1
|
Backe SJ, Sager RA, Heritz JA, Wengert LA, Meluni KA, Aran-Guiu X, Panaretou B, Woodford MR, Prodromou C, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Activation of autophagy depends on Atg1/Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113672. [PMID: 38180838 PMCID: PMC10865301 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
|
2
|
Backe SJ, Sager RA, Heritz JA, Wengert LA, Meluni KA, Aran-Guiu X, Panaretou B, Woodford MR, Prodromou C, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Activation of autophagy depends on Atg1/Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112807. [PMID: 37453059 PMCID: PMC10529509 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis relies on both the chaperoning of proteins and the intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome, a process known as autophagy. The crosstalk between these processes and their underlying regulatory mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we show that the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) forms a complex with the autophagy-initiating kinase Atg1 (yeast)/Ulk1 (mammalian), which suppresses its kinase activity. Conversely, environmental cues lead to Atg1/Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved serine in the amino domain of Hsp90, inhibiting its ATPase activity and altering the chaperone dynamics. These events impact a conformotypic peptide adjacent to the activation and catalytic loop of Atg1/Ulk1. Finally, Atg1/Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation of Hsp90 leads to dissociation of the Hsp90:Atg1/Ulk1 complex and activation of Atg1/Ulk1, which is essential for initiation of autophagy. Our work indicates a reciprocal regulatory mechanism between the chaperone Hsp90 and the autophagy kinase Atg1/Ulk1 and consequent maintenance of cellular proteostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jennifer A Heritz
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Laura A Wengert
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Katherine A Meluni
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Xavier Aran-Guiu
- Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Barry Panaretou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NQ, UK
| | - Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Blasio S, Clarke M, Hind CK, Asai M, Laurence L, Benvenuti A, Hassan M, Semenya D, Man DKW, Horrocks V, Manzo G, Van Der Lith S, Lam C, Gentile E, Annette C, Bosse J, Li Y, Panaretou B, Langford PR, Robertson BD, Lam JKW, Sutton JM, McArthur M, Mason AJ. Bolaamphiphile Analogues of 12-bis-THA Cl 2 Are Potent Antimicrobial Therapeutics with Distinct Mechanisms of Action against Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Fungal Pathogens. mSphere 2023; 8:e0050822. [PMID: 36511707 PMCID: PMC9942557 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00508-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
12-Bis-THA Cl2 [12,12'-(dodecane-1,12-diyl)-bis-(9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridinium) chloride] is a cationic bolalipid adapted from dequalinium chloride (DQC), a bactericidal anti-infective indicated for bacterial vaginosis (BV). Here, we used a structure-activity-relationship study to show that the factors that determine effective killing of bacterial, fungal, and mycobacterial pathogens differ, to generate new analogues with a broader spectrum of activity, and to identify synergistic relationships, most notably with aminoglycosides against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where the bactericidal killing rate was substantially increased. Like DQC, 12-bis-THA Cl2 and its analogues accumulate within bacteria and fungi. More hydrophobic analogues with larger headgroups show reduced potential for DNA binding but increased and broader spectrum antibacterial activity. In contrast, analogues with less bulky headgroups and stronger DNA binding affinity were more active against Candida spp. Shortening the interconnecting chain, from the most lipophilic twelve-carbon chain to six, improved the selectivity index against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro, but only the longer chain analogue was therapeutic in a Galleria mellonella infection model, with the shorter chain analogue exacerbating the infection. In vivo therapy of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 15 (EMRSA-15) infections in Galleria mellonella was also achieved with longer-chain analogues, as was therapy for an A. baumannii 17978 burn wound infection with a synergistic combination of bolaamphiphile and gentamicin. The present study shows how this class of bolalipids may be adapted further to enable a wider range of potential applications. IMPORTANCE While we face an acute threat from antibiotic resistant bacteria and a lack of new classes of antibiotic, there are many effective antimicrobials which have limited application due to concerns regarding their toxicity and which could be more useful if such risks are reduced or eliminated. We modified a bolalipid antiseptic used in throat lozenges to see if it could be made more effective against some of the highest-priority bacteria and less toxic. We found that structural modifications that rendered the lipid more toxic against human cells made it less toxic in infection models and we could effectively treat caterpillars infected with either Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or Acinetobacter baumannii. The study provides a rationale for further adaptation toward diversifying the range of indications in which this class of antimicrobial may be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Blasio
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Clarke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Hind
- Technology Development Group, UK Health Security Agency, Research and Evaluation, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Masanori Asai
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Laurence
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Benvenuti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahnoor Hassan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Semenya
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - DeDe Kwun-Wai Man
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Victoria Horrocks
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Manzo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Van Der Lith
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Lam
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenio Gentile
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Annette
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Bosse
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Panaretou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny K. W. Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Mark Sutton
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Technology Development Group, UK Health Security Agency, Research and Evaluation, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McArthur
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - A. James Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prescott TAK, Anaissi-Afonso L, Fox KR, Maxwell A, Panaretou B, Machín F. A simplified and easy-to-use HIP HOP assay provides insights into chalcone antifungal mechanisms of action. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3087-3102. [PMID: 36053795 PMCID: PMC10087691 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism of action of an antifungal or cytotoxic compound is a time-consuming process. Yeast chemogenomic profiling provides a compelling solution to the problem but is experimentally complex. Here, we demonstrate the use of a highly simplified yeast chemical genetic assay comprising just 89 yeast deletion strains, each diagnostic for a specific mechanism of action. We use the assay to investigate the mechanism of action of two antifungal chalcone compounds, trans-chalcone and 4'-hydroxychalcone, and narrow down the mechanism to transcriptional stress. Crucially, the assay eliminates mechanisms of action such as topoisomerase I inhibition and membrane disruption that have been suggested for related chalcone compounds. We propose this simplified assay as a useful tool to rapidly identify common off-target mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Anaissi-Afonso
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Keith R Fox
