1
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Li F, Zhao P, Wang S, Luo W, Xia Y, Li D, He L, Zhao J. Babesia duncani Pyruvate Kinase Inhibitor Screening and Identification of Key Active Amino Acid Residues. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1141. [PMID: 38930523 PMCID: PMC11205445 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Babesia duncani (B. duncani), a protozoan parasite prevalent in North America, is a significant threat for human health. Given the regulatory role of pyruvate kinase I (PyK I) in glycolytic metabolism flux and ATP generation, PyK I has been considered the target for drug intervention for a long time. In this study, B. duncani PyK I (BdPyK I) was successfully cloned, expressed, and purified. Polyclonal antibodies were confirmed to recognize the native BdPyK I protein (56 kDa) using Western blotting. AlphaFold software predicted the three-dimensional structure of BdPyK I, and molecular docking with small molecules was conducted to identify potential binding sites of inhibitor on BdPyK I. Moreover, inhibitory effects of six inhibitors (tannic acid, apigenin, shikonin, PKM2 inhibitor, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone) on BdPyK I were examined under the optimal enzymatic conditions of 3 mM PEP and 3 mM ADP, and significant activity reduction was found. Enzyme kinetics and growth inhibition assays further confirmed the reliability of these inhibitors, with PKM2 inhibitor, tannic acid, and apigenin exhibiting the highest selectivity index as specific inhibitors for B. duncani. Subsequently, key amino acid residues were mutated in both BdPyK I and Homo sapiens pyruvate kinase I (HPyK I), and two differential amino acid residues (isoleucine and phenylalanine) were identified between HPyK I and BdPyK I through PyK activity detection experiments. These findings lay foundation for understanding the role of PyK I in the growth and development of B. duncani, providing insights for babesiosis prevention and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Wanxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Yingjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Dongfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.L.); (P.Z.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (Y.X.); (D.L.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Swint-Kruse L, Dougherty LL, Page B, Wu T, O’Neil PT, Prasannan CB, Timmons C, Tang Q, Parente DJ, Sreenivasan S, Holyoak T, Fenton AW. PYK-SubstitutionOME: an integrated database containing allosteric coupling, ligand affinity and mutational, structural, pathological, bioinformatic and computational information about pyruvate kinase isozymes. Database (Oxford) 2023; 2023:baad030. [PMID: 37171062 PMCID: PMC10176505 DOI: 10.1093/database/baad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting changes in patient genomes, understanding how viruses evolve and engineering novel protein function all depend on accurately predicting the functional outcomes that arise from amino acid substitutions. To that end, the development of first-generation prediction algorithms was guided by historic experimental datasets. However, these datasets were heavily biased toward substitutions at positions that have not changed much throughout evolution (i.e. conserved). Although newer datasets include substitutions at positions that span a range of evolutionary conservation scores, these data are largely derived from assays that agglomerate multiple aspects of function. To facilitate predictions from the foundational chemical properties of proteins, large substitution databases with biochemical characterizations of function are needed. We report here a database derived from mutational, biochemical, bioinformatic, structural, pathological and computational studies of a highly studied protein family-pyruvate kinase (PYK). A centerpiece of this database is the biochemical characterization-including quantitative evaluation of allosteric regulation-of the changes that accompany substitutions at positions that sample the full conservation range observed in the PYK family. We have used these data to facilitate critical advances in the foundational studies of allosteric regulation and protein evolution and as rigorous benchmarks for testing protein predictions. We trust that the collected dataset will be useful for the broader scientific community in the further development of prediction algorithms. Database URL https://github.com/djparente/PYK-DB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liskin Swint-Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Larissa L Dougherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Braelyn Page
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Pierce T O’Neil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Charulata B Prasannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Cody Timmons
- Chemistry Department, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Dr., Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Qingling Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Daniel J Parente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shwetha Sreenivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Todd Holyoak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aron W Fenton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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3
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Akunuri R, Unnissa T, Vadakattu M, Bujji S, Mahammad Ghouse S, Madhavi Yaddanapudi V, Chopra S, Nanduri S. Bacterial Pyruvate Kinase: A New Potential Target to Combat Drug‐Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Infections. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Akunuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana State India
| | - Tanveer Unnissa
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana State India
