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Stilgoe A, Favre-Bulle IA, Watson ML, Gomez-Godinez V, Berns MW, Preece D, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H. Shining Light in Mechanobiology: Optical Tweezers, Scissors, and Beyond. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:917-940. [PMID: 38523746 PMCID: PMC10958612 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Mechanobiology helps us to decipher cell and tissue functions by looking at changes in their mechanical properties that contribute to development, cell differentiation, physiology, and disease. Mechanobiology sits at the interface of biology, physics and engineering. One of the key technologies that enables characterization of properties of cells and tissue is microscopy. Combining microscopy with other quantitative measurement techniques such as optical tweezers and scissors, gives a very powerful tool for unraveling the intricacies of mechanobiology enabling measurement of forces, torques and displacements at play. We review the field of some light based studies of mechanobiology and optical detection of signal transduction ranging from optical micromanipulation-optical tweezers and scissors, advanced fluorescence techniques and optogenentics. In the current perspective paper, we concentrate our efforts on elucidating interesting measurements of forces, torques, positions, viscoelastic properties, and optogenetics inside and outside a cell attained when using structured light in combination with optical tweezers and scissors. We give perspective on the field concentrating on the use of structured light in imaging in combination with tweezers and scissors pointing out how novel developments in quantum imaging in combination with tweezers and scissors can bring to this fast growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
B. Stilgoe
- School of
Mathematics and Physics, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
- ARC
CoE for Engineered Quantum Systems, The
University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
- ARC
CoE in Quantum Biotechnology, The University
of Queensland, 4074, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Itia A. Favre-Bulle
- School of
Mathematics and Physics, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
- Queensland
Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
| | - Mark L. Watson
- School of
Mathematics and Physics, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
- ARC
CoE for Engineered Quantum Systems, The
University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
| | - Veronica Gomez-Godinez
- Institute
of Engineering and Medicine, University
of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Institute
of Engineering and Medicine, University
of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Beckman
Laser Institute, University of California
Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Daryl Preece
- Beckman
Laser Institute, University of California
Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop
- School of
Mathematics and Physics, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
- ARC
CoE for Engineered Quantum Systems, The
University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4074, Australia
- ARC
CoE in Quantum Biotechnology, The University
of Queensland, 4074, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Emerging Molecular Connections between NM23 Proteins, Telomeres and Telomere-Associated Factors: Implications in Cancer Metastasis and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073457. [PMID: 33801585 PMCID: PMC8036570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor function of NM23 proteins is widely understood. Multiple enzymatic activities of NM23 proteins have also been identified. However, relatively less known interesting aspects are being revealed from recent developments that corroborate the telomeric interactions of NM23 proteins. Telomeres are known to regulate essential physiological events such as metastasis, ageing, and cellular differentiation via inter-connected signalling pathways. Here, we review the literature on the association of NM23 proteins with telomeres or telomere-related factors, and discuss the potential implications of emerging telomeric functions of NM23 proteins. Further understanding of these aspects might be instrumental in better understanding the metastasis suppressor functions of NM23 proteins.
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Blázquez-Castro A, Fernández-Piqueras J, Santos J. Genetic Material Manipulation and Modification by Optical Trapping and Nanosurgery-A Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:580937. [PMID: 33072730 PMCID: PMC7530750 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.580937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light can be employed as a tool to alter and manipulate matter in many ways. An example has been the implementation of optical trapping, the so called optical tweezers, in which light can hold and move small objects with 3D control. Of interest for the Life Sciences and Biotechnology is the fact that biological objects in the size range from tens of nanometers to hundreds of microns can be precisely manipulated through this technology. In particular, it has been shown possible to optically trap and move genetic material (DNA and chromatin) using optical tweezers. Also, these biological entities can be severed, rearranged and reconstructed by the combined use of laser scissors and optical tweezers. In this review, the background, current state and future possibilities of optical tweezers and laser scissors to manipulate, rearrange and alter genetic material (DNA, chromatin and chromosomes) will be presented. Sources of undesirable effects by the optical procedure and measures to avoid them will be discussed. In addition, first tentative approaches at cellular-level genetic and organelle surgery, in which genetic material or DNA-carrying organelles are extracted out or introduced into cells, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Fernández-Piqueras
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Berns MW. Laser Scissors and Tweezers to Study Chromosomes: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:721. [PMID: 32850689 PMCID: PMC7401452 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting in 1969 laser scissors have been used to study and manipulate chromosomes in mitotic animal cells. Key studies demonstrated that using the “hot spot” in the center of a focused Gaussian laser beam it was possible to delete the ribosomal genes (secondary constriction), and this deficiency was maintained in clonal daughter cells. It wasn’t until 2020 that it was demonstrated that cells with focal-point damaged chromosomes could replicate due to the cell’s DNA damage repair molecular machinery. A series of studies leading up to this conclusion involved using cells expressing different GFP DNA damage recognition and repair molecules. With the advent of optical tweezers in 1987, laser tweezers have been used to study the behavior and forces on chromosomes in mitotic and meiotic cells. The combination of laser scissors and tweezers were employed since 1991 to study various aspects of chromosome behavior during cell division. These studies involved holding chromosomes in an optical while gradually reducing the laser power until the chromosome recovered their movement toward the cell pole. It was determined in collaborative studies with Prof. Arthur Forer from York University, Toronto, Canada, cells from diverse group vertebrate and invertebrates, that forces necessary to move chromosomes to cell poles during cell division were between 2 and 17pN, orders of magnitude below the 700 pN generally found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Berns
