1
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Medina-Suárez S, Machín F. The CRISPR/Cas9 system forms a condensate in the yeast nucleus. MicroPubl Biol 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001039. [PMID: 38287928 PMCID: PMC10823498 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has revolutionized genetic engineering. However, the nuclear dynamics of Cas9 in eukaryotic cells, particularly in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae , remains poorly understood. Here, we constructed yeast strains expressing fluorescently tagged Cas9 variants, revealing their accumulation in the nucleus over time. Notably, Cas9 was non-uniformly distributed in the nucleoplasm during the initial hours, suggesting the formation of a condensate. This condensate often co-localizes with the nucleolus and associates the target site to its periphery. Our findings provide insights into Cas9 nuclear dynamics in yeast, advancing our understanding of CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Medina-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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2
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Morais-Armas S, Medina-Suárez S, Machín F. Effect of carrier yeast RNAs in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-LAMP. MicroPubl Biol 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000979. [PMID: 37799204 PMCID: PMC10550381 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has underscored the need for rapid and accurate diagnostic methods. Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) has emerged as a promising molecular tool in least developed countries due to its simplicity, speed, and sensitivity. Nevertheless, reliable SARS-CoV-2 detection can be challenged by the chain custody of the samples. In this context, carrier RNA can act as a preservative. In this study, we explored the potential of yeast total and transference RNA (tRNA) in the SARS-CoV-2 RT-LAMP. We have found that most optimal conditions are reached with 1 μg/μL tRNA in the RT-LAMP reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Morais-Armas
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Sara Medina-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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3
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Bruna-Haupt EF, Perretti MD, Garro HA, Carrillo R, Machín F, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Gutiérrez L, Vega-Hissi EG, Mamberto M, Menacho-Marquez M, Fernández CO, García C, Pungitore CR. Synthesis of Structurally Related Coumarin Derivatives as Antiproliferative Agents. ACS Omega 2023; 8:26479-26496. [PMID: 37521653 PMCID: PMC10373209 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A library of structurally related coumarins was generated through synthesis reactions and chemical modification reactions to obtain derivatives with antiproliferative activity both in vivo and in vitro. Out of a total of 35 structurally related coumarin derivatives, seven of them showed inhibitory activity in in vitro tests against Taq DNA polymerase with IC50 values lower than 250 μM. The derivatives 4-(chloromethyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (2d) and 4-((acetylthio)methyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl acetate (3c) showed the most promising anti-polymerase activity with IC50 values of 20.7 ± 2.10 and 48.25 ± 1.20 μM, respectively. Assays with tumor cell lines (HEK 293 and HCT-116) were carried out, and the derivative 4-(chloromethyl)-7,8-dihydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (2c) was the most promising, with an IC50 value of 8.47 μM and a selectivity index of 1.87. In addition, the derivatives were evaluated against Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that report about common modes of actions, including DNA damage, that are expected for agents that cause replicative stress. The coumarin derivatives 7-(2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5b) and 7-(3-(oxiran-2-yl)propoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5c) caused DNA damage in S. cerevisiae. The O-alkenylepoxy group stands out as that with the most important functionality within this family of 35 derivatives, presenting a very good profile as an antiproliferative scaffold. Finally, the in vitro antiretroviral capacity was tested through RT-PCR assays. Derivative 5c showed inhibitory activity below 150 μM with an IC50 value of 134.22 ± 2.37 μM, highlighting the O-butylepoxy group as the functionalization responsible for the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel F. Bruna-Haupt
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Chemical
Technology Research Institute-National Council for Scientific and
Technical Research (INTEQUI-CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Marcelle D. Perretti
- Institute
of Bio-Organics Antonio González, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of La Laguna, Institute of Natural Products
and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, La
Laguna 38206, Spain
| | - Hugo A. Garro
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Chemical
Technology Research Institute-National Council for Scientific and
Technical Research (INTEQUI-CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Max
Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular
Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), and Instituto de Investigaciones
para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Rosario 2002, Argentina
- National
University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina
| | - Romen Carrillo
- Institute
of Bio-Organics Antonio González, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of La Laguna, Institute of Natural Products
and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, La
Laguna 38206, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Research
Unit, Nuestra Señora de Candelaria University Hospital, Santa
Cruz de Tenerife 38010, Spain, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa Canarias
University, Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria 35450, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorenzo-Castrillejo
- Research
Unit, Nuestra Señora de Candelaria University Hospital, Santa
Cruz de Tenerife 38010, Spain, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Lucas Gutiérrez
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Esteban G. Vega-Hissi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Macarena Mamberto
- National
University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina
- Institute
of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER; CONICET-UNR),
Center for Research and Production of Biological Reagents (CIPReB;
FCM-UNR), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Menacho-Marquez
- National
University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina
- Institute
of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER; CONICET-UNR),
Center for Research and Production of Biological Reagents (CIPReB;
FCM-UNR), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina
| | - Claudio O. Fernández
- Max
Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular
Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), and Instituto de Investigaciones
para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR, UNR-CONICET), Rosario 2002, Argentina
- National
University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina
| | - Celina García
- Institute
of Bio-Organics Antonio González, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of La Laguna, Institute of Natural Products
and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, La
Laguna 38206, Spain
| | - Carlos R. Pungitore
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Chemical
Technology Research Institute-National Council for Scientific and
Technical Research (INTEQUI-CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
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4
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Santana-Sosa S, Matos-Perdomo E, Ayra-Plasencia J, Machín F. A Yeast Mitotic Tale for the Nucleus and the Vacuoles to Embrace. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9829. [PMID: 37372977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of the nucleus is roughly spherical in most eukaryotic cells. However, this organelle shape needs to change as the cell travels through narrow intercellular spaces during cell migration and during cell division in organisms that undergo closed mitosis, i.e., without dismantling the nuclear envelope, such as yeast. In addition, the nuclear morphology is often modified under stress and in pathological conditions, being a hallmark of cancer and senescent cells. Thus, understanding nuclear morphological dynamics is of uttermost importance, as pathways and proteins involved in nuclear shaping can be targeted in anticancer, antiaging, and antifungal therapies. Here, we review how and why the nuclear shape changes during mitotic blocks in yeast, introducing novel data that associate these changes with both the nucleolus and the vacuole. Altogether, these findings suggest a close relationship between the nucleolar domain of the nucleus and the autophagic organelle, which we also discuss here. Encouragingly, recent evidence in tumor cell lines has linked aberrant nuclear morphology to defects in lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Santana-Sosa
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa Canarias University, 35450 Santa María de Guía, Spain
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5
