigators in the fields of veterinary and human neuro-oncology, clinical trials, neuropathology, and drug development was convened at the National Institutes of Health campus in Bethesda, Maryland. This meeting served as the inaugural event launching a new consortium focused on improving the knowledge, development of, and access to naturally occurring canine brain cancer, specifically glioma, as a model for human disease. Within the meeting, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) assessment was undertaken to critically evaluate the role that naturally occurring canine brain tumors could have in advancing this aspect of comparative oncology aimed at improving outcomes for dogs and human beings. A summary of this meeting and subsequent discussion are provided to inform the scientific and clinical community of the potential for this initiative. Canine and human comparisons represent an unprecedented opportunity to complement conventional brain tumor research paradigms, addressing a devastating disease for which innovative diagnostic and treatment strategies are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Christina Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Diane E Brown
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Jennifer W Koehler
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Rebecca A Packer
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Matthew Breen
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - C Elizabeth Boudreau
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Charles Halsey
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - William Kisseberth
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Peter J Dickinson
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Kara Corps
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Vinay Puduvalli
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - G Elizabeth Pluhar
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (A.K.L, C.M.); American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina (D.E.B); Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (J.W.K); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York (A.D.M); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (R.T.B); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado , (R.A.P); Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (M.B.); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (J.M.L, C.E.B); Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (R.M.S, C.H.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , (W.K.); Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (J.H.R); Department of Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (P.J.D); Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (T.M.F); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C., M.R.G); De
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Kaeberlein M, Creevy KE, Promislow DEL. The dog aging project: translational geroscience in companion animals. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:279-88. [PMID: 27143112 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the basic biology of aging have identified several genetic and pharmacological interventions that appear to modulate the rate of aging in laboratory model organisms, but a barrier to further progress has been the challenge of moving beyond these laboratory discoveries to impact health and quality of life for people. The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, offers a unique opportunity for surmounting this barrier in the near future. In particular, companion dogs share our environment and play an important role in improving the quality of life for millions of people. Here, we present a rationale for increasing the role of companion dogs as an animal model for both basic and clinical geroscience and describe complementary approaches and ongoing projects aimed at achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Zhou Y, Zhao RH, Tseng KF, Li KP, Lu ZG, Liu Y, Han K, Gan ZH, Lin SC, Hu HY, Min DL. Sirolimus induces apoptosis and reverses multidrug resistance in human osteosarcoma cells in vitro via increasing microRNA-34b expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:519-29. [PMID: 26924291 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Multi-drug resistance poses a critical bottleneck in chemotherapy. Given the up-regulation of mTOR pathway in many chemoresistant cancers, we examined whether sirolimus (rapamycin), a first generation mTOR inhibitor, might induce human osteosarcoma (OS) cell apoptosis and increase the sensitivity of OS cells to anticancer drugs in vitro. METHODS Human OS cell line MG63/ADM was treated with sirolimus alone or in combination with doxorubicin (ADM), gemcitabine (GEM) or methotrexate (MTX). Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. MiRNAs in the cells were analyzed with miRNA microarray. The targets of miR-34b were determined based on TargetScan analysis and luciferase reporter assays. The expression of relevant mRNA and proteins was measured using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. MiR-34, PAK1 and ABCB1 levels in 40 tissue samples of OS patients were analyzed using qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization assays. RESULTS Sirolimus (1-100 nmol/L) dose-dependently suppressed the cell proliferation (IC50=23.97 nmol/L) and induced apoptosis. Sirolimus (10 nmol/L) significantly sensitized the cells to anticancer drugs, leading to decreased IC50 values of ADM, GEM and MTX (from 25.48, 621.41 and 21.72 μmol/L to 4.93, 73.92 and 6.77 μmol/L, respectively). Treatment of with sirolimus increased miR-34b levels by a factor of 7.5 in the cells. Upregulation of miR-34b also induced apoptosis and increased the sensitivity of the cells to the anticancer drugs, whereas transfection with miR-34b-AMO, an inhibitor of miR-34b, reversed the anti-proliferation effect of sirolimus. Two key regulators of cell cycle, apoptosis and multiple drug resistance, PAK1 and ABCB1, were demonstrated to be the direct targets of miR-34b. In 40 tissue samples of OS patients, significantly higher miR-34 ISH score and lower PAK5 and ABCB1 scores were detected in the chemo-sensitive group. CONCLUSION Sirolimus increases the sensitivity of human OS cells to anticancer drugs in vitro by up-regulating miR-34b interacting with PAK1 and ABCB1. A low miR-34 level is an indicator of poor prognosis in OS patients.