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Ayra-Plasencia J, Machín F. Yeast cells can partially revert chromosome segregation to repair late DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 6:e1648027. [PMID: 31528706 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1648027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair in late mitosis sets paradoxical scenarios. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity is high, which favors homologous recombination (HR), despite a sister chromatid is not physically close to recombine with. We have found that DNA double-strand breaks partially revert chromosome segregation to find an intact template and repair through HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Ayra-Plasencia J, Machín F. DNA double-strand breaks in telophase lead to coalescence between segregated sister chromatid loci. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2862. [PMID: 31253793 PMCID: PMC6598993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) pose a high risk for genome integrity. Cells repair DSBs through homologous recombination (HR) when a sister chromatid is available. HR is upregulated by the cycling dependent kinase (CDK) despite the paradox of telophase, where CDK is high but a sister chromatid is not nearby. Here we study in the budding yeast the response to DSBs in telophase, and find they activate the DNA damage checkpoint (DDC), leading to a telophase-to-G1 delay. Outstandingly, we observe a partial reversion of sister chromatid segregation, which includes approximation of segregated material, de novo formation of anaphase bridges, and coalescence between sister loci. We finally show that DSBs promote a massive change in the dynamics of telophase microtubules (MTs), together with dephosphorylation and relocalization of kinesin-5 Cin8. We propose that chromosome segregation is not irreversible and that DSB repair using the sister chromatid is possible in telophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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Ferfouri F, Bernicot I, Schneider A, Haquet E, Hédon B, Anahory T. Is the resulting phenotype of an embryo with balanced X-autosome translocation, obtained by means of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, linked to the X inactivation pattern? Fertil Steril 2016; 105:1035-46. [PMID: 26772789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine if a balanced female embryo with X-autosome translocation could, during its subsequent development, express an abnormal phenotype. DESIGN Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) analysis on two female carriers with maternal inherited X-autosome translocations. SETTING Infertility center and genetic laboratory in a public hospital. PATIENT(S) Two female patients carriers undergoing PGD for a balanced X-autosome translocations: patient 1 with 46,X,t(X;2)(q27;p15) and patient 2 with 46,X,t(X;22)(q28;q12.3). INTERVENTION(S) PGD for balanced X-autosome translocations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) PGD outcomes, fluorescence in situ hybridization in biopsied embryos and meiotic segregation patterns analysis of embryos providing from X-autosome translocation carriers. RESULT(S) Controlled ovarian stimulation facilitated retrieval of a correct number of oocytes. One balanced embryo per patient was transferred and one developed, but the patient miscarried after 6 weeks of amenorrhea. In X-autosome translocation carriers, balanced Y-bearing embryos are most often phenotypically normal and viable. An ambiguous phenotype exists in balanced X-bearing embryos owing to the X inactivation mechanism. In 46,XX embryos issued from an alternate segregation, der(X) may be inactivated and partially spread transcriptional silencing into a translocated autosomal segment. Thus, the structural unbalanced genotype could be turned into a viable functional balanced one. It is relevant that a discontinuous silencing is observed with a partial and unpredictable inactivation of autosomal regions. Consequently, the resulting phenotype remains a mystery and is considered to be at risk of being an abnormal phenotype in the field of PGD. CONCLUSION(S) It is necessary to be cautious regarding to PGD management for this type of translocation, particularly in transferred female embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ferfouri
- Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Izabel Bernicot
- Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Anouck Schneider
- Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Haquet
- ART-PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Hédon
- ART-PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Tal Anahory
- Cytogenetic PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; ART-PGD Department, CHU Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; INSERM U487, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
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8
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Silva BA, Stambaugh JR, Yokomori K, Shah JV, Berns MW. DNA damage to a single chromosome end delays anaphase onset. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22771-22784. [PMID: 24982423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome ends contain nucleoprotein structures known as telomeres. Damage to chromosome ends during interphase elicits a DNA damage response (DDR) resulting in cell cycle arrest. However, little is known regarding the signaling from damaged chromosome ends (designated here as "TIPs") during mitosis. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of DNA damage induced at a single TIP in mitosis. We used laser microirradiation to damage mitotic TIPs or chromosome arms (non-TIPs) in PtK2 kidney epithelial cells. We found that damage to a single TIP, but not a non-TIP, delays anaphase onset. This TIP-specific checkpoint response is accompanied by differential recruitment of DDR proteins. Although phosphorylation of H2AX and the recruitment of several repair factors, such as Ku70-Ku80, occur in a comparable manner at both TIP and non-TIP damage sites, DDR factors such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), MDC1, WRN, and FANCD2 are specifically recruited to TIPs but not to non-TIPs. In addition, Nbs1, BRCA1, and ubiquitin accumulate at damaged TIPs more rapidly than at damaged non-TIPs. ATR and 53BP1 are not detected at either TIPs or non-TIPs in mitosis. The observed delay in anaphase onset is dependent on the activity of DDR kinases ATM and Chk1, and the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase Mps1. Cells damaged at a single TIP or non-TIP eventually exit mitosis with unrepaired lesions. Damaged TIPs are segregated into micronuclei at a significantly higher frequency than damaged non-TIPs. Together, these findings reveal a mitosis-specific DDR uniquely associated with chromosome ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Alcaraz Silva
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California 92612,; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92617
| | | | - Kyoko Yokomori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, and.
