1
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Wu R, Zhu Q, Katayama S, Tian Y, Li J, Fujiwara K, Narimatsu Y. Early life history affects fish size mainly by indirectly regulating the growth during each stage: a case study in a demersal fish. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:75-84. [PMID: 37077289 PMCID: PMC10077272 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The complex life histories of demersal fishes are artificially separated into multiple stages along with changes in morphology and habitat. It is worth exploring whether the phenotypes expressed earlier and later during the life cycle are related or decoupled. The life stages of first year Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) were tracked over different hatch years and regions to test whether the early life history had a long-lasting effect on subsequent growth. We further explored the contribution of growth in the early and subsequent life history stages to body size at the end of each stage. In addition to the accessory growth centre and the first annual ring, the other two checks on the otolith possibly related to settlement and entering deeper waters were identified in 75 Pacific cod individuals. The direct and indirect relationships among the life history stages was interpreted based on path analysis. The results showed that growth prior to the formation of the accessory growth centre had a significant effect on the absolute growth of the fish before and after settlement and migration to deep water. However, there was no or moderate evidence that early growth affected the body size at each stage, which was mainly regulated by growth during the stage. This study supports the lasting effect of early growth and clarifies that it affects size mainly by indirectly regulating staged growth. Quantifying the phenotype relationships and identifying the internal mechanisms form the basis for assessing population dynamics and understanding the processes behind the changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00145-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Aoba, Sendai 981-8555 Japan
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Qinghuan Zhu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Aoba, Sendai 981-8555 Japan
| | - Satoshi Katayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Aoba, Sendai 981-8555 Japan
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Kunihiro Fujiwara
- Niigata Field Station, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, 220-6115 Japan
| | - Yoji Narimatsu
- Hachinohe Field Station, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, 220-6115 Japan
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2
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Does Exposure to Predator Cues Influence Movement Behavior of Postmetamorphic Juvenile Rana aurora? J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/21-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Hammond TT, Swaisgood RR, Jacobs LE, Curtis MJ, McCormick BA, Hornfeldt JA, Trotman EM, Shier DM. Age‐dependent effects of developmental experience on morphology, performance, dispersal and survival in a translocated, endangered species. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric M. Trotman
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Escondido CA USA
- Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Debra M. Shier
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Escondido CA USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
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4
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Boelter T, Moreira LFB, Pires MM, Stenert C, Maltchik L. Growing a fin: wetland and upland effects on tadpole morphology of Scinax squalirostris (Anura: Hylidae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-022-00557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Reyes YM, Robinson SA, De Silva AO, Brinovcar C, Trudeau VL. Exposure to the synthetic phenolic antioxidant 4,4'-thiobis(6-t-butyl-m-cresol) disrupts early development in the frog Silurana tropicalis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132814. [PMID: 34774609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals in commonly used household and industrial products are being released into the environment, yet their toxicity is poorly understood. The synthetic phenolic antioxidant, 4,4'-thiobis(6-t-butyl-m-cresol) (CAS 96-69-5; TBBC) is present in many common products made of rubber and plastic. Yet, this phenolic antioxidant has not been tested for potential toxicity and developmental disruption in amphibians, a sensitive and susceptible class. We investigated whether acute and chronic exposure to TBBC would interfere with thyroid hormone-dependent developmental processes in the frog Silurana tropicalis and thus affect its early life-stage development. We exposed S. tropicalis embryos at the Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) 9-10 stage to TBBC at nominal concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 μg/L) to determine the 96h lethal concentrations and sublethal effects. We conducted a chronic exposure starting at stage NF47-48 to three sublethal TBBC nominal concentrations (0, 0.002, 0.1 and 5 μg/L) for 48-52 days to evaluate effects on growth and metamorphosis. The 96h lethal and effective (malformations) TBBC concentrations (LC50 and EC50) were 70.5 and 76.5 μg/L, respectively. Acute exposure to all TBBC concentrations affected S. tropicalis growth and was lethal at 200 and 400 μg/L. Chronic exposure to sublethal TBBC concentrations reduced body size by 8% at 5 μg/L and body mass by 17% at 0.002 μg/L when metamorphosis was completed. This study demonstrates that TBBC is toxic, induces malformations and inhibits tadpole growth after acute and chronic exposures. These findings call for further investigations on the mode of actions of TBBC and related antioxidants for developmental disruption in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yol Monica Reyes
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9B4, Canada.
| | - Stacey A Robinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Cassandra Brinovcar
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9B4, Canada.