| | - Manasa Vadakattu
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana State India
| | - Sushmitha Bujji
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana State India
| | - Shaik Mahammad Ghouse
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana State India
| | - Venkata Madhavi Yaddanapudi
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana State India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana State India
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4
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Arora S, Joshi G, Chaturvedi A, Heuser M, Patil S, Kumar R. A Perspective on Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1171-1205. [PMID: 34726055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The allosteric regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) affects the switching of the PKM2 protein between the high-activity and low-activity states that allow ATP and lactate production, respectively. PKM2, in its low catalytic state (dimeric form), is chiefly active in metabolically energetic cells, including cancer cells. More recently, PKM2 has emerged as an attractive target due to its role in metabolic dysfunction and other interrelated conditions. PKM2 (dimer) activity can be inhibited by modulating PKM2 dimer-tetramer dynamics using either PKM2 inhibitors that bind at the ATP binding active site of PKM2 (dimer) or PKM2 activators that bind at the allosteric site of PKM2, thus activating PKM2 from the dimer formation to the tetrameric formation. The present perspective focuses on medicinal chemistry approaches to design and discover PKM2 inhibitors and activators and further provides a scope for the future design of compounds targeting PKM2 with better efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Arora
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248171, India
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Santoshkumar Patil
- Discovery Services, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, SEZ, Bommasandra Industrial Area-Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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5
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An X, Yu L, Wang S, Ao Y, Zhan X, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Li M, Shu X, Li F, He L, Zhao J. Kinetic Characterization and Inhibitor Screening of Pyruvate Kinase I From Babesia microti. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710678. [PMID: 34603237 PMCID: PMC8481833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan Babesia microti is a main pathogenic parasite causing human babesiosis, which is one of the most widely distributed tick-borne diseases in humans. Pyruvate kinase (PYK) plays a central metabolic regulatory role in most living organisms and catalyzes the essentially irreversible step in glycolysis that converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate. Hence, PYK is recognized as an attractive therapeutic target in cancer and human pathogens such as apicomplexans. In this study, we cloned, expressed, and purified B. microti PYK I (BmPYKI). Western blotting illustrated that anti-rBmPYKI antibody could specifically recognize the native BmPYKI protein in the lysate of B. microti with a 54-kDa band, which is consistent with the predicted size. In addition, the enzymatic activity of the purified recombinant PYKI (rPYKI) was tested under a range of pH values. The results showed that the maximum catalytic activity could be achieved at pH 7.0. The saturation curves for substrates demonstrated that the Km value for PEP was 0.655 ± 0.117 mM and that for ADP was 0.388 ± 0.087 mM. We further investigated the effect of 13 compounds on rBmPYKI. Kinetic analysis indicated that six inhibitors (tannic acid, shikonin, apigenin, PKM2 inhibitor, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone) could significantly inhibit the catalytic activity of PYKI, among which tannic acid is the most efficient inhibitor with an IC50 value 0.49 μM. Besides, four inhibitors (tannic acid, apigenin, shikonin, and PKM2 inhibitor) could significantly decrease the growth of in vitro-cultured B. microti with IC50 values of 0.77, 2.10, 1.73, and 1.15 μM. Overall, the present study provides a theoretical basis for the design and development of new anti-Babesia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng An
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangsiqi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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6
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Schipper S, Wu H, Furdui CM, Poole LB, Delahunty CM, Park R, Yates JR, Becker K, Przyborski JM. Identification of sulfenylation patterns in trophozoite stage Plasmodium falciparum using a non-dimedone based probe. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 242:111362. [PMID: 33513391 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the deadliest form of malaria. Adequate redox control is crucial for this protozoan parasite to overcome oxidative and nitrosative challenges, thus enabling its survival. Sulfenylation is an oxidative post-translational modification, which acts as a molecular on/off switch, regulating protein activity. To obtain a better understanding of which proteins are redox regulated in malaria parasites, we established an optimized affinity capture protocol coupled with mass spectrometry analysis for identification of in vivo sulfenylated proteins. The non-dimedone based probe BCN-Bio1 shows reaction rates over 100-times that of commonly used dimedone-based probes, allowing for a rapid trapping of sulfenylated proteins. Mass spectrometry analysis of BCN-Bio1 labeled proteins revealed the first insight into the Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite sulfenylome, identifying 102 proteins containing 152 sulfenylation sites. Comparison with Plasmodium proteins modified by S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosation showed a high overlap, suggesting a common core of proteins undergoing redox regulation by multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, parasite proteins which were identified as targets for sulfenylation were also identified as being sulfenylated in other organisms, especially proteins of the glycolytic cycle. This study suggests that a number of Plasmodium proteins are subject to redox regulation and it provides a basis for further investigations into the exact structural and biochemical basis of regulation, and a deeper understanding of cross-talk between post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schipper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Claire M Delahunty
