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Defining Composition and Function of the Rhizosphere Microbiota of Barley Genotypes Exposed to Growth-Limiting Nitrogen Supplies. mSystems 2022; 7:e0093422. [PMID: 36342125 PMCID: PMC9765016 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00934-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota populating the rhizosphere, the interface between roots and soil, can modulate plant growth, development, and health. These microbial communities are not stochastically assembled from the surrounding soil, but their composition and putative function are controlled, at least partially, by the host plant. Here, we use the staple cereal barley as a model to gain novel insights into the impact of differential applications of nitrogen, a rate-limiting step for global crop production, on the host genetic control of the rhizosphere microbiota. Using a high-throughput amplicon sequencing survey, we determined that nitrogen availability for plant uptake is a factor promoting the selective enrichment of individual taxa in the rhizosphere of wild and domesticated barley genotypes. Shotgun sequencing and metagenome-assembled genomes revealed that this taxonomic diversification is mirrored by a functional specialization, manifested by the differential enrichment of multiple Gene Ontology terms, of the microbiota of plants exposed to nitrogen conditions limiting barley growth. Finally, a plant soil feedback experiment revealed that host control of the barley microbiota underpins the assembly of a phylogenetically diverse group of bacteria putatively required to sustain plant performance under nitrogen-limiting supplies. Taken together, our observations indicate that under nitrogen conditions limiting plant growth, host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions fine-tune the host genetic selection of the barley microbiota at both taxonomic and functional levels. The disruption of these recruitment cues negatively impacts plant growth. IMPORTANCE The microbiota inhabiting the rhizosphere, the thin layer of soil surrounding plant roots, can promote the growth, development, and health of their host plants. Previous research indicated that differences in the genetic composition of the host plant coincide with variations in the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota. This is particularly evident when looking at the microbiota associated with input-demanding modern cultivated varieties and their wild relatives, which have evolved under marginal conditions. However, the functional significance of these differences remains to be fully elucidated. We investigated the rhizosphere microbiota of wild and cultivated genotypes of the global crop barley and determined that nutrient conditions limiting plant growth amplify the host control on microbes at the root-soil interface. This is reflected in a plant- and genotype-dependent functional specialization of the rhizosphere microbiota, which appears to be required for optimal plant growth. These findings provide novel insights into the significance of the rhizosphere microbiota for plant growth and sustainable agriculture.
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2
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Tsai WA, Brosnan CA, Mitter N, Dietzgen RG. Perspectives on plant virus diseases in a climate change scenario of elevated temperatures. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:37. [PMID: 37676437 PMCID: PMC10442010 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Global food production is at risk from many abiotic and biotic stresses and can be affected by multiple stresses simultaneously. Virus diseases damage cultivated plants and decrease the marketable quality of produce. Importantly, the progression of virus diseases is strongly affected by changing climate conditions. Among climate-changing variables, temperature increase is viewed as an important factor that affects virus epidemics, which may in turn require more efficient disease management. In this review, we discuss the effect of elevated temperature on virus epidemics at both macro- and micro-climatic levels. This includes the temperature effects on virus spread both within and between host plants. Furthermore, we focus on the involvement of molecular mechanisms associated with temperature effects on plant defence to viruses in both susceptible and resistant plants. Considering various mechanisms proposed in different pathosystems, we also offer a view of the possible opportunities provided by RNA -based technologies for virus control at elevated temperatures. Recently, the potential of these technologies for topical field applications has been strengthened through a combination of genetically modified (GM)-free delivery nanoplatforms. This approach represents a promising and important climate-resilient substitute to conventional strategies for managing plant virus diseases under global warming scenarios. In this context, we discuss the knowledge gaps in the research of temperature effects on plant-virus interactions and limitations of RNA-based emerging technologies, which should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Tsai
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher A Brosnan
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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3
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Białas A, Langner T, Harant A, Contreras MP, Stevenson CE, Lawson DM, Sklenar J, Kellner R, Moscou MJ, Terauchi R, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S. Two NLR immune receptors acquired high-affinity binding to a fungal effector through convergent evolution of their integrated domain. eLife 2021; 10:66961. [PMID: 34288868 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.26.428286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of plant NLR immune receptors carry unconventional integrated domains in addition to their canonical domain architecture. One example is rice Pik-1 that comprises an integrated heavy metal-associated (HMA) domain. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of Pik-1 and its NLR partner, Pik-2, and tested hypotheses about adaptive evolution of the HMA domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HMA domain integrated into Pik-1 before Oryzinae speciation over 15 million years ago and has been under diversifying selection. Ancestral sequence reconstruction coupled with functional studies showed that two Pik-1 allelic variants independently evolved from a weakly binding ancestral state to high-affinity binding of the blast fungus effector AVR-PikD. We conclude that for most of its evolutionary history the Pik-1 HMA domain did not sense AVR-PikD, and that different Pik-1 receptors have recently evolved through distinct biochemical paths to produce similar phenotypic outcomes. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning NLR adaptation to plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Białas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Langner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Em Stevenson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David M Lawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ronny Kellner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Division of Genomics and Breeding, Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Iwate, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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4