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Prescott TAK, Anaissi-Afonso L, Fox KR, Maxwell A, Panaretou B, Machín F. A simplified and easy-to-use HIP HOP assay provides insights into chalcone antifungal mechanisms of action. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3087-3102. [PMID: 36053795 PMCID: PMC10087691 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism of action of an antifungal or cytotoxic compound is a time-consuming process. Yeast chemogenomic profiling provides a compelling solution to the problem but is experimentally complex. Here, we demonstrate the use of a highly simplified yeast chemical genetic assay comprising just 89 yeast deletion strains, each diagnostic for a specific mechanism of action. We use the assay to investigate the mechanism of action of two antifungal chalcone compounds, trans-chalcone and 4'-hydroxychalcone, and narrow down the mechanism to transcriptional stress. Crucially, the assay eliminates mechanisms of action such as topoisomerase I inhibition and membrane disruption that have been suggested for related chalcone compounds. We propose this simplified assay as a useful tool to rapidly identify common off-target mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Anaissi-Afonso
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Keith R Fox
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Barry Panaretou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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6
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Matos-Perdomo E, Santana-Sosa S, Ayra-Plasencia J, Medina-Suárez S, Machín F. The vacuole shapes the nucleus and the ribosomal DNA loop during mitotic delays. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202101161. [PMID: 35961781 PMCID: PMC9375157 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome structuring and condensation is one of the main features of mitosis. Here, Matos-Perdomo et al show how the nuclear envelope reshapes around the vacuole to give rise to the outstanding ribosomal DNA loop in budding yeast. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model to address chromosome organization. In cells arrested before anaphase (mid-M), the rDNA acquires a highly structured chromosomal organization referred to as the rDNA loop, whose length can double the cell diameter. Previous works established that complexes such as condensin and cohesin are essential to attain this structure. Here, we report that the rDNA loop adopts distinct presentations that arise as spatial adaptations to changes in the nuclear morphology triggered during mid-M arrests. Interestingly, the formation of the rDNA loop results in the appearance of a space under the loop (SUL) which is devoid of nuclear components yet colocalizes with the vacuole. We show that the rDNA-associated nuclear envelope (NE) often reshapes into a ladle to accommodate the vacuole in the SUL, with the nucleus becoming bilobed and doughnut-shaped. Finally, we demonstrate that the formation of the rDNA loop and the SUL require TORC1, membrane synthesis and functional vacuoles, yet is independent of nucleus–vacuole junctions and rDNA-NE tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Santana-Sosa
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sara Medina-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain .,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Santa María de Guía, Spain
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7
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Machín F. Implications of Metastable Nicks and Nicked Holliday Junctions in Processing Joint Molecules in Mitosis and Meiosis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121498. [PMID: 33322845 PMCID: PMC7763299 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint molecules (JMs) are intermediates of homologous recombination (HR). JMs rejoin sister or homolog chromosomes and must be removed timely to allow segregation in anaphase. Current models pinpoint Holliday junctions (HJs) as a central JM. The canonical HJ (cHJ) is a four-way DNA that needs specialized nucleases, a.k.a. resolvases, to resolve into two DNA molecules. Alternatively, a helicase–topoisomerase complex can deal with pairs of cHJs in the dissolution pathway. Aside from cHJs, HJs with a nick at the junction (nicked HJ; nHJ) can be found in vivo and are extremely good substrates for resolvases in vitro. Despite these findings, nHJs have been neglected as intermediates in HR models. Here, I present a conceptual study on the implications of nicks and nHJs in the final steps of HR. I address this from a biophysical, biochemical, topological, and genetic point of view. My conclusion is that they ease the elimination of JMs while giving genetic directionality to the final products. Additionally, I present an alternative view of the dissolution pathway since the nHJ that results from the second end capture predicts a cross-join isomerization. Finally, I propose that this isomerization nicely explains the strict crossover preference observed in synaptonemal-stabilized JMs in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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8
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Machín F, Ayra-Plasencia J. Are Anaphase Events Really Irreversible? The Endmost Stages of Cell Division and the Paradox of the DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000021. [PMID: 32363600 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that yeast cells are able to partially regress chromosome segregation in telophase as a response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), likely to find a donor sequence for homology-directed repair (HDR). This regression challenges the traditional concept that establishes anaphase events as irreversible, hence opening a new field of research in cell biology. Here, the nature of this new behavior in yeast is summarized and the underlying mechanisms are speculated about. It is also discussed whether it can be reproduced in other eukaryotes. Overall, this work brings forwards the need of understanding how cells attempt to repair DSBs when transiting the latest stages of mitosis, i.e., anaphase and telophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38200, Spain.,Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35450, Spain
| | - Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38200, Spain
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9
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Ramos-Pérez C, Dominska M, Anaissi-Afonso L, Cazorla-Rivero S, Quevedo O, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Petes TD, Machín F. Cytological and genetic consequences for the progeny of a mitotic catastrophe provoked by Topoisomerase II deficiency. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11686-11721. [PMID: 31812950 PMCID: PMC6932922 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (Top2) removes topological linkages between replicated chromosomes. Top2 inhibition leads to mitotic catastrophe (MC) when cells unsuccessfully try to split their genetic material between the two daughter cells. Herein, we have characterized the fate of these daughter cells in the budding yeast. Clonogenic and microcolony experiments, in combination with vital and apoptotic stains, showed that 75% of daughter cells become senescent in the short term; they are unable to divide but remain alive. Decline in cell vitality then occurred, yet slowly, uncoordinatedly when comparing pairs of daughters, and independently of the cell death mediator Mca1/Yca1. Furthermore, we showed that senescence can be modulated by ploidy, suggesting that gross chromosome imbalances during segregation may account for this phenotype. Indeed, we found that diploid long-term survivors of the MC are prone to genomic imbalances such as trisomies, uniparental disomies and terminal loss of heterozygosity (LOH), the latter affecting the longest chromosome arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramos-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Present address: BenchSci Analytics Inc., Toronto, Canada
| | - Margaret Dominska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura Anaissi-Afonso
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sara Cazorla-Rivero
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Present address: Genomic Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel Lorenzo-Castrillejo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Thomas D Petes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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10
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Ayra-Plasencia J, Machín F. Publisher Correction: DNA double-strand breaks in telophase lead to coalescence between segregated sister chromatid loci. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3488. [PMID: 31375682 PMCID: PMC6677827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Ayra-Plasencia J, Machín F. Yeast cells can partially revert chromosome segregation to repair late DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 6:e1648027. [PMID: 31528706 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1648027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair in late mitosis sets paradoxical scenarios. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity is high, which favors homologous recombination (HR), despite a sister chromatid is not physically close to recombine with. We have found that DNA double-strand breaks partially revert chromosome segregation to find an intact template and repair through HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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12
