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Chavda VP, Pandya A, Kypreos E, Patravale V, Apostolopoulos V. Chlamydia trachomatis: quest for an eye-opening vaccine breakthrough. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:771-781. [PMID: 35470769 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2061461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis, commonly referred to as chlamydia (a bacterium), is a common sexually transmitted infection, and if attended to early, it can be treatable. However, if left untreated it can lead to serious consequences. C. trachomatis infects both females and males although its occurrence in females is more common, and it can spread to the eyes causing disease and in some case blindness. AREA COVERED With ongoing attempts in the most impoverished regions of the country, trachoma will be eradicated as a blinding disease by the year 2022. A prophylactic vaccine candidate with established safety and efficacy is a cogent tool to achieve this goal. This manuscript covers the vaccine development programs for chlamydial infection. EXPERT OPINION Currently, the Surgery Antibiotics Facial Environmental (SAFE) program is being implemented in endemic countries in order to reduce transmission and control of the disease. Vaccines have been shown over the years to protect against infectious diseases. Charge variant-based adjuvant can also be used for the successful delivery of chlamydial specific antigen for efficient vaccine delivery through nano delivery platform. Thus, a vaccine against C. trachomatis would be of great public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad India
| | - Anjali Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai India
| | - Erica Kypreos
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai India
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC Australia
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Araki H, Pang X, Komatsu N, Soejima M, Miyata N, Takaki M, Muta S, Sasada T, Noguchi M, Koda Y, Itoh K, Kuhara S, Tashiro K. Haptoglobin promoter polymorphism rs5472 as a prognostic biomarker for peptide vaccine efficacy in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1565-73. [PMID: 26428930 PMCID: PMC11028849 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) is an attractive approach to cancer immunotherapy with strong immune-boosting effects conferring significant clinical benefit. However, as with most therapeutic agents, there is a difference in clinical efficacy among patients receiving PPV. Therefore, a useful biomarker is urgently needed for prognosticating clinical outcomes to preselect patients who would benefit the most from PPV. In this retrospective study, to detect a molecular prognosticator of clinical outcomes for PPV, we analyzed whole-genome gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients before administration of PPV. Cox regression analysis revealed that mRNA expression of myeloperoxidase, haptoglobin, and neutrophil elastase was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) among vaccinated CRPC patients (adjusted P < 0.01). By promoter sequence analysis of these three genes, we found that rs5472 of haptoglobin (HP), an acute-phase plasma glycoprotein, was strongly correlated to OS of vaccinated CRPC patients (P = 0.0047, hazard ratio 0.47; 95 % confidence interval 0.28-0.80). Furthermore, both HP mRNA expression in PBMCs and protein level in plasma of CRPC patients before administration of PPV exhibited rs5472 dependence (P < 0.001 for mRNA expression and P < 0.05 for protein level). Our findings suggest that rs5472 may play an important role in the immune response to PPV via regulation of HP. Thus, we concluded that rs5472 is a potential prognostic biomarker for PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Araki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Xiaoliang Pang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Komatsu
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Mikiko Soejima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Nawoe Miyata
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mari Takaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shigeru Muta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masanori Noguchi
- Clinical Research Division of Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Koda
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Human Genetics, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kyogo Itoh
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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Derrick T, Roberts CH, Last AR, Burr SE, Holland MJ. Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydial Infection in the Era of Genomics. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:791847. [PMID: 26424969 PMCID: PMC4573990 DOI: 10.1155/2015/791847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is a blinding disease usually caused by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) serovars A, B, and C in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. Individuals in endemic regions are repeatedly infected with Ct throughout childhood. A proportion of individuals experience prolonged or severe inflammatory episodes that are known to be significant risk factors for ocular scarring in later life. Continued scarring often leads to trichiasis and in-turning of the eyelashes, which causes pain and can eventually cause blindness. The mechanisms driving the chronic immunopathology in the conjunctiva, which largely progresses in the absence of detectable Ct infection in adults, are likely to be multifactorial. Socioeconomic status, education, and behavior have been identified as contributing to the risk of scarring and inflammation. We focus on the contribution of host and pathogen genetic variation, bacterial ecology of the conjunctiva, and host epigenetic imprinting including small RNA regulation by both host and pathogen in the development of ocular pathology. Each of these factors or processes contributes to pathogenic outcomes in other inflammatory diseases and we outline their potential role in trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn Derrick
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chrissy h. Roberts
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anna R. Last
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah E. Burr