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Dervisis N, Klahn S. Therapeutic Innovations: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3010004. [PMID: 29056714 PMCID: PMC5644617 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy involving DNA-interacting agents and indiscriminate cell death is no longer the future of cancer management. While chemotherapy is not likely to completely disappear from the armamentarium; the use of targeted therapies in combination with conventional treatment is becoming the standard of care in human medicine. Tyrosine kinases are pivotal points of functional cellular pathways and have been implicated in malignancy, inflammatory, and immune-mediated diseases. Pharmaceutical interventions targeting aberrant tyrosine kinase signaling has exploded and is the second most important area of drug development. The “Valley of Death” between drug discovery and approval threatens to blunt the enormous strides in cancer management seen thus far. Kinase inhibitors, as targeted small molecules, hold promise in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the use of kinase inhibitors in the interpretation and management of cancer. Comparative oncology has the potential to address restrictions and limitations in the advancement in kinase inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dervisis
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 245 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 245 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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LeBlanc AK, Mazcko CN, Khanna C. Defining the Value of a Comparative Approach to Cancer Drug Development. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:2133-8. [PMID: 26712689 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Comparative oncology as a tool in drug development requires a deeper examination of the value of the approach and examples of where this approach can satisfy unmet needs. This review seeks to demonstrate types of drug development questions that are best answered by the comparative oncology approach. We believe common perceived risks of the comparative approach relate to uncertainty of how regulatory bodies will prioritize or react to data generated from these unique studies conducted in diseased animals, and how these new data will affect ongoing human clinical trials. We contend that it is reasonable to consider these data as potentially informative and valuable to cancer drug development, but as supplementary to conventional preclinical studies and human clinical trials particularly as they relate to the identification of drug-associated adverse events. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2133-8. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Christina N Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Milley KM, Nimmo JS, Bacci B, Ryan SD, Richardson SJ, Danks JA. DogMATIC--A Remote Biospecimen Collection Kit for Biobanking. Biopreserv Biobank 2015; 13:247-54. [PMID: 26186583 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2014.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine tumors are valuable comparative oncology models. This research was designed to create a sustainable biobank of canine mammary tumors for breast cancer research. The aim was to provide a well-characterized sample cohort for specimen sharing, data mining, and long-term research aims. Canine mammary tumors are most frequently managed at a local veterinary clinic or hospital. We adopted a biobank framework based on a large number of participating veterinary hospitals and clinics acting as collection centers that were serviced by a centralized storage facility. Recruitment was targeted at rural veterinary clinics. A tailored, stable collection kit (DogMATIC) was designed that was used by veterinarians in remote or rural locations to collect both fresh and fixed tissue for submission to the biobank. To validate this methodology the kit design, collection rate, and sample quality were analyzed. The Australian Veterinary Cancer Biobank was established as a network of 47 veterinary clinics and three veterinary pathology laboratories spanning over 200,000 km(2). In the first 12 months, 30 canine mammary tumor cases were submitted via the DogMATIC kit. Pure intact RNA was isolated in over 80% of samples with an average yield of 14.49 μg. A large network biobank, utilizing off-site collection with the DogMATIC kit, was successfully coordinated. The creation of the Australian Veterinary Cancer Biobank has established a long-term, sustainable, comparative oncology research resource in Australia. There are broader implications for biobanking with this very different form of collection and banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M Milley
- 1 School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University , Bundoora, Australia .,2 Australian Veterinary Cancer Biobank , Bundoora, Australia
| | - Judith S Nimmo
- 3 Australian Specialized Animal Pathology Laboratories , Mulgrave, Australia
| | - Barbara Bacci
- 2 Australian Veterinary Cancer Biobank , Bundoora, Australia .,4 Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne , Werribee, Australia
| | - Stewart D Ryan
- 2 Australian Veterinary Cancer Biobank , Bundoora, Australia .,4 Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne , Werribee, Australia
| | | | - Janine A Danks
- 1 School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University , Bundoora, Australia .,2 Australian Veterinary Cancer Biobank , Bundoora, Australia .,5 Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