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Matos-Perdomo E, Machín F. Nucleolar and Ribosomal DNA Structure under Stress: Yeast Lessons for Aging and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080779. [PMID: 31357498 PMCID: PMC6721496 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Once thought a mere ribosome factory, the nucleolus has been viewed in recent years as an extremely sensitive gauge of diverse cellular stresses. Emerging concepts in nucleolar biology include the nucleolar stress response (NSR), whereby a series of cell insults have a special impact on the nucleolus. These insults include, among others, ultra-violet radiation (UV), nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and thermal stress. While these stresses might influence nucleolar biology directly or indirectly, other perturbances whose origin resides in the nucleolar biology also trigger nucleolar and systemic stress responses. Among the latter, we find mutations in nucleolar and ribosomal proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing inhibitors and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription inhibition. The p53 protein also mediates NSR, leading ultimately to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence or differentiation. Hence, NSR is gaining importance in cancer biology. The nucleolar size and ribosome biogenesis, and how they connect with the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway, are also becoming important in the biology of aging and cancer. Simple model organisms like the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, easy to manipulate genetically, are useful in order to study nucleolar and rDNA structure and their relationship with stress. In this review, we summarize the most important findings related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain.
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Santa María de Guía, Gran Canaria, Spain.
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13
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Ayra-Plasencia J, Machín F. DNA double-strand breaks in telophase lead to coalescence between segregated sister chromatid loci. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2862. [PMID: 31253793 PMCID: PMC6598993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) pose a high risk for genome integrity. Cells repair DSBs through homologous recombination (HR) when a sister chromatid is available. HR is upregulated by the cycling dependent kinase (CDK) despite the paradox of telophase, where CDK is high but a sister chromatid is not nearby. Here we study in the budding yeast the response to DSBs in telophase, and find they activate the DNA damage checkpoint (DDC), leading to a telophase-to-G1 delay. Outstandingly, we observe a partial reversion of sister chromatid segregation, which includes approximation of segregated material, de novo formation of anaphase bridges, and coalescence between sister loci. We finally show that DSBs promote a massive change in the dynamics of telophase microtubules (MTs), together with dephosphorylation and relocalization of kinesin-5 Cin8. We propose that chromosome segregation is not irreversible and that DSB repair using the sister chromatid is possible in telophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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14
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Anaissi-Afonso L, Oramas-Royo S, Ayra-Plasencia J, Martín-Rodríguez P, García-Luis J, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Fernández-Pérez L, Estévez-Braun A, Machín F. Lawsone, Juglone, and β-Lapachone Derivatives with Enhanced Mitochondrial-Based Toxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1950-1957. [PMID: 29878754 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Naphthoquinones are among the most active natural products obtained from plants and microorganisms. Naphthoquinones exert their biological activities through pleiotropic mechanisms that include reactivity against cell nucleophiles, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibition of proteins. Here, we report a mechanistic antiproliferative study performed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for several derivatives of three important natural naphthoquinones: lawsone, juglone, and β-lapachone. We have found that (i) the free hydroxyl group of lawsone and juglone modulates toxicity; (ii) lawsone and juglone derivatives differ in their mechanisms of action, with ROS generation being more important for the former; and (iii) a subset of derivatives possess the capability to disrupt mitochondrial function, with β-lapachones being the most potent compounds in this respect. In addition, we have cross-compared yeast results with antibacterial and antitumor activities. We discuss the relationship between the mechanistic findings, the antiproliferative activities, and the physicochemical properties of the naphthoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anaissi-Afonso
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
- Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sandra Oramas-Royo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
- Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Patricia Martín-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, BIOPHARM, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Leandro Fernández-Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, BIOPHARM, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
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15
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Matos-Perdomo E, Machín F. The ribosomal DNA metaphase loop of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gets condensed upon heat stress in a Cdc14-independent TORC1-dependent manner. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:200-215. [PMID: 29166821 PMCID: PMC5884360 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1407890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is only visible at the microscopic level in the ribosomal DNA array (rDNA). The rDNA has been thus used as a model to characterize condensation and segregation of sister chromatids in mitosis. It has been established that the metaphase structure ("loop") depends, among others, on the condensin complex; whereas its segregation also depends on that complex, the Polo-like kinase Cdc5 and the cell cycle master phosphatase Cdc14. In addition, Cdc14 also drives rDNA hypercondensation in telophase. Remarkably, since all these components are essential for cell survival, their role on rDNA condensation and segregation was established by temperature-sensitive (ts) alleles. Here, we show that the heat stress (HS) used to inactivate ts alleles (25 ºC to 37 ºC shift) causes rDNA loop condensation in metaphase-arrested wild type cells, a result that can also be mimicked by other stresses that inhibit the TORC1 pathway. Because this condensation might challenge previous findings with ts alleles, we have repeated classical experiments of rDNA condensation and segregation, yet using instead auxin-driven degradation alleles (aid alleles). We have undertaken the protein degradation at lower temperatures (25 ºC) and concluded that the classical roles for condensin, Cdc5, Cdc14 and Cdc15 still prevailed. Thus, condensin degradation disrupts rDNA higher organization, Cdc14 and Cdc5 degradation precludes rDNA segregation and Cdc15 degradation still allows rDNA hypercompaction in telophase. Finally, we provide direct genetic evidence that this HS-mediated rDNA condensation is dependent on TORC1 but, unlike the one observed in anaphase, is independent of Cdc14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- a Unidad de Investigación , Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra de Candelaria , Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Spain.,b Universidad de La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- a Unidad de Investigación , Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra de Candelaria , Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Spain
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Hueso-Falcón I, Amesty Á, Anaissi-Afonso L, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Machín F, Estévez-Braun A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthoquinone-coumarin conjugates as topoisomerase II inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:484-489. [PMID: 28040393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous Topoisomerase II docking studies of naphthoquinone derivatives, a series of naphthoquinone-coumarin conjugates was synthesized through a multicomponent reaction from aromatic aldehydes, 4-hydroxycoumarin and 2-hydroxynaphthoquinone. The hybrid structures were evaluated against the α isoform of human topoisomerase II (hTopoIIα), Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase and E. coli Topoisomerase I. All tested compounds inhibited the hTopoIIα-mediated relaxation of negatively supercoiled circular DNA in the low micromolar range. This inhibition was specific since neither DNA Gyrase nor Topoisomerase I were affected. Cleavage assays pointed out that naphthoquinone-coumarins act by catalytically inhibiting hTopoIIα. ATPase assays and molecular docking studies further pointed out that the mode of action is related to the hTopoIIα ATP-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idaira Hueso-Falcón
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, Spain
| | - Ángel Amesty
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, Spain
| | - Laura Anaissi-Afonso
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, Spain.
