1
|
Kodaka M, Kikuchi A, Kawahira K, Kamada H, Katsuta R, Ishigami K, Suzuki T, Yamamoto Y, Inoue J. Identification of a novel target of sulforaphane: Sulforaphane binds to acyl-protein thioesterase 2 (APT2) and attenuates its palmitoylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 726:150244. [PMID: 38905785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFaN) is a food-derived compound with several bioactive properties, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and obesity treatment. However, the mechanisms by which SFaN exerts its various effects are still unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms of the various effects of SFaN, we explored novel SFaN-binding proteins using SFaN beads and identified acyl protein thioesterase 2 (APT2). We also found that SFaN binds to the APT2 via C56 residue and attenuates the palmitoylation of APT2, thereby reducing plasma membrane localization of APT2. This study reveals a novel bioactivity of SFaN as a regulator of APT2 protein palmitoylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manami Kodaka
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akito Kikuchi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Kawahira
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ryo Katsuta
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ken Ishigami
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Williams DM, Peden AA. S-acylation of NLRP3 provides a nigericin sensitive gating mechanism that controls access to the Golgi. eLife 2024; 13:RP94302. [PMID: 39263961 PMCID: PMC11392533 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 is an inflammasome seeding pattern recognition receptor activated in response to multiple danger signals which perturb intracellular homeostasis. Electrostatic interactions between the NLRP3 polybasic (PB) region and negatively charged lipids on the trans-Golgi network (TGN) have been proposed to recruit NLRP3 to the TGN. In this study, we demonstrate that membrane association of NLRP3 is critically dependant on S-acylation of a highly conserved cysteine residue (Cys-130), which traps NLRP3 in a dynamic S-acylation cycle at the Golgi, and a series of hydrophobic residues preceding Cys-130 which act in conjunction with the PB region to facilitate Cys-130 dependent Golgi enrichment. Due to segregation from Golgi localised thioesterase enzymes caused by a nigericin induced breakdown in Golgi organisation and function, NLRP3 becomes immobilised on the Golgi through reduced de-acylation of its Cys-130 lipid anchor, suggesting that disruptions in Golgi homeostasis are conveyed to NLRP3 through its acylation state. Thus, our work defines a nigericin sensitive S-acylation cycle that gates access of NLRP3 to the Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Williams
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Peden
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martin DDO, Sanders SS. Let's get fat: emergence of S-acylation as a therapeutic target in Huntington disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1385-1392. [PMID: 38695682 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Protein mislocalization is a key initial step in neurodegeneration, regardless of etiology, and has been linked to changes in the dynamic addition of saturated fatty acids to proteins, a process known as S-acylation. With the advent of new techniques to study S-acylation and the recent discovery of new enzymes that facilitate protein deacylation, novel small molecules are emerging as potential new therapeutic treatments. Huntington disease (HD) is a devastating, fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene. The protein that is mutated in HD, huntingtin, is less S-acylated which is associated with mutant HTT aggregation and cytotoxicity. Recent exciting findings indicate that restoring S-acylation in HD models using small molecule inhibitors of the deacylation enzymes is protective. Herein, we set out to describe the known roles of S-acylation in HD and how it can be targeted for therapeutic design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale D O Martin
- NeurdyPhagy Lab, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S Sanders
- NeuroPalm Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bu L, Zhang Z, Chen J, Fan Y, Guo J, Su Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Wu X, Jiang Q, Gao B, Wang L, Hu K, Zhang X, Xie W, Wei W, Kuang M, Guo J. High-fat diet promotes liver tumorigenesis via palmitoylation and activation of AKT. Gut 2024; 73:1156-1168. [PMID: 38191266 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether and how the PI3K-AKT pathway, a central node of metabolic homeostasis, is responsible for high-fat-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain a mystery. Characterisation of AKT regulation in this setting will provide new strategies to combat HCC. DESIGN Metabolite library screening disclosed that palmitic acid (PA) could activate AKT. In vivo and in vitro palmitoylation assay were employed to detect AKT palmitoylation. Diverse cell and mouse models, including generation of AKT1C77S and AKT1C224S knock-in cells, Zdhhc17 and Zdhhc24 knockout mice and Akt1C224S knock-in mice were employed. Human liver tissues from patients with NASH and HCC, hydrodynamic transfection mouse model, high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD)-induced NASH/HCC mouse model and high-fat and methionine/choline-deficient diet (HFMCD)-induced NASH mouse model were also further explored for our mechanism studies. RESULTS By screening a metabolite library, PA has been defined to activate AKT by promoting its palmitoyl modification, an essential step for growth factor-induced AKT