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Minchella PA, Donkor S, Owolabi O, Sutherland JS, McDermid JM. Complex anemia in tuberculosis: the need to consider causes and timing when designing interventions. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:764-72. [PMID: 25428413 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is common in tuberculosis, and multiple etiologies necessitate targeted interventions. The proportion of iron-responsive anemia due to iron deficiency compared with iron-unresponsive anemia due to impaired iron absorption/redistribution from tuberculosis-associated immune activation or inflammation is unknown. This impedes selection of safe and effective treatment and appropriate intervention timing. METHODS Baseline hemoglobin, ferritin, hepcidin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and transferrin were measured in 45 patients with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (cases), 47 tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive controls, and 39 TST-negative controls in The Gambia. Tuberculosis cases were additionally followed 2 and 6 months after tuberculosis treatment initiation. Mutually exclusive anemia categories based on iron biomarker concentrations were iron deficiency anemia (IDA), anemia of inflammation (AI), and multifactorial anemia (IDA+AI). RESULTS Anemia was more frequent in tuberculosis cases (67%) than in TST-positive (36%) or TST-negative (21%) controls. AI was the predominant anemia at tuberculosis diagnosis, declining from 36% to 8% after 6 months of treatment; however, a corresponding reduction was not evident for anemia with iron-responsive components (IDA, IDA+AI). Iron biomarkers discriminated between active tuberculosis and TST-positive or TST-negative controls, as well as between active untreated and treated tuberculosis. This was most noticeable for hepcidin, which decreased from a median of 84.0 ng/mL at diagnosis to 9.7 ng/mL after 2 months (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Tuberculosis chemotherapy is associated with significant reductions in AI, but IDA and IDA+AI remain unresolved. Iron-based interventions are needed for IDA and IDA+AI, and monitoring of iron biomarkers reveals a window for intervention opening as early as 2 months into tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Minchella
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Simon Donkor
- Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Olumuyiwa Owolabi
- Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Joann M McDermid
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Braithwaite V, Jones KS, Assar S, Schoenmakers I, Prentice A. Predictors of intact and C-terminal fibroblast growth factor 23 in Gambian children. Endocr Connect 2013; 3:1-10. [PMID: 24258305 PMCID: PMC3869962 DOI: 10.1530/ec-13-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated C-terminal fibroblast growth factor 23 (C-FGF23) concentrations have been reported in Gambian children with and without putative Ca-deficiency rickets. The aims of this study were to investigate whether i) elevated C-FGF23 concentrations in Gambian children persist long term; ii) they are associated with higher intact FGF23 concentrations (I-FGF23), poor iron status and shorter 25-hydroxyvitamin D half-life (25OHD-t1/2); and iii) the persistence and predictors of elevated FGF23 concentrations differ between children with and without a history of rickets. Children (8-16 years, n=64) with a history of rickets and a C-FGF23 concentration >125 RU/ml (bone deformity (BD), n=20) and local community children with a previously measured elevated C-FGF23 concentration (LC+, n=20) or a previously measured C-FGF23 concentration within the normal range (LC-, n=24) participated. BD children had no remaining signs of bone deformities. C-FGF23 concentration had normalised in BD children, but remained elevated in LC+ children. All the children had I-FGF23 concentration within the normal range, but I-FGF23 concentration was higher and iron status poorer in LC+ children. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was the strongest negative predictor of I-FGF23 concentration (R(2)=18%; P=0.0006) and soluble transferrin receptor was the strongest positive predictor of C-FGF23 concentration (R(2)=33%; P≤0.0001). C-FGF23 and I-FGF23 concentrations were poorly correlated with each other (R(2)=5.3%; P=0.07). 25OHD-t1/2 was shorter in BD children than in LC- children (mean (s.d.): 24.5 (6.1) and 31.5 (11.5) days respectively; P=0.05). This study demonstrated that elevated C-FGF23 concentrations normalised over time in Gambian children with a history of rickets but not in local children, suggesting a different aetiology; that children with resolved rickets had a shorter 25OHD-t1/2, suggesting a long-standing increased expenditure of 25OHD, and that iron deficiency is a predictor of elevated C-FGF23 concentrations in both groups of Gambian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie Braithwaite
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition ResearchElsie Widdowson LaboratoriesFulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NLUK
| | - Kerry S Jones
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition ResearchElsie Widdowson LaboratoriesFulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NLUK
- MRC Keneba, KenebaWest KiangThe Gambia
| | - Shima Assar
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition ResearchElsie Widdowson LaboratoriesFulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NLUK
| | - Inez Schoenmakers
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition ResearchElsie Widdowson LaboratoriesFulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NLUK
| | - Ann Prentice
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition ResearchElsie Widdowson LaboratoriesFulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NLUK
- MRC Keneba, KenebaWest KiangThe Gambia
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Speeckaert R, Colebunders B, Boelaert JR, Brochez L, Van Acker J, Van Wanzeele F, Hemmer R, Speeckaert MM, Verhofstede C, De Buyzere M, Arendt V, Plum J, Delanghe JR. Association of haptoglobin phenotypes with the development of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV patients. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:763-9. [PMID: 21748360 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare cutaneous tumor caused by human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) infection that preferentially develops in case of severe immunosuppression, such as in HIV/AIDS disease. Haptoglobin (Hp), a polymorphic multifunctional plasma protein, exerts several immunomodulatory effects and is characterized by a genetic polymorphism leading to three major phenotypes (Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1 and Hp 2-2). This study investigated the influence of Hp genetic polymorphism on the development of KS in HIV-positive patients. 661 HIV patients were enrolled in the study with a median age of 35 years and a median follow-up time of 57 months. Hp phenotyping was performed using hemoglobin-supplemented starch gel electrophoresis. In case of low Hp concentration high pressure gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) was used. The Hp 1-1 phenotype was associated with a significant higher risk of KS compared to the combined group of Hp 2-1 and Hp 2-2 patients (p < 0.0005) which remained significant after adjustment for possible confounding variables (age, gender and AIDS status) (p < 0.001). In contrast, the Hp 2-1 phenotype carried the lowest risk. These findings point to the involvement of Hp phenotypes in the pathogenesis of KS, which may be due to a difference in skin immunosurveillance between the Hp phenotypes.
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