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6
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Sowersby W, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Rowiński PK, Balogh J, Eiler S, Upstone JD, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Rogell B. The relative effects of pace of life-history and habitat characteristics on the evolution of sexual ornaments: A comparative assessment. Evolution 2021; 76:114-127. [PMID: 34545942 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selection may favor greater investment into sexual ornaments when opportunities for future reproduction are limited, for example, under high adult mortality. However, predation, a key driver of mortality, typically selects against elaborate sexual ornaments. Here, we examine the evolution of sexual ornaments in killifishes, which have marked contrasts in life-history strategy among species and inhabit environments that differ in accessibility to aquatic predators. We first assessed if the size of sexual ornaments (unpaired fins) influenced swimming performance. Second, we investigated whether the evolution of larger ornamental fins is driven primarily by the pace of life-history (investment into current vs. future reproduction) or habitat type (a proxy for predation risk). We found that larger fins negatively affected swimming performance. Further, males from species inhabiting ephemeral habitats, with lower predation risk, had larger fins and greater sexual dimorphism in fin size, compared to males from more accessible permanent habitats. We show that enlarged ornamental fins, which impair locomotion, evolve more frequently in environments that are less accessible to predators, without clear associations to life-history strategy. Our results provide a rare link between the evolution of sexual ornaments, effects on locomotion performance, and natural selection on ornament size potentially through habitat differences in predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Simon Eckerström-Liedholm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Wild Animal Initiative, Washington, D.C., 20010
| | - Piotr K Rowiński
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Julia Balogh
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Stefan Eiler
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Joseph D Upstone
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, SE-17893, Sweden
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7
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Kapila R, Kashyap M, Gulati A, Narasimhan A, Poddar S, Mukhopadhaya A, Prasad NG. Evolution of sex-specific heat stress tolerance and larval Hsp70 expression in populations of Drosophila melanogaster adapted to larval crowding. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1376-1385. [PMID: 34197669 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate temperature stress is an important component of adult fitness. In holometabolous insects like Drosophila melanogaster, adult stress resistance can be affected by growth conditions experienced during the larval stages. Although evolution under crowded larval conditions is known to lead to the correlated evolution of many adult traits, its consequences on adult heat stress tolerance have not been investigated. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the adult heat stress tolerance in populations of D. melanogaster adapted to a stressful larval crowding environment. We used replicate populations of D. melanogaster, selected for adaptation to larval crowding stress (MCUs), for more than 230 generations, and their respective controls (MBs). Larvae from selected and control populations were grown under crowded and uncrowded conditions, and their adult heat shock resistance at two different temperatures was measured. Further, we compared Hsp70 expression in crowded and uncrowded larvae of both populations and also measured the Hsp70 expression after a mild heat treatment in adults of selected and control populations. Our results showed that adaptation to larval crowding leads to the evolution of Hsp70 gene expression in larval stages and improves adult heat stress tolerance ability in males, but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kapila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mayank Kashyap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aakanksha Gulati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aaditya Narasimhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Soumyadip Poddar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
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8
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Bardua C, Fabre AC, Clavel J, Bon M, Das K, Stanley EL, Blackburn DC, Goswami A. Size, microhabitat, and loss of larval feeding drive cranial diversification in frogs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2503. [PMID: 33947859 PMCID: PMC8096824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat is one of the most important factors shaping organismal morphology, but it may vary across life history stages. Ontogenetic shifts in ecology may introduce antagonistic selection that constrains adult phenotype, particularly with ecologically distinct developmental phases such as the free-living, feeding larval stage of many frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura). We test the relative influences of developmental and ecological factors on the diversification of adult skull morphology with a detailed analysis of 15 individual cranial regions across 173 anuran species, representing every extant family. Skull size, adult microhabitat, larval feeding, and ossification timing are all significant factors shaping aspects of cranial evolution in frogs, with late-ossifying elements showing the greatest disparity and fastest evolutionary rates. Size and microhabitat show the strongest effects on cranial shape, and we identify a "large size-wide skull" pattern of anuran, and possibly amphibian, evolutionary allometry. Fossorial and aquatic microhabitats occupy distinct regions of morphospace and display fast evolution and high disparity. Taxa with and without feeding larvae do not notably differ in cranial morphology. However, loss of an actively feeding larval stage is associated with higher evolutionary rates and disparity, suggesting that functional pressures experienced earlier in ontogeny significantly impact adult morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bardua
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Clavel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Margot Bon
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Kalpana Das
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David C Blackburn
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
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9
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Mathwin R, Wassens S, Young J, Ye Q, Bradshaw CJA. Manipulating water for amphibian conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:24-34. [PMID: 32189374 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian populations globally are in decline. One great threat is the abstraction of water resources that alter surface-water hydrology. Conservation actions aimed at restoring or manipulating surface water are employed as a management tool, but empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these approaches is scarce. In this systematic review, we summarized the global experience of manipulating water for amphibian conservation. We explored examples of manipulating water to conserve amphibian species and communities. Approaches varied in their frequency of implementation and in their success. Extending hydroperiod to match larval requirements showed encouraging results, as did off-season drying to control predators. Spraying water into the environment showed several potential applications, but successes were limited. Despite some promising interventions, we identified few (n = 17) empirically supported examples of successful water manipulation to benefit amphibians. It is unclear whether this stems from publication bias or if it is an artifact of language selection. However, manipulating water shows some potential in amphibian conservation, particularly at sites with a proximal water source and in regions where aridity is increasing due to climate change. Regardless of the scale of the intervention or its perceived probability of success, high-quality reporting of empirical results will further understanding of how water manipulations can benefit threatened amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Mathwin
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Skye Wassens
- School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, P.O. Box 789, Albury, New South Wales, 2640, Australia
| | - Jeanne Young
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Qifeng Ye
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Inland Waters, South Australian Research and Development Institute, 2 Hamra Ave, West Beach, South Australia, 5024, Australia
| | - Corey J A Bradshaw
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
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10