activation. Biologically, a high-fat diet could promote AKT kinase activity, thereby promoting NASH and liver cancer. Mechanistically, palmitoyl binding anchors AKT to the cell membrane in a PIP3-independent manner, in part by preventing AKT from assembling into an inactive polymer. The palmitoyltransferases ZDHHC17/24 were characterised to palmitoylate AKT to exert oncogenic effects. Interestingly, the anti-obesity drug orlistat or specific penetrating peptides can effectively attenuate AKT palmitoylation and activation by restricting PA synthesis or repressing AKT modification, respectively, thereby antagonising liver tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidate a novel fine-tuned regulation of AKT by PA-ZDHHC17/24-mediated palmitoylation, and highlight tumour therapeutic strategies by taking PA-restricted diets, limiting PA synthesis, or directly targeting AKT palmitoylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Bu
- Center of Hepato-Pancreate-Biliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengkun Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yizeng Fan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinhe Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqing Su
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueji Wu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Gao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunpeng Hu
- Division of General Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ming Kuang
- Center of Hepato-Pancreate-Biliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tran N, Mills EL. Redox regulation of macrophages. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103123. [PMID: 38615489 PMCID: PMC11026845 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling, a mode of signal transduction that involves the transfer of electrons from a nucleophilic to electrophilic molecule, has emerged as an essential regulator of inflammatory macrophages. Redox reactions are driven by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and redox-sensitive metabolites such as fumarate and itaconate, which can post-translationally modify specific cysteine residues in target proteins. In the past decade our understanding of how ROS, RNS, and redox-sensitive metabolites control macrophage function has expanded dramatically. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence of how ROS, RNS, and metabolites regulate macrophage function and how this is dysregulated with disease. We highlight the key tools to assess redox signaling and important questions that remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhien Tran
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fan Z, Hao Y, Huo Y, Cao F, Li L, Xu J, Song Y, Yang K. Modulators for palmitoylation of proteins and small molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116408. [PMID: 38621327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
As an essential form of lipid modification for maintaining vital cellular functions, palmitoylation plays an important role in in the regulation of various physiological processes, serving as a promising therapeutic target for diseases like cancer and neurological disorders. Ongoing research has revealed that palmitoylation can be categorized into three distinct types: N-palmitoylation, O-palmitoylation and S-palmitoylation. Herein this paper provides an overview of the regulatory enzymes involved in palmitoylation, including palmitoyltransferases and depalmitoylases, and discusses the currently available broad-spectrum and selective inhibitors for these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeshuai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuchen Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yidan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Jianmei Xu
- Department of hematopathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yali Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang S, Xing X, Ma J, Zheng S, Song Q, Zhang P. Deacylases-structure, function, and relationship to diseases. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:959-977. [PMID: 38644468 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Reversible S-acylation plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, modulating protein functions such as subcellular localization, protein stability/activity, and protein-protein interactions. These modifications are mediated by acyltransferases and deacylases, among which the most abundant modification is S-palmitoylation. Growing evidence has shown that this rivalrous pair of modifications, occurring in a reversible cycle, is essential for various biological functions. Aberrations in this process have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immune diseases. This underscores the importance of studying enzymes involved in acylation and deacylation to gain further insights into disease pathogenesis and provide novel strategies for disease treatment. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and physiological function of deacylases, highlighting their pivotal roles in pathology. Our aim is to provide insights for further clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Wang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jialin Ma