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17
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Abstract
A series of dihydropyran embelin derivatives was synthesized through a direct and highly efficient approach based on a domino Knoevenagel intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder reaction from natural embelin (1), using unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of organocatalysts such as ethylendiamine diacetate or l-proline. The aliphatic aldehydes yielded exclusively trans adducts, while mixtures of trans and cis isomers were found in reactions with aromatic aldehydes, with the cis form always predominating. Some of the compounds obtained were active and selective against Gram-positive bacteria, including multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn Peña
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna , Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez No. 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna , Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez No. 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gabriela E Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan , Avenida Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP 5400, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Tapia
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan , Avenida Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP 5400, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria , Carretera del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna , Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez No. 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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18
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Machín F, Quevedo O, Ramos-Pérez C, García-Luis J. Cdc14 phosphatase: warning, no delay allowed for chromosome segregation! Curr Genet 2015; 62:7-13. [PMID: 26116076 PMCID: PMC4723626 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cycling events in nature start and end to restart again and again. In the cell cycle, whose purpose is to become two where there was only one, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the beginning and, therefore, phosphatases must play a role in the ending. Since CDKs are drivers of the cell cycle and cancer cells uncontrollably divide, much attention has been put into knocking down CDK activity. However, much less is known on the consequences of interfering with the phosphatases that put an end to the cell cycle. We have addressed in recent years the consequences of transiently inactivating the only master cell cycle phosphatase in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc14. Transient inactivation is expected to better mimic the pharmacological action of drugs. Interestingly, we have found that yeast cells tolerate badly a relatively brief inactivation of Cdc14 when cells are already committed into anaphase, the first cell cycle stage where this phosphatase plays important roles. First, we noticed that the segregation of distal regions in the chromosome arm that carries the ribosomal DNA array was irreversibly impaired, leading to an anaphase bridge (AB). Next, we found that this AB could eventually be severed by cytokinesis and led to two different types of genetically compromised daughter cells. All these previous studies were done in haploid cells. We have now recently expanded this analysis to diploid cells and used the advantage of making hybrid diploids to study chromosome rearrangements and changes in the ploidy of the surviving progeny. We have found that the consequences for the genome integrity were far more dramatic than originally envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Center for Chromosome Stability and Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Ramos-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Cell Cycle Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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19
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Casero C, Machín F, Méndez-Álvarez S, Demo M, Ravelo ÁG, Pérez-Hernández N, Joseph-Nathan P, Estévez-Braun A. Structure and antimicrobial activity of phloroglucinol derivatives from Achyrocline satureioides. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:93-102. [PMID: 25517209 DOI: 10.1021/np500735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The new prenylated phloroglucinol α-pyrones 1-3 and the new dibenzofuran 4, together with the known 23-methyl-6-O-demethylauricepyrone (5), achyrofuran (6), and 5,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyflavone (gnaphaliin A), were isolated from the aerial parts of Achyrocline satureioides. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies, while the absolute configuration of the sole stereogenic center of 1 was established by vibrational circular dichroism measurements in comparison to density functional theory calculated data. The same (S) absolute configuration of the α-methylbutyryl chain attached to the phloroglucinol nucleus was assumed for compounds 2-6 based on biogenetic considerations. Derivatives 7-16 were prepared from 1 and 5, and the antimicrobial activities of the isolated metabolites and some of the semisynthetic derivatives against a selected panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as a set of yeast molds, were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Casero
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna , Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez No. 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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20
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Ramos-Pérez C, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Quevedo O, García-Luis J, Matos-Perdomo E, Medina-Coello C, Estévez-Braun A, Machín F. Yeast cytotoxic sensitivity to the antitumour agent β-lapachone depends mainly on oxidative stress and is largely independent of microtubule- or topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:206-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Torres-Rosell J, Machín F, Jarmuz A, Aragón L. Nucleolar Segregation Lags Behind the Rest of the Genome and Requires Cdc14p Activation by the FEAR Network. Cell Cycle 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.3.4.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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García-Luis J, Clemente-Blanco A, Aragón L, Machín F. Cdc14 targets the Holliday junction resolvase Yen1 to the nucleus in early anaphase. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1392-9. [PMID: 24626187 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The only canonical Holliday junction (HJ) resolvase identified in eukaryotes thus far is Yen1/GEN1. Nevertheless, Yen1/GEN1 appears to have a minor role in HJ resolution, and, instead, other structure-specific endonucleases (SSE) that recognize branched DNA play the leading roles, Mus81-Mms4/EME1 being the most important in budding yeast. Interestingly, cells tightly regulate the activity of each HJ resolvase during the yeast cell cycle. Thus, Mus81-Mms4 is activated in G 2/M, while Yen1 gets activated shortly afterwards. Nevertheless, cytological studies have shown that Yen1 is sequestered out of the nucleus when cyclin-dependent kinase activity is high, i.e., all of the cell cycle but G 1. We here show that the mitotic master phosphatase Cdc14 targets Yen1 to the nucleus in early anaphase through the FEAR network. We will further show that this FEAR-mediated Cdc14-driven event is sufficient to back-up Mus81-Mms4 in removing branched DNA structures, which are especially found in the long chromosome arms upon replication stress. Finally, we found that MEN-driven Cdc14 re-activation in late anaphase is essential to keep Yen1 in the nucleus until the next G 1. Our results highlight the essential role that early-activated Cdc14, i.e., through the FEAR network, has in removing all kind of non-proteinaceous linkages that preclude faithful sister chromatid segregation in anaphase. In addition, our results support the general idea of Yen1 acting as a last resource endonuclease to deal with any remaining HJ that might compromise genetic stability during chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonay García-Luis