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Kruger N, Measey J, Vimercati G, Herrel A, Secondi J. Does the spatial sorting of dispersal traits affect the phenotype of the non-dispersing stages of the invasive frog Xenopus laevis through coupling? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In amphibians, spatial sorting progressively enhances the dispersal capacities of dispersing stages in expanding populations but may enhance or limit the performance of the earlier non-dispersing stages. Phenotypic traits of non-dispersing tadpoles and metamorphs can be coupled, through carry-over effects and trade-offs, or decoupled to dispersal traits in adults. We used the globally invasive amphibian, Xenopus laevis, to examine whether spatial sorting of adult phenotypes affects the phenotype of larval stages to metamorphosis in the core and at the periphery of an invasive population in France. We combined common garden laboratory and outdoor experiments to test the effect of parental pond location (core or periphery) on morphology, development and survival to metamorphosis and found no differences between tadpoles. After metamorphosis, the only difference observed in either of the experiments was the larger body size of metamorphs from the periphery, and then only when reared in the laboratory. Differences in metamorph size may indicate that a shift of dispersal traits occur after metamorphosis in X. laevis. Thus, our findings illustrate that decoupled evolution through spatial sorting can lead to changes of X. laevis adult phenotypes that would enhance dispersal without affecting the phenotype of tadpoles before metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kruger
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 Département Adaptation du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean Secondi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
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11
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Gahm K, Arietta AZA, Skelly DK. Temperature‐mediated trade‐off between development and performance in larval wood frogs (
Rana sylvatica
). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:146-157. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaija Gahm
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - David K. Skelly
- School of the Environment Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
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12
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What size of Neotropical frogs do spiders prey on? Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Billig ST, Weber RN, Zimmerman LM, Wilcoxen TE. Effects of elevated corticosterone on humoral innate and antibody-mediated immunity in southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus) tadpoles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:756-766. [PMID: 32798287 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a free-living larval stage of a vertebrate, tadpoles are good subjects for the study of the development of physiological systems and the study of evolutionarily conserved, context-dependent responses to variable environments. While the basic components of innate and adaptive immune defenses in tadpoles are known, the impact of glucocorticoids on immune defenses in tadpoles is not well-studied. We completed four experiments to assess effects of elevation of corticosterone on humoral innate defenses and antibody-mediated immunity in southern leopard frog tadpoles (Lithobates sphenocephalus). To test humoral innate defense within the tadpoles exposed to short-term and long-term elevation of glucocorticoids, we exposed tadpoles to exogenous corticosterone for different lengths of time in each experiment (0-84 days). We used bacterial killing assays to assess humoral innate immune defense. To test antibody-mediated immune responses, we again exposed tadpoles to exogenous corticosterone, while also exposing them to Aeromonas hydrophila. We used A. hydrophila ELISA comparing IgM and IgY responses among groups. Plasma from corticosterone-dosed tadpoles killed more A. hydrophila than control tadpoles each following a short-term (14 day) and long-term (56 day) exposure to exogenous corticosterone. Conversely, corticosterone-dosed tadpoles had significantly lower IgM and IgY against A. hydrophila after 12 weeks. Our fourth experiment revealed that the lower IgY response is a product of weaker, delayed isotype switching compared with controls. These results show that elevated corticosterone has differential effects on innate and acquired immunity in larval southern leopard frogs, consistent with patterns in more derived vertebrates and in adult frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Billig
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois
| | - Rachael N Weber
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois
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14
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Rowiński PK, Laurila A, Gotthard K, Sowersby W, Lind MI, Richter-Boix A, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Rogell B. Parental effects influence life history traits and covary with an environmental cline in common frog populations. Oecologia 2020; 192:1013-1022. [PMID: 32277360 PMCID: PMC7165185 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Across latitudinal clines, the juvenile developmental rates of ectotherms often covary with the length of the growing season, due to life-history trade-offs imposed by the time-constrained environments. However, as the start of the growing season often varies substantially across years, adaptive parental effects on juvenile developmental rates may mediate the costs of a delayed season. By employing a meta-analysis, we tested whether larval developmental rates across a latitudinal cline of the common frog (Rana temporaria) are affected by fluctuating onsets of breeding, across years. We predicted that larval developmental rate will be inversely related to the onset of breeding, and that northern populations will be more prone to shorten their developmental rate in response to late breeding, as the costs of delayed metamorphosis should be highest in areas with a shorter growing season. We found that the larval period of both northern and southern populations responded to parental environmental conditions to a similar degree in absolute terms, but in different directions. In northern populations, a late season start correlated with decreased development time, suggesting that the evolution of parental effects aids population persistence in time-constrained environments. In southern populations, late season start correlated with increased development time, which could potentially be explained as a predator avoidance strategy. Our findings suggest that local ecological variables can induce adaptive parental effects, but responses are complex, and likely trade-off with other ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Rowiński
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin I Lind
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Richter-Boix
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 178 93, Drottningholm, Sweden.
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15
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DeBlieux TS, Hoverman JT. Parasite-induced vulnerability to predation in larval anurans. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:241-250. [PMID: 31535619 DOI: 10.3354/dao03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within communities, pathogens and parasites have the potential to indirectly influence predator-prey interactions. For instance, prey that exhibit pathology or altered traits (e.g. behavioral shifts) following infection could be more prone to predation, which is known as parasite-induced vulnerability to predation (PIVP). PIVP has been frequently documented for pathogens with trophic transmission, because predators are often critical in the pathogen's life cycle. However, for pathogens without trophic transmission, PIVP can lead to a healthy herds effect, thereby reducing transmission in the system. In this study, we explored whether the pathogen ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) enhances vulnerability of 4 species of larval amphibians (spring peepers Pseudacris crucifer, gray treefrogs Hyla versicolor, American toads Anaxyrus americanus, and northern leopard frogs Lithobates pipiens) to 2 common tadpole predators (larval green darners Anax junius [hereinafter Anax] and adult water bugs Belostoma flumineum [hereinafter Belostoma]). For each anuran species, we conducted short-term microcosm experiments to assess predation rates on individuals that were or were not exposed to virus. For 3 of the 4 species, we found that exposure to ranavirus decreased survival rates with Anax between 2- and 9-fold. However, we did not see the same trend with Belostoma, which indicates that predator identity is important in this interaction. More specifically, the higher efficiency of Anax in capturing and consuming prey, relative to Belostoma, may allow Anax to capitalize on trait changes induced by virus exposure and enhance the PIVP effect. Our results indicate that trait-mediated indirect effects could play a role in creating healthy herds in amphibian communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turner S DeBlieux
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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16