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robin Park
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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7
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Pyruvate kinase from Plasmodium falciparum: Structural and kinetic insights into the allosteric mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:370-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Petchampai N, Isoe J, Horvath TD, Dagan S, Tan L, Lorenzi PL, Hawke DH, Scaraffia PY. Mass spectrometry-based stable-isotope tracing uncovers metabolic alterations in pyruvate kinase-deficient Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 121:103366. [PMID: 32276114 PMCID: PMC7249512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A recent in vitro characterization of a recombinant pyruvate kinase (PK) from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes demonstrated that the enzyme is uniquely regulated by multiple allosteric effectors. Here, we further explored PK gene and protein expression, and enzymatic activity in key metabolic tissues of mosquitoes maintained under different nutritional conditions. We also studied the metabolic effects of PK depletion using several techniques including RNA interference and mass spectrometry-based stable-isotope tracing. Transcriptional analysis showed a dynamic post-feeding PK mRNA expression pattern within and across mosquito tissues, whereas corresponding protein levels remained stable throughout the time course analyzed. Nevertheless, PK activity significantly differed in the fat body of sucrose-, blood-fed, and starved mosquitoes. Genetic silencing of PK did not alter survival in blood-fed females maintained on sucrose. However, an enhanced survivorship was observed in PK-deficient females maintained under different nutritional regimens. Our results indicate that mosquitoes overcame PK deficiency by up-regulating the expression of genes encoding NADP-malic enzyme-1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, and by decreasing glucose oxidation and metabolic pathways associated with ammonia detoxification. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PK confers to A. aegypti a metabolic plasticity to tightly regulate both carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthida Petchampai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jun Isoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Thomas D Horvath
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Metabolomics Core Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shai Dagan
- Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Metabolomics Core Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Metabolomics Core Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David H Hawke
- Department of Systems Biology, Proteomics Core Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Patricia Y Scaraffia
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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9
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Schormann N, Hayden KL, Lee P, Banerjee S, Chattopadhyay D. An overview of structure, function, and regulation of pyruvate kinases. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1771-1784. [PMID: 31342570 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last step of glycolysis Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the irreversible conversion of ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate to ATP and pyruvic acid, both crucial for cellular metabolism. Thus pyruvate kinase plays a key role in controlling the metabolic flux and ATP production. The hallmark of the activity of different pyruvate kinases is their tight modulation by a variety of mechanisms including the use of a large number of physiological allosteric effectors in addition to their homotropic regulation by phosphoenolpyruvate. Binding of effectors signals precise and orchestrated movements in selected areas of the protein structure that alter the catalytic action of these evolutionarily conserved enzymes with remarkably conserved architecture and sequences. While the diverse nature of the allosteric effectors has been discussed in the literature, the structural basis of their regulatory effects is still not well understood because of the lack of data representing conformations in various activation states. Results of recent studies on pyruvate kinases of different families suggest that members of evolutionarily related families follow somewhat conserved allosteric strategies but evolutionarily distant members adopt different strategies. Here we review the structure and allosteric properties of pyruvate kinases of different families for which structural data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schormann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Katherine L Hayden
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Paul Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne, Illinois
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10