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Paoloni M, Mazcko C, Selting K, Lana S, Barber L, Phillips J, Skorupski K, Vail D, Wilson H, Biller B, Avery A, Kiupel M, LeBlanc A, Bernhardt A, Brunkhorst B, Tighe R, Khanna C. Defining the Pharmacodynamic Profile and Therapeutic Index of NHS-IL12 Immunocytokine in Dogs with Malignant Melanoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129954. [PMID: 26091536 PMCID: PMC4474860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that mediates T-helper type 1 responses and cytotoxic T-cell activation, contributing to its utility as anti-cancer agent. Systemic administration of IL-12 often results in unacceptable toxicity; therefore, strategies to direct delivery of IL-12 to tumors are under investigation. The objective of this study was to assist the preclinical development of NHS-IL12, an immunocytokine consisting of an antibody, which targets necrotic tumor regions, linked to IL-12. Specifically this study sought to evaluate the safety, serum pharmacokinetics, anti-tumor activity, and immune modulation of NHS-IL12 in dogs with naturally occurring cancers. Methodology/Principal Findings A rapid dose-escalation study of NHS-IL12 administered subcutaneously to dogs with melanoma was conducted through the Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium (COTC). Eleven dogs were enrolled in four dose-escalation cohorts; thereafter, an additional seven dogs were treated at the defined tolerable dose of 0.8 mg/m2. The expanded cohort at this fixed dose (ten dogs in total) was accrued for further pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics assessment. NHS-IL12 levels, serum cytokine concentrations, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell characterization (post-treatment) and draining lymph node immune profiling, and tumor biopsies (pre- and post-treatment) were collected. Adverse events included thrombocytopenia, liver enzymopathies, fever, and vasculitis. Correlation between interferon (IFN)-γ induction, adverse events, and NHS-IL12 exposure (maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve) were dose-dependent. Serum IL-10 levels and intratumoral CD8+ populations increased after treatment. Partial responses, according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria, were observed in two dogs treated with NHS-IL12 0.8 mg/m2 and 1.6 mg/m2. Conclusions/Significance NHS-IL12 was administered safely to dogs with melanoma and both immunologic and clinical activity was observed. This study successfully defined a narrow therapeutic window for systemic delivery of NHS-IL12 via the subcutaneous route. Results will inform the design and implementation of first-in-human clinical trials of NHS-IL12 in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Selting
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan Lana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lisa Barber
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine Skorupski
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David Vail
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Heather Wilson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Biller
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne Avery
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matti Kiupel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amy LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Bernhardt
- EMD-Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beatrice Brunkhorst
- EMD-Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Tighe
- EMD-Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fenger JM, London CA, Kisseberth WC. Canine osteosarcoma: a naturally occurring disease to inform pediatric oncology. ILAR J 2015; 55:69-85. [PMID: 24936031 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common form of malignant bone cancer in children and dogs, although the disease occurs in dogs approximately 10 times more frequently than in people. Multidrug chemotherapy and aggressive surgical techniques have improved survival; however, new therapies for OSA are critical, as little improvement in survival times has been achieved in either dogs or people over the past 15 years, even with significant efforts directed at the incorporation of novel therapeutic approaches. Both clinical and molecular evidence suggests that human and canine OSA share many key features, including tumor location, presence of microscopic metastatic disease at diagnosis, development of chemotherapy-resistant metastases, and altered expression/activation of several proteins (e.g. Met, ezrin, phosphatase and tensin homolog, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), and p53 mutations, among others. Additionally, canine and pediatric OSA exhibit overlapping transcriptional profiles and shared DNA copy number aberrations, supporting the notion that these diseases are similar at the molecular level. This review will discuss the similarities between pediatric and canine OSA with regard to histology, biologic behavior, and molecular genetic alterations that indicate canine OSA is a relevant, spontaneous, large animal model of the pediatric disease and outline how the study of naturally occurring OSA in dogs will offer additional insights into the biology and future treatment of this disease in both children and dogs.
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Veterinary oncology clinical trials: design and implementation. Vet J 2014; 205:226-32. [PMID: 25582798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent increase in interest among veterinarians and the larger biomedical community in the evaluation of novel cancer therapies in client-owned (pet) animals with spontaneous cancer. This includes novel drugs designed to be veterinary therapeutics, as well as agents for which data generated in animals with tumors may inform human clinical trial design and implementation. An understanding of the process involved in moving a therapeutic agent through the stages of clinical evaluation is critical to the successful implementation of clinical investigations, as well as interpretation of the veterinary oncology literature. This review outlines considerations in the design and conduct of the various phases of oncology clinical trials, along with recent adaptations/modifications of these basic designs that can enhance the generation of timely and meaningful clinical data.