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Moore MP, Martin RA. On the evolution of carry-over effects. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1832-1844. [PMID: 31402447 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment experienced early in life often affects the traits that are developed after an individual has transitioned into new life stages and environments. Because the phenotypes induced by earlier environments are then screened by later ones, these 'carry-over effects' influence fitness outcomes across the entire life cycle. While the last two decades have witnessed an explosion of studies documenting the occurrence of carry-over effects, little attention has been given to how they adapt and diversify. To aid future research in this area, we present a framework for the evolution of carry-over effects. Carry-over effects can evolve in two ways. First, the expression of traits later in life may become more or less dependent on the developmental processes of earlier stages (e.g., 'adaptive decoupling'). Genetic correlations between life stages then either strengthen or weaken. Alternatively, those influential developmental processes that begin early in life may become more or less sensitive to that earlier environment. Here, plasticity changes in all the traits that share those developmental pathways across the whole life cycle. Adaptive evolution of a carry-over effect is governed by selection on the induced phenotypes in the later stage, and also by selection on any developmentally linked traits in the earlier life stage. When these selective pressures conflict, the evolution of the carry-over effect will be biased towards maximizing performance in the life stage with stronger selection. Because life stages often contribute unequally to total fitness, the strength of selection in any one stage depends on: (a) the relationship between the traits and the stage-specific fitness components (e.g., juvenile survival, adult mating success), and (b) the reproductive value of the life stage. Considering the evolution of carry-over effects reveals several intriguing features of the evolution of life histories and phenotypic plasticity more generally. For instance, carry-over effects that manifest as maladaptive plasticity in one life stage may represent an adaptive strategy for maximizing fitness in stages with stronger selection. Additionally, adaptation to novel environments encountered early in the life cycle may be faster in the presence of carry-over effects that influence sexually selected traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Moore
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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17
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Stage-specific genotype-by-environment interactions for cold and heat hardiness in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:479-491. [PMID: 31164731 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environments often vary across a life cycle, imposing fluctuating natural selection across development. Such fluctuating selection can favor different phenotypes in different life stages, but stage-specific evolutionary responses will depend on genetic variance, covariance, and their interaction across development and across environments. Thus, quantifying how genetic architecture varies with plastic responses to the environment and across development is vital to predict whether stage-specific adaptation will occur in nature. Additionally, the interaction of genetic variation and environmental plasticity (GxE) may be stage-specific, leading to a three-way interaction between genotype, environment, and development or GxDxE. To test for these patterns, we exposed larvae and adults of Drosophila melanogaster isogenic lines derived from a natural population to extreme heat and cold stress after developmental acclimation to cool (18 °C) and warm (25 °C) conditions and measured genetic variance for thermal hardiness. We detected significant GxE that was specific to larvae and adults for cold and heat hardiness (GxDxE), but no significant genetic correlation across development for either trait at either acclimation temperature. However, cross-development phenotypic correlations for acclimation responses suggest that plasticity itself may be developmentally constrained, though rigorously testing this hypothesis requires more experimentation. These results illustrate the potential for stage-specific adaptation within a complex life cycle and demonstrate the importance of measuring traits at appropriate developmental stages and environmental conditions when predicting evolutionary responses to changing climates.
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18
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Dehling JM, Sinsch U. Partitioning of morphospace in larval and adult reed frogs (Anura: Hyperoliidae: Hyperolius) of the Central African Albertine Rift. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Bredeweg EM, Urbina J, Morzillo AT, Garcia TS. Starting on the Right Foot: Carryover Effects of Larval Hydroperiod and Terrain Moisture on Post-metamorphic Frog Movement Behavior. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Zamora‐Camacho FJ, Aragón P. Failed predator attacks have detrimental effects on antipredatory capabilities through developmental plasticity inPelobates cultripestoads. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Aragón
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
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21
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Bredeweg EM, Morzillo AT, Thurman LL, Garcia TS. The integrative effects of behavior and morphology on amphibian movement. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1278-1288. [PMID: 30805159 PMCID: PMC6374665 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal movement and dispersal are key factors in population dynamics and support complex ecosystem processes like cross-boundary subsidies. Juvenile dispersal is an important mechanism for many species and often involves navigation in unfamiliar habitats. For species that metamorphose, such as amphibians, this transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments involves the growth and use of new morphological traits (e.g., legs). These traits strongly impact the fundamental ability of an organism to move in novel landscapes, but innate behaviors can regulate choices that result in the realized movements expressed. By assessing the integrative role of morphology and behavior, we can improve our understanding of juvenile movement, particularly in understudied organisms like amphibians. We assessed the roles of morphological (snout-vent length and relative leg length) and performance (maximal jump distance) traits in shaping the free movement paths, measured through fluorescent powder tracking, in three anuran species, Pacific treefrog (Hyliola regilla), Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas), and Cascades frog (Rana cascadae). We standardized the measurement of these traits to compare the relative role of species' innate differences versus physical traits in shaping movement. Innate differences, captured by species identity, were the most significant factor influencing movement paths via total movement distance and path sinuosity. Relative leg length was an important contributor but significantly interacted with species identity. Maximal jump performance, which was significantly predicted by morphological traits, was not an important factor in movement behavior relative to species identity. The importance of species identity and associated behavioral differences in realized movement provide evidence for inherent species differences being central to the dispersal and movement of these species. This behavior may stem from niche partitioning of these sympatric species, yet it also calls into question assumptions generalizing anuran movement behavior. These species-level effects are important in framing differences as past research is applied in management planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Bredeweg
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Anita T. Morzillo
- Department of Natural Resources & the EnvironmentUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - Lindsey L. Thurman
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyBozemanMontana
| | - Tiffany S. Garcia
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
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Eyck HJ, Buchanan KL, Crino OL, Jessop TS. Effects of developmental stress on animal phenotype and performance: a quantitative review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1143-1160. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison J.F. Eyck
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 75 Pigdons rd; Geelong VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Katherine L. Buchanan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 75 Pigdons rd; Geelong VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Ondi L. Crino
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 75 Pigdons rd; Geelong VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Tim S. Jessop
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 75 Pigdons rd; Geelong VIC 3216 Australia
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23
