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Rosone F, Bonfante F, Sala MG, Maniero S, Cersini A, Ricci I, Garofalo L, Caciolo D, Denisi A, Napolitan A, Parente M, Zecchin B, Terregino C, Scicluna MT. Seroconversion of a Swine Herd in a Free-Range Rural Multi-Species Farm against HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b Clade Virus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1162. [PMCID: PMC10224318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from October 2021, several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 were reported in wild and domestic birds in Italy. Following the detection of an HPAIV in a free-ranging poultry farm in Ostia, province of Rome, despite the lack of clinical signs, additional virological and serological analyses were conducted on samples collected from free-ranging pigs, reared in the same holding, due to their direct contact with the infected poultry. While the swine nasal swabs were all RT-PCR negative for the influenza type A matrix (M) gene, the majority (%) of the tested pigs resulted serologically positive for the hemagglutination inhibition test and microneutralization assay, using an H5N1 strain considered to be homologous to the virus detected in the farm. These results provide further evidence of the worrisome replicative fitness that HPAI H5Nx viruses of the 2.3.4.4b clade have in mammalian species. Moreover, our report calls for additional active surveillance, to promptly intercept occasional spillover transmissions to domestic mammals in close contact with HPAI affected birds. Strengthened biosecurity measures and efficient separation should be prioritized in mixed-species farms in areas at risk of HPAI introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Marcello Giovanni Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Silvia Maniero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Ida Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Luisa Garofalo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Daniela Caciolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Antonella Denisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Alessandra Napolitan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Monja Parente
- State Veterinarians of the Local Health Unit (LHU), 00054 Rome, Italy;
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.B.); (S.M.); (A.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.S.); (A.C.); (I.R.); (L.G.); (D.C.); (A.D.); (M.T.S.)
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2
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Stadejek W, Chiers K, Van Reeth K. Infectivity and transmissibility of an avian H3N1 influenza virus in pigs. Vet Res 2023; 54:4. [PMID: 36694192 PMCID: PMC9872060 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019 a low pathogenic H3N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused an outbreak in Belgian poultry farms, characterized by an unusually high mortality in chickens. Influenza A viruses of the H1 and H3 subtype can infect pigs and become established in swine populations. Therefore, the H3N1 epizootic raised concern about AIV transmission to pigs and from pigs to humans. Here, we assessed the replication efficiency of this virus in explants of the porcine respiratory tract and in pigs, using virus titration and/or RT-qPCR. We also examined transmission from directly, intranasally inoculated pigs to contact pigs. The H3N1 AIV replicated to moderate titers in explants of the bronchioles and lungs, but not in the nasal mucosa or trachea. In the pig infection study, infectious virus was only detected in a few lung samples collected between 1 and 3 days post-inoculation. Virus titers were between 1.7 and 4.8 log10 TCID50. In line with the ex vivo experiment, no virus was isolated from the upper respiratory tract of pigs. In the transmission experiment, we could not detect virus transmission from directly inoculated to contact pigs. An increase in serum antibody titers was observed only in the inoculated pigs. We conclude that the porcine respiratory tract tissue explants can be a useful tool to assess the replication efficiency of AIVs in pigs. The H3N1 AIV examined here is unlikely to pose a risk to swine populations. However, continuous risk assessment studies of emerging AIVs in pigs are necessary, since different virus strains will have different genotypic and phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stadejek
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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3
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Kurochkin MA, German SV, Abalymov A, Vorontsov DА, Gorin DA, Novoselova MV. Sentinel lymph node detection by combining nonradioactive techniques with contrast agents: State of the art and prospects. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100149. [PMID: 34514735 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The status of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) has a substantial prognostic value because these nodes are the first place where cancer cells accumulate along their spreading route. Routine SLN biopsy ("gold standard") involves peritumoral injections of radiopharmaceuticals, such as technetium-99m, which has obvious disadvantages. This review examines the methods used as "gold standard" analogs to diagnose SLNs. Nonradioactive preoperative and intraoperative methods of SLN detection are analyzed. Promising photonic tools for SLNs detection are reviewed, including NIR-I/NIR-II fluorescence imaging, photoswitching dyes for SLN detection, in vivo photoacoustic detection, imaging and biopsy of SLNs. Also are discussed methods of SLN detection by magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic imaging systems including as combined with photoacoustic imaging, and methods based on the magnetometer-aided detection of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The advantages and disadvantages of nonradioactive SLN-detection methods are shown. The review concludes with prospects for the use of conservative diagnostic methods in combination with photonic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey V German