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Barry Panaretou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Conrad C, Yildiz D, Cleary SJ, Margraf A, Cook L, Schlomann U, Panaretou B, Bowser JL, Karmouty-Quintana H, Li J, Berg NK, Martin SC, Aljohmani A, Moussavi-Harami SF, Wang KM, Tian JJ, Magnen M, Valet C, Qiu L, Singer JP, Eltzschig HK, Bertrams W, Herold S, Suttorp N, Schmeck B, Ball ZT, Zarbock A, Looney MR, Bartsch JW. ADAM8 signaling drives neutrophil migration and ARDS severity. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e149870. [PMID: 35132956 PMCID: PMC8855804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) results in catastrophic lung failure and has an urgent, unmet need for improved early recognition and therapeutic development. Neutrophil influx is a hallmark of ARDS and is associated with the release of tissue-destructive immune effectors, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and membrane-anchored metalloproteinase disintegrins (ADAMs). Here, we observed using intravital microscopy that Adam8-/- mice had impaired neutrophil transmigration. In mouse pneumonia models, both genetic deletion and pharmacologic inhibition of ADAM8 attenuated neutrophil infiltration and lung injury while improving bacterial containment. Unexpectedly, the alterations of neutrophil function were not attributable to impaired proteolysis but resulted from reduced intracellular interactions of ADAM8 with the actin-based motor molecule Myosin1f that suppressed neutrophil motility. In 2 ARDS cohorts, we analyzed lung fluid proteolytic signatures and identified that ADAM8 activity was positively correlated with disease severity. We propose that in acute inflammatory lung diseases such as pneumonia and ARDS, ADAM8 inhibition might allow fine-tuning of neutrophil responses for therapeutic gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Conrad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Simon J. Cleary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andreas Margraf
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Cook
- Department of Neurosurgery/Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Schlomann
- Department of Neurosurgery/Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Barry Panaretou
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L. Bowser
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jiwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nathaniel K. Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ahmad Aljohmani
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - S. Farshid Moussavi-Harami
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristin M. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Tian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mélia Magnen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Colin Valet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Longhui Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Singer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research (iLung), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Zachary T. Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mark R. Looney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery/Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Woodford MR, Sager RA, Marris E, Dunn DM, Blanden AR, Murphy RL, Rensing N, Shapiro O, Panaretou B, Prodromou C, Loh SN, Gutmann DH, Bourboulia D, Bratslavsky G, Wong M, Mollapour M. Tumor suppressor Tsc1 is a new Hsp90 co-chaperone that facilitates folding of kinase and non-kinase clients. EMBO J 2017; 36:3650-3665. [PMID: 29127155 PMCID: PMC5730846 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressors Tsc1 and Tsc2 form the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a regulator of mTOR activity. Tsc1 stabilizes Tsc2; however, the precise mechanism involved remains elusive. The molecular chaperone heat‐shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an essential component of the cellular homeostatic machinery in eukaryotes. Here, we show that Tsc1 is a new co‐chaperone for Hsp90 that inhibits its ATPase activity. The C‐terminal domain of Tsc1 (998–1,164 aa) forms a homodimer and binds to both protomers of the Hsp90 middle domain. This ensures inhibition of both subunits of the Hsp90 dimer and prevents the activating co‐chaperone Aha1 from binding the middle domain of Hsp90. Conversely, phosphorylation of Aha1‐Y223 increases its affinity for Hsp90 and displaces Tsc1, thereby providing a mechanism for equilibrium between binding of these two co‐chaperones to Hsp90. Our findings establish an active role for Tsc1 as a facilitator of Hsp90‐mediated folding of kinase and non‐kinase clients—including Tsc2—thereby preventing their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Elijah Marris
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Diana M Dunn
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Adam R Blanden
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ryan L Murphy
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Rensing
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oleg Shapiro
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Barry Panaretou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Stewart N Loh
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA .,Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prescott TAK, Panaretou B. A Mini HIP HOP Assay Uncovers a Central Role for Copper and Zinc in the Antifungal Mode of Action of Allicin. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:3659-3664. [PMID: 28421744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Garlic contains the organosulfur compound allicin which exhibits potent antifungal activity. Here we demonstrate the use of a highly simplified yeast chemical genetic screen to characterize its mode of action. By screening 24 validated yeast gene deletion "signature" strains for which hypersensitivity is characteristic for common antifungal modes of action, yeast lacking the high affinity Cu2+ transporter Ctr1 was found to be hypersensitive to allicin. Focusing on transition metal related genes identified two more hypersensitive strains lacking the Cu2+ and Zn2+ transcription factors Mac1 and Zap1. Hypersensitivity in these strains was reversed by the addition of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, respectively. The results suggest the antifungal activity of allicin is mediated through restricted Cu2+ and Zn2+ uptake or inhibition of Cu2+ and Zn2+ metalloproteins. As certain antimicrobial modes of action are much more common than others, the approach taken here provides a useful way to identify them early on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Panaretou
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Woodford MR, Dunn DM, Blanden AR, Capriotti D, Loiselle D, Prodromou C, Panaretou B, Hughes PF, Smith A, Ackerman W, Haystead TA, Loh SN, Bourboulia D, Schmidt LS, Marston Linehan W, Bratslavsky G, Mollapour M. The FNIP co-chaperones decelerate the Hsp90 chaperone cycle and enhance drug binding. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12037. [PMID: 27353360 PMCID: PMC4931344 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) is an essential molecular chaperone in eukaryotes involved in maintaining the stability and activity of numerous signalling proteins, also known as clients. Hsp90 ATPase activity is essential for its chaperone function and it is regulated by co-chaperones. Here we show that the tumour suppressor FLCN is an Hsp90 client protein and its binding partners FNIP1/FNIP2 function as co-chaperones. FNIPs decelerate the chaperone cycle, facilitating FLCN interaction with Hsp90, consequently ensuring FLCN stability. FNIPs compete with the activating co-chaperone Aha1 for binding to Hsp90, thereby providing a reciprocal regulatory mechanism for chaperoning of client proteins. Lastly, downregulation of FNIPs desensitizes cancer cells to Hsp90 inhibitors, whereas FNIPs overexpression in renal tumours compared with adjacent normal tissues correlates with enhanced binding of Hsp90 to its inhibitors. Our findings suggest that FNIPs expression can potentially serve as a predictive indicator of tumour response to Hsp90 inhibitors. Hsp90 is required for the folding, stability and activity of several drivers of oncogenesis. Here the authors show that Folliculin-interacting proteins (FNIP) 1 and 2, whose expression correlates with the cellular response to Hsp90 inhibitors, are co-chaperones of Hsp90 that function by inhibiting its ATPase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Diana M Dunn
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Adam R Blanden
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Dante Capriotti
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - David Loiselle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | - Barry Panaretou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Philip F Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Aaron Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Wendi Ackerman