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Koenig AM, Ousterhout BH. Behavioral syndrome persists over metamorphosis in a pond-breeding amphibian. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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McClelland SJ, Bendis RJ, Relyea RA, Woodley SK. Insecticide-induced changes in amphibian brains: How sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos directly affect neurodevelopment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2692-2698. [PMID: 30187530 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of pesticides often contaminates natural habitats, exposing nontarget organisms to pesticides that were designed to control pest populations. Even low levels of pesticides can affect aquatic communities both directly and indirectly. Previous work has shown that trace amounts of the pesticide chlorpyrifos altered tadpole morphology and neurodevelopment in artificial ponds (mesocosms). To determine whether effects resulted from direct chlorpyrifos exposure or from disruption of the food web due to a pesticide-induced decline in zooplankton, we examined the impacts of chlorpyrifos on amphibian development in the presence of chlorpyrifos-resistant zooplankton, a key component of the aquatic trophic community. Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpoles were reared through metamorphosis in mesocosms containing either 0 or 1 µg/L chlorpyrifos and either chlorpyrifos-resistant or chlorpyrifos-sensitive Daphnia pulex zooplankton. Developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos resulted in metamorphs with a relatively wider optic tectum, medulla, and diencephalon compared with controls, and this result was found regardless of the zooplankton population within the mesocosm. Thus, chlorpyrifos directly impacted brain development, independent of the effects on the trophic community. With respect to body shape, chlorpyrifos had no effect on body shape of metamorphs reared in mesocosms with chlorpyrifos-sensitive zooplankton, but body shape was sensitive to zooplankton population in the absence of chlorpyrifos. To conclude, low, ecologically relevant doses of organophosphorous pesticides can directly impact neurodevelopment in a vertebrate model. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2692-2698. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rick A Relyea
- Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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25
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Thia JA, Riginos C, Liggins L, Figueira WF, McGuigan K. Larval traits show temporally consistent constraints, but are decoupled from postsettlement juvenile growth, in an intertidal fish. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1353-1363. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Thia
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Libby Liggins
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences; Massey University; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Will F. Figueira
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
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26
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Lindgren B, Orizaola G, Laurila A. Interacting effects of predation risk and resource level on escape speed of amphibian larvae along a latitudinal gradient. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1216-1226. [PMID: 29802672 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fast-growing genotypes living in time-constrained environments are often more prone to predation, suggesting that growth-predation risk trade-offs are important factors maintaining variation in growth along climatic gradients. However, the mechanisms underlying how fast growth increases predation-mediated mortality are not well understood. Here, we investigated if slow-growing, low-latitude individuals have faster escape swimming speed than fast-growing high-latitude individuals using common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles from eight populations collected along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient. We measured escape speed in terms of burst and endurance speeds in tadpoles raised in the laboratory at two food levels and in the presence and absence of a predator (Aeshna dragonfly larvae). We did not find any latitudinal trend in escape speed performance. In low food treatments, burst speed was higher in tadpoles reared with predators but did not differ between high-food treatments. Endurance speed, on the contrary, was lower in high-food tadpoles reared with predators and did not differ between treatments at low food levels. Tadpoles reared with predators showed inducible morphology (increased relative body size and tail depth), which had positive effects on speed endurance at low but not at high food levels. Burst speed was positively affected by tail length and tail muscle size in the absence of predators. Our results suggest that escape speed does not trade-off with fast growth along the latitudinal gradient in R. temporaria tadpoles. Instead, escape speed is a plastic trait and strongly influenced by the interaction between resource level and predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lindgren
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Calsbeek R, Goedert D. Performance Tradeoffs, Ontogenetic Conflict, and Multisport Athletes: How is an Ironman Triathlete Like a Frog? Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:207-216. [PMID: 28859415 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Life-history theory is a cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology that addresses myriad phenomena ranging from demography and population structure to the evolution of aging and senescence. Trade-offs may arise in a number of contexts, from allocation-based (e.g., egg size vs. egg number) to genomic conflicts (e.g., intralocus sexual conflict in which genes that perform well in males perform poorly in females). Here we test for performance tradeoffs in human athletes. We show that in Ironman triathletes, swimming performance trades off with cycling and running performance. The tradeoff appears to be plastic, in that only highly trained athletes experience the tradeoff. We then investigate whether wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) experience similar locomotor performance tradeoffs, to ask whether the divergent environments experienced by tadpoles and frogs leads to ontogenetic conflict (tradeoffs over development). We show that although swimming and jumping performance are positively correlated, antagonistic natural selection may still favor alternative adaptive optima in the two life history stages. However, "adaptive decoupling" of the life stages during metamorphosis may resolve ontogenetic conflict and facilitate independent adaptation to both environments. Thus, whereas performance tradeoffs are general in both systems, the unique selective environment of amphibians has favored the evolution of mechanisms to alleviate the costs of those tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calsbeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Debora Goedert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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28
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Zamora-Camacho FJ. Locomotor performance in a running toad: roles of morphology, sex and agrosystem versus natural habitat. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Shuman-Goodier ME, Singleton GR, Propper CR. Competition and pesticide exposure affect development of invasive (Rhinella marina) and native (Fejervarya vittigera) rice paddy amphibian larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1293-1304. [PMID: 28936635 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increased pesticide use in rice agricultural ecosystems may alter competitive interactions between invasive and native amphibian species. We conducted an experiment with two rice paddy amphibians found in Luzon, Philippines, the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) and the endemic Luzon wart frog (Fejervarya vittigera), to determine whether exposure to a common herbicide, butachlor, drives competitive interactions in favor of the invasive amphibian. Our results revealed that competition had a strong effect on the development of both species, but in opposing directions; Luzon wart frog tadpoles were smaller and developed slower than when raised alone, whereas cane toad tadpoles were larger and developed faster. Contrary to our predictions, development and survival of endemic wart frog tadpoles was not affected by butachlor, whereas invasive cane toad tadpoles were affected across several endpoints including gene expression, body size, and survival. We also observed an interaction between pesticide exposure and competition for the cane toad, where survival declined but body size and expression of thyroid sensitive genes increased. Taken together, our findings indicate that the success of the cane toad larvae in rice fields may be best explained by increased rates of development and larger body sizes of tadpoles in response to competition with native Luzon wart frog tadpoles rather than lower sensitivity to a common pesticide. Our results for the cane toad also provide evidence that butachlor can disrupt thyroid hormone mediated development in amphibians, and further demonstrate that important species interactions such as competition can be affected by pesticide exposure in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Shuman-Goodier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA.