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Alegria Terrazas R, Balbirnie-Cumming K, Morris J, Hedley PE, Russell J, Paterson E, Baggs EM, Fridman E, Bulgarelli D. A footprint of plant eco-geographic adaptation on the composition of the barley rhizosphere bacterial microbiota. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12916. [PMID: 32737353 PMCID: PMC7395104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota thriving in the rhizosphere, the thin layer of soil surrounding plant roots, plays a critical role in plant’s adaptation to the environment. Domestication and breeding selection have progressively differentiated the microbiota of modern crops from the ones of their wild ancestors. However, the impact of eco-geographical constraints faced by domesticated plants and crop wild relatives on recruitment and maintenance of the rhizosphere microbiota remains to be fully elucidated. Here we performed a comparative 16S rRNA gene survey of the rhizosphere of 4 domesticated and 20 wild barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes grown in an agricultural soil under controlled environmental conditions. We demonstrated the enrichment of individual bacteria mirrored the distinct eco-geographical constraints faced by their host plants. Unexpectedly, Elite varieties exerted a stronger genotype effect on the rhizosphere microbiota when compared with wild barley genotypes adapted to desert environments with a preferential enrichment for members of Actinobacteria. Finally, in wild barley genotypes, we discovered a limited, but significant, correlation between microbiota diversity and host genomic diversity. Our results revealed a footprint of the host’s adaptation to the environment on the assembly of the bacteria thriving at the root–soil interface. In the tested conditions, this recruitment cue layered atop of the distinct evolutionary trajectories of wild and domesticated plants and, at least in part, is encoded by the barley genome. This knowledge will be critical to design experimental approaches aimed at elucidating the recruitment cues of the barley microbiota across a range of soil types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Joanne Russell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Eric Paterson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Baggs
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Eyal Fridman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Davide Bulgarelli
- Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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5
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Rotasperti L, Sansoni F, Mizzotti C, Tadini L, Pesaresi P. Barley's Second Spring as A Model Organism for Chloroplast Research. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070803. [PMID: 32604986 PMCID: PMC7411767 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been widely used as a model crop for studying molecular and physiological processes such as chloroplast development and photosynthesis. During the second half of the 20th century, mutants such as albostrians led to the discovery of the nuclear-encoded, plastid-localized RNA polymerase and the retrograde (chloroplast-to-nucleus) signalling communication pathway, while chlorina-f2 and xantha mutants helped to shed light on the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, on the light-harvesting proteins and on the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus. However, during the last 30 years, a large fraction of chloroplast research has switched to the more “user-friendly” model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the first plant species whose genome was sequenced and published at the end of 2000. Despite its many advantages, Arabidopsis has some important limitations compared to barley, including the lack of a real canopy and the absence of the proplastid-to-chloroplast developmental gradient across the leaf blade. These features, together with the availability of large collections of natural genetic diversity and mutant populations for barley, a complete genome assembly and protocols for genetic transformation and gene editing, have relaunched barley as an ideal model species for chloroplast research. In this review, we provide an update on the genomics tools now available for barley, and review the biotechnological strategies reported to increase photosynthesis efficiency in model species, which deserve to be validated in barley.
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Bansal M, Adamski NM, Toor PI, Kaur S, Molnár I, Holušová K, Vrána J, Doležel J, Valárik M, Uauy C, Chhuneja P. Aegilops umbellulata introgression carrying leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr76 and Yr70 located to 9.47-Mb region on 5DS telomeric end through a combination of chromosome sorting and sequencing. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:903-915. [PMID: 31894365 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lr76 and Yr70 have been fine mapped using the sequence of flow-sorted recombinant 5D chromosome from wheat-Ae. umbellulata introgression line. The alien introgression has been delineated to 9.47-Mb region on short arm of wheat chromosome 5D. Leaf rust and stripe rust are among the most damaging diseases of wheat worldwide. Wheat cultivation based on limited number of rust resistance genes deployed over vast areas expedites the emergence of new pathotypes warranting a continuous deployment of new resistance genes. In this paper, fine mapping of Aegilops umbellulata-derived leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr76 and Yr70 is being reported. We flow sorted and paired-end sequenced 5U chromosome of Ae. umbellulata, recombinant chromosome 5D (5DIL) from wheat-Ae. umbellulata introgression line pau16057 and 5DRP of recurrent parent WL711. Chromosome 5U reads were mapped against the reference Chinese Spring chromosome 5D sequence, and alien-specific SNPs were identified. Chromosome 5DIL and 5DRP sequences were de novo assembled, and alien introgression-specific markers were designed by selecting 5U- and 5D-specific SNPs. Overall, 27 KASP markers were mapped in high-resolution population consisting of 1404 F5 RILs. The mapping population segregated for single gene each for leaf rust and stripe rust resistance. The physical order of the SNPs in pau16057 was defined by projecting the 27 SNPs against the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 sequence. Based on this physical map, the size of Ae. umbellulata introgression was determined to be 9.47 Mb on the distal most end of the short arm of chromosome 5D. This non-recombining alien segment carries six NB-LRR encoding genes based on NLR annotation of assembled chromosome 5DIL sequence and IWGSC RefSeq v1.1 gene models. The presence of SNPs and other sequence variations in these genes between pau16057 and WL711 suggested that they are candidates for Lr76 and Yr70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitaly Bansal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India
| | | | - Puneet Inder Toor
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India
| | - Satinder Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India
| | - István Molnár
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Kateřina Holušová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Valárik
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Parveen Chhuneja
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India.