- Genomic Instability & Cancer Group; Unidad de Investigación; Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria; Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Luis Aragón
- Cell Cycle Group; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre; Imperial College London; London, UK
| | - Félix Machín
- Genomic Instability & Cancer Group; Unidad de Investigación; Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria; Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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23
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Quintana-Espinoza P, García-Luis J, Amesty A, Martín-Rodríguez P, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Ravelo AG, Fernández-Pérez L, Machín F, Estévez-Braun A. Synthesis and study of antiproliferative, antitopoisomerase II, DNA-intercalating and DNA-damaging activities of arylnaphthalimides. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6484-95. [PMID: 24054489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of arylnaphthalimides were designed and synthesized to overcome the dose-limiting cytotoxicity of N-acetylated metabolites arising from amonafide, the prototypical antitumour naphthalimide whose biomedical properties have been related to its ability to intercalate the DNA and poison the enzyme Topoisomerase II. Thus, these arylnaphthalimides were first evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against two tumour cell lines and for their antitopoisomerase II in vitro activities, together with their ability to intercalate the DNA in vitro and also through docking modelization. Then, the well-known DNA damage response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed to critically evaluate whether these novel compounds can damage the DNA in vivo. By performing all these assays we conclude that the 5-arylsubstituted naphthalimides not only keep but also improve amonafide's biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Quintana-Espinoza
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica 'Antonio González', Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Spain(†)
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24
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Peña R, Jiménez-Alonso S, Feresin G, Tapia A, Méndez-Alvarez S, Machín F, Ravelo ÁG, Estévez-Braun A. Multicomponent Synthesis of Antibacterial Dihydropyridin and Dihydropyran Embelin Derivatives. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7977-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401189x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn Peña
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica
“Antonio González”, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 38206 La Laguna,
Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones del Cáncer (ICIC) Avda de la Trinidad s/n, 38204, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sandra Jiménez-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica
“Antonio González”, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 38206 La Laguna,
Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones del Cáncer (ICIC) Avda de la Trinidad s/n, 38204, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gabriela Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Instituto
de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martı́n
1109, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Tapia
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Instituto
de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martı́n
1109, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Méndez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología
y Biología Celular, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Carretera del
Rosario, 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones del Cáncer (ICIC) Avda de la Trinidad s/n, 38204, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Carretera del
Rosario, 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel G. Ravelo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica
“Antonio González”, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 38206 La Laguna,
Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones del Cáncer (ICIC) Avda de la Trinidad s/n, 38204, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica
“Antonio González”, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 38206 La Laguna,
Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones del Cáncer (ICIC) Avda de la Trinidad s/n, 38204, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Casero C, Estévez-Braun A, Ravelo AG, Demo M, Méndez-Álvarez S, Machín F. Achyrofuran is an antibacterial agent capable of killing methicillin-resistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in the nanomolar range. Phytomedicine 2013; 20:133-138. [PMID: 23219042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a pressing need for novel antibacterial agents against drug-resistant bacteria, especially those which have been common in our communities and hospitals, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The South American plant Achyrocline satureioides ("Marcela") has been widely used in traditional medicine for a number of diseases, including infections. Several crude extracts from this plant have shown good antimicrobial activities in vitro. In the search for the active principle(s) that confers these antimicrobial activities, we have processed the dichloromethane extract from the aerial parts of the plant. One of the isolated compounds showed extraordinary antibacterial activities against a set of clinically relevant Gram-positive strains that widely differ in their antibiogram profiles. This compound was identified as achyrofuran on the basis of its spectroscopic and physical data. We determined the MIC to be around 0.1 μM (0.07 μg/ml) for the reference methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus strain NRS402. Moreover, nanomolar concentrations of achyrofuran killed 10(6) bacteria within 12 h. Based on the presence of the 2,2'-biphenol core, we further studied whether achyrofuran killed bacteria through a mechanism of action similar to that reported for the naturally occurring antibiotic MC21-A. Indeed, we found that achyrofuran was not bacteriolytic by itself although it greatly compromised membrane impermeability as determined by increased SYTOX Green uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Casero