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Grant R Singleton
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Marina, Kent, UK
| | - Catherine R Propper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
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Urban MC, Richardson JL, Freidenfelds NA, Drake DL, Fischer JF, Saunders PP. Microgeographic Adaptation of Wood Frog Tadpoles to an Apex Predator. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-16-534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Peiman KS, Robinson BW. Comparative Analyses of Phenotypic Trait Covariation within and among Populations. Am Nat 2017; 190:451-468. [PMID: 28937814 DOI: 10.1086/693482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many morphological, behavioral, physiological, and life-history traits covary across the biological scales of individuals, populations, and species. However, the processes that cause traits to covary also change over these scales, challenging our ability to use patterns of trait covariance to infer process. Trait relationships are also widely assumed to have generic functional relationships with similar evolutionary potentials, and even though many different trait relationships are now identified, there is little appreciation that these may influence trait covariation and evolution in unique ways. We use a trait-performance-fitness framework to classify and organize trait relationships into three general classes, address which ones more likely generate trait covariation among individuals in a population, and review how selection shapes phenotypic covariation. We generate predictions about how trait covariance changes within and among populations as a result of trait relationships and in response to selection and consider how these can be tested with comparative data. Careful comparisons of covariation patterns can narrow the set of hypothesized processes that cause trait covariation when the form of the trait relationship and how it responds to selection yield clear predictions about patterns of trait covariation. We discuss the opportunities and limitations of comparative approaches to evaluate hypotheses about the evolutionary causes and consequences of trait covariation and highlight the importance of evaluating patterns within populations replicated in the same and in different selective environments. Explicit hypotheses about trait relationships are key to generating effective predictions about phenotype and its evolution using covariance data.
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32
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An amphibian chemical defense phenotype is inducible across life history stages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8185. [PMID: 28811506 PMCID: PMC5558003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible phenotypic responses to environmental variation are ubiquitous across the tree of life, but it remains an open question whether amphibian chemical defense phenotypes are inducible. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a key chemical defense trait in North American and Eurasian newts (Salamandridae). We tested if TTX can be induced by exposing populations of adult and larval California newts (Taricha torosa) to sustained stressful conditions while longitudinally quantifying TTX concentrations. Adult newts rapidly increased chemical defenses in response to simulated predator attacks and consistently maintained elevated TTX concentrations relative to wild, non-captive individuals. We also found that laboratory-reared larvae maintained chemical defenses nearly three-fold greater than those of siblings reared in streams. Collectively, our results indicate that amphibian chemical defenses are not fixed. Instead, toxins are maintained at a baseline concentration that can quickly be increased in response to perceived risk with substantial increases to toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial that inducible variation be accounted for when considering ecological dynamics of chemically defended animals and coevolutionary predator-prey and mimic-model relationships.
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33
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Adult frogs and tadpoles have different macroevolutionary patterns across the Australian continent. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1385-1391. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Astley HC. The diversity and evolution of locomotor muscle properties in anurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:3163-3173. [PMID: 27707867 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anuran jumping is a model system for linking muscle physiology to organismal performance. However, anuran species display substantial diversity in their locomotion, with some species performing powerful leaps from riverbanks or tree branches, while other species move predominantly via swimming, short hops or even diagonal-sequence gaits. Furthermore, many anurans with similar locomotion and morphology are actually convergent (e.g. multiple independent evolutions of 'tree frogs'), while closely related species may differ drastically, as with the walking toad (Melanophryniscus stelzneri) and bullfrog-like river toad (Phrynoides aspera) compared with other Bufonid toads. These multiple independent evolutionary changes in locomotion allow us to test the hypothesis that evolutionary increases in locomotor performance will be linked to the evolution of faster, high-power muscles. I tested the jumping, swimming and walking (when applicable) performance of 14 species of anurans and one salamander, followed by measurement of the contractile properties of the semimembranosus and plantaris longus muscles and anatomical measurements, using phylogenetic comparative methods. I found that increased jumping performance correlated to muscle contractile properties associated with muscle speed (e.g. time to peak tetanus, maximum shortening speed, peak isotonic power), and was tightly linked to relevant anatomical traits (e.g. leg length, muscle mass). Swimming performance was not correlated to jumping, and was correlated with fewer anatomical and muscular variables. Thus, muscle properties evolve along with changes in anatomy to produce differences in overall locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Astley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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35
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Rebouças R, da Silva HR, Sanuy D. Froghood: Postmetamorphic development of the rock river frog Thoropa miliaris
(Spix, 1824) (Anura, Cycloramphidae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raoni Rebouças
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biologia Animal; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; Vitória ES Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Animal; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | - Hélio Ricardo da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Animal; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | - Delfi Sanuy
- Departament de Ciència Animal; Universitat de Lleida; Lleida Cataluña Spain
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Ramamonjisoa N, Iwai N, Natuhara Y. Post-metamorphic Costs of Carnivorous Diets in an Omnivorous Tadpole. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-15-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Davenport JM, Seiwert PA, Fishback L, Cash WB. The Interactive Effects of Fish Predation and Conspecific Density on Survival and Growth of Tadpoles ofRana sylvaticain a Subarctic Wetland. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-15-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Patar A, Giri A, Boro F, Bhuyan K, Singha U, Giri S. Cadmium pollution and amphibians--Studies in tadpoles of Rana limnocharis. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1043-1049. [PMID: 26451654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is released into the environment in increasing amounts from different natural and anthropogenic activities contaminating the aquatic habitats. Amphibian tadpoles develop in water and hence are likely to be adversely affected by cadmium present in the aquatic environment. We have studied the toxic and genotoxic effects of CdCl2 on the tadpoles of Rana limnocharis. CdCl2 in the concentration range between 0.1 and 0.4 mg/L induced significant mortality in R. limnocharis tadpoles in a dose and time dependent manner. The 10-day LC50 which has more ecological relevance was far less than the 24-h LC50. Tadpoles exposed to CdCl2 metamorphosed at an early age possibly as a survival strategy to move out of the stressful environment. The body weight of the CdCl2 exposed animals at metamorphosis was lower compared to the control individuals which may affect survival and reproductive fitness in adult life. Besides, the average body length of the metamorphosed individuals in the CdCl2 exposed group was higher than the control group. CdCl2 was found to be genotoxic in micronucleus test and comet assay. The ambient concentration of Cd could reach up to 60 μg/L or more. Exposure to 18.5 μg/L of CdCl2 (1% of 24-h LC50) induced significant increase in DNA strand breaks as compared to the control. The present findings demonstrate that presence of cadmium in the aquatic environment can significantly alter the life history traits and cause DNA damage in amphibians and hence, could contribute towards their population decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Patar
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Anirudha Giri
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India.