- Health Sciences Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Timothy A Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Stewart N Loh
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.,Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sipling T, Zhai C, Panaretou B. Emw1p/YNL313cp is essential for maintenance of the cell wall in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:1032-1041. [PMID: 21273246 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.045971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are six essential genes in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome which encode proteins bearing the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain that mediates protein-protein interaction. Thus far, the function of one of them, YNL313c, remains unknown. Our conditional mutants of YNL313c display osmoremedial temperature sensitivity, hypersensitivity to both Calcofluor White and low concentrations of SDS, and osmoremedial caffeine sensitivity. These are hallmarks of mutants that display cell wall defects. Accordingly we rename the gene as EMW1 (essential for maintenance of the cell wall). Loss of Emw1p function is not associated with abrogation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) MAP kinase cascade. Instead, emw1(ts) mutants activate this cascade even at permissive temperature, indicating that loss of Emw1p function does not cause a defect in sensors and effectors of cell wall signalling, but leads to a cell wall defect directly. Constitutive activation of the CWI cascade is reflected by the overproduction of chitin by emw1(ts) mutants, a compensatory response frequently displayed by cell wall mutants. Growth is restored to emw1(ts) mutants incubated at otherwise non-permissive temperature when GFA1 is overexpressed. GFA1 encodes the hexosephosphate aminotransferase that catalyses the rate-limiting step in the pathway that synthesizes the chitin precursor UDP-GlcNAc. The possibility that Emw1p is required for function of Gfa1p was ruled out, because the emw1(ts) phenotype persists when the requirement for Gfa1p is bypassed. Furthermore, if loss of Emw1p function leads to loss of function of Gfa1p, then chitin synthesis would be diminished. Instead, a stimulation of the synthesis of this polymer is detected. Consequently, the defect associated with emw1(ts) mutants may be associated with compromise in one of the remaining processes that depend on UDP-GlcNAc, namely N-glycosylation or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sipling
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Chao Zhai
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Barry Panaretou
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mollapour M, Tsutsumi S, Donnelly AC, Beebe K, Tokita MJ, Lee MJ, Lee S, Morra G, Bourboulia D, Scroggins BT, Colombo G, Blagg BS, Panaretou B, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Trepel JB, Piper PW, Prodromou C, Pearl LH, Neckers L. Swe1Wee1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Hsp90 regulates distinct facets of chaperone function. Mol Cell 2010; 37:333-43. [PMID: 20159553 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces WEE1 (Swe1), the only "true" tyrosine kinase in budding yeast, is an Hsp90 client protein. Here we show that Swe1(Wee1) phosphorylates a conserved tyrosine residue (Y24 in yeast Hsp90 and Y38 in human Hsp90alpha) in the N domain of Hsp90. Phosphorylation is cell-cycle associated and modulates the ability of Hsp90 to chaperone a selected clientele, including v-Src and several other kinases. Nonphosphorylatable mutants have normal ATPase activity, support yeast viability, and productively chaperone the Hsp90 client glucocorticoid receptor. Deletion of SWE1 in yeast increases Hsp90 binding to its inhibitor geldanamycin, and pharmacologic inhibition/silencing of Wee1 sensitizes cancer cells to Hsp90 inhibitor-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that Hsp90 chaperoning of distinct client proteins is differentially regulated by specific posttranslational modification of a unique subcellular pool of the chaperone, and they provide a strategy to increase the cellular potency of Hsp90 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mollapour
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The substrate specificity of wild-type human phenylalanine monooxygenase (wt-hPAH) has been investigated with respect to the mucoactive drug, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine and its thioether metabolites. The ability of wt-hPAH to metabolise other S-substituted cysteines was also examined.
Methods
Direct assays of PAH activity were by HPLC with fluorescence detection; indirect assays involved following disappearance of the cofactor by UV spectroscopy.
Key findings
wt-hPAH catalysed the S-oxygenation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, its decarboxylated metabolite, S-methyl-L-cysteine, and both their corresponding N-acetylated forms. However, thiodiglycolic acid was not a substrate. The enzyme profiles for both phenylalanine and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine showed allosteric kinetics at low substrate concentrations, with Hill constants of 2.0 and 1.9, respectively, for the substrate-activated wt-hPAH. At higher concentrations, both compounds followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with non-competitive substrate inhibition profiles. The thioether compounds, S-ethyl-L-cysteine, S-propyl-L-cysteine and S-butyl-L-cysteine were all found to be substrates for phenylalanine monooxygenase.
Conclusions
Phenylalanine monooxygenase may play a wider role outside intermediary metabolism in the biotransformation of dietary-derived substituted cysteines and other exogenous thioether compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boontarika Boonyapiwat
- Bureau of Drug and Narcotic, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Barry Panaretou
- King's College London, Pharmaceutical Science Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, London, UK
| | - Ben Forbes
- King's College London, Pharmaceutical Science Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, London, UK
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- Imperial College London, Biomolecular Science, SORA Division, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Glyn B Steventon
- King's College London, Pharmaceutical Science Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tsutsumi S, Mollapour M, Graf C, Lee CT, Scroggins BT, Xu W, Haslerova L, Hessling M, Konstantinova AA, Trepel JB, Panaretou B, Buchner J, Mayer MP, Prodromou C, Neckers L. Hsp90 charged-linker truncation reverses the functional consequences of weakened hydrophobic contacts in the N domain. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 16:1141-7. [PMID: 19838189 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an essential molecular chaperone in eukaryotes, as it regulates diverse signal transduction nodes that integrate numerous environmental cues to maintain cellular homeostasis. Hsp90 also is secreted from normal and transformed cells and regulates cell motility. Here, we have identified a conserved hydrophobic motif in a beta-strand at the boundary between the N domain and charged linker of Hsp90, whose mutation not only abrogated Hsp90 secretion but also inhibited its function. These Hsp90 mutants lacked chaperone activity in vitro and failed to support yeast viability. Notably, truncation of the charged linker reduced solvent accessibility of this beta-strand and restored chaperone activity to these mutants. These data underscore the importance of beta-strand 8 for Hsp90 function and demonstrate that the functional consequences of weakened hydrophobic contacts in this region are reversed by charged-linker truncation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tsutsumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boonyapiwat B, Panaretou B, Forbes B, Mitchell SC, Steventon GB. Human phenylalanine monooxygenase and thioether metabolism. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 61:63-7. [PMID: 19126298 DOI: 10.1211/jpp/61.01.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The substrate specificity of wild-type human phenylalanine monooxygenase (wt-hPAH) has been investigated with respect to the mucoactive drug, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine and its thioether metabolites. The ability of wt-hPAH to metabolise other S-substituted cysteines was also examined. METHODS Direct assays of PAH activity were by HPLC with fluorescence detection; indirect assays involved following disappearance of the cofactor by UV spectroscopy. KEY FINDINGS wt-hPAH catalysed the S-oxygenation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, its decarboxylated metabolite, S-methyl-L-cysteine, and both their corresponding N-acetylated forms. However, thiodiglycolic acid was not a substrate. The enzyme profiles for both phenylalanine and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine showed allosteric kinetics at low substrate concentrations, with Hill constants of 2.0 and 1.9, respectively, for the substrate-activated wt-hPAH. At higher concentrations, both compounds followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with non-competitive substrate inhibition profiles. The thioether compounds, S-ethyl-L-cysteine, S-propyl-L-cysteine and S-butyl-L-cysteine were all found to be substrates for phenylalanine monooxygenase. CONCLUSIONS Phenylalanine monooxygenase may play a wider role outside intermediary metabolism in the biotransformation of dietary-derived substituted cysteines and other exogenous thioether compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boontarika Boonyapiwat