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7
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Lee M, Jeon HS, Kim SH, Chung JH, Roppolo D, Lee H, Cho HJ, Tobimatsu Y, Ralph J, Park OK. Lignin-based barrier restricts pathogens to the infection site and confers resistance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101948. [PMID: 31559647 PMCID: PMC6885736 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria invade plant tissues and proliferate in the extracellular space. Plants have evolved the immune system to recognize and limit the growth of pathogens. Despite substantial progress in the study of plant immunity, the mechanism by which plants limit pathogen growth remains unclear. Here, we show that lignin accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves in response to incompatible interactions with bacterial pathogens in a manner dependent on Casparian strip membrane domain protein (CASP)-like proteins (CASPLs). CASPs are known to be the organizers of the lignin-based Casparian strip, which functions as a diffusion barrier in roots. The spread of invading avirulent pathogens is prevented by spatial restriction, which is disturbed by defects in lignin deposition. Moreover, the motility of pathogenic bacteria is negatively affected by lignin accumulation. These results suggest that the lignin-deposited structure functions as a physical barrier similar to the Casparian strip, trapping pathogens and thereby terminating their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seu Ha Kim
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Daniele Roppolo
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Present address:
European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseaseBaselSwitzerland
| | - Hye‐Jung Lee
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hong Joo Cho
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
- Present address:
Cutigen Research InstituteTegoscience Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiKyotoJapan
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterThe Wisconsin Energy InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ohkmae K Park
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
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8
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Saur IML, Bauer S, Lu X, Schulze-Lefert P. A cell death assay in barley and wheat protoplasts for identification and validation of matching pathogen AVR effector and plant NLR immune receptors. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:118. [PMID: 31666804 PMCID: PMC6813131 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant disease resistance to host-adapted pathogens is often mediated by host nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors that detect matching pathogen avirulence effectors (AVR) inside plant cells. AVR-triggered NLR activation is typically associated with a rapid host cell death at sites of attempted infection and this response constitutes a widely used surrogate for NLR activation. However, it is challenging to assess this cell death in cereal hosts. RESULTS Here we quantify cell death upon NLR-mediated recognition of fungal pathogen AVRs in mesophyll leaf protoplasts of barley and wheat. We provide measurements for the recognition of the fungal AVRs AvrSr50 and AVR a1 by their respective cereal NLRs Sr50 and Mla1 upon overexpression of the AVR and NLR pairs in mesophyll protoplast of both, wheat and barley. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the here described approach can be effectively used to detect and quantify death of wheat and barley cells induced by overexpression of NLR and AVR effectors or AVR effector candidate genes from diverse fungal pathogens within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. L. Saur
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Saskia Bauer
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xunli Lu
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Hu L, Wu Y, Wu D, Rao W, Guo J, Ma Y, Wang Z, Shangguan X, Wang H, Xu C, Huang J, Shi S, Chen R, Du B, Zhu L, He G. The Coiled-Coil and Nucleotide Binding Domains of BROWN PLANTHOPPER RESISTANCE14 Function in Signaling and Resistance against Planthopper in Rice. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:3157-3185. [PMID: 29093216 PMCID: PMC5757267 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BROWN PLANTHOPPER RESISTANCE14 (BPH14), the first planthopper resistance gene isolated via map-based cloning in rice (Oryza sativa), encodes a coiled-coil, nucleotide binding site, leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) protein. Several planthopper and aphid resistance genes encoding proteins with similar structures have recently been identified. Here, we analyzed the functions of the domains of BPH14 to identify molecular mechanisms underpinning BPH14-mediated planthopper resistance. The CC or NB domains alone or in combination (CC-NB [CN]) conferred a similar level of brown planthopper resistance to that of full-length (FL) BPH14. Both domains activated the salicylic acid signaling pathway and defense gene expression. In rice protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, these domains increased reactive oxygen species levels without triggering cell death. Additionally, the resistance domains and FL BPH14 protein formed homocomplexes that interacted with transcription factors WRKY46 and WRKY72. In rice protoplasts, the expression of FL BPH14 or its CC, NB, and CN domains increased the accumulation of WRKY46 and WRKY72 as well as WRKY46- and WRKY72-dependent transactivation activity. WRKY46 and WRKY72 bind to the promoters of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase gene RLCK281 and the callose synthase gene LOC_Os01g67364.1, whose transactivation activity is dependent on WRKY46 or WRKY72. These findings shed light on this important insect resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weiwei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yinhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinxin Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunxue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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10
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Holušová K, Vrána J, Šafář J, Šimková H, Balcárková B, Frenkel Z, Darrier B, Paux E, Cattonaro F, Berges H, Letellier T, Alaux M, Doležel J, Bartoš J. Physical Map of the Short Arm of Bread Wheat Chromosome 3D. THE PLANT GENOME 2017; 10. [PMID: 28724077 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2017.03.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat ( L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Although a reference genome sequence would represent a valuable resource for wheat improvement through genomics-assisted breeding and gene cloning, its generation has long been hampered by its allohexaploidy, high repeat content, and large size. As a part of a project coordinated by the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), a physical map of the short arm of wheat chromosome 3D (3DS) was prepared to facilitate reference genome assembly and positional gene cloning. It comprises 869 contigs with a cumulative length of 274.5 Mbp and represents 85.5% of the estimated chromosome arm size. Eighty-six Mbp of survey sequences from chromosome arm 3DS were assigned in silico to physical map contigs via next-generation sequencing of bacterial artificial chromosome pools, thus providing a high-density framework for physical map ordering along the chromosome arm. About 60% of the physical map was anchored in this single experiment. Finally, 1393 high-confidence genes were anchored to the physical map. Comparisons of gene space of the chromosome arm 3DS with genomes of closely related species [ (L.) P.Beauv., rice ( L.), and sorghum [ (L.) Moench] and homeologous wheat chromosomes provided information about gene movement on the chromosome arm.