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Pingfeng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan Y, Li P, Li J, Zhao Q, Chang Y, He X. Protein lipidation in health and disease: molecular basis, physiological function and pathological implication. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38485938 PMCID: PMC10940682 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications increase the complexity and functional diversity of proteins in response to complex external stimuli and internal changes. Among these, protein lipidations which refer to lipid attachment to proteins are prominent, which primarily encompassing five types including S-palmitoylation, N-myristoylation, S-prenylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and cholesterylation. Lipid attachment to proteins plays an essential role in the regulation of protein trafficking, localisation, stability, conformation, interactions and signal transduction by enhancing hydrophobicity. Accumulating evidence from genetic, structural, and biomedical studies has consistently shown that protein lipidation is pivotal in the regulation of broad physiological functions and is inextricably linked to a variety of diseases. Decades of dedicated research have driven the development of a wide range of drugs targeting protein lipidation, and several agents have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies, some of which, such as asciminib and lonafarnib are FDA-approved for therapeutic use, indicating that targeting protein lipidations represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we comprehensively review the known regulatory enzymes and catalytic mechanisms of various protein lipidation types, outline the impact of protein lipidations on physiology and disease, and highlight potential therapeutic targets and clinical research progress, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future protein lipidation research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Howie J, Tulloch LB, Brown E, Reilly L, Ashford FB, Kennedy J, Wypijewski KJ, Aughton KL, Mak JKC, Shattock MJ, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Glutathione-dependent depalmitoylation of phospholemman by peroxiredoxin 6. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113679. [PMID: 38236777 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholemman (PLM) regulates the cardiac sodium pump: PLM phosphorylation activates the pump whereas PLM palmitoylation inhibits its activity. Here, we show that the anti-oxidant protein peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) interacts with and depalmitoylates PLM in a glutathione-dependent manner. Glutathione loading cells acutely reduce PLM palmitoylation; glutathione depletion significantly increases PLM palmitoylation. Prdx6 silencing abolishes these effects, suggesting that PLM can be depalmitoylated by reduced Prdx6. In vitro, only recombinant Prdx6, among several peroxiredoxin isoforms tested, removes palmitic acid from recombinant palmitoylated PLM. The broad-spectrum depalmitoylase inhibitor palmostatin B prevents Prdx6-dependent PLM depalmitoylation in cells and in vitro. Our data suggest that Prdx6 is a thioesterase that can depalmitoylate proteins by nucleophilic attack via its reactive thiol, linking PLM palmitoylation and hence sodium pump activity to cellular glutathione status. We show that protein depalmitoylation can occur via a catalytic cysteine in which substrate specificity is determined by a protein-protein interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Howie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lindsay B Tulloch
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Elaine Brown
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Reilly
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jennifer Kennedy
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Wypijewski
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Karen L Aughton
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jason K C Mak
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Niall J Fraser
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anwar MU, van der Goot FG. Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202307103. [PMID: 37756661 PMCID: PMC10533364 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With a limited number of genes, cells achieve remarkable diversity. This is to a large extent achieved by chemical posttranslational modifications of proteins. Amongst these are the lipid modifications that have the unique ability to confer hydrophobicity. The last decade has revealed that lipid modifications of proteins are extremely frequent and affect a great variety of cellular pathways and physiological processes. This is particularly true for S-acylation, the only reversible lipid modification. The enzymes involved in S-acylation and deacylation are only starting to be understood, and the list of proteins that undergo this modification is ever-increasing. We will describe the state of knowledge on the enzymes that regulate S-acylation, from their structure to their regulation, how S-acylation influences target proteins, and finally will offer a perspective on how alterations in the balance between S-acylation and deacylation may contribute to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li M, Zhang L, Chen CW. Diverse Roles of Protein Palmitoylation in Cancer Progression, Immunity, Stemness, and Beyond. Cells 2023; 12:2209. [PMID: 37759431 PMCID: PMC10526800 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation, a type of post-translational modification, refers to the reversible process of attachment of a fatty acyl chain-a 16-carbon palmitate acid-to the specific cysteine residues on target proteins. By adding the lipid chain to proteins, it increases the hydrophobicity of proteins and modulates protein stability, interaction with effector proteins, subcellular localization, and membrane trafficking. Palmitoylation is catalyzed by a group of zinc finger DHHC-containing proteins (ZDHHCs), whereas depalmitoylation is catalyzed by a family of acyl-protein thioesterases. Increasing numbers