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Quinto-Alemany D, Canerina-Amaro A, Hernández-Abad LG, Machín F, Romesberg FE, Gil-Lamaignere C. Yeasts acquire resistance secondary to antifungal drug treatment by adaptive mutagenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42279. [PMID: 22860105 PMCID: PMC3409178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of resistance secondary to treatment both by microorganisms and by tumor cells is a major public health concern. Several species of bacteria acquire resistance to various antibiotics through stress-induced responses that have an adaptive mutagenesis effect. So far, adaptive mutagenesis in yeast has only been described when the stress is nutrient deprivation. Here, we hypothesized that adaptive mutagenesis in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans as model organisms) would also take place in response to antifungal agents (5-fluorocytosine or flucytosine, 5-FC, and caspofungin, CSP), giving rise to resistance secondary to treatment with these agents. We have developed a clinically relevant model where both yeasts acquire resistance when exposed to these agents. Stressful lifestyle associated mutation (SLAM) experiments show that the adaptive mutation frequencies are 20 (S. cerevisiae -5-FC), 600 (C. albicans -5-FC) or 1000 (S. cerevisiae--CSP) fold higher than the spontaneous mutation frequency, the experimental data for C. albicans -5-FC being in agreement with the clinical data of acquisition of resistance secondary to treatment. The spectrum of mutations in the S. cerevisiae -5-FC model differs between spontaneous and acquired, indicating that the molecular mechanisms that generate them are different. Remarkably, in the acquired mutations, an ectopic intrachromosomal recombination with an 87% homologous gene takes place with a high frequency. In conclusion, we present here a clinically relevant adaptive mutation model that fulfils the conditions reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Quinto-Alemany
- Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Canerina-Amaro
- Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luís G. Hernández-Abad
- Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Floyd E. Romesberg
- Chemistry Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina Gil-Lamaignere
- Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Quevedo O, García-Luis J, Matos-Perdomo E, Aragón L, Machín F. Nondisjunction of a single chromosome leads to breakage and activation of DNA damage checkpoint in G2. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002509. [PMID: 22363215 PMCID: PMC3280967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of chromosomes during anaphase is a key step in mitosis. Failure to disjoin chromatids compromises the fidelity of chromosome inheritance and generates aneuploidy and chromosome rearrangements, conditions linked to cancer development. Inactivation of topoisomerase II, condensin, or separase leads to gross chromosome nondisjunction. However, the fate of cells when one or a few chromosomes fail to separate has not been determined. Here, we describe a genetic system to induce mitotic progression in the presence of nondisjunction in yeast chromosome XII right arm (cXIIr), which allows the characterisation of the cellular fate of the progeny. Surprisingly, we find that the execution of karyokinesis and cytokinesis is timely and produces severing of cXIIr on or near the repetitive ribosomal gene array. Consequently, one end of the broken chromatid finishes up in each of the new daughter cells, generating a novel type of one-ended double-strand break. Importantly, both daughter cells enter a new cycle and the damage is not detected until the next G2, when cells arrest in a Rad9-dependent manner. Cytologically, we observed the accumulation of damage foci containing RPA/Rad52 proteins but failed to detect Mre11, indicating that cells attempt to repair both chromosome arms through a MRX-independent recombinational pathway. Finally, we analysed several surviving colonies arising after just one cell cycle with cXIIr nondisjunction. We found that aberrant forms of the chromosome were recovered, especially when RAD52 was deleted. Our results demonstrate that, in yeast cells, the Rad9-DNA damage checkpoint plays an important role responding to compromised genome integrity caused by mitotic nondisjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis Aragón
- Cell Cycle Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Quevedo O, García-Luis J, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Machín F. No Role of Homologous Recombination in Dealing with β-Lapachone Cytotoxicity in Yeast. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:2106-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx2004618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorenzo-Castrillejo
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Troupin C, Machín F, Ouberdous M, Sirjacobs D, Barth A, Beckers JM. High-resolution climatology of the northeast Atlantic using Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (Diva). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bashmachnikov I, Machín F, Mendonça A, Martins A. In situ and remote sensing signature of meddies east of the mid-Atlantic ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jc005032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clemente-Blanco A, Mayán-Santos M, Schneider DA, Machín F, Jarmuz A, Tschochner H, Aragón L. Cdc14 inhibits transcription by RNA polymerase I during anaphase. Nature 2009; 458:219-22. [PMID: 19158678 DOI: 10.1038/nature07652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome condensation and the global repression of gene transcription are features of mitosis in most eukaryotes. The logic behind this phenomenon is that chromosome condensation prevents the activity of RNA polymerases. In budding yeast, however, transcription was proposed to be continuous during mitosis. Here we show that Cdc14, a protein phosphatase required for nucleolar segregation and mitotic exit, inhibits transcription of yeast ribosomal genes (rDNA) during anaphase. The phosphatase activity of Cdc14 is required for RNA polymerase I (Pol I) inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Moreover Cdc14-dependent inhibition involves nucleolar exclusion of Pol I subunits. We demonstrate that transcription inhibition is necessary for complete chromosome disjunction, because ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcripts block condensin binding to rDNA, and show that bypassing the role of Cdc14 in nucleolar segregation requires in vivo degradation of nascent transcripts. Our results show that transcription interferes with chromosome condensation, not the reverse. We conclude that budding yeast, like most eukaryotes, inhibit Pol I transcription before segregation as a prerequisite for chromosome condensation and faithful genome separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Clemente-Blanco
- Cell Cycle Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Abstract
In the yeast Hansenula polymorpha, the YNT1 gene encodes the high affinity nitrate transporter, which is repressed by reduced nitrogen sources such as ammonium or glutamine. Ynt1 protein is degraded in response to glutamine in the growth medium. Ynt1 disappears independently of YNT1 glutamine repression as shown in strains where YNT1 repression is abolished. Ynt1-green fluorescent protein chimera and a mutant defective in vacuolar proteinase A (deltapep4) showed that Ynt1 is degraded in the vacuole in response to glutamine. The central hydrophilic domain of Ynt1 contains PEST-like sequences whose deletion blocked Ynt1 down-regulation. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that Lys-253 and Lys-270, located in this sequence, were involved in internalization and subsequent vacuolar degradation of Ynt1. Ynt1-ubiquitin conjugates were induced by glutamine and not nitrate. We conclude that glutamine triggers Ynt1 down-regulation via ubiquitinylation of lysines in the central hydrophilic domain, and proteolysis in the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
| | - Yusé Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
| | - José M Siverio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain.