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11
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12
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The tandem repeated organization of NB-LRR genes in the clubroot-resistant CRb locus in Brassica rapa L. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:397-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Jia Q, Tan C, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Zhu J, Luo H, Yang J, Westcott S, Broughton S, Moody D, Li C. Marker development using SLAF-seq and whole-genome shotgun strategy to fine-map the semi-dwarf gene ari-e in barley. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:911. [PMID: 27835941 PMCID: PMC5106812 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Barley semi-dwarf genes have been extensively explored and widely used in barley breeding programs. The semi-dwarf gene ari-e from Golden Promise is an important gene associated with some agronomic traits and salt tolerance. While ari-e has been mapped on barley chromosome 5H using traditional markers and next-generation sequencing technologies, it has not yet been finely located on this chromosome. Results We integrated two methods to develop molecular markers for fine-mapping the semi-dwarf gene ari-e: (1) specific-length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) with bulked segregant analysis (BSA) to develop SNP markers, and (2) the whole-genome shotgun sequence to develop InDels. Both SNP and InDel markers were developed in the target region and used for fine-mapping the ari-e gene. Linkage analysis showed that ari-e co-segregated with marker InDel-17 and was delimited by two markers (InDel-16 and DGSNP21) spanning 6.8 cM in the doubled haploid (DH) Dash × VB9104 population. The genetic position of ari-e was further confirmed in the Hindmarsh × W1 DH population which was located between InDel-7 and InDel-17. As a result, the overlapping region of the two mapping populations flanked by InDel-16 and InDel-17 was defined as the candidate region spanning 0.58 Mb on the POPSEQ physical map. Conclusions The current study demonstrated the SLAF-seq for SNP discovery and whole-genome shotgun sequencing for InDel development as an efficient approach to map complex genomic region for isolation of functional gene. The ari-e gene was fine mapped from 10 Mb to 0.58 Mb interval. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3247-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojun Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. .,Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Cong Tan
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Junmei Wang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Jinghuan Zhu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Jianming Yang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Sharon Westcott
- Department of Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia, South Perth, WA, 6155, Australia
| | - Sue Broughton
- Department of Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia, South Perth, WA, 6155, Australia
| | - David Moody
- InterGrain Pty Ltd, 19 Ambitious Link, Bibra Lake, WA, 6163, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
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14
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Cantalapiedra CP, Contreras-Moreira B, Silvar C, Perovic D, Ordon F, Gracia MP, Igartua E, Casas AM. A Cluster of Nucleotide-Binding Site-Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes Resides in a Barley Powdery Mildew Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci on 7HL. THE PLANT GENOME 2016; 9. [PMID: 27898833 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.10.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew causes severe yield losses in barley production worldwide. Although many resistance genes have been described, only a few have already been cloned. A strong QTL (quantitative trait locus) conferring resistance to a wide array of powdery mildew isolates was identified in a Spanish barley landrace on the long arm of chromosome 7H. Previous studies narrowed down the QTL position, but were unable to identify candidate genes or physically locate the resistance. In this study, the exome of three recombinant lines from a high-resolution mapping population was sequenced and analyzed, narrowing the position of the resistance down to a single physical contig. Closer inspection of the region revealed a cluster of closely related NBS-LRR (nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat containing protein) genes. Large differences were found between the resistant lines and the reference genome of cultivar Morex, in the form of PAV (presence-absence variation) in the composition of the NBS-LRR cluster. Finally, a template-guided assembly was performed and subsequent expression analysis revealed that one of the new assembled candidate genes is transcribed. In summary, the results suggest that NBS-LRR genes, absent from the reference and the susceptible genotypes, could be functional and responsible for the powdery mildew resistance. The procedure followed is an example of the use of NGS (next-generation sequencing) tools to tackle the challenges of gene cloning when the target gene is absent from the reference genome.
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15
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Zhang J, Zheng H, Li Y, Li H, Liu X, Qin H, Dong L, Wang D. Coexpression network analysis of the genes regulated by two types of resistance responses to powdery mildew in wheat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23805. [PMID: 27033636 PMCID: PMC4817125 DOI: 10.1038/srep23805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew disease caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) inflicts severe economic losses in wheat crops. A systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in wheat resistance to Bgt is essential for effectively controlling the disease. Here, using the diploid wheat Triticum urartu as a host, the genes regulated by immune (IM) and hypersensitive reaction (HR) resistance responses to Bgt were investigated through transcriptome sequencing. Four gene coexpression networks (GCNs) were developed using transcriptomic data generated for 20 T. urartu accessions showing IM, HR or susceptible responses. The powdery mildew resistance regulated (PMRR) genes whose expression was significantly correlated with Bgt resistance were identified, and they tended to be hubs and enriched in six major modules. A wide occurrence of negative regulation of PMRR genes was observed. Three new candidate immune receptor genes (TRIUR3_13045, TRIUR3_01037 and TRIUR3_06195) positively associated with Bgt resistance were discovered. Finally, the involvement of TRIUR3_01037 in Bgt resistance was tentatively verified through cosegregation analysis in a F2 population and functional expression assay in Bgt susceptible leaf cells. This research provides insights into the global network properties of PMRR genes. Potential molecular differences between IM and HR resistance responses to Bgt are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huanju Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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16
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Ghannam A, Alek H, Doumani S, Mansour D, Arabi MIE. Deciphering the transcriptional regulation and spatiotemporal distribution of immunity response in barley to Pyrenophora graminea fungal invasion. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:256. [PMID: 27004551 PMCID: PMC4804540 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley leaf stripe disease, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora graminea (Pg), is a worldwide crop disease that results in significant loss of barley yield. The purpose of the present work was to use transcriptomic profiling to highlight barley genes and metabolic pathways affected or altered in response to Pg infection and consequently elucidate their involvement and contribution in resistance to leaf stripe. RESULTS Our study examined and compared the transcriptomes of two barley genotypes using an established differential display reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) strategy at 14 and 20 days post-inoculation (dpi). A total of 54 significantly modulated expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified. The analysis of gene expression changes during the course of infection with Pg suggested the involvement of 15 upregulated genes during the immunity response. By using network-based analyses, we could establish a significant correlation between genes expressed in response to Pg invasion. Microscopic analysis and quantitative PCR (qPCR) profiling of callose synthase and cellulose synthases revealed a direct involvement of cell wall reinforcement and callose deposition in the Pg-resistant phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a number of candidate genes possibly involved in the host-pathogen interactions between barley and Pg fungus, 15 of which are specifically expressed in Pg-resistant plants. Collectively, our results suggest that the resistance to leaf stripe in barley proceeds through callose deposition and different oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghannam
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Houda Alek
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Sanaa Doumani
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Doureid Mansour
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Mohamad I E Arabi
- Laboratory Plant Disease, Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, AECS, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
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17
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Kumar D, Kirti PB. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of resistant host responses in Arachis diogoi challenged with late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117559. [PMID: 25646800 PMCID: PMC4315434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Late leaf spot is a serious disease of peanut caused by the imperfect fungus, Phaeoisariopsis personata. Wild diploid species, Arachis diogoi. is reported to be highly resistant to this disease and asymptomatic. The objective of this study is to investigate the molecular responses of the wild peanut challenged with the late leaf spot pathogen using cDNA-AFLP and 2D proteomic study. A total of 233 reliable, differentially expressed genes were identified in Arachis diogoi. About one third of the TDFs exhibit no significant similarity with the known sequences in the data bases. Expressed sequence tag data showed that the characterized genes are involved in conferring resistance in the wild peanut to the pathogen challenge. Several genes for proteins involved in cell wall strengthening, hypersensitive cell death and resistance related proteins have been identified. Genes identified for other proteins appear to function in metabolism, signal transduction and defence. Nineteen TDFs based on the homology analysis of genes associated with defence, signal transduction and metabolism were further validated by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses in resistant wild species in comparison with a susceptible peanut genotype in time course experiments. The proteins corresponding to six TDFs were differentially expressed at protein level also. Differentially expressed TDFs and proteins in wild peanut indicate its defence mechanism upon pathogen challenge and provide initial breakthrough of genes possibly involved in recognition events and early signalling responses to combat the pathogen through subsequent development of resistivity. This is the first attempt to elucidate the molecular basis of the response of the resistant genotype to the late leaf spot pathogen, and its defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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18
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Munch D, Teh OK, Malinovsky FG, Liu Q, Vetukuri RR, El Kasmi F, Brodersen P, Hara-Nishimura I, Dangl JL, Petersen M, Mundy J, Hofius D. Retromer contributes to immunity-associated cell death in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:463-79. [PMID: 25681156 PMCID: PMC4456924 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is required during plant immune responses, but its contribution to the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death (PCD) associated with effector-triggered immunity, is not well understood. HR is induced by nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors and can involve vacuole-mediated processes, including autophagy. We previously isolated lazarus (laz) suppressors of autoimmunity-triggered PCD in the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant accelerated cell death11 (acd11) and demonstrated that the cell death phenotype is due to ectopic activation of the LAZ5 NB-LRR. We report here that laz4 is mutated in one of three VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING35 (VPS35) genes. We verify that LAZ4/VPS35B is part of the retromer complex, which functions in endosomal protein sorting and vacuolar trafficking. We show that VPS35B acts in an endosomal trafficking pathway and plays a role in LAZ5-dependent acd11 cell death. Furthermore, we find that VPS35 homologs contribute to certain forms of NB-LRR protein-mediated autoimmunity as well as pathogen-triggered HR. Finally, we demonstrate that retromer deficiency causes defects in late endocytic/lytic compartments and impairs autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. Our findings indicate important roles of retromer-mediated trafficking during the HR; these may include endosomal sorting of immune components and targeting of vacuolar cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Munch
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Qinsong Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
| | - Peter Brodersen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
| | - Morten Petersen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - John Mundy
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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de Ronde D, Butterbach P, Kormelink R. Dominant resistance against plant viruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:307. [PMID: 25018765 PMCID: PMC4073217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To establish a successful infection plant viruses have to overcome a defense system composed of several layers. This review will overview the various strategies plants employ to combat viral infections with main emphasis on the current status of single dominant resistance (R) genes identified against plant viruses and the corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes identified so far. The most common models to explain the mode of action of dominant R genes will be presented. Finally, in brief the hypersensitive response (HR) and extreme resistance (ER), and the functional and structural similarity of R genes to sensors of innate immunity in mammalian cell systems will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dryas de Ronde
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Butterbach
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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20
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Niemeyer J, Ruhe J, Machens F, Stahl DJ, Hehl R. Inducible expression of p50 from TMV for increased resistance to bacterial crown gall disease in tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:111-23. [PMID: 23955710 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The dominant tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance gene N induces a hypersensitive response upon TMV infection and protects tobacco against systemic spread of the virus. It has been proposed to change disease resistance specificity by reprogramming the expression of resistance genes or their corresponding avirulence genes. To reprogramme the resistance response of N towards bacterial pathogens, the helicase domain (p50) of the TMV replicase, the avirulence gene of N, was linked to synthetic promoters 4D and 2S2D harbouring elicitor-responsive cis-elements. These promoter::p50 constructs induce local necrotic lesions on NN tobacco plants in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration assay. A tobacco genotype void of N (nn) was transformed with the promoter::p50 constructs and subsequently crossed to NN plants. Nn F1 offspring selected for the T-DNA develop normally under sterile conditions. After transfer to soil, some of the F1 plants expressing the 2S2D::p50 constructs develop spontaneous necrosis. Transgenic Nn F1 plants with 4D::p50 and 2S2D::p50 expressing constructs upregulate p50 transcription and induce local necrotic lesions in an A. tumefaciens infiltration assay. When leaves and stems of Nn F1 offspring harbouring promoter::p50 constructs are infected with oncogenic A. tumefaciens C58, transgenic lines harbouring the 2S2D::p50 construct induce necrosis and completely lack tumor development. These results demonstrate a successful reprogramming of the viral N gene response against bacterial crown gall disease and highlight the importance of achieving tight regulation of avirulence gene expression and the control of necrosis in the presence of the corresponding resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niemeyer