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Gilkes JM, Sheen CR, Frampton RA, Smith GR, Dobson RCJ. The First Purification of Functional Proteins from the Unculturable, Genome-Reduced, Bottlenecked α-Proteobacterium ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1141-1148. [PMID: 30887888 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0486-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is an unculturable α-proteobacterium that is the causal agent of zebra chip disease of potato-a major problem in potato-growing areas, because it affects growth and yield. Developing effective treatments for 'Ca. L. solanacearum' has been hampered by the difficulty in functionally characterizing the proteins of this organism, largely because they are not easily expressed and purified in standard expression systems. 'Ca. L. solanacearum' has a reduced genome and its proteins are predicted to be prone to instability and aggregation. Among intracellular-dwelling bacteria, chaperone proteins are conserved and overexpressed to buffer against problems in protein folding. We mimicked this approach for expressing and purifying 'Ca. L. solanacearum' proteins in Escherichia coli by coexpressing them with chaperones. Neither of the representative 'Ca. L. solanacearum' enzymes, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (key in lysine biosynthesis) and pyruvate kinase (involved in glycolysis), were overexpressed in standard E. coli expression plasmids or strains. However, soluble dihydrodipicolinate synthase was successfully coexpressed with GroEL/GroES, while soluble pyruvate kinase was successfully coexpressed with either GroEL/GroES, dnaK/dnaJ/grpE, or a trigger factor. Both enzymes, believed to be key proteins for the organism, were purified by a combination of affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography. Additionally, both 'Ca. L. solanacearum' enzymes are active and have the canonical tetrameric oligomeric structure in solution, consistent with other bacterial orthologs. This is the first study to successfully isolate and functionally characterize proteins from 'Ca. L. solanacearum'. Thus, we provide a general strategy for characterizing its proteins, enabling new research and drug discovery programs to study and manage the pathogenicity of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Gilkes
- 1 Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- 2 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Campbell R Sheen
- 3 Callaghan Innovation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand; and
| | - Rebekah A Frampton
- 2 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Grant R Smith
- 2 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- 1 Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- 4 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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11
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Pyruvate Homeostasis as a Determinant of Parasite Growth and Metabolic Plasticity in Toxoplasma gondii. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00898-19. [PMID: 31186321 PMCID: PMC6561023 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread intracellular pathogen infecting humans and a variety of animals. Previous studies have shown that Toxoplasma uses glucose and glutamine as the main carbon sources to support asexual reproduction, but neither nutrient is essential. Such metabolic flexibility may allow it to survive within diverse host cell types. Here, by focusing on the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PYK) that converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate, we found that Toxoplasma can also utilize lactate and alanine. We show that catabolism of all indicated carbon sources converges at pyruvate, and maintaining a constant pyruvate supply is critical to parasite growth. Toxoplasma expresses two PYKs: PYK1 in the cytosol and PYK2 in the apicoplast (a chloroplast relict). Genetic deletion of PYK2 did not noticeably affect parasite growth and virulence, which contrasts with the current model of carbon metabolism in the apicoplast. On the other hand, PYK1 was refractory to disruption. Conditional depletion of PYK1 resulted in global alteration of carbon metabolism, amylopectin accumulation, and reduced cellular ATP, leading to severe growth impairment. Notably, the attenuated growth of the PYK1-depleted mutant was partially rescued by lactate or alanine supplementation, and rescue by lactate required lactate dehydrogenase activity to convert it to pyruvate. Moreover, depletion of PYK1 in conjunction with PYK2 ablation led to accentuated loss of apicoplasts and complete growth arrest. Together, our results underline a critical role of pyruvate homeostasis in determining the metabolic flexibility and apicoplast maintenance, and they significantly extend our current understanding of carbon metabolism in T. gondii IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma gondii infects almost all warm-blooded animals, and metabolic flexibility is deemed critical for its successful parasitism in diverse hosts. Glucose and glutamine are the major carbon sources to support parasite growth. In this study, we found that Toxoplasma is also competent in utilizing lactate and alanine and, thus, exhibits exceptional metabolic versatility. Notably, all these nutrients need to be converted to pyruvate to fuel the lytic cycle, and achieving a continued pyruvate supply is vital to parasite survival and metabolic flexibility. Although pyruvate can be generated by two distinct pyruvate kinases, located in cytosol and apicoplast, respectively, the cytosolic enzyme is the main source of subcellular pyruvate, and cooperative usage of pyruvate among multiple organelles is critical for parasite growth and virulence. These findings expand our current understanding of carbon metabolism in Toxoplasma gondii and related parasites while providing a basis for designing novel antiparasitic interventions.