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry А Vorontsov
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care of Nizhny Novgorod "Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary", Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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4
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A SYBR Green-based real-time RT-PCR assay to differentiate the H1N1 influenza virus lineages. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114387. [PMID: 34848281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The H1N1 subtype influenza viruses (H1N1) have been causing persistent epidemics in human, swine and poultry populations since 1918. This subtype has evolved into four relatively stable genetic lineages, including classical swine influenza virus lineage, seasonal human influenza virus lineage, avian influenza virus lineage and Eurasian avian-like swine influenza virus lineage. In this study, four pairs of primers, based on the relatively conserved HA nucleotide regions of each H1N1 genetic lineage, were designed to establish a SYBR Green-based real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) assay to differentiate between the H1N1 genetic lineages. The results of qPCR assay showed that the lineage-specific primers designed for each H1N1 lineage were intra-lineage-specific, without mismatch of inter-lineage or inter-subtype and there appeared specific amplification curves when the concentrations of H1N1 plasmids were greater than or equal to 1.0 × 101 copies/reaction. Thus, this qPCR assay can specifically differentiate between the four lineages of H1N1 with a good specificity and sensitivity, which would assist in recognizing the infection and epidemic status of different H1N1 genetic lineages.
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5
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Hervé S, Schmitz A, Briand FX, Gorin S, Quéguiner S, Niqueux É, Paboeuf F, Scoizec A, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S, Eterradossi N, Simon G. Serological Evidence of Backyard Pig Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Virus during 2016-2017 Epizootic in France. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050621. [PMID: 34070190 PMCID: PMC8158469 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In autumn/winter 2016-2017, HPAI-H5N8 viruses belonging to the A/goose/Guandong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in Europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in HPAI-H5Nx confirmed mixed herds. In this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern France from December 2016 to May 2017 and serological analyses for influenza A virus (IAV) infections were carried out by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assays. In one herd, one backyard pig was shown to have produced antibodies directed against a virus bearing a H5 from clade 2.3.4.4b, suggesting it would have been infected naturally after close contact with HPAI-H5N8 contaminated domestic ducks. Whereas pigs and other mammals, including humans, may have limited sensitivity to HPAI-H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, this information recalls the importance of implementing appropriate biosecurity measures in pig and poultry farms to avoid IAV interspecies transmission, a prerequisite for co-infections and subsequent emergence of new viral genotypes whose impact on both animal and human health cannot be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.S.); (F.-X.B.); (É.N.); (N.E.)
| | - François-Xavier Briand
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.S.); (F.-X.B.); (É.N.); (N.E.)
| | - Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (G.S.)
| | - Éric Niqueux
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.S.); (F.-X.B.); (É.N.); (N.E.)
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Axelle Scoizec
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.S.); (S.L.B.-L.)
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.S.); (S.L.B.-L.)
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.S.); (F.-X.B.); (É.N.); (N.E.)
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.G.); (S.Q.); (G.S.)
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6
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Isolation and molecular characterization of an H5N1 swine influenza virus in China in 2015. Arch Virol 2017; 163:701-705. [PMID: 29164401 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, an H5N1 influenza virus was isolated from a pig in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China. This strain was characterized by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all segments from this strain belonged to clade 2.3.2 and that it had received its genes from poultry influenza viruses in China. A Glu627Lys mutation associated with pathogenicity was observed in the PB2 protein. This strain was moderately pathogenic in mice and was able to replicate without prior adaptation. These results suggest that active surveillance of swine influenza should be used as an early warning system for influenza outbreaks in mammals.