- Bureau of Drug and Narcotic, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang M, Botër M, Li K, Kadota Y, Panaretou B, Prodromou C, Shirasu K, Pearl LH. Structural and functional coupling of Hsp90- and Sgt1-centred multi-protein complexes. EMBO J 2008; 27:2789-98. [PMID: 18818696 PMCID: PMC2556094 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sgt1 is an adaptor protein implicated in a variety of processes, including formation of the kinetochore complex in yeast, and regulation of innate immunity systems in plants and animals. Sgt1 has been found to associate with SCF E3 ubiquitin ligases, the CBF3 kinetochore complex, plant R proteins and related animal Nod-like receptors, and with the Hsp90 molecular chaperone. We have determined the crystal structure of the core Hsp90-Sgt1 complex, revealing a distinct site of interaction on the Hsp90 N-terminal domain. Using the structure, we developed mutations in Sgt1 interfacial residues, which specifically abrogate interaction with Hsp90, and disrupt Sgt1-dependent functions in vivo, in plants and yeast. We show that Sgt1 bridges the Hsp90 molecular chaperone system to the substrate-specific arm of SCF ubiquitin ligase complexes, suggesting a role in SCF assembly and regulation, and providing multiple complementary routes for ubiquitination of Hsp90 client proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhang
- Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Marta Botër
- Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Kuoyu Li
- Chemical Biology Research Group, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Barry Panaretou
- Chemical Biology Research Group, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chrisostomos Prodromou
- Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
- Plant Immunity Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Neophytou I, Harvey R, Lawrence J, Marsh P, Panaretou B, Barlow D. Eukaryotic integral membrane protein expression utilizing the Escherichia coli glycerol-conducting channel protein (GlpF). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:375-81. [PMID: 17828601 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A fusion protein expression system is described that allows for production of eukaryotic integral membrane proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The eukaryotic membrane protein targets are fused to the C terminus of the highly expressed E. coli inner membrane protein, GlpF (the glycerol-conducting channel protein). The generic utility of this system for heterologous membrane-protein expression is demonstrated by the expression and insertion into the E. coli cell membrane of the human membrane proteins: occludin, claudin 4, duodenal ferric reductase and a J-type inwardly rectifying potassium channel. The proteins are produced with C-terminal hexahistidine tags (to permit purification of the expressed fusion proteins using immobilized metal affinity chromatography) and a peptidase cleavage site (to allow recovery of the unfused eukaryotic protein).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Neophytou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Millson SH, Truman AW, Rácz A, Hu B, Panaretou B, Nuttall J, Mollapour M, Söti C, Piper PW. Expressed as the sole Hsp90 of yeast, the alpha and beta isoforms of human Hsp90 differ with regard to their capacities for activation of certain client proteins, whereas only Hsp90beta generates sensitivity to the Hsp90 inhibitor radicicol. FEBS J 2007; 274:4453-63. [PMID: 17681020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone required for the activity of many of the most important regulatory proteins of eukaryotic cells (the Hsp90 'clients'). Vertebrates have two isoforms of cytosolic Hsp90, Hsp90alpha and Hsp90beta. Hsp90beta is expressed constitutively to a high level in most tissues and is generally more abundant than Hsp90alpha, whereas Hsp90alpha is stress-inducible and overexpressed in many cancerous cells. Expressed as the sole Hsp90 of yeast, human Hsp90alpha and Hsp90beta are both able to provide essential Hsp90 functions. Activations of certain Hsp90 clients (heat shock transcription factor, v-src) were more efficient with Hsp90alpha, rather than Hsp90beta, present in the yeast. In contrast, activation of certain other clients (glucocorticoid receptor; extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 mitogen-activated protein kinase) was less affected by the human Hsp90 isoform present in these cells. Remarkably, whereas expression of Hsp90beta as the sole Hsp90 of yeast rendered cells highly sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitor radicicol, comparable expression of Hsp90alpha did not. This raises the distinct possibility that, also for mammalian systems, alterations to the Hsp90alpha/Hsp90beta ratio (as with heat shock) might be a significant factor affecting cellular susceptibility to Hsp90 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H Millson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liao C, Hu B, Arno MJ, Panaretou B. Genomic screening in vivo reveals the role played by vacuolar H+ ATPase and cytosolic acidification in sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 71:416-25. [PMID: 17093137 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous diploid deletion library against a sublethal concentration of cisplatin revealed 76 strains sensitive to the drug. As expected, the largest category of deletions, representing 40% of the sensitive strains, was composed of strains lacking genes involved in DNA replication and damage repair. Deletions lacking function of the highly conserved vacuolar H+ translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) composed the category representing the second largest number of sensitive strains. The effect on cell death exhibited by V-ATPase mutants was found to be a general response to various DNA damaging agents as opposed to being specific to cisplatin, as evidenced by sensitivity of the mutants to hydroxyurea (a DNA-alkylating agent) and UV irradiation. Loss of V-ATPase does not affect DNA repair, because double mutants defective for V-ATPase function and DNA repair pathways were more sensitive to cisplatin than the single mutants. V-ATPase mutants are more prone to DNA damage than wild-type cells, indicated by enhanced activation of the DNA damage checkpoint. Vacuole function per se is not cisplatin-sensitive, because vacuolar morphology and vacuolar acidification were unaffected by cisplatin in wild-type cells. V-ATPase also controls cytoplasmic pH, so the enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage may be associated with the drop in pHi associated with V-ATPase mutants. The increased loss in cell viability induced by cisplatin at lower pH in V-ATPase mutants supports this hypothesis. The loss in viability seen in wild-type cells under the same conditions was far less dramatic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liao