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Clemente-Blanco A, González-Novo A, Machín F, Caballero-Lima D, Aragón L, Sánchez M, de Aldana CRV, Jiménez J, Correa-Bordes J. The Cdc14p phosphatase affects late cell-cycle events and morphogenesis inCandida albicans. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:1130-43. [PMID: 16507592 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the CDC14 gene, which encodes a dual-specificity protein phosphatase in Candida albicans, and demonstrated that its deletion results in defects in cell separation, mitotic exit and morphogenesis. The C. albicans cdc14Δ mutants formed large aggregates of cells that resembled those found in ace2-null strains. In cdc14Δ cells, expression of Ace2p target genes was reduced and Ace2p did not accumulate specifically in daughter nuclei. Taken together, these results imply that Cdc14p is required for the activation and daughter-specific nuclear accumulation of Ace2p. Consistent with a role in cell separation, Cdc14p was targeted to the septum region during the M-G1 transition in yeast-form cells. Interestingly, hypha-inducing signals abolished the translocation of Cdc14p to the division plate, and this regulation depended on the cyclin Hgc1p, since hgc1Δ mutants were able to accumulate Cdc14p in the septum region of the germ tubes. In addition to its role in cytokinesis, Cdc14p regulated mitotic exit, since synchronous cultures of cdc14Δ cells exhibited a severe delay in the destruction of the mitotic cyclin Clb2p. Finally, deletion of CDC14 resulted in decreased invasion of solid agar medium and impaired true hyphal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Clemente-Blanco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda Elvas SN, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
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Abstract
Mitotic cell division involves the equal segregation of all chromosomes during anaphase. The presence of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats on the right arm of chromosome XII makes it the longest in the budding yeast genome. Previously, we identified a stage during yeast anaphase when rDNA is stretched across the mother and daughter cells. Here, we show that resolution of sister rDNAs is achieved by unzipping of the locus from its centromere-proximal to centromere-distal regions. We then demonstrate that during this stretched stage sister rDNA arrays are neither compacted nor segregated despite being largely resolved from each other. Surprisingly, we find that rDNA segregation after this period no longer requires spindles but instead involves Cdc14-dependent rDNA axial compaction. These results demonstrate that chromosome resolution is not simply a consequence of compacting chromosome arms and that overall rDNA compaction is necessary to mediate the segregation of the long arm of chromosome XII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Machín
- Cell Cycle Group, Clinical Sciences Centre, Medical Research Council, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, England, UK
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Torres-Rosell J, Machín F, Farmer S, Jarmuz A, Eydmann T, Dalgaard JZ, Aragón L. SMC5 and SMC6 genes are required for the segregation of repetitive chromosome regions. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:412-9. [PMID: 15793567 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Structure chromosome (SMC) proteins organize the core of cohesin, condensin and Smc5-Smc6 complexes. The Smc5-Smc6 complex is required for DNA repair, as well as having another essential but enigmatic function. Here, we generated conditional mutants of SMC5 and SMC6 in budding yeast, in which the essential function was affected. We show that mutant smc5-6 and smc6-9 cells undergo an aberrant mitosis in which chromosome segregation of repetitive regions is impaired; this leads to DNA damage and RAD9-dependent activation of the Rad53 protein kinase. Consistent with a requirement for the segregation of repetitive regions, Smc5 and Smc6 proteins are enriched at ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and at some telomeres. We show that, following Smc5-Smc6 inactivation, metaphase-arrested cells show increased levels of X-shaped DNA (Holliday junctions) at the rDNA locus. Furthermore, deletion of RAD52 partially suppresses the temperature sensitivity of smc5-6 and smc6-9 mutants. We also present evidence showing that the rDNA segregation defects of smc5/smc6 mutants are mechanistically different from those previously observed for condensin mutants. These results point towards a role for the Smc5-Smc6 complex in preventing the formation of sister chromatid junctions, thereby ensuring the correct partitioning of chromosomes during anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Torres-Rosell
- Cell Cycle Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Abstract
Cell division involves the inheritance of a complete set of the genome in the form of chromosomes. One of the strategies employed by eukaryotic cells is to maintain replicated sister chromatids together until the anaphase onset. A protein complex named cohesin holds sisters together following replication until anaphase when cleavage of cohesin by the protease separase initiates segregation. Recent studies in budding yeast have shown that cohesin cleavage alone is not sufficient for the segregation of the entire genome. Instead, repetitive regions, such as the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array and telomeres, require additional mechanisms during mitotic disjunction. The segregation of such chromosome regions is delayed and needs specific cell cycle regulators such as the FEAR network and the conserved phosphatase Cdc14, all of which orchestrate the timely completion of chromosome segregation before mitotic exit. Future studies will be targeted towards unravelling the nature of the additional segregation requirements for repetitive regions and the specifics of its cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Torres-Rosell
- Cell Cycle Group, Clinical Sciences Centre, Medical Research Council, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Torres-Rosell J, Machín F, Jarmuz A, Aragón L. Nucleolar segregation lags behind the rest of the genome and requires Cdc14p activation by the FEAR network. Cell Cycle 2004; 3:496-502. [PMID: 15004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to transmit a full genetic complement cells must ensure that all chromosomes are accurately split and distributed during anaphase. Chromosome XII in S. cerevisiae contains the site of nucleolar assembly, a 1-2Mb array of rDNA genes named RDN1. Cdc14p is a conserved phosphatase, essential for anaphase progression and mitotic exit, which is kept inactive at the nucleolus until mitosis. In early anaphase, the FEAR network (Cdc Fourteen Early Anaphase Release) promotes the transient and partial release of Cdc14p from the nucleolus. The putative role of Cdc14p released by the FEAR network is thought to be the stimulation of full Cdc14p release by activation of the GTPase-driven signaling cascade (the Mitotic Exit Network or MEN) that ensures mitotic exit. Here, we show that nucleolar segregation is spatially separated and temporally delayed from the rest of the genome. Nucleolar segregation occurs during mid-anaphase and coincides with the FEAR release of Cdc14p. Inactivation of FEAR delays nucleolar segregation until late anaphase, demonstrating that one function of the FEAR network is to promote segregation of repetitive nucleolar chromatin during mid-anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Torres-Rosell