| | - Jagesh V Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Michael W Berns
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California 92612,; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92617,; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92617,.
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Valerio-Santiago M, de los Santos-Velázquez AI, Monje-Casas F. Inhibition of the mitotic exit network in response to damaged telomeres. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003859. [PMID: 24130507 PMCID: PMC3794921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When chromosomal DNA is damaged, progression through the cell cycle is halted to provide the cells with time to repair the genetic material before it is distributed between the mother and daughter cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this cell cycle arrest occurs at the G2/M transition. However, it is also necessary to restrain exit from mitosis by maintaining Bfa1-Bub2, the inhibitor of the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), in an active state. While the role of Bfa1 and Bub2 in the inhibition of mitotic exit when the spindle is not properly aligned and the spindle position checkpoint is activated has been extensively studied, the mechanism by which these proteins prevent MEN function after DNA damage is still unclear. Here, we propose that the inhibition of the MEN is specifically required when telomeres are damaged but it is not necessary to face all types of chromosomal DNA damage, which is in agreement with previous data in mammals suggesting the existence of a putative telomere-specific DNA damage response that inhibits mitotic exit. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mechanism of MEN inhibition when telomeres are damaged relies on the Rad53-dependent inhibition of Bfa1 phosphorylation by the Polo-like kinase Cdc5, establishing a new key role of this kinase in regulating cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Valerio-Santiago
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa/Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Monje-Casas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa/Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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10
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Silva BA, Stambaugh JR, Berns MW. Targeting telomere-containing chromosome ends with a near-infrared femtosecond laser to study the activation of the DNA damage response and DNA damage repair pathways. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:095003. [PMID: 24064949 PMCID: PMC3782557 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.095003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are at the ends of chromosomes. Previous evidence suggests that laser-induced deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) breaks at chromosome ends during anaphase results in delayed cytokinesis. A possible explanation for this delay is that the DNA damage response (DDR) mechanism has been activated. We describe a live imaging method to study the effects of DDR activation following focal point near-infrared femtosecond laser microirradiation either at a single chromosome end or at a chromosome arm in mitotic anaphase cells. Laser microirradiation is used in combination with dual fluorescent labeling to monitor the co-localization of double-strand break marker γH2AX along with the DDR factors in PtK2 (Potorous tridactylus) cells. Laser-induced DNA breaks in chromosome ends as well as in chromosome arms results in recruitment of the following: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, checkpoint sensors (p-Chk1, p-Chk2), DNA repair protein Ku70/Ku80, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. However, phosphorylated p53 at serine 15 is detected only at chromosome ends and not at chromosome arms. Full activation of DDR on damaged chromosome ends may explain previously published results that showed the delay of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Alcaraz Silva
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- University of California, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Irvine, California 92617
| | - Jessica R. Stambaugh
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- University of California, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Irvine, California 92617
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92617
- University of California, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California 92617
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11
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Harsono MS, Zhu Q, Shi LZ, Duquette M, Berns MW. Development of a dual joystick-controlled laser trapping and cutting system for optical micromanipulation of chromosomes inside living cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:197-204. [PMID: 22517735 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A multi-joystick robotic laser microscope system used to control two optical traps (tweezers) and one laser scissors has been developed for subcellular organelle manipulation. The use of joysticks has provided a "user-friendly" method for both trapping and cutting of organelles such as chromosomes in live cells. This innovative design has enabled the clean severing of chromosome arms using the laser scissors as well as the ability to easily hold and pull the severed arm using the laser tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellinus S Harsono
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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