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ali MMU, Roe SM, Vaughan CK, Meyer P, Panaretou B, Piper PW, Prodromou C, Pearl LH. Crystal structure of an Hsp90-nucleotide-p23/Sba1 closed chaperone complex. Nature 2006; 440:1013-7. [PMID: 16625188 PMCID: PMC5703407 DOI: 10.1038/nature04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 (heat shock protein of 90 kDa) is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone responsible for the assembly and regulation of many eukaryotic signalling systems and is an emerging target for rational chemotherapy of many cancers. Although the structures of isolated domains of Hsp90 have been determined, the arrangement and ATP-dependent dynamics of these in the full Hsp90 dimer have been elusive and contentious. Here we present the crystal structure of full-length yeast Hsp90 in complex with an ATP analogue and the co-chaperone p23/Sba1. The structure reveals the complex architecture of the 'closed' state of the Hsp90 chaperone, the extensive interactions between domains and between protein chains, the detailed conformational changes in the amino-terminal domain that accompany ATP binding, and the structural basis for stabilization of the closed state by p23/Sba1. Contrary to expectations, the closed Hsp90 would not enclose its client proteins but provides a bipartite binding surface whose formation and disruption are coupled to the chaperone ATPase cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maruf M U Ali
- Section of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The plasma membrane is dynamic, with both its lipid and protein composition changing to facilitate adaptation to the ambient conditions. Biochemical activities to pre-existing proteins will also change. To monitor these variations, the cell membrane must be isolated. Moreover, the preparations must be free of contamination from the variety of other membranes in the cell, principally those associated with the golgi, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the nucleus, and the vacuole. We describe a method for isolating plasma membranes that avoids incubation with enzymes that degrade the cell wall, thereby avoiding physiological changes that may lead to alteration in profile and activity of membrane proteins as well as avoiding changes that may alter lipid composition. We have used this method to show that, in response to heat shock, the plasma membrane acquires a novel heat-shock protein (HSP) and displays a decline in the levels of the abundant H+ translocating ATPase.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
We demonstrate a role for Qri2 in the essential DNA repair function of the Smc5/6 complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We generated temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants in QRI2 and characterized their properties. The mutants arrest after S phase and prior to mitosis. Furthermore, the arrest is dependant on the Rad24 checkpoint, and is also accompanied by phosphorylation of the Rad53 checkpoint effector kinase. The mutants also display genome instability and are sensitive to agents that damage DNA. Two-hybrid screens reveal a physical interaction between Qri2 and proteins that are non-Smc elements of the Smc5/6 DNA repair complex, which is why we propose the name NSE4 for the open reading frame previously known as QRI2. A key role for Nse4 in Smc5/6 function is likely, as overexpressing known subunits of the Smc5/6 complex suppresses nse4(ts) cell cycle arrest. The nse4(ts) growth arrest is non-lethal and unlike the catastrophic nuclear fragmentation phenotype of smc6(ts) mutants, the nucleus remains intact; replicative intermediates and sheared DNA are not detected. This could imply a role for Nse4 in maintenance of higher order chromosome structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Department of Life Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9NN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meyer P, Prodromou C, Liao C, Hu B, Roe SM, Vaughan CK, Vlasic I, Panaretou B, Piper PW, Pearl LH. Structural basis for recruitment of the ATPase activator Aha1 to the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. EMBO J 2005; 23:1402-10. [PMID: 15039704 PMCID: PMC381413 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone essential for the activation and assembly of many key eukaryotic signalling and regulatory proteins. Hsp90 is assisted and regulated by co-chaperones that participate in an ordered series of dynamic multiprotein complexes, linked to Hsp90 conformationally coupled ATPase cycle. The co-chaperones Aha1 and Hch1 bind to Hsp90 and stimulate its ATPase activity. Biochemical analysis shows that this activity is dependent on the N-terminal domain of Aha1, which interacts with the central segment of Hsp90. The structural basis for this interaction is revealed by the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain (1-153) of Aha1 (equivalent to the whole of Hch1) in complex with the middle segment of Hsp90 (273-530). Structural analysis and mutagenesis show that binding of N-Aha1 promotes a conformational switch in the middle-segment catalytic loop (370-390) of Hsp90 that releases the catalytic Arg 380 and enables its interaction with ATP in the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of the chaperone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Meyer
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Millson SH, Truman AW, Wolfram F, King V, Panaretou B, Prodromou C, Pearl LH, Piper PW. Investigating the protein-protein interactions of the yeast Hsp90 chaperone system by two-hybrid analysis: potential uses and limitations of this approach. Cell Stress Chaperones 2005; 9:359-68. [PMID: 15633294 PMCID: PMC1065275 DOI: 10.1379/csc-29r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hsp90 chaperone cycle involves sequential assembly of different Hsp90-containing multiprotein complexes, the accessory proteins ("cochaperones") that are associated with these complexes being exchanged as the cycle proceeds from its early to its late stages. To gain insight as to whether the 2-hybrid system could be used to probe the interactions of this Hsp90 system, yeast transformants were constructed that express the Gal4p deoxyribonucleic acid-binding domain (BD) fused to the 2 Hsp90 isoforms and the various Hsp90 system cochaperones of yeast. These "bait" fusions were then introduced by mating into other transformants expressing nearly all the 6000 proteins of yeast expressed as fusions to the Gal4p activation domain (AD). High throughput 2-hybrid screening revealed the ability of Hsp90 and Hsp90 system cochaperones to engage in stable interactions in vivo, both with each other and with the various other proteins of the yeast proteome. Consistent with the transience of most chaperone associations, interactions to Hsp90 itself were invariably weak and generally influenced by stress. Mutations within a Hsp90-BD bait fusion and an AD-Cdc37 "prey" fusion were used to provide in vivo confirmation of the in vitro data that shows that Cdc37p is interacting with the "relaxed" conformation of Hsp90 and also to provide indications that Cdc37p needs to be phosphorylated at its N-terminus for any appreciable interaction with Hsp90. A number of potentially novel cochaperone interactions were also identified, providing a framework for these to be analyzed further using other techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H Millson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Siligardi G, Hu B, Panaretou B, Piper PW, Pearl LH, Prodromou C. Co-chaperone regulation of conformational switching in the Hsp90 ATPase cycle. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51989-98. [PMID: 15466438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410562200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP hydrolysis by the Hsp90 molecular chaperone requires a connected set of conformational switches triggered by ATP binding to the N-terminal domain in the Hsp90 dimer. Central to this is a segment of the structure, which closes like a "lid" over bound ATP, promoting N-terminal dimerization and assembly of a competent active site. Hsp90 mutants that influence these conformational switches have strong effects on ATPase activity. ATPase activity is specifically regulated by Hsp90 co-chaperones, which directly influence the conformational switches. Here we have analyzed the effect of Hsp90 mutations on binding (using isothermal titration calorimetry and difference circular dichroism) and ATPase regulation by the co-chaperones Aha1, Sti1 (Hop), and Sba1 (p23). The ability of Sti1 to bind Hsp90 and arrest its ATPase activity was not affected by any of the mutants screened. Sba1 bound in the presence of AMPPNP to wild-type and ATPase hyperactive mutants with similar affinity but only very weakly to hypoactive mutants despite their wild-type ATP affinity. Unexpectedly, in all cases Sba1 bound to Hsp90 with a 1:2 molar stoichiometry. Aha1 binding to mutants was similar to wild-type, but the -fold activation of their ATPase varied substantially between mutants. Analysis of complex formation with co-chaperone mixtures showed Aha1 and p50cdc37 able to bind Hsp90 simultaneously but without direct interaction. Sba1 and p50cdc37 bound independently to Hsp90-AMPPNP but not together. These data indicated that Sba1 and Aha1 regulate Hsp90 by influencing the conformational state of the "ATP lid" and consequent N-terminal dimerization, whereas Sti1 does not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Siligardi
- Pharmaceutical Optical Spectroscopy Centre and Division of Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Roe SM, Ali MMU, Meyer P, Vaughan CK, Panaretou B, Piper PW, Prodromou C, Pearl LH. The Mechanism of Hsp90 regulation by the protein kinase-specific cochaperone p50(cdc37). Cell 2004; 116:87-98. [PMID: 14718169 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)01027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of protein kinase clients to the Hsp90 chaperone involves the cochaperone p50(cdc37) acting as a scaffold, binding protein kinases via its N-terminal domain and Hsp90 via its C-terminal region. p50(cdc37) also has a regulatory activity, arresting Hsp90's ATPase cycle during client-protein loading. We have localized the binding site for p50(cdc37) to the N-terminal nucleotide binding domain of Hsp90 and determined the crystal structure of the Hsp90-p50(cdc37) core complex. Dimeric p50(cdc37) binds to surfaces of the Hsp90 N-domain implicated in ATP-dependent N-terminal dimerization and association with the middle segment of the chaperone. This interaction fixes the lid segment in an open conformation, inserts an arginine side chain into the ATP binding pocket to disable catalysis, and prevents trans-activating interaction of the N domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mark Roe
- Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Meyer P, Prodromou C, Liao C, Hu B, Mark Roe S, Vaughan CK, Vlasic I, Panaretou B, Piper PW, Pearl LH. Structural basis for recruitment of the ATPase activator Aha1 to the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. EMBO J 2004; 23:511-9. [PMID: 14739935 PMCID: PMC1271799 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone essential for the activation and assembly of many key eukaryotic signalling and regulatory proteins. Hsp90 is assisted and regulated by co-chaperones that participate in an ordered series of dynamic multiprotein complexes, linked to Hsp90s conformationally coupled ATPase cycle. The co-chaperones Aha1 and Hch1 bind to Hsp90 and stimulate its ATPase activity. Biochemical analysis shows that this activity is dependent on the N-terminal domain of Aha1, which interacts with the central segment of Hsp90. The structural basis for this interaction is revealed by the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain (1-153) of Aha1 (equivalent to the whole of Hch1) in complex with the middle segment of Hsp90 (273-530). Structural analysis and mutagenesis show that binding of N-Aha1 promotes a conformational switch in the middle-segment catalytic loop (370-390) of Hsp90 that releases the catalytic Arg 380 and enables its interaction with ATP in the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of the chaperone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Meyer
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chrisostomos Prodromou
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chunyan Liao
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bin Hu
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Mark Roe
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Cara K Vaughan
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ignacija Vlasic
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barry Panaretou
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter W Piper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK. Tel.: +44 0207 970 6045/6; Fax: +44 0207 970 6051; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Piper PW, Millson SH, Mollapour M, Panaretou B, Siligardi G, Pearl LH, Prodromou C. Sensitivity to Hsp90-targeting drugs can arise with mutation to the Hsp90 chaperone, cochaperones and plasma membrane ATP binding cassette transporters of yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4689-95. [PMID: 14622256 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Hsp90 molecular chaperone catalyses the final activation step of many of the most important regulatory proteins of eukaryotic cells. The antibiotics geldanamycin and radicicol act as highly selective inhibitors of in vivo Hsp90 function through their ability to bind within the ADP/ATP binding pocket of the chaperone. Drugs based on these compounds are now being developed as anticancer agents, their administration having the potential to inactivate simultaneously several of the targets critical for counteracting multistep carcinogenesis. This investigation used yeast to show that cells can be rendered hypersensitive to Hsp90 inhibitors by mutation to Hsp90 itself (within the Hsp82 isoform of yeast Hsp90, the point mutations T101I and A587T); with certain cochaperone defects and through the loss of specific plasma membrane ATP binding cassette transporters (Pdr5p, and to a lesser extent, Snq2p). The T101I hsp82 and A587T hsp82 mutations do not cause higher drug affinity for purified Hsp90 but may render the in vivo chaperone cycle more sensitive to drug inhibition. It is shown that these mutations render at least one Hsp90-dependent process (deactivation of heat-induced heat shock factor activity) more sensitive to drug inhibition in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Piper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- B Panaretou
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University College London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meyer P, Prodromou C, Hu B, Vaughan C, Roe SM, Panaretou B, Piper PW, Pearl LH. Structural and functional analysis of the middle segment of hsp90: implications for ATP hydrolysis and client protein and cochaperone interactions. Mol Cell 2003; 11:647-58. [PMID: 12667448 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of client proteins by the Hsp90 molecular chaperone is dependent on binding and hydrolysis of ATP, which drives a molecular clamp via transient dimerization of the N-terminal domains. The crystal structure of the middle segment of yeast Hsp90 reveals considerable evolutionary divergence from the equivalent regions of other GHKL protein family members such as MutL and GyrB, including an additional domain of new fold. Using the known structure of the N-terminal nucleotide binding domain, a model for the Hsp90 dimer has been constructed. From this structure, residues implicated in the ATPase-coupled conformational cycle and in interactions with client proteins and the activating cochaperone Aha1 have been identified, and their roles functionally characterized in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Meyer
- Section of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, SW3 6JB, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Piper PW, Panaretou B, Millson SH, Truman A, Mollapour M, Pearl LH, Prodromou C. Yeast is selectively hypersensitised to heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-targetting drugs with heterologous expression of the human Hsp90beta, a property that can be exploited in screens for new Hsp90 chaperone inhibitors. Gene 2003; 302:165-70. [PMID: 12527207 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)01102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is essential for activation of many of the most important regulatory proteins of eukaryotic cells. It is an extremely conserved protein, such that heterologous expressions of either human Hsp90beta or Caenorhabditis elegans Hsp90 will provide the essential Hsp90 function in yeast. The ability of these metazoan Hsp90s to provide this Hsp90 function to yeast cells requires Sti, a Hsp90 system cochaperone. Yeast that is expressing human Hsp90beta in place of the normal native yeast Hsp90 is selectively hypersensitised to Hsp90 inhibitor drugs. Hsp90 drugs are promising anticancer agents, their administration simultaneously destabilizing a number of the proteins critical to multistep carcinogenesis. Though one of these drugs (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, 17-AAG) is now progressing to Phase 2 clinical trials, there is a pressing need to identify selective Hsp90 inhibitors that are more soluble than 17-AAG. High-throughput screening for chemical agents that exert greater inhibitory effects against yeast expressing the human Hsp90beta relative to yeast expressing its native Hsp90 should therefore facilitate the search for new Hsp90 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Piper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Panaretou B, Siligardi G, Meyer P, Maloney A, Sullivan JK, Singh S, Millson SH, Clarke PA, Naaby-Hansen S, Stein R, Cramer R, Mollapour M, Workman P, Piper PW, Pearl LH, Prodromou C. Activation of the ATPase activity of hsp90 by the stress-regulated cochaperone aha1. Mol Cell 2002; 10:1307-18. [PMID: 12504007 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Client protein activation by Hsp90 involves a plethora of cochaperones whose roles are poorly defined. A ubiquitous family of stress-regulated proteins have been identified (Aha1, activator of Hsp90 ATPase) that bind directly to Hsp90 and are required for the in vivo Hsp90-dependent activation of clients such as v-Src, implicating them as cochaperones of the Hsp90 system. In vitro, Aha1 and its shorter homolog, Hch1, stimulate the inherent ATPase activity of yeast and human Hsp90. The identification of these Hsp90 cochaperone activators adds to the complex roles of cochaperones in regulating the ATPase-coupled conformational changes of the Hsp90 chaperone cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Panaretou
- Division of Life Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NN, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Siligardi G, Panaretou B, Meyer P, Singh S, Woolfson DN, Piper PW, Pearl LH, Prodromou C. Regulation of Hsp90 ATPase activity by the co-chaperone Cdc37p/p50cdc37. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:20151-9. [PMID: 11916974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201287200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo activation of client proteins by Hsp90 depends on its ATPase-coupled conformational cycle and on interaction with a variety of co-chaperone proteins. For some client proteins the co-chaperone Sti1/Hop/p60 acts as a "scaffold," recruiting Hsp70 and the bound client to Hsp90 early in the cycle and suppressing ATP turnover by Hsp90 during the loading phase. Recruitment of protein kinase clients to the Hsp90 complex appears to involve a specialized co-chaperone, Cdc37p/p50(cdc37), whose binding to Hsp90 is mutually exclusive of Sti1/Hop/p60. We now show that Cdc37p/p50(cdc37), like Sti1/Hop/p60, also suppresses ATP turnover by Hsp90 supporting the idea that client protein loading to Hsp90 requires a "relaxed" ADP-bound conformation. Like Sti1/Hop/p60, Cdc37p/p50(cdc37) binds to Hsp90 as a dimer, and the suppressed ATPase activity of Hsp90 is restored when Cdc37p/p50(cdc37) is displaced by the immunophilin co-chaperone Cpr6/Cyp40. However, unlike Sti1/Hop/p60, which can displace geldanamycin upon binding to Hsp90, Cdc37p/p50(cdc37) forms a stable complex with geldanamycin-bound Hsp90 and may be sequestered in geldanamycin-inhibited Hsp90 complexes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Siligardi
- Pharmaceutical Optical Spectroscopy Centre, Department of Pharmacy, the Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Harris N, MacLean M, Hatzianthis K, Panaretou B, Piper PW. Increasing Saccharomyces cerevisiae stress resistance, through the overactivation of the heat shock response resulting from defects in the Hsp90 chaperone, does not extend replicative life span but can be associated with slower chronological ageing of nondividing cells. Mol Genet Genomics 2001; 265:258-63. [PMID: 11361336 DOI: 10.1007/s004380000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2000] [Accepted: 11/07/2000] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans indicate that increases in stress resistance result in a longer chronological life span, an effect that must operate primarily on the postmitotic tissues of the adult. Stress resistance can be increased through decreases in Hsp90 chaperone activity, since Hsp90 acts to downregulate the activity of heat shock transcription factor. This study investigated whether the increases in stress resistance associated with reduced Hsp90 chaperone activity influence ageing in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ageing being measured either as the replicative (nonchronological) senescence of budding cells or as the chronological ageing of non-dividing (stationary phase) cultures. Overactivation of the heat shock response caused no slowing of replicative senescence. In some situations though it was associated with a longer chronological life span of stationary cells, the yeast equivalent of the postmitotic state. This is consistent with the idea that stress resistance exerts its life span-extending effects primarily in postmitotic cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Prodromou C, Panaretou B, Chohan S, Siligardi G, O'Brien R, Ladbury JE, Roe SM, Piper PW, Pearl LH. The ATPase cycle of Hsp90 drives a molecular 'clamp' via transient dimerization of the N-terminal domains. EMBO J 2000; 19:4383-92. [PMID: 10944121 PMCID: PMC302038 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.16.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How the ATPase activity of Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is coupled to client protein activation remains obscure. Using truncation and missense mutants of Hsp90, we analysed the structural implications of its ATPase cycle. C-terminal truncation mutants lacking inherent dimerization displayed reduced ATPase activity, but dimerized in the presence of 5'-adenylamido-diphosphate (AMP-PNP), and AMP-PNP- promoted association of N-termini in intact Hsp90 dimers was demonstrated. Recruitment of p23/Sba1 to C-terminal truncation mutants also required AMP-PNP-dependent dimerization. The temperature- sensitive (ts) mutant T101I had normal ATP affinity but reduced ATPase activity and AMP-PNP-dependent N-terminal association, whereas the ts mutant T22I displayed enhanced ATPase activity and AMP-PNP-dependent N-terminal dimerization, indicating a close correlation between these properties. The locations of these residues suggest that the conformation of the 'lid' segment (residues 100-121) couples ATP binding to N-terminal association. Consistent with this, a mutation designed to favour 'lid' closure (A107N) substantially enhanced ATPase activity and N-terminal dimerization. These data show that Hsp90 has a molecular 'clamp' mechanism, similar to DNA gyrase and MutL, whose opening and closing by transient N-terminal dimerization are directly coupled to the ATPase cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Prodromou
- Section of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Panaretou B, Sinclair K, Prodromou C, Johal J, Pearl L, Piper PW. The Hsp90 of Candida albicans can confer Hsp90 functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential model for the processes that generate immunogenic fragments of this molecular chaperone in C. albicans infections. Microbiology (Reading) 1999; 145 ( Pt 12):3455-3463. [PMID: 10627043 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-12-3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During infections with a number of important eukaryotic pathogens the Hsp90 molecular chaperone of the pathogen is recognized as an immunodominant antigen by the host immune system. Yeast molecular genetics should allow study of the extent of sequence variation within conserved immunodominant epitopes on pathogen Hsp90s that is compatible with essential Hsp90 functions, as well as the processes that generate antigenic subfragments of these Hsp90s. The Hsp90 of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans was shown in this study to provide both essential and nonessential (pheromone signalling and mammalian steroid receptor activation) Hsp90 functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Much of the C. albicans Hsp90 expressed in respiratory S. cerevisiae cells was shown to undergo a partial degradation in vivo, a degradation that closely resembles that of the native Hsp82 (one isoform of the homologous Hsp90) in S. cerevisiae. Allowing for the differences in the length of the charged linker region between the N- and C-terminal domains of C. albicans Hsp90 and S. cerevisiae Hsp82, these two proteins expressed in S. cerevisiae appear to give the same major degradation products. These Hsp90 fragments are similar to the products of incomplete Hsp90 degradation found in C. albicans cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Panaretou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK1
| | - Kirsty Sinclair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK1
| | - Chrisostomos Prodromou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK1
| | - Jasvinder Johal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK1
| | - Laurence Pearl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK1
| | - Peter W Piper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK1
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Prodromou C, Siligardi G, O'Brien R, Woolfson DN, Regan L, Panaretou B, Ladbury JE, Piper PW, Pearl LH. Regulation of Hsp90 ATPase activity by tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-domain co-chaperones. EMBO J 1999; 18:754-62. [PMID: 9927435 PMCID: PMC1171168 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.3.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo function of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) molecular chaperone is dependent on the binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and on interactions with a variety of co-chaperones containing tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains. We have now analysed the interaction of the yeast TPR-domain co-chaperones Sti1 and Cpr6 with yeast Hsp90 by isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation, and determined the effect of their binding on the inherent ATPase activity of Hsp90. Sti1 and Cpr6 both bind with sub-micromolar affinity, with Sti1 binding accompanied by a large conformational change. Two co-chaperone molecules bind per Hsp90 dimer, and Sti1 itself is found to be a dimer in free solution. The inherent ATPase activity of Hsp90 is completely inhibited by binding of Sti1, but is not affected by Cpr6, although Cpr6 can reactivate the ATPase activity by displacing Sti1 from Hsp90. Bound Sti1 makes direct contact with, and blocks access to the ATP-binding site in the N-terminal domain of Hsp90. These results reveal an important role for TPR-domain co-chaperones as regulators of the ATPase activity of Hsp90, showing that the ATP-dependent step in Hsp90-mediated protein folding occurs after the binding of the folding client protein, and suggesting that ATP hydrolysis triggers client-protein release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Prodromou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Panaretou B, Prodromou C, Roe SM, O'Brien R, Ladbury JE, Piper PW, Pearl LH. ATP binding and hydrolysis are essential to the function of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone in vivo. EMBO J 1998; 17:4829-36. [PMID: 9707442 PMCID: PMC1170812 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.16.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is an abundant molecular chaperone essential to the establishment of many cellular regulation and signal transduction systems, but remains one of the least well described chaperones. The biochemical mechanism of protein folding by Hsp90 is poorly understood, and the direct involvement of ATP has been particularly contentious. Here we demonstrate in vitro an inherent ATPase activity in both yeast Hsp90 and the Escherichia coli homologue HtpG, which is sensitive to inhibition by the Hsp90-specific antibiotic geldanamycin. Mutations of residues implicated in ATP binding and hydrolysis by structural studies abolish this ATPase activity in vitro and disrupt Hsp90 function in vivo. These results show that Hsp90 is directly ATP dependent in vivo, and suggest an ATP-coupled chaperone cycle for Hsp90-mediated protein folding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Panaretou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jørgensen F, Panaretou B, Stephens PJ, Knøchel S. Effect of pre- and post-heat shock temperature on the persistence of thermotolerance and heat shock-induced proteins in Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Bacteriol 1996; 80:216-24. [PMID: 8642016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of incubation temperature, before and after a heat shock, on thermotolerance of Listeria monocytogenes at 58 degrees C was investigated. Exposing cells grown at 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C to a heat shock resulted in similar rises in thermotolerance while the increase was significantly higher when cells were grown at 4 degrees C prior to the heat shock. Cells held at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C after heat shock maintained heat shock-induced thermotolerance for longer than cells held at 30 degrees C. The growth temperature prior to inactivation had negligible effect on the persistence of heat shock-induced thermotolerance. Concurrent with measurements of thermotolerance were measurements of the levels of heat shock-induced proteins. Major proteins showing increased synthesis upon the heat shock had approximate molecular weights of 84, 74, 63, 25 and 19 kDa. There was little correlation between the loss of thermotolerance after the heat shock and the levels of these proteins. Thermotolerance of heat shocked and non-heat shocked cells was described by traditional log-linear kinetics and a model describing a sigmoidal death curve (logistic model). Employing log-linear kinetics resulted in a poor fit to a major part of the data whereas a good fit was achieved by the use of a logistic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Jørgensen
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Piper PW, Talreja K, Panaretou B, Moradas-Ferreira P, Byrne K, Praekelt UM, Meacock P, Récnacq M, Boucherie H. Induction of major heat-shock proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including plasma membrane Hsp30, by ethanol levels above a critical threshold. Microbiology (Reading) 1994; 140 ( Pt 11):3031-8. [PMID: 7812443 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-140-11-3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many of the changes induced in yeast by sublethal yet stressful amounts of ethanol are the same as those resulting from sublethal heat stress. They include an inhibition of fermentation, increased induction of petites and stimulation of plasma membrane ATPase activity. Ethanol, at concentrations (4-10%, v/v) that affect growth and fermentation rates, is also a potent inducer of heat-shock proteins including those members of the Hsp70 protein family induced by heat shock. This induction occurs above a threshold level of about 4% ethanol, although different heat-shock proteins and heat-shock gene promoters are optimally induced at different higher ethanol levels. In addition ethanol (6-8%) causes the same two major changes to integral plasma-membrane protein composition that result from a sublethal heat stress, reduction in levels of the plasma membrane ATPase protein and acquisition of the plasma membrane heat-shock protein Hsp30.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Piper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Panaretou B, Piper PW. The plasma membrane of yeast acquires a novel heat-shock protein (hsp30) and displays a decline in proton-pumping ATPase levels in response to both heat shock and the entry to stationary phase. Eur J Biochem 1992; 206:635-40. [PMID: 1535043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the action of the proton-translocating ATPase of the plasma membrane of yeast is an important determinant of several stress tolerances and affects the capacity of cells to synthesise heat shock proteins in response to heat shock [Panaretou, B. & Piper, P. W. (1990) J. Gen. Microbiol. 136, 1763-1770; Coote, P. J., Cole, M. B. & Jones, M. V. (1991) J. Gen. Microbiol. 137, 1701-1708]. This study investigated the changes to the protein composition of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membrane that result from a heat shock to dividing cultures and the entry to stationary growth caused by carbon source limitation. Plasma membranes were prepared from exponential, heat-shocked and stationary yeast cultures. The proteins of these membrane preparations were then analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot measurement of ATPase levels. The protein composition of plasma membranes displayed two prominent changes in response to both heat shock and the entry to stationary phase: (a) a reduction in the level of the plasma membrane ATPase; and (b) the acquisition of a previously uncharacterised 30 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp30). The ATPase decline with heat shock probably exerts an important influence over the ability of the cell to maintain ATPase activity, and therefore intracellular pH, during extended periods of stress. Through in vivo pulse-labelling of plasma membrane proteins synthesised before and during heat shock, followed by subcellular fractionation, it was shown that hsp30 is the only protein induced by the yeast heat-shock response that substantially copurifies with plasma membranes. It might therefore exert a stress-protective function specifically at this membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Panaretou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Panaretou B, Piper PW. Plasma-membrane ATPase action affects several stress tolerances of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe as well as the extent and duration of the heat shock response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-136-9-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|