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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21
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Hofinger BJ, Huynh OA, Jankowicz-Cieslak J, Müller A, Otto I, Kumlehn J, Till BJ. Validation of doubled haploid plants by enzymatic mismatch cleavage. PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:43. [PMID: 24220637 PMCID: PMC3831592 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doubled haploidy is a fundamental tool in plant breeding as it provides the fastest way to generate populations of meiotic recombinants in a genetically fixed state. A wide range of methods has been developed to produce doubled haploid (DH) plants and recent advances promise efficient DH production in otherwise recalcitrant species. Since the cellular origin of the plants produced is not always certain, rapid screening techniques are needed to validate that the produced individuals are indeed homozygous and genetically distinct from each other. Ideal methods are easily implemented across species and in crops where whole genome sequence and marker resources are limited. RESULTS We have adapted enzymatic mismatch cleavage techniques commonly used for TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) for the evaluation of heterozygosity in parental, F1 and putative DH plants. We used barley as a model crop and tested 26 amplicons previously developed for TILLING. Experiments were performed using self-extracted single-strand-specific nuclease and standard native agarose gels. Eleven of the twenty-six tested primers allowed unambiguous assignment of heterozygosity in material from F1 crosses and loss of heterozygosity in the DH plants. Through parallel testing of previously developed Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers, we show that 3/32 SSR markers were suitable for screening. This suggests that enzymatic mismatch cleavage approaches can be more efficient than SSR based screening, even in species with well-developed markers. CONCLUSIONS Enzymatic mismatch cleavage has been applied for mutation discovery in many plant species, including those with little or no available genomic DNA sequence information. Here, we show that the same methods provide an efficient system to screen for the production of DH material without the need of specialized equipment. This gene target based approach further allows discovery of novel nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes in the parental lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J Hofinger
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Owen A Huynh
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Plant Reproductive Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ingrid Otto
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Plant Reproductive Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Plant Reproductive Biology, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Bradley J Till
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Zhang Z, van Esse HP, van Damme M, Fradin EF, Liu CM, Thomma BPHJ. Ve1-mediated resistance against Verticillium does not involve a hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:719-27. [PMID: 23710897 PMCID: PMC6638679 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogen effectors by plant immune receptors leads to the activation of immune responses that often include a hypersensitive response (HR): rapid and localized host cell death surrounding the site of attempted pathogen ingress. We have demonstrated previously that the recognition of the Verticillium dahliae effector protein Ave1 by the tomato immune receptor Ve1 triggers an HR in tomato and tobacco. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that tomato Ve1 provides Verticillium resistance in Arabidopsis upon Ave1 recognition. In this study, we investigated whether the co-expression of Ve1 and Ave1 in Arabidopsis results in an HR, which could facilitate a forward genetics screen. Surprisingly, we found that the co-expression of Ve1 and Ave1 does not induce an HR in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that an HR may occur as a consequence of Ve1/Ave1-induced immune signalling in tomato and tobacco, but is not absolutely required for Verticillium resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Silvar C, Perovic D, Nussbaumer T, Spannagl M, Usadel B, Casas A, Igartua E, Ordon F. Towards positional isolation of three quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to powdery mildew in two Spanish barley landraces. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67336. [PMID: 23826271 PMCID: PMC3691219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring broad spectrum resistance to powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, were previously identified on chromosomes 7HS, 7HL and 6HL in the Spanish barley landrace-derived lines SBCC097 and SBCC145. In the present work, a genome-wide putative linear gene index of barley (Genome Zipper) and the first draft of the physical, genetic and functional sequence of the barley genome were used to go one step further in the shortening and explicit demarcation on the barley genome of these regions conferring resistance to powdery mildew as well as in the identification of candidate genes. First, a comparative analysis of the target regions to the barley Genome Zippers of chromosomes 7H and 6H allowed the development of 25 new gene-based molecular markers, which slightly better delimit the QTL intervals. These new markers provided the framework for anchoring of genetic and physical maps, figuring out the outline of the barley genome at the target regions in SBCC097 and SBCC145. The outermost flanking markers of QTLs on 7HS, 7HL and 6HL defined a physical area of 4 Mb, 3.7 Mb and 3.2 Mb, respectively. In total, 21, 10 and 16 genes on 7HS, 7HL and 6HL, respectively, could be interpreted as potential candidates to explain the resistance to powdery mildew, as they encode proteins of related functions with respect to the known pathogen defense-related processes. The majority of these were annotated as belonging to the NBS-LRR class or protein kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Silvar
- Department of Ecology, Plant and Animal Biology, University of Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
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24
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Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Eichten SR, Wicker T, Richmond TA, Mascher M, Steuernagel B, Scholz U, Ariyadasa R, Spannagl M, Nussbaumer T, Mayer KFX, Taudien S, Platzer M, Jeddeloh JA, Springer NM, Muehlbauer GJ, Stein N. Distribution, functional impact, and origin mechanisms of copy number variation in the barley genome. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R58. [PMID: 23758725 PMCID: PMC3706897 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-r58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence for the prevalence of copy number variation (CNV) and its role in phenotypic variation in many eukaryotic species. Here we use array comparative genomic hybridization to explore the extent of this type of structural variation in domesticated barley cultivars and wild barleys. Results A collection of 14 barley genotypes including eight cultivars and six wild barleys were used for comparative genomic hybridization. CNV affects 14.9% of all the sequences that were assessed. Higher levels of CNV diversity are present in the wild accessions relative to cultivated barley. CNVs are enriched near the ends of all chromosomes except 4H, which exhibits the lowest frequency of CNVs. CNV affects 9.5% of the coding sequences represented on the array and the genes affected by CNV are enriched for sequences annotated as disease-resistance proteins and protein kinases. Sequence-based comparisons of CNV between cultivars Barke and Morex provided evidence that DNA repair mechanisms of double-strand breaks via single-stranded annealing and synthesis-dependent strand annealing play an important role in the origin of CNV in barley. Conclusions We present the first catalog of CNVs in a diploid Triticeae species, which opens the door for future genome diversity research in a tribe that comprises the economically important cereal species wheat, barley, and rye. Our findings constitute a valuable resource for the identification of CNV affecting genes of agronomic importance. We also identify potential mechanisms that can generate variation in copy number in plant genomes.
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Biselli C, Urso S, Tacconi G, Steuernagel B, Schulte D, Gianinetti A, Bagnaresi P, Stein N, Cattivelli L, Valè G. Haplotype variability and identification of new functional alleles at the Rdg2a leaf stripe resistance gene locus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:1575-1586. [PMID: 23494394 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The barley Rdg2a locus confers resistance to the leaf stripe pathogen Pyrenophora graminea and, in the barley genotype Thibaut, it is composed of a gene family with three highly similar paralogs. Only one member of the gene family (called as Rdg2a) encoding for a CC-NB-LRR protein is able to confer resistance to the leaf stripe isolate Dg2. To study the genome evolution and diversity at the Rdg2a locus, sequences spanning the Rdg2a gene were compared in two barley cultivars, Thibaut and Morex, respectively, resistant and susceptible to leaf stripe. An overall high level of sequence conservation interrupted by several rearrangements that included three main deletions was observed in the Morex contig. The main deletion of 13,692 bp was most likely derived from unequal crossing over between Rdg2a paralogs leading to the generation of a chimeric Morex rdg2a gene which was not associated to detectable level of resistance toward leaf stripe. PCR-based analyses of genic and intergenic regions at the Rdg2a locus in 29 H. vulgare lines and one H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum accession indicated large haplotype variability in the cultivated barley gene pool suggesting rapid and recent divergence at this locus. Barley genotypes showing the same haplotype as Thibaut at the Rdg2a locus were selected for a Rdg2a allele mining through allele re-sequencing and two lines with polymorphic nucleotides leading to amino acid changes in the CC-NB and LRR encoding domains, respectively, were identified. Analysis of nucleotide diversity of the Rdg2a alleles revealed that the polymorphic sites were subjected to positive selection. Moreover, strong positively selected sites were located in the LRR encoding domain suggesting that both positive selection and divergence at homologous loci are possibly representing the molecular mechanism for the generation of high diversity at the Rdg2a locus in the barley gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Biselli
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Via S Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Piacenza, Italy
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Balmer D, Planchamp C, Mauch-Mani B. On the move: induced resistance in monocots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1249-61. [PMID: 23028020 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although plants possess an arsenal of constitutive defences such as structural barriers and preformed antimicrobial defences, many attackers are able to overcome the pre-existing defence layers. In response, a range of inducible plant defences is set up to battle these pathogens. These mechanisms, commonly integrated as induced resistance (IR), control pathogens and pests by the activation of specific defence pathways. IR mechanisms have been extensively studied in the Dicotyledoneae, whereas knowledge of IR in monocotyledonous plants, including the globally important graminaceous crop plants, is elusive. Considering the potential of IR for sustainable agriculture and the recent advances in monocot genomics and biotechnology, IR in monocots is an emerging research field. In the following, current facts and trends concerning basal immunity, and systemic acquired/induced systemic resistance in the defence of monocots against pathogens and herbivores will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Balmer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Feuillet C, Stein N, Rossini L, Praud S, Mayer K, Schulman A, Eversole K, Appels R. Integrating cereal genomics to support innovation in the Triticeae. Funct Integr Genomics 2012. [PMID: 23161406 DOI: 10.1007/s10142‐012‐0300‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The genomic resources of small grain cereals that include some of the most important crop species such as wheat, barley, and rye are attaining a level of completion that now is contributing to new structural and functional studies as well as refining molecular marker development and mapping strategies for increasing the efficiency of breeding processes. The integration of new efforts to obtain reference sequences in bread wheat and barley, in particular, is accelerating the acquisition and interpretation of genome-level analyses in both of these major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feuillet
- INRA-UBP UMR 1095 Genetics and Diversity of Cereals, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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28
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Feuillet C, Stein N, Rossini L, Praud S, Mayer K, Schulman A, Eversole K, Appels R. Integrating cereal genomics to support innovation in the Triticeae. Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:573-83. [PMID: 23161406 PMCID: PMC3508266 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genomic resources of small grain cereals that include some of the most important crop species such as wheat, barley, and rye are attaining a level of completion that now is contributing to new structural and functional studies as well as refining molecular marker development and mapping strategies for increasing the efficiency of breeding processes. The integration of new efforts to obtain reference sequences in bread wheat and barley, in particular, is accelerating the acquisition and interpretation of genome-level analyses in both of these major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feuillet
- INRA-UBP UMR 1095 Genetics and Diversity of Cereals, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Postma WJ, Slootweg EJ, Rehman S, Finkers-Tomczak A, Tytgat TO, van Gelderen K, Lozano-Torres JL, Roosien J, Pomp R, van Schaik C, Bakker J, Goverse A, Smant G. The effector SPRYSEC-19 of Globodera rostochiensis suppresses CC-NB-LRR-mediated disease resistance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:944-54. [PMID: 22904163 PMCID: PMC3461567 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis invades roots of host plants where it transforms cells near the vascular cylinder into a permanent feeding site. The host cell modifications are most likely induced by a complex mixture of proteins in the stylet secretions of the nematodes. Resistance to nematodes conferred by nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins usually results in a programmed cell death in and around the feeding site, and is most likely triggered by the recognition of effectors in stylet secretions. However, the actual role of these secretions in the activation and suppression of effector-triggered immunity is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the effector SPRYSEC-19 of G. rostochiensis physically associates in planta with the LRR domain of a member of the SW5 resistance gene cluster in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Unexpectedly, this interaction did not trigger defense-related programmed cell death and resistance to G. rostochiensis. By contrast, agroinfiltration assays showed that the coexpression of SPRYSEC-19 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana suppresses programmed cell death mediated by several coiled-coil (CC)-NB-LRR immune receptors. Furthermore, SPRYSEC-19 abrogated resistance to Potato virus X mediated by the CC-NB-LRR resistance protein Rx1, and resistance to Verticillium dahliae mediated by an unidentified resistance in potato (Solanum tuberosum). The suppression of cell death and disease resistance did not require a physical association of SPRYSEC-19 and the LRR domains of the CC-NB-LRR resistance proteins. Altogether, our data demonstrated that potato cyst nematodes secrete effectors that enable the suppression of programmed cell death and disease resistance mediated by several CC-NB-LRR proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebe J. Postma
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Erik J. Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | | | - Anna Finkers-Tomczak
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | | | | | - Jose L. Lozano-Torres
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Casper van Schaik
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
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Abstract
In plants and animals, the NLR family of receptors perceives non-self and modified-self molecules inside host cells and mediates innate immune responses to microbial pathogens. Despite their similar biological functions and protein architecture, animal NLRs are normally activated by conserved microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, whereas plant NLRs typically detect strain-specific pathogen effectors. Plant NLRs recognize either the effector structure or effector-mediated modifications of host proteins. The latter indirect mechanism for the perception of non-self, as well as the within-species diversification of plant NLRs, maximize the capacity to recognize non-self through the use of a finite number of innate immunoreceptors. We discuss recent insights into NLR activation, signal initiation through the homotypic association of N-terminal domains and subcellular receptor dynamics in plants and compare those with NLR functions in animals.
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Abstract
Cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. The fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. The hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in plants displays morphological features, molecular architectures and mechanisms reminiscent of different inflammatory cell death types in animals (pyroptosis and necroptosis). In this review, we describe the molecular pathways leading to cell death during innate immune responses. Additionally, we present recently discovered caspase and caspase-like networks regulating cell death that have revealed fascinating analogies between cell death control across both kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Coll
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Anderson KM, Kang Q, Reber J, Harris MO. No fitness cost for wheat's H gene-mediated resistance to Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:1393-1405. [PMID: 21882709 DOI: 10.1603/ec11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Resistance (R) genes have a proven record for protecting plants against biotic stress. A problem is parasite adaptation via Avirulence (Avr) mutations, which allows the parasite to colonize the R gene plant. Scientists hope to make R genes more durable by stacking them in a single cultivar. However, stacking assumes that R gene-mediated resistance has no fitness cost for the plant. We tested this assumption for wheat's resistance to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Our study included ten plant fitness measures and four wheat genotypes, one susceptible, and three expressing either the H6, H9, or H13 resistance gene. Because R gene-mediated resistance has two components, we measured two types of costs: the cost of the constitutively-expressed H gene, which functions in plant surveillance, and the cost of the downstream induced responses, which were triggered by Hessian fly larvae rather than a chemical elicitor. For the constitutively expressed Hgene, some measures indicated costs, but a greater number of measures indicated benefits of simply expressing the H gene. For the induced resistance, instead of costs, resistant plants showed benefits of being attacked. Resistant plants were more likely to survive attack than susceptible plants, and surviving resistant plants produced higher yield and quality. We discuss why resistance to the Hessian fly has little or no cost and propose that tolerance is important, with compensatory growth occurring after H gene-mediated resistance kills the larva. We end with a caution: Given that plants were given good growing conditions, fitness costs may be found under conditions of greater biotic or abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Anderson
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, USA.
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Coll NS, Epple P, Dangl JL. Programmed cell death in the plant immune system. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1247-56. [PMID: 21475301 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. The fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. The hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in plants displays morphological features, molecular architectures and mechanisms reminiscent of different inflammatory cell death types in animals (pyroptosis and necroptosis). In this review, we describe the molecular pathways leading to cell death during innate immune responses. Additionally, we present recently discovered caspase and caspase-like networks regulating cell death that have revealed fascinating analogies between cell death control across both kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Coll
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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