| | - Freeman Boro
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Krishna Bhuyan
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Utsab Singha
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
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Johansson F, Richter-Boix A, Gomez-Mestre I. Morphological Consequences of Developmental Plasticity in Rana temporaria are not Accommodated into Among-Population or Among-Species Variation. Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Charbonnier JF, Vonesh JR. Consequences of life history switch point plasticity for juvenile morphology and locomotion in the Túngara frog. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1268. [PMID: 26417546 PMCID: PMC4582954 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals with complex life cycles can cope with environmental uncertainty by altering the timing of life history switch points through plasticity. Pond hydroperiod has important consequences for the fitness of aquatic organisms and many taxa alter the timing of life history switch points in response to habitat desiccation. For example, larval amphibians can metamorphose early to escape drying ponds. Such plasticity may induce variation in size and morphology of juveniles which can result in carry-over effects on jumping performance. To investigate the carry-over effects of metamorphic plasticity to pond drying, we studied the Túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus, a tropical anuran that breeds in highly ephemeral habitats. We conducted an outdoor field mesocosm experiment in which we manipulated water depth and desiccation and measured time and size at metamorphosis, tibiofibula length and jumping performance. We also conducted a complimentary laboratory experiment in which we manipulated resources, water depth and desiccation. In the field experiment, metamorphs from dry-down treatments emerged earlier, but at a similar size to metamorphs from constant depth treatments. In the laboratory experiment, metamorphs from the low depth and dry-down treatments emerged earlier and smaller. In both experiments, frogs from dry-down treatments had relatively shorter legs, which negatively impacted their absolute jumping performance. In contrast, reductions in resources delayed and reduced size at metamorphosis, but had no negative effect on jumping performance. To place these results in a broader context, we review past studies on carry-over effects of the larval environment on jumping performance. Reductions in mass and limb length generally resulted in lower jumping performance across juvenile anurans tested to date. Understanding the consequences of plasticity on size, morphology and performance can elucidate the linkages between life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie F Charbonnier
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - James R Vonesh
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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41
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Singha U, Pandey N, Boro F, Giri S, Giri A, Biswas S. Sodium arsenite induced changes in survival, growth, metamorphosis and genotoxicity in the Indian cricket frog (Rana limnocharis). CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:333-339. [PMID: 25048924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination of the environment is a matter of great concern. Understanding the effects of arsenic on aquatic life will act as biological early warning system to assess how arsenic could shape the biodiversity in the affected areas. Rapid decline in amphibian population in recent decades is a cause of major concern. Over the years, amphibians have been recognized as excellent bio-indicators of environmental related stress. In the present study, we examined the toxic and genotoxic effects of sodium arsenite in the tadpoles of the Indian cricket frog (Rana limnocharis). Sodium arsenite at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg L(-1)) neither induced lethality nor significantly altered body weight at metamorphosis. However, it accelerated the rate of metamorphosis at higher concentrations, reduced body size (snout-vent length) and induced developmental deformities such as loss of limbs. Besides, at concentration ranges between 100 and 400 μg L(-1), sodium arsenite induced statistically significant genotoxicity at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of the exposure in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it did not show time effects as the highest frequency was found between 48 and 72 h which remained steady subsequently. The genotoxicity was confirmed by comet assay in the whole blood cells. These findings suggest that arsenic at environmentally relevant concentrations has significant sub-lethal effects on R.limnocharis, which may have long-term fitness consequence to the species and may have similar implications in other aquatic life too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsab Singha
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Neelam Pandey
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Freeman Boro
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
| | - Anirudha Giri
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India.
| | - Somava Biswas
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India
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42
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Nunes AL, Orizaola G, Laurila A, Rebelo R. Rapid evolution of constitutive and inducible defenses against an invasive predator. Ecology 2014; 95:1520-30. [PMID: 25039217 DOI: 10.1890/13-1380.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Invasive alien predators can impose strong selection on native prey populations and induce rapid evolutionary change in the invaded communities. However, studies on evolutionary responses to invasive predators are often complicated by the lack of replicate populations differing in coexistence time with the predator, which would allow the determination of how prey traits change during the invasion. The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii has invaded many freshwater areas worldwide, with negative impacts for native fauna. Here, we examined how coexistence time shapes antipredator responses of the Iberian waterfrog (Pelophylax perezi) to the invasive crayfish by raising tadpoles from five populations differing in historical exposure to P. clarkii (30 years, 20 years, or no coexistence). Tadpoles from non-invaded populations responded to the presence of P. clarkii with behavioral plasticity (reduced activity), whereas long-term invaded populations showed canalized antipredator behavior (constant low activity level). Tadpoles from one of the long-term invaded populations responded to the crayfish with inducible morphological defenses (deeper tails), reflecting the use of both constitutive and inducible antipredator defenses against the exotic predator by this population. Our results suggest that, while naive P. perezi populations responded behaviorally to P. clarkii, the strong predation pressure imposed by the crayfish has induced the evolution of qualitatively different antipredator defenses in populations with longer coexistence time. These responses suggest that strong selection by invasive predators may drive rapid evolutionary change in invaded communities. Examining responses of prey species to biological invasions using multiple populations will help us better forecast the impact of invasive predators in natural communities.