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12
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Petchampai N, Murillo-Solano C, Isoe J, Pizarro JC, Scaraffia PY. Distinctive regulatory properties of pyruvate kinase 1 from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 104:82-90. [PMID: 30578824 PMCID: PMC6814295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses that cause diseases of public health significance. The discovery of new metabolic targets is crucial for improving mosquito control strategies. We recently demonstrated that glucose oxidation supports ammonia detoxification in A. aegypti. Pyruvate kinase (PK, EC 2.7.1.40) catalyzes the last step of the glycolytic pathway. In most organisms, one or more allosteric effectors control PK activity. However, the kinetic properties and structure of PK in mosquitoes have not been previously reported. In this study, two alternatively spliced mRNA variants (AaPK1 and AaPK2) that code for PKs were identified in the A. aegypti genome. The AaPK1 mRNA variant, which encodes a 529 amino acid protein with an estimated molecular weight of ∼57 kDa, was cloned. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The AaPK1 kinetic properties were identified. The recombinant protein was also crystallized and its 3D structure determined. We found that alanine, glutamine, proline, serine and fructose-1-phosphate displayed a classic allosteric activation on AaPK1. Ribulose-5-phosphate acted as an allosteric inhibitor of AaPK1 but its inhibitory effect was reversed by alanine, glutamine, proline and serine. Additionally, the allosteric activation of AaPK1 by amino acids was weakened by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, whereas the allosteric activation of AaPK1 by alanine and serine was diminished by glucose-6-phosphate. The AaPK1 structure shows the presence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the allosteric site. Together, our results reveal that specific amino acids and phosphorylated sugars tightly regulate conformational dynamics and catalytic changes of AaPK1. The distinctive AaPK1 allosteric properties support a complex role for this enzyme within mosquito metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthida Petchampai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Claribel Murillo-Solano
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jun Isoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Juan C Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Patricia Y Scaraffia
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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13
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Redox regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 by cysteine oxidation and S-nitrosation. Biochem J 2018; 475:3275-3291. [PMID: 30254098 PMCID: PMC6208296 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We show here that the M2 isoform of human pyruvate kinase (M2PYK) is susceptible to nitrosation and oxidation, and that these modifications regulate enzyme activity by preventing the formation of the active tetrameric form. The biotin-switch assay carried out on M1 and M2 isoforms showed that M2PYK is sensitive to nitrosation and that Cys326 is highly susceptible to redox modification. Structural and enzymatic studies have been carried out on point mutants for three cysteine residues (Cys424, Cys358, and Cys326) to characterise their potential roles in redox regulation. Nine cysteines are conserved between M2PYK and M1PYK. Cys424 is the only cysteine unique to M2PYK. C424S, C424A, and C424L showed a moderate effect on enzyme activity with 80, 100, and 140% activity, respectively, compared with M2PYK. C358 had been previously identified from in vivo studies to be the favoured target for oxidation. Our characterised mutant showed that this mutation stabilises tetrameric M2PYK, suggesting that the in vivo resistance to oxidation for the Cys358Ser mutation is due to stabilisation of the tetrameric form of the enzyme. In contrast, the Cys326Ser mutant exists predominantly in monomeric form. A biotin-switch assay using this mutant also showed a significant reduction in biotinylation of M2PYK, confirming that this is a major target for nitrosation and probably oxidation. Our results show that the sensitivity of M2PYK to oxidation and nitrosation is regulated by its monomer–tetramer equilibrium. In the monomer state, residues (in particular C326) are exposed to oxidative modifications that prevent reformation of the active tetrameric form.