of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors have been identified to be palmitoylated, and palmitoylation is essential for their functions. Understanding how palmitoylation influences the function of individual proteins, the physiological roles of palmitoylation, and how dysregulated palmitoylation leads to pathological consequences are important drivers of current research in this research field. Further, due to the critical roles in modifying functions of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors, targeting palmitoylation has been used as a candidate therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Here, based on recent literatures, we discuss the progress of investigating roles of palmitoylation in regulating cancer progression, immune responses against cancer, and cancer stem cell properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Leisi Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dennis KMJH, Heather LC. Post-translational palmitoylation of metabolic proteins. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122895. [PMID: 36909239 PMCID: PMC9998952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous cellular proteins are post-translationally modified by addition of a lipid group to their structure, which dynamically influences the proteome by increasing hydrophobicity of proteins often impacting protein conformation, localization, stability, and binding affinity. These lipid modifications include myristoylation and palmitoylation. Palmitoylation involves a 16-carbon saturated fatty acyl chain being covalently linked to a cysteine thiol through a thioester bond. Palmitoylation is unique within this group of modifications, as the addition of the palmitoyl group is reversible and enzyme driven, rapidly affecting protein targeting, stability and subcellular trafficking. The palmitoylation reaction is catalyzed by a large family of Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHCs) motif-containing palmitoyl acyltransferases, while the reverse reaction is catalyzed by acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), that remove the acyl chain. Palmitoyl-CoA serves an important dual purpose as it is not only a key metabolite fueling energy metabolism, but is also a substrate for this PTM. In this review, we discuss protein palmitoylation in regulating substrate metabolism, focusing on membrane transport proteins and kinases that participate in substrate uptake into the cell. We then explore the palmitoylation of mitochondrial proteins and the palmitoylation regulatory enzymes, a less explored field for potential lipid metabolic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M J H Dennis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
West SJ, Boehning D, Akimzhanov AM. Regulation of T cell function by protein S-acylation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1040968. [PMID: 36467682 PMCID: PMC9709458 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
S-acylation, the reversible lipidation of free cysteine residues with long-chain fatty acids, is a highly dynamic post-translational protein modification that has recently emerged as an important regulator of the T cell function. The reversible nature of S-acylation sets this modification apart from other forms of protein lipidation and allows it to play a unique role in intracellular signal transduction. In recent years, a significant number of T cell proteins, including receptors, enzymes, ion channels, and adaptor proteins, were identified as S-acylated. It has been shown that S-acylation critically contributes to their function by regulating protein localization, stability and protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that zDHHC protein acyltransferases, the family of enzymes mediating this modification, also play a prominent role in T cell activation and differentiation. In this review, we aim to highlight the diversity of proteins undergoing S-acylation in T cells, elucidate the mechanisms by which reversible lipidation can impact protein function, and introduce protein acyltransferases as a novel class of regulatory T cell proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J. West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Askar M. Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brown RWB, Sharma AI, Villanueva MR, Li X, Onguka O, Zilbermintz L, Nguyen H, Falk BA, Olson CL, Taylor JM, Epting CL, Kathayat RS, Amara N, Dickinson BC, Bogyo M, Engman DM. Trypanosoma brucei Acyl-Protein Thioesterase-like (TbAPT-L) Is a Lipase with Esterase Activity for Short and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids but Has No Depalmitoylation Activity. Pathogens 2022; 11:1245. [PMID: 36364996 PMCID: PMC9693859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic post-translational modifications allow the rapid, specific, and tunable regulation of protein functions in eukaryotic cells. S-acylation is the only reversible lipid modification of proteins, in which a fatty acid, usually palmitate, is covalently attached to a cysteine residue of a protein by a zDHHC palmitoyl acyltransferase enzyme. Depalmitoylation is required for acylation homeostasis and is catalyzed by an enzyme from the alpha/beta hydrolase family of proteins usually acyl-protein thioesterase (APT1). The enzyme responsible for depalmitoylation in Trypanosoma brucei parasites is currently unknown. We demonstrate depalmitoylation activity in live bloodstream and procyclic form trypanosomes sensitive to dose-dependent inhibition with the depalmitoylation inhibitor, palmostatin B. We identified a homologue of human APT1 in Trypanosoma brucei which we named TbAPT-like (TbAPT-L). Epitope-tagging of TbAPT-L at N- and C- termini indicated a cytoplasmic localization. Knockdown or over-expression of TbAPT-L in bloodstream forms led to robust changes in TbAPT-L mRNA and protein expression but had no effect on parasite growth in vitro, or cellular depalmitoylation activity. Esterase activity in cell lysates was also unchanged when TbAPT-L was modulated. Unexpectedly, recombinant TbAPT-L possesses esterase activity with specificity for short- and medium-chain fatty acid substrates, leading to the conclusion, TbAPT-L is a lipase, not a depalmitoylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. B. Brown