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7
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Role of the B Allele of Influenza A Virus Segment 8 in Setting Mammalian Host Range and Pathogenicity. J Virol 2016; 90:9263-84. [PMID: 27489273 PMCID: PMC5044859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01205-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two alleles of segment 8 (NS) circulate in nonchiropteran influenza A viruses. The A allele is found in avian and mammalian viruses, but the B allele is viewed as being almost exclusively found in avian viruses. This might reflect the fact that one or both of its encoded proteins (NS1 and NEP) are maladapted for replication in mammalian hosts. To test this, a number of clade A and B avian virus-derived NS segments were introduced into human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. In no case was the peak virus titer substantially reduced following infection of various mammalian cell types. Exemplar reassortant viruses also replicated to similar titers in mice, although mice infected with viruses with the avian virus-derived segment 8s had reduced weight loss compared to that achieved in mice infected with the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) parent. In vitro, the viruses coped similarly with type I interferons. Temporal proteomics analysis of cellular responses to infection showed that the avian virus-derived NS segments provoked lower levels of expression of interferon-stimulated genes in cells than wild type-derived NS segments. Thus, neither the A nor the B allele of avian virus-derived NS segments necessarily attenuates virus replication in a mammalian host, although the alleles can attenuate disease. Phylogenetic analyses identified 32 independent incursions of an avian virus-derived A allele into mammals, whereas 6 introductions of a B allele were identified. However, A-allele isolates from birds outnumbered B-allele isolates, and the relative rates of Aves-to-Mammalia transmission were not significantly different. We conclude that while the introduction of an avian virus segment 8 into mammals is a relatively rare event, the dogma of the B allele being especially restricted is misleading, with implications in the assessment of the pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) can adapt to poultry and mammalian species, inflicting a great socioeconomic burden on farming and health care sectors. Host adaptation likely involves multiple viral factors. Here, we investigated the role of IAV segment 8. Segment 8 has evolved into two distinct clades: the A and B alleles. The B-allele genes have previously been suggested to be restricted to avian virus species. We introduced a selection of avian virus A- and B-allele segment 8s into human H1N1 and H3N2 virus backgrounds and found that these reassortant viruses were fully competent in mammalian host systems. We also analyzed the currently available public data on the segment 8 gene distribution and found surprisingly little evidence for specific avian host restriction of the B-clade segment. We conclude that B-allele segment 8 genes are, in fact, capable of supporting infection in mammals and that they should be considered during the assessment of the pandemic risk of zoonotic influenza A viruses.
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8
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Balzli C, Lager K, Vincent A, Gauger P, Brockmeier S, Miller L, Richt JA, Ma W, Suarez D, Swayne DE. Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:346-52. [PMID: 26946338 PMCID: PMC4910171 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of pigs to become infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses and then generate mammalian adaptable influenza A viruses is difficult to determine. Yet, it is an important link to understanding any relationship between LPAI virus ecology and possible epidemics among swine and/or humans. Objectives Assess susceptibility of pigs to LPAI viruses found within the United States and their direct contact transmission potential. Methods Pigs were inoculated with one of ten H5 or H7 LPAI viruses selected from seven different bird species to test infectivity, virulence, pathogenesis, and potential to transmit virus to contact pigs through histological, RRT‐PCR and seroconversion data. Results Although pigs were susceptible to infection with each of the LPAI viruses, no clinical disease was recognized in any pig. During the acute phase of the infection, minor pulmonary lesions were found in some pigs and one or more pigs in each group were RRT‐PCR‐positive in the lower respiratory tract, but no virus was detected in upper respiratory tract (negative nasal swabs). Except for one group, one or more pigs in each LPAI group developed antibody. No LPAI viruses transmitted to contact pigs. Conclusions LPAI strains from various bird populations within the United States are capable of infecting pigs. Although adaptability and transmission of individual strains seem unlikely, the subclinical nature of the infections demonstrates the need to improve sampling and testing methods to more accurately measure incidence of LPAI virus infection in pigs, and their potential role in human‐zoonotic LPAI virus dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Balzli
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Lager
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amy Vincent
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Susan Brockmeier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laura Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David Suarez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
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9
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Poon LLM, Song T, Rosenfeld R, Lin X, Rogers MB, Zhou B, Sebra R, Halpin RA, Guan Y, Twaddle A, DePasse JV, Stockwell TB, Wentworth DE, Holmes EC, Greenbaum B, Peiris JSM, Cowling BJ, Ghedin E. Quantifying influenza virus diversity and transmission in humans. Nat Genet 2016; 48:195-200. [PMID: 26727660 PMCID: PMC4731279 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is characterized by high genetic diversity. However, most of what is known about influenza evolution has come from consensus sequences sampled at the epidemiological scale that only represent the dominant virus lineage within each infected host. Less is known about the extent of within-host virus diversity and what proportion of this diversity is transmitted between individuals. To characterize virus variants that achieve sustainable transmission in new hosts, we examined within-host virus genetic diversity in household donor-recipient pairs from the first wave of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic when seasonal H3N2 was co-circulating. Although the same variants were found in multiple members of the community, the relative frequencies of variants fluctuated, with patterns of genetic variation more similar within than between households. We estimated the effective population size of influenza A virus across donor-recipient pairs to be approximately 100-200 contributing members, which enabled the transmission of multiple lineages, including antigenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo L M Poon
- Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy Song
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roni Rosenfeld
- School of Computer Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xudong Lin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Yi Guan
- Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan Twaddle
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jay V DePasse
- Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph S M Peiris
- Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Abe H, Mine J, Parchariyanon S, Takemae N, Boonpornprasert P, Ubonyaem N, Patcharasinghawut P, Nuansrichay B, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Co-infection of influenza A viruses of swine contributes to effective shuffling of gene segments in a naturally reared pig. Virology 2015; 484:203-212. [PMID: 26115167 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, surveillance activities have been accelerated globally to monitor the emergence of novel reassortant viruses. However, the mechanism by which influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) acquire novel gene constellations through reassortment events in natural settings remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanism, we collected 785 nasal swabs from pigs in a farm in Thailand from 2011 to 2014. H3N2, H3N1, H1N1 and H1N2 IAVs-S were isolated from a single co-infected sample by plaque purification and showed a high degree of diversity of the genome. In particular, the H1N1 isolates, possessing a novel gene constellation previously unreported in Thailand, exhibited greater variation in internal genes than H3N2 IAVs-S. A pair of isolates, designated H3N2-B and H1N1-D, was determined to have been initially introduced to the farm. These results demonstrate that numerous IAVs-S with various gene constellations can be created in a single co-infected pig via reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Abe
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Junki Mine
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sujira Parchariyanon
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Namfon Ubonyaem
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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11
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Chen Y, Liu T, Cai L, Du H, Li M. A one-step RT-PCR array for detection and differentiation of zoonotic influenza viruses H5N1, H9N2, and H1N1. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 27:450-60. [PMID: 24218127 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid and comprehensive pathogen identification is crucial in zoonotic influenza diagnosis. METHODS By optimizing the design of primers and probes and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) conditions, we achieved simultaneous detection of multiple influenza and zoonotic influenza viruses, including H1N1, H5N1, and H9N2 strains, in a one-step, quantitative real-time RT-PCR array (rRT-PCR array) of RNA from multiple influenza strains utilizing a single set of conditions for RT-PCR amplification. The target sequences from all targeted zoonotic influenza viruses were cloned into recombinant RNA virus particles, which were used to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the zoonotic influenza viruses RT-PCR array. RESULTS The detection limit of the array was shown to be between 10(0) and 10(1) copies per reaction, and the standard curve demonstrated a linear range from 10 to 10(6) copies. Thus, the analytical sensitivity of this zoonotic influenza viruses RT-PCR array is 10-100 times higher than conventional RT-PCR. Specificity of the one-step zoonotic influenza viruses RT-PCR array was verified by comparison of results obtained with retroviral-like particles (RVPs), which contained RNA from isolates of seasonal influenza viruses, zoonotic influenza viruses, and other pathogens known to cause acute respiratory disease. CONCLUSION The high sensitivity, rapidity, reproducibility, and specificity of this zoonotic influenza viruses rRT-PCR array has been verified as being sufficient to detect the presence of multiple zoonotic influenza viruses in a single assay. The zoonotic influenza viruses RT-PCR array might provide rapid identification of emergent zoonotic influenza viruses strains during influenza outbreaks and disease surveillance initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Romero-Tejeda A, Capua I. Virus-specific factors associated with zoonotic and pandemic potential. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 2:4-14. [PMID: 24034478 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A is a highly contagious respiratory virus in constant evolution and represents a threat to both veterinary and human public health. IA viruses (IAVs) originate in avian reservoirs but may adapt to humans, either directly or through the spillover to another mammalian species, to the point of becoming pandemic. IAVs must successfully be able to (i) transmit from animal to human, (ii) interact with host cells, and (iii) transmit from human to human. The mechanisms by which viruses evolve, cause zoonotic infections, and adapt to a new host species are indeed complex and appear to be a heterogeneous collection of viral evolutionary events rather than a single phenomenon. Progress has been made in identifying some of the genetic markers mainly associated with virulence and transmission; this achievement has improved our knowledge of how to manage a pandemic event and of how to identify IAVs with pandemic potential. Early evidence of emerging viruses and surveillance of animal IAVs is made possible only by strengthening the collaboration between the public and veterinary health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Romero-Tejeda
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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13
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Kong W, Ye J, Guan S, Liu J, Pu J. Epidemic status of Swine influenza virus in china. Indian J Microbiol 2014; 54:3-11. [PMID: 24426160 PMCID: PMC3889855 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most significant swine diseases, in recent years, swine influenza (SI) has had an immense impact on public health and has raised extensive public concerns in China. Swine are predisposed to both avian and human influenza virus infections, between that and/or swine influenza viruses, genetic reassortment could occur. This analysis aims at introducing the history of swine influenza virus, the serological epidemiology of swine influenza virus infection, the clinical details of swine influenza, the development of vaccines against swine influenza and controlling the situation of swine influenza in China. Considering the elaborate nature of swine influenza, a more methodical surveillance should be further implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Kong
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shangsong Guan
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Juan Pu
- />Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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14
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Cong Y, Sun Y, Wang W, Meng Q, Ran W, Zhu L, Yang G, Yang W, Yang L, Wang C, Ding Z. Comparative analysis of receptor-binding specificity and pathogenicity in natural reassortant and non-reassortant H3N2 swine influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:105-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Critical role of segment-specific packaging signals in genetic reassortment of influenza A viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3840-8. [PMID: 24043788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308649110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragmented nature of the influenza A genome allows the exchange of gene segments when two or more influenza viruses infect the same cell, but little is known about the rules underlying this process. Here, we studied genetic reassortment between the A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2, MO) virus originally isolated from human and the avian A/Finch/England/2051/91 (H5N2, EN) virus and found that this process is strongly biased. Importantly, the avian HA segment never entered the MO genetic background alone but always was accompanied by the avian PA and M fragments. Introduction of the 5' and 3' packaging sequences of HA(MO) into an otherwise HA(EN) backbone allowed efficient incorporation of the chimerical viral RNA (vRNA) into the MO genetic background. Furthermore, forcing the incorporation of the avian M segment or introducing five silent mutations into the human M segment was sufficient to drive coincorporation of the avian HA segment into the MO genetic background. These silent mutations also strongly affected the genotype of reassortant viruses. Taken together, our results indicate that packaging signals are crucial for genetic reassortment and that suboptimal compatibility between the vRNA packaging signals, which are detected only when vRNAs compete for packaging, limit this process.
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16
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Hauser MJ, Dlugolenski D, Culhane MR, Wentworth DE, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Antiviral responses by Swine primary bronchoepithelial cells are limited compared to human bronchoepithelial cells following influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70251. [PMID: 23875024 PMCID: PMC3707852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine generate reassortant influenza viruses because they can be simultaneously infected with avian and human influenza; however, the features that restrict influenza reassortment in swine and human hosts are not fully understood. Type I and III interferons (IFNs) act as the first line of defense against influenza virus infection of respiratory epithelium. To determine if human and swine have different capacities to mount an antiviral response the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and normal swine bronchial epithelial (NSBE) cells was evaluated following infection with human (H3N2), swine (H1N1), and avian (H5N3, H5N2, H5N1) influenza A viruses. Expression of IFNλ and ISGs were substantially higher in NHBE cells compared to NSBE cells following H5 avian influenza virus infection compared to human or swine influenza virus infection. This effect was associated with reduced H5 avian influenza virus replication in human cells at late times post infection. Further, RIG-I expression was lower in NSBE cells compared to NHBE cells suggesting reduced virus sensing. Together, these studies identify key differences in the antiviral response between human and swine respiratory epithelium alluding to differences that may govern influenza reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Hauser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Dlugolenski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marie R. Culhane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David E. Wentworth
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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He L, Zhao G, Zhong L, Liu Q, Duan Z, Gu M, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Isolation and characterization of two H5N1 influenza viruses from swine in Jiangsu Province of China. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2531-41. [PMID: 23836394 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to infection with both human and avian influenza A viruses and are considered intermediate hosts that facilitate virus reassortment. Although H5N1 virus has spread to a wide range of avian and mammalian species, data about swine H5N1 isolates are scarce. To determine whether Asian H5N1 influenza viruses had been transmitted to pigs, a total of 1,107 nasal swab samples from healthy swine were collected from 2008 to 2009 in Jiangsu province of eastern China. In this survey, two H5N1 viruses A/swine/Jiangsu/1/2008 (JS/08) and A/swine/Jiangsu/2/2009 (JS/09) were isolated and identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that JS/08 and JS/09 belonged to clade 7 and clade 2.3.4, respectively, and shared over 99.0 % sequence identity with poultry H5N1 isolates of the same clade in China. Receptor specificity analysis also showed that both of the swine H5N1 isolates bound preferentially to avian-type receptors. However, experiments in mammals indicated that JS/09 was moderately pathogenic to mice without prior adaption, whereas JS/08 had limited ability to replicate. Our findings suggest that pigs are naturally infected with avian H5N1 virus and highlight the potential threat to public health due to adaption or reassortment of H5N1 virus in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
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18
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Sutejo R, Yeo DS, Myaing MZ, Hui C, Xia J, Ko D, Cheung PCF, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Activation of type I and III interferon signalling pathways occurs in lung epithelial cells infected with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33732. [PMID: 22470468 PMCID: PMC3312346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The host response to the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2, H5N3 and H9N2 viruses were examined in A549, MDCK, and CEF cells using a systems-based approach. The H5N2 and H5N3 viruses replicated efficiently in A549 and MDCK cells, while the H9N2 virus replicated least efficiently in these cell types. However, all LPAI viruses exhibited similar and higher replication efficiencies in CEF cells. A comparison of the host responses of these viruses and the H1N1/WSN virus and low passage pH1N1 clinical isolates was performed in A549 cells. The H9N2 and H5N2 virus subtypes exhibited a robust induction of Type I and Type III interferon (IFN) expression, sustained STAT1 activation from between 3 and 6 hpi, which correlated with large increases in IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression by 10 hpi. In contrast, cells infected with the pH1N1 or H1N1/WSN virus showed only small increases in Type III IFN signalling, low levels of ISG expression, and down-regulated expression of the IFN type I receptor. JNK activation and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic XAF1 protein was observed in A549 cells infected with all viruses except the H1N1/WSN virus, while MAPK p38 activation was only observed in cells infected with the pH1N1 and the H5 virus subtypes. No IFN expression and low ISG expression levels were generally observed in CEF cells infected with either AIV, while increased IFN and ISG expression was observed in response to the H1N1/WSN infection. These data suggest differences in the replication characteristics and antivirus signalling responses both among the different LPAI viruses, and between these viruses and the H1N1 viruses examined. These virus-specific differences in host cell signalling highlight the importance of examining the host response to avian influenza viruses that have not been extensively adapted to mammalian tissue culture.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Birds
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza in Birds/genetics
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/enzymology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Interferon Type I/genetics
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interferons
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Replication
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sutejo
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dawn S. Yeo
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Myint Zu Myaing
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chen Hui
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiajia Xia
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Debbie Ko
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter C. F. Cheung
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard J. Sugrue
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
AbstractEast and Southeast Asia are important pig- and poultry-producing areas, where the majority of production takes place on small-scale farms with low biosecurity levels. This systematic review synthesizes data on swine influenza virology, serology and epidemiology in East and Southeast Asia. A total of 77 research articles, literature reviews and conference papers were selected and analyzed from 510 references retrieved from PubMed and ISI Web of KnowledgeSM. The number of published articles increased in the last 3 years, which may be attributed to improvement in monitoring and/or a better promotion of surveillance data. Nevertheless, large inequalities in surveillance and research among countries are underlined. Virological results represent the largest part of published data, while the serological and epidemiological features of swine influenza in East and Southeast Asia remain poorly described. The literature shows that there have been several emergences of swine influenza in the region, and also considerable evidence of multiple introductions of North American and avian-like European strains. Furthermore, several avian-origin strains are isolated from pigs, including H5 and H9 subtypes. However, their low seroprevalence in swine also shows that pigs remain poorly infected by these subtypes. We conclude that sero-epidemioligical investigations have been neglected, and that they may help to improve virological surveillance. Inter- and intra-continental surveillance of gene flows will benefit the region. Greater investment is needed in swine influenza surveillance, to improve our knowledge of circulating strains as well as the epidemiology and disease burden in the region.
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