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14
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Dubois D, Fernandes S, Amiar S, Dass S, Katris NJ, Botté CY, Yamaryo-Botté Y. Toxoplasma gondii acetyl-CoA synthetase is involved in fatty acid elongation (of long fatty acid chains) during tachyzoite life stages. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:994-1004. [PMID: 29678960 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are pathogens responsible for major human diseases such as toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii and malaria caused by Plasmodium spp. Throughout their intracellular division cycle, the parasites require vast and specific amounts of lipids to divide and survive. This demand for lipids relies on a fine balance between de novo synthesized lipids and scavenged lipids from the host. Acetyl-CoA is a major and central precursor for many metabolic pathways, especially for lipid biosynthesis. T. gondii possesses a single cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthetase (TgACS). Its role in the parasite lipid synthesis is unclear. Here, we generated an inducible TgACS KO parasite line and confirmed the cytosolic localization of the protein. We conducted 13C-stable isotope labeling combined with mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses to unravel its putative role in the parasite lipid synthesis pathway. We show that its disruption has a minor effect on the global FA composition due to the metabolic changes induced to compensate for its loss. However, we could demonstrate that TgACS is involved in providing acetyl-CoA for the essential fatty elongation pathway to generate FAs used for membrane biogenesis. This work provides novel metabolic insight to decipher the complex lipid synthesis in T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dubois
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Stella Fernandes
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Souad Amiar
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Sheena Dass
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicholas J Katris
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Cyrille Y Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.
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15
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Chen T, Jiang H, Sun H, Xie Z, Ren P, Zhao L, Dong H, Shi M, Lv Z, Wu Z, Li X, Yu X, Huang Y, Xu J. Sequence analysis and characterization of pyruvate kinase from Clonorchis sinensis, a 53.1-kDa homopentamer, implicated immune protective efficacy against clonorchiasis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:557. [PMID: 29121987 PMCID: PMC5680780 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis, the causative agent of clonorchiasis, is classified as one of the most neglected tropical diseases and affects more than 15 million people globally. This hepatobiliary disease is highly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. As key molecules in the infectivity and subsistence of trematodes, glycolytic enzymes have been targets for drug and vaccine development. Clonorchis sinensis pyruvate kinase (CsPK), a crucial glycolytic enzyme, was characterized in this research. RESULTS Differences were observed in the sequences and spatial structures of CsPK and PKs from humans, rats, mice and rabbits. CsPK possessed a characteristic active site signature (IKLIAKIENHEGV) and some unique sites but lacked the N-terminal domain. The predicted subunit molecular mass (Mr) of CsPK was 53.1 kDa. Recombinant CsPK (rCsPK) was a homopentamer with a Mr. of approximately 290 kDa by both native PAGE and gel filtration chromatography. Significant differences in the protein and mRNA levels of CsPK were observed among four life stages of C. sinensis (egg, adult worm, excysted metacercaria and metacercaria), suggesting that these developmental stages may be associated with diverse energy demands. CsPK was widely distributed in adult worms. Moreover, an intense Th1-biased immune response was persistently elicited in rats immunized with rCsPK. Also, rat anti-rCsPK sera suppressed C. sinensis adult subsistence both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The sequences and spatial structures, molecular mass, and expression profile of CsPK have been characterized. rCsPK was indicated to be a homopentamer. Rat anti-rCsPK sera suppressed C. sinensis adult subsistence both in vivo and in vitro. CsPK is worthy of further study as a promising target for drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hongye Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hengchang Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhizhi Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Pengli Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Huimin Dong
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Mengchen Shi
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Diseases-vectors Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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16
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Zhou DH, Zhao FR, Nisbet AJ, Xu MJ, Song HQ, Lin RQ, Huang SY, Zhu XQ. Comparative proteomic analysis of differentToxoplasma gondiigenotypes by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:533-45. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Alasdair J. Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics, Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park; Scotland UK
| | - Min-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Hui-Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province P. R. China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu Province P. R. China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing Heilongjiang Province P. R. China
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17
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Solomons JTG, Johnsen U, Schönheit P, Davies C. 3-Phosphoglycerate Is an Allosteric Activator of Pyruvate Kinase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5865-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Graham Solomons
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Ulrike Johnsen
- Institut für Allgemeine
Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Schönheit
- Institut für Allgemeine
Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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18
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Crystal structure of Cryptosporidium parvum pyruvate kinase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46875. [PMID: 23056503 PMCID: PMC3467265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase plays a critical role in cellular metabolism of glucose by serving as a major regulator of glycolysis. This tetrameric enzyme is allosterically regulated by different effector molecules, mainly phosphosugars. In response to binding of effector molecules and substrates, significant structural changes have been identified in various pyruvate kinase structures. Pyruvate kinase of Cryptosporidium parvum is exceptional among known enzymes of protozoan origin in that it exhibits no allosteric property in the presence of commonly known effector molecules. The crystal structure of pyruvate kinase from C. parvum has been solved by molecular replacement techniques and refined to 2.5 Å resolution. In the active site a glycerol molecule is located near the γ-phosphate site of ATP, and the protein structure displays a partially closed active site. However, unlike other structures where the active site is closed, the α6' helix in C. parvum pyruvate kinase unwinds and assumes an extended conformation. In the crystal structure a sulfate ion is found at a site that is occupied by a phosphate of the effector molecule in many pyruvate kinase structures. A new feature of the C. parvum pyruvate kinase structure is the presence of a disulfide bond cross-linking the two monomers in the asymmetric unit. The disulfide bond is formed between cysteine residue 26 in the short N-helix of one monomer with cysteine residue 312 in a long helix (residues 303-320) of the second monomer at the interface of these monomers. Both cysteine residues are unique to C. parvum, and the disulfide bond remained intact in a reduced environment. However, the significance of this bond, if any, remains unknown at this time.
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19
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii, the agent that causes toxoplasmosis, is an opportunistic parasite that infects many mammalian species. It is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes severe congenital neurological and ocular disease mostly in immunocompromised humans. The current regimen of therapy includes only a few medications that often lead to hypersensitivity and toxicity. In addition, there are no vaccines available to prevent the transmission of this agent. Therefore, safer and more effective medicines to treat toxoplasmosis are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED The author presents in silico and in vitro strategies that are currently used to screen for novel targets and unique chemotypes against T. gondii. Furthermore, this review highlights the screening technologies and characterization of some novel targets and new chemical entities that could be developed into highly efficacious treatments for toxoplasmosis. EXPERT OPINION A number of diverse methods are being used to design inhibitors against T. gondii. These include ligand-based methods, in which drugs that have been shown to be efficacious against other Apicomplexa parasites can be repurposed to identify lead molecules against T. gondii. In addition, structure-based methods use currently available repertoire of structural information in various databases to rationally design small-molecule inhibitors of T. gondii. Whereas the screening methods have their advantages and limitations, a combination of methods is ideally suited to design small-molecule inhibitors of complex parasites such as T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kortagere
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 2900, Queen Lane, PA 19129, USA.
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