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Touchon JC, Wojdak JM. Plastic hatching timing by red-eyed treefrog embryos interacts with larval predator identity and sublethal predation to affect prey morphology but not performance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100623. [PMID: 24967896 PMCID: PMC4072661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals respond to predation risk by altering their morphology, behavior, or life-history. We know a great deal about the cues prey respond to and the changes to prey that can be induced by predation risk, but less is known about how plastic responses to predators may be affected by separate plastic responses occurring earlier in life, particularly during the embryonic period. Embryos of a broad array of taxa can respond to egg- or larval-stage risks by altering hatching timing, which may alter the way organisms respond to future predators. Using the red-eyed treefrog (Agalychnis callidryas), a model for understanding the effects of plasticity across life-stages, we assessed how the combined effects of induced variation in the timing of embryo hatching and variation in the larval predator community impacted tadpole morphology, pigmentation and swimming performance. We found that A. callidryas tadpoles developed deeper tail muscles and fins and darker pigmentation in response to fish predators, either when alone or in diverse community with other predators. Tadpoles altered morphology much less so to dragonfly naiads or water bugs. Interestingly, morphological responses to predators were also affected by induced differences in hatching age, with early and late-hatched tadpoles exhibiting different allometric relationships between tail height and body length in different predator environments. Beyond induced morphological changes, fish predators often damaged tadpoles' tails without killing them (i.e., sublethal predation), but these tadpoles swam equally quickly to those with fully intact tails. This was due to the fact that tadpoles with more damaged tails increased tail beats to achieve equal swimming speed. This study demonstrates that plastic phenotypic responses to predation risk can be influenced by a complex combination of responses to both the embryo and larval environments, but also that prey performance can be highly resilient to sublethal predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Touchon
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá
| | - Jeremy M. Wojdak
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, United States of America
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44
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Polačik M, Blažek R, Řežucha R, Vrtílek M, Terzibasi Tozzini E, Reichard M. Alternative intrapopulation life-history strategies and their trade-offs in an African annual fish. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:854-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Polačik
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - R. Blažek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - R. Řežucha
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - M. Vrtílek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | | | - M. Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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45
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Johansson F, Veldhoen N, Lind MI, Helbing CC. Phenotypic plasticity in the hepatic transcriptome of the European common frog (Rana temporaria): the interplay between environmental induction and geographical lineage on developmental response. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5608-23. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Johansson
- Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; 75105 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Nik Veldhoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology; University of Victoria; P.O. Box 3055, Stn CSC Victoria British Colombia V8W 3P6 Canada
| | - Martin I. Lind
- Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; 75105 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Caren C. Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology; University of Victoria; P.O. Box 3055, Stn CSC Victoria British Colombia V8W 3P6 Canada
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46
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Morphological differentiation among populations of Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Anura) in western Mexico. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Ponge JF. Disturbances, organisms and ecosystems: a global change perspective. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1113-24. [PMID: 23610648 PMCID: PMC3631418 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present text exposes a theory of the role of disturbances in the assemblage and evolution of species within ecosystems, based principally, but not exclusively, on terrestrial ecosystems. Two groups of organisms, doted of contrasted strategies when faced with environmental disturbances, are presented, based on the classical r-K dichotomy, but enriched with more modern concepts from community and evolutionary ecology. Both groups participate in the assembly of known animal, plant, and microbial communities, but with different requirements about environmental fluctuations. The so-called "civilized" organisms are doted with efficient anticipatory mechanisms, allowing them to optimize from an energetic point of view their performances in a predictable environment (stable or fluctuating cyclically at the scale of life expectancy), and they developed advanced specializations in the course of evolutionary time. On the opposite side, the so-called "barbarians" are weakly efficient in a stable environment because they waste energy for foraging, growth, and reproduction, but they are well adapted to unpredictably changing conditions, in particular during major ecological crises. Both groups of organisms succeed or alternate each other in the course of spontaneous or geared successional processes, as well as in the course of evolution. The balance of "barbarians" against "civilized" strategies within communities is predicted to shift in favor of the first type under present-day anthropic pressure, exemplified among others by climate warming, land use change, pollution, and biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ponge
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7179 4 avenue du Petit-Château, Brunoy, 91800, France
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48
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Johansson F, Richter-Boix A. Within-Population Developmental and Morphological Plasticity is Mirrored in Between-Population Differences: Linking Plasticity and Diversity. Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-013-9225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Laming SR, Jenkins SR, McCarthy ID. Repeatability of escape response performance in the queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis). J Exp Biol 2013; 216:3264-72. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
In order for natural selection to operate, physiological and behavioural traits must exhibit both inter-individual variability and intra-individual consistency (i.e. repeatability) in performance. In this study, we describe individual variation and temporal repeatability in the escape responses of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis and determine whether individuals exhibited consistently high or low rankings in different aspects of the escape response. Five measures of individual performance were recorded on 4 occasions (days 0, 2, 7 and 28) providing proxies for sensory acuity (response latency), immediate and sustained swimming performance (burst and average clap-rates) and swimming endurance (total number of claps and total time spent clapping). All components of the escape response exhibited significant inter-individual variability (all P<0.0001). Escape response latency, burst clap-rate, total number of claps and total duration spent clapping maintained significant repeatability over 28 days (all P<0.016). Average clap-rate was repeatable in the short term (2 days, P<0.0001) but repeatability declined by 28 days (P=0.097). Concordance analysis indicated that individuals maintained the same performance rankings over time for each component of the escape response (all P<0.001). In addition, some individuals ranked as consistently high or low performers across response latency, burst and average clap-rate and total number of claps. An individual's ability to evade predators through the provision of an escape response of an appropriate magnitude, subject to physiological, behavioural and organismal constraints, will have clear fitness-related consequences.
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50
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Maes J, Van Damme R, Matthysen E. Individual and among-population variation in dispersal-related traits in Natterjack toads. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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