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Paoloni M, Webb C, Mazcko C, Cherba D, Hendricks W, Lana S, Ehrhart EJ, Charles B, Fehling H, Kumar L, Vail D, Henson M, Childress M, Kitchell B, Kingsley C, Kim S, Neff M, Davis B, Khanna C, Trent J. Prospective molecular profiling of canine cancers provides a clinically relevant comparative model for evaluating personalized medicine (PMed) trials. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90028. [PMID: 24637659 PMCID: PMC3956546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecularly-guided trials (i.e. PMed) now seek to aid clinical decision-making by matching cancer targets with therapeutic options. Progress has been hampered by the lack of cancer models that account for individual-to-individual heterogeneity within and across cancer types. Naturally occurring cancers in pet animals are heterogeneous and thus provide an opportunity to answer questions about these PMed strategies and optimize translation to human patients. In order to realize this opportunity, it is now necessary to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting molecularly-guided analysis of tumors from dogs with naturally occurring cancer in a clinically relevant setting. METHODOLOGY A proof-of-concept study was conducted by the Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium (COTC) to determine if tumor collection, prospective molecular profiling, and PMed report generation within 1 week was feasible in dogs. Thirty-one dogs with cancers of varying histologies were enrolled. Twenty-four of 31 samples (77%) successfully met all predefined QA/QC criteria and were analyzed via Affymetrix gene expression profiling. A subsequent bioinformatics workflow transformed genomic data into a personalized drug report. Average turnaround from biopsy to report generation was 116 hours (4.8 days). Unsupervised clustering of canine tumor expression data clustered by cancer type, but supervised clustering of tumors based on the personalized drug report clustered by drug class rather than cancer type. CONCLUSIONS Collection and turnaround of high quality canine tumor samples, centralized pathology, analyte generation, array hybridization, and bioinformatic analyses matching gene expression to therapeutic options is achievable in a practical clinical window (<1 week). Clustering data show robust signatures by cancer type but also showed patient-to-patient heterogeneity in drug predictions. This lends further support to the inclusion of a heterogeneous population of dogs with cancer into the preclinical modeling of personalized medicine. Future comparative oncology studies optimizing the delivery of PMed strategies may aid cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Craig Webb
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christina Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Cherba
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William Hendricks
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Susan Lana
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brad Charles
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Heather Fehling
- Clinical Reference Laboratory, Lenexa, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Leena Kumar
- Clinical Reference Laboratory, Lenexa, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David Vail
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Henson
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael Childress
- Purdue University, School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Barbara Kitchell
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher Kingsley
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mark Neff
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Barbara Davis
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Trent
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
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Ranieri G, Gadaleta CD, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Daidone MG, Hansson MG, Paradiso A, Ribatti D. A model of study for human cancer: Spontaneous occurring tumors in dogs. Biological features and translation for new anticancer therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:187-97. [PMID: 23561333 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine cancer models have been extremely useful for analyzing the biology of pathways involved in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. Interestingly, several murine cancer models also exhibit heterogeneity, genomic instability and an intact immune system. However, they do not adequately represent several features that define cancer in humans, including long periods of latency, the complex biology of cancer recurrence and metastasis and outcomes to novel therapies. Therefore, additional models that better investigate the human disease are needed. In the pet population, with special references to the dog, cancer is a spontaneous disease and dogs naturally develop cancers that share many characteristics with human malignancies. More than 40 years ago, optimization of bone marrow transplantation protocols was undertaken in dogs and recently novel targeted therapies such as liposomal muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine and several tyrosine kinase inhibitors, namely masitinib (AB1010) and toceranib phosphate (SU11654), have been developed to treat dog tumors which have then been translated to human clinical trials. In this review article, we will analyze biological data from dog tumors and comparative features with human tumors, and new therapeutic approaches translated from dog to human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Yao C, Wei JJ, Wang ZY, Ding HM, Li D, Yan SC, Yang YJ, Gu ZP. Perifosine induces cell apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells: new implication for osteosarcoma therapy? Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 65:217-27. [PMID: 23015227 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances of adjuvant chemotherapy and significant improvement of survival, the prognosis for patients with osteosarcoma is generally poor. The search for more effective anti-osteosarcoma agents is necessary and urgent. Here we report that perifosine induces cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in cultured human osteosarcoma cells. Perifosine blocks Akt/mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, while promoting caspase-3, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p53 activation. Further, perifosine inhibits survivin expression probably by disrupting its association with heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90). These signaling changes together were responsible for a marked increase of osteosarcoma cell apoptosis and growth inhibition. Finally, we found that a low dose of perifosine enhanced etoposide- or doxorubicin-induced anti-OS cells activity. The results together suggest that perifosine might be used as a novel and effective anti-osteosarcoma agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Cekanova M, Uddin MJ, Legendre AM, Galyon G, Bartges JW, Callens A, Martin-Jimenez T, Marnett LJ. Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of fluorocoxib A: pilot study of novel cyclooxygenase-2-targeted optical imaging agent in a canine model. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:116002. [PMID: 23117797 PMCID: PMC3484194 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated preclinical single-dose safety, pharmacokinetic properties, and specific uptake of the new optical imaging agent fluorocoxib A in dogs. Fluorocoxib A, N-[(5-carboxy-X-rhodaminyl)but-4-yl]-2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetamide, selectively binds and inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, which is overexpressed in many cancers. Safety pilot studies were performed in research dogs following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg fluorocoxib A. Blood and urine samples collected three days after administration of each dose of fluorocoxib A revealed no evidence of toxicity, and no clinically relevant adverse events were noted on physical examination of exposed dogs over that time period. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed in additional research dogs from plasma collected at several time points after i.v. administration of fluorocoxib A using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The pharmacokinetic studies using 1 mg/kg showed a peak of fluorocoxib A (92±28 ng/ml) in plasma collected at 0.5 h. Tumor specific uptake of fluorocoxib A was demonstrated using a dog diagnosed with colorectal cancer expressing COX-2. Our data support the safe single-dose administration and in vivo efficacy of fluorocoxib A, suggesting a high potential for successful translation to clinical use as an imaging agent for improved tumor detection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cekanova
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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Kumar S, Mokhtari RB, Yeger H, Baruchel S. Preclinical models for pediatric solid tumor drug discovery: current trends, challenges and the scopes for improvement. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1093-106. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.722077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lab reports and cat scans: can veterinary oncology guide our way to new treatments for human cancers? Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1391-4. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Chen YT, Tan KA, Pang LY, Argyle DJ. The class I PI3K/Akt pathway is critical for cancer cell survival in dogs and offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:73. [PMID: 22647622 PMCID: PMC3515332 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using novel small-molecular inhibitors, we explored the feasibility of the class I PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in canine oncology either by using pathway inhibitors alone, in combination or combined with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro. RESULTS We demonstrate that growth and survival of the cell lines tested are predominantly dependent on class I PI3K/Akt signaling rather than mTORC1 signaling. In addition, the newly developed inhibitors ZSTK474 and KP372-1 which selectively target pan-class I PI3K and Akt, respectively, and Rapamycin which has been well-established as highly specific mTOR inhibitor, decrease viability of canine cancer cell lines. All inhibitors demonstrated inhibition of phosphorylation of pathway members. Annexin V staining demonstrated that KP372-1 is a potent inducer of apoptosis whereas ZSTK474 and Rapamycin are weaker inducers of apoptosis. Simultaneous inhibition of class I PI3K and mTORC1 by ZSTK474 combined with Rapamycin additively or synergistically reduced cell viability whereas responses to the PI3K pathway inhibitors in combination with conventional drug Doxorubicin were cell line-dependent. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the importance of class I PI3K/Akt axis signaling in canine tumour cells and identifies it as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, EH25 9RG
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Rankin KS, Starkey M, Lunec J, Gerrand CH, Murphy S, Biswas S. Of dogs and men: comparative biology as a tool for the discovery of novel biomarkers and drug development targets in osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:327-33. [PMID: 21990244 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The similarities between human and canine osteosarcoma with regard to histology, biological behavior and molecular genetic alterations suggest that the dog provides a supplementary model for the development and preclinical testing of novel therapeutics. Counter intuitively, careful examination of the differences between OS in the two species may also be rewarding in terms of increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis of this cancer. This review will discuss the arguments in favor of the "dog model" and outline how the evaluation of treatment strategies in dogs has indicated avenues for improvement of protocols for human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Rankin
- Sarcoma Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University and North of England Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Service, Framlington Place, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Osborne TS, Khanna C. A review of the association between osteosarcoma metastasis and protein translation. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:132-42. [PMID: 22297074 PMCID: PMC3496179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The malignant transformation of mesenchymal cells within the bone leads to the development of osteosarcoma (OS), but the genetic underpinnings of these events are not understood. From a clinical perspective, primary tumour management can be achieved successfully in most patients. However, the development of metastasis to the lungs represents the most common cause of death in OS patients. A clearer understanding of metastasis biology is required to improve cancer mortality and improve outcomes. Modelling the genetics, biology and therapy of OS can be accomplished through research involving a number of species. Most notable is the naturally occurring form of OS that develops in dogs. Through a cross-species and comparative approach important questions can be asked within specific and suitable models to advance our understanding of this disease and its common metastatic outcome. A comparative perspective on the problem of OS metastasis that utilizes a cross-species approach may offer unique opportunities to assist in this prioritization and generate new hypotheses related to this important clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Osborne
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Choy E, Hornicek F, MacConaill L, Harmon D, Tariq Z, Garraway L, Duan Z. High-throughput genotyping in osteosarcoma identifies multiple mutations in phosphoinositide-3-kinase and other oncogenes. Cancer 2011; 118:2905-14. [PMID: 22006429 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of new genes that are mutated in osteosarcomas is critical to developing a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this disease and discovering new targets for therapeutic development. METHODS The authors identified somatic nonsynonymous coding mutations in oncogenes associated with human cancers and hotspot mutations from tumor suppressor genes that were either well described in the literature or observed multiple times in human cancer sequencing efforts. Then, 961 mutations in 89 genes were systematically characterized across 98 osteosarcoma tumor samples and cell lines. All identified mutations were replicated on an independent platform using homogeneous mass extend matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS In total, 14 mutations were identified in at least 1 osteosarcoma tumor sample or cell line. Some of the genetic changes identified were in tumor suppressor genes previously identified as altered in osteosarcoma: p53 (arginine→histidine at codon 273 [R273H], R→cysteine at codon 723 [R273C], and tyrosine→C at codon 163 [Y163C]) and retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) (glutamic acid→* at codon 137 [E137*]). Notably, multiple mutations were identified in phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), catalytic, alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA) (H1047R, E→lysine at codon 545 [E545K], and H→proline at codon 701 [H701P]) that were not observed previously in osteosarcoma. In addition, mutations in v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) (glycine→serine at codon 12 [G12S]); cubilin (CUBN) (isolucine→valine at codon 3189 [I3189V]; observed in 2 separate tumor samples); cadherin 1, type 1, epithelial (CDH1) (alanine→threonine at codon 617 [A617T]; observed in 2 separate tumor samples); catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88 kDa (CTNNB1) (asparagine→S at codon 287 [N287S]); and fibrous sheath CABYR binding protein (FSCB) (S→leucine at codon 775 [S775L]) were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this largest mutational profiling of osteosarcoma to date, the authors identified for the first time several mutations involving the PI3K pathway, adding osteosarcoma to the growing list of malignancies with PI3K mutations. In addition, they initiated a mutational map detailing DNA sequence changes across a variety of osteosarcoma subtypes and offered new candidates for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Choy
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Noh K, Kim KO, Patel NR, Staples JR, Minematsu H, Nair K, Young-In Lee F. Targeting inflammatory kinase as an adjuvant treatment for osteosarcomas. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93:723-32. [PMID: 21508279 PMCID: PMC6882535 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of patients with aggressive osteosarcomas responds poorly to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Recent evidence from studies involving the liver, skin, stomach, and colon suggests that carcinogenesis is associated with inflammation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) has diverse roles in cancer and inflammation. The hypothesis of the present study is that targeted ERK1/2 inhibition will demonstrate anti-cancer effects in osteosarcoma both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The therapeutic effect of PD98059, a MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitor, was examined with respect to cell death, survival, and anti-apoptotic protein expression by means of flow cytometry and immunoblotting in vitro. Additionally, we transplanted green fluorescent protein and luciferase-tagged 143B osteosarcoma cells into the proximal part of the tibia of nude mice. Mice were randomly assigned to treatment with doxorubicin, PD98059, or both. Vehicle-treated mice served as controls. Treatment outcome was assessed by measuring bioluminescence and by monitoring survival. RESULTS In vitro, ERK1/2 blockage increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and increased cell death in 143B osteosarcoma cells. Doxorubicin treatment increased the expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, but this upregulation was blocked by combined treatment with PD98059, suggesting a role for ERK1/2 in conferring drug resistance. In osteosarcoma-bearing mice, targeting ERK1/2 with PD98059 resulted in prolonged survival in comparison with vehicle-treated control mice (median survival time, sixty-seven days compared with seventy-four days; p = 0.0272; survival ratio = 0.9122; 95% confidence interval = 0.4354 to 1.389). Standalone doxorubicin treatment yielded similar animal morbidity (median survival time, sixty-seven days compared with seventy-six days; p = 0.0170; survival ratio = 0.8882; 95% confidence interval = 0.4181 to 1.358). Combined PD98059 and doxorubicin treatment further prolonged survival (median survival time, sixty-seven days compared with eighty-two days; p = 0.0023; survival ratio = 0.8232; 95% confidence interval = 0.3606 to 1.286). CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting ERK1/2 signaling resulted in osteosarcoma cell death by upregulating pro-apoptotic genes and inhibiting the Bcl-2-mediated resistance to doxorubicin. In osteosarcoma-bearing mice, ERK1/2 targeting alone or in combination with doxorubicin prolonged survival as compared with untreated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyucheol Noh
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Kyung-Ok Kim
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Neel R. Patel
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - J. Robert Staples
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Hiroshi Minematsu
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Kumar Nair
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Francis Young-In Lee
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
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Weichselbaumer M, Willmann M, Reifinger M, Singer J, Bajna E, Sobanov Y, Mechtcherikova D, Selzer E, Thalhammer JG, Kammerer R, Jensen-Jarolim E. Phylogenetic discordance of human and canine carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, CEACAM) families, but striking identity of the CEA receptors will impact comparative oncology studies. PLOS CURRENTS 2011; 3:RRN1223. [PMID: 21436956 PMCID: PMC3059814 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparative oncology aims at speeding up developments for both, human and companion animal cancer patients. Following this line, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, CEACAM5) could be a therapeutic target not only for human but also for canine (Canis lupus familiaris; dog) patients. CEACAM5 interacts with CEA-receptor (CEAR) in the cytoplasm of human cancer cells. Our aim was, therefore, to phylogenetically verify the antigenic relationship of CEACAM molecules and CEAR in human and canine cancer. Anti-human CEACAM5 antibody Col-1, previously being applied for cancer diagnosis in dogs, immunohistochemically reacted to 23 out of 30 canine mammary cancer samples. In immunoblot analyses Col-1 specifically detected human CEACAM5 at 180 kDa in human colon cancer cells HT29, and the canine antigen at 60, 120, or 180 kDa in CF33 and CF41 mammary carcinoma cells as well as in spontaneous mammary tumors. While according to phylogenicity canine CEACAM1 molecules should be most closely related to human CEACAM5, Col-1 did not react with canine CEACAM1, -23, -24, -25, -28 or -30 transfected to canine TLM-1 cells. By flow cytometry the Col-1 target molecule was localized intracellularly in canine CF33 and CF41 cells, in contrast to membranous and cytoplasmic expression of human CEACAM5 in HT29. Col-1 incubation had neither effect on canine nor human cancer cell proliferation. Yet, Col-1 treatment decreased AKT-phosphorylation in canine CF33 cells possibly suggestive of anti-apoptotic function, whereas Col-1 increased AKT-phosphorylation in human HT29 cells. We report further a 99% amino acid similarity of human and canine CEA receptor (CEAR) within the phylogenetic tree. CEAR could be detected in four canine cancer cell lines by immunoblot and intracellularly in 10 out of 10 mammary cancer specimens from dog by immunohistochemistry. Whether the specific canine Col-1 target molecule may as functional analogue to human CEACAM5 act as ligand to canine CEAR, remains to be defined. This study demonstrates the limitations of comparative oncology due to the complex functional evolution of the different CEACAM molecules in humans versus dogs. In contrast, CEAR may be a comprehensive interspecies target for novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Weichselbaumer
- Clinic for Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Dept. 4, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna and Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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