- Cell Cycle Group, Clinical Sciences Center, Medical Research Council, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Navarro FJ, Perdomo G, Tejera P, Medina B, Machín F, Guillén RM, Lancha A, Siverio JM. The role of nitrate reductase in the regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. FEMS Yeast Res 2003; 4:149-55. [PMID: 14613879 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1356(03)00163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitrate reductase (NR) in the regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway was evaluated in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Posttranscriptional regulation of NR in response to reduced nitrogen sources and the effect of a heterologous NR on the transcriptional regulation of nitrate-assimilatory gene expression was examined. The strain bearing YNR1 (nitrate reductase gene) under the control of the methanol-induced MOX (methanol oxidase) promoter showed that NR is active in the presence of reduced nitrogen sources. In cells incubated with glutamine plus nitrate, rapamycin abolished nitrogen catabolite repression, NR activity being very similar to that in cells induced by nitrate alone. This reveals the involvement of the Tor-signalling pathway in the transcriptional regulation of H. polymorpha nitrate assimilation genes. To assess the role of NR in nitrate-assimilatory gene expression, different strains lacking YNR1, or both YNR1 and YNT1 (high-affinity nitrate transporter) genes, or expressing the tobacco NR under the YNR1 promoter, were used. Tobacco NR abolished the constitutive nitrate-assimilatory gene induction shown by an NR gene disruptant strain. Moreover, in strains lacking the high-affinity nitrate transporter and NR this deregulation disappeared. These facts discard the role of NR protein in the transcriptional induction of the nitrate-assimilatory genes and point out the involvement of the high-affinity nitrate transporter as a part of the nitrate-signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Grupo del Metabolismo del Nitrógeno, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
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Perdomo G, Navarro FJ, Medina B, Machín F, Tejera P, Siverio JM. Tobacco Nia2 cDNA functionally complements a Hansenula polymorpha yeast mutant lacking nitrate reductase. A new expression system for the study of plant proteins involved in nitrate assimilation. Plant Mol Biol 2002; 50:405-13. [PMID: 12369617 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019814505677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An integrative expression vector based on promoter and terminator transcriptional sequences from the Hansenula polymorpha nitrate reductase gene (YNR1) has been developed to express nitrate assimilation plant genes in the nitrate assimilatory yeast H. polymorpha. Using this vector a plant nitrate reductase cDNA (tobacco Nia2) was expressed for the first time in a nitrate assimilatory yeast. The heterologous nitrate reductase produced retained its biochemical and physiological properties such as its NADH-dependent nitrate reductase activity, and allowed growth in nitrate containing media in a strain lacking endogenous nitrate reductase activity. In the transgenic strain, maximum tobacco nitrate reductase activity was about 70% of that presented in the wild-type. On the other hand, the disappearance of nitrate reductase activity correlated with that of the enzyme protein in response to the addition of ammonium to the medium and took place more rapidly in the transgenic strain than in the wild-type. Nitrate reductase activity of the recombinant strain assayed in the presence of Mg2+ was about 30% of that observed when assayed with EDTA. This result, together with a decreased growth rate in nitrate, suggests that tobacco nitrate reductase could be partially inactivated in H. polymorpha by phosphorylation and binding of 14-3-3-like proteins. These results show that H. polymorpha is a useful yeast heterologous expression system for studying plant proteins involved in nitrate assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Perdomo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
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Avila J, González C, Brito N, Machín F, Pérez MD, Siverio JM. A second Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) transcriptional factor encoded by the YNA2 gene is indispensable for the transcriptional activation of the genes involved in nitrate assimilation in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Yeast 2002; 19:537-44. [PMID: 11921102 DOI: 10.1002/yea.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation genes encoding a nitrate transporter (YNT1), nitrite reductase (YNI1), a Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) transcriptional factor involved in nitrate induction (YNA1) and the nitrate reductase (YNR1) are clustered in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. A second gene, termed YNA2 (yeast nitrate assimilation), was located seven nucleotides away from the 3' region of YNR1 gene. The cluster is flanked by an ORF encoding a protein with similarity to glutathione-S-transferase on the YNT1 side and an ORF with similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad3p on the YNA2 side. The disruption of YNA2 confers the resulting null mutant strain with inability to grow in nitrate. The YNA2 gene encodes a putative protein of 618 residues bearing in the N-terminus the consensus sequence Cys-X(2)-Cys-X(6)-Cys-X(5-16)-Cys-X(2)-Cys-X(6-8)-Cys characteristic of the Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) transcriptional factors. YNA2 is therefore a member of the H. polymorpha nitrate assimilation gene cluster which is transcribed in the opposite direction to the rest of the members. Yna2p shares about 27% similarity with the H. polymorpha Yna1p Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) transcriptional factor involved in nitrate induction. Unlike the wild-type, the yna2::URA3 strain showed no expression of the nitrate assimilation genes when incubated in nitrate for 2 h. With regard to YNA2 expression, similar YNA2 transcript levels were observed in ammonium and in ammonium plus nitrate, but about a four-fold higher expression was observed in nitrate. However, this induction by nitrate of the YNA2 gene was not observed in the Deltayna1::URA3 strain. On the contrary, the pattern of YNA1 expression was the same in the wild-type as in the yna2::URA3 strain, indicating that YNA2 does not affect YNA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Avila
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Grupo del Metabolismo del Nitrógeno, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
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Abstract
Hansenula polymorpha mutants disrupted in the high-affinity nitrate transporter gene (YNT1) are still able to grow in nitrate. To detect the nitrate transporter(s) responsible for this growth a strain containing disruption of the nitrate assimilation gene cluster and expressing nitrate reductase gene (YNR1) under the control of H. polymorpha MOX1 (methanol oxidase) promoter was used (FM31 strain). In this strain nitrate taken up is transformed into nitrite by nitrate reductase and excreted to the medium where it is easily detected. Nitrate uptake which is neither induced by nitrate nor repressed by reduced nitrogen sources was detected in the FM31 strain. Likewise, nitrate uptake detected in the strain FM31 is independent of both Ynt1p and Yna1p and is not affected by ammonium, glutamine or chlorate. The inhibition of nitrite extrusion by extracellular nitrite suggests that the nitrate uptake system shown in the FM31 strain could also be involved in nitrite uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Machín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Grupo del Metabolismo del Nitrógeno-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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