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aabha I. Sharma
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Miguel Rey Villanueva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leeor Zilbermintz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Helen Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ben A. Falk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Olson
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joann M. Taylor
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Conrad L. Epting
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rahul S. Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neri Amara
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bryan C. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M. Engman
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vanhoutte R, Verhelst SHL. Combinatorial Optimization of Activity-Based Probes for Acyl Protein Thioesterases 1 and 2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1144-1150. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven − University of Leuven, Herestraat 49,
Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven H. L. Verhelst
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven − University of Leuven, Herestraat 49,
Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- AG Chemical Proteomics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences − ISAS, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luebben AV, Bender D, Becker S, Crowther LM, Erven I, Hofmann K, Söding J, Klemp H, Bellotti C, Stäuble A, Qiu T, Kathayat RS, Dickinson BC, Gärtner J, Sheldrick GM, Krätzner R, Steinfeld R. Cln5 represents a new type of cysteine-based S-depalmitoylase linked to neurodegeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj8633. [PMID: 35427157 PMCID: PMC9012467 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic CLN5 variants are associated with childhood neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease; however, the molecular function of ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 5 (Cln5) is unknown. We solved the Cln5 crystal structure and identified a region homologous to the catalytic domain of members of the N1pC/P60 superfamily of papain-like enzymes. However, we observed no protease activity for Cln5; and instead, we discovered that Cln5 and structurally related PPPDE1 and PPPDE2 have efficient cysteine palmitoyl thioesterase (S-depalmitoylation) activity using fluorescent substrates. Mutational analysis revealed that the predicted catalytic residues histidine-166 and cysteine-280 are critical for Cln5 thioesterase activity, uncovering a new cysteine-based catalytic mechanism for S-depalmitoylation enzymes. Last, we found that Cln5-deficient neuronal progenitor cells showed reduced thioesterase activity, confirming live cell function of Cln5 in setting S-depalmitoylation levels. Our results provide new insight into the function of Cln5, emphasize the importance of S-depalmitoylation in neuronal homeostasis, and disclose a new, unexpected enzymatic function for the N1pC/P60 superfamily of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Luebben
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of
Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Bender
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University
Children’s Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich,
Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max
Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Fassberg 11, 37077
Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa M. Crowther
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University
Children’s Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich,
Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilka Erven
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne,
Zülpicher Str.47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne,
Zülpicher Str.47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Söding
- Quantitative Biology and Bioinformatics and
Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry,
Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henry Klemp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,
Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Göttingen,
Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cristina Bellotti
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University
Children’s Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich,
Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Stäuble
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University
Children’s Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich,
Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago,
Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,
Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Göttingen,
Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - George M. Sheldrick
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of
Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Krätzner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,
Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Göttingen,
Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Steinfeld
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University
Children’s Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich,
Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,
Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Göttingen,
Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zeng XT, Yu XT, Cheng W. The interactions of ZDHHC5/GOLGA7 with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and their effects on S protein's subcellular localization, palmitoylation and pseudovirus entry. Virol J 2021; 18:257. [PMID: 34961524 PMCID: PMC8711289 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein determines virus entry and the palmitoylation of S protein affects virus infection. An acyltransferase complex ZDHHC5/GOGAL7 that interacts with S protein was detected by affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS). However, the palmitoylated cysteine residues of S protein, the effects of ZDHHC5 or GOLGA7 knockout on S protein’s subcellular localization, palmitoylation, pseudovirus entry and the enzyme for depalmitoylation of S protein are not clear. Methods The palmitoylated cysteine residues of S protein were identified by acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) assays. The interactions between S protein and host proteins were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Subcellular localizations of S protein and host proteins were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. ZDHHC5 or GOGAL7 gene was edited by CRISPR-Cas9. The entry efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus into A549 and Hela cells were analyzed by measuring the activity of Renilla luciferase. Results In this investigation, all ten cysteine residues in the endodomain of S protein were palmitoylated. The interaction of S protein with ZDHHC5 or GOLGA7 was confirmed. The interaction and colocalization of S protein with ZDHHC5 or GOLGA7 were independent of the ten cysteine residues in the endodomain of S protein. The interaction between S protein and ZDHHC5 was independent of the enzymatic activity and the PDZ-binding domain of ZDHHC5. Three cell lines HEK293T, A549 and Hela lacking ZDHHC5 or GOLGA7 were constructed. Furthermore, S proteins still interacted with one host protein in HEK293T cells lacking the other. ZDHHC5 or GOLGA7 knockout had no significant effect on S protein’s subcellular localization or palmitoylation, but significantly decreased the entry efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus into A549 and Hela cells, while varying degrees of entry efficiencies may be linked to the cell types. Additionally, the S protein interacted with the depalmitoylase APT2. Conclusions ZDHHC5 and GOLGA7 played important roles in SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry, but the reason why the two host proteins affected pseudovirus entry remains to be further explored. This study extends the knowledge about the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 S protein and host proteins and probably provides a reference for the corresponding antiviral methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Zeng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Ti Yu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Haidar M, Jacquemin P. Past and Future Strategies to Inhibit Membrane Localization of the KRAS Oncogene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13193. [PMID: 34947990 PMCID: PMC8707736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most studied oncogenes. It is well known that KRAS undergoes post-translational modifications at its C-terminal end. These modifications are essential for its membrane location and activity. Despite significant efforts made in the past three decades to target the mechanisms involved in its membrane localization, no therapies have been approved and taken into the clinic. However, many studies have recently reintroduced interest in the development of KRAS inhibitors, either by directly targeting KRAS or indirectly through the inhibition of critical steps involved in post-translational KRAS modifications. In this review, we summarize the approaches that have been applied over the years to inhibit the membrane localization of KRAS in cancer and propose a new anti-KRAS strategy that could be used in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Jacquemin
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Petropavlovskiy A, Kogut J, Leekha A, Townsend C, Sanders S. A sticky situation: regulation and function of protein palmitoylation with a spotlight on the axon and axon initial segment. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210005. [PMID: 34659801 PMCID: PMC8495546 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the axon and axon initial segment (AIS) are critical structures for action potential initiation and propagation. Their formation and function rely on tight compartmentalisation, a process where specific proteins are trafficked to and retained at distinct subcellular locations. One mechanism which regulates protein trafficking and association with lipid membranes is the modification of protein cysteine residues with the 16-carbon palmitic acid, known as S-acylation or palmitoylation. Palmitoylation, akin to phosphorylation, is reversible, with palmitate cycling being mediated by substrate-specific enzymes. Palmitoylation is well-known to be highly prevalent among neuronal proteins and is well studied in the context of the synapse. Comparatively, how palmitoylation regulates trafficking and clustering of axonal and AIS proteins remains less understood. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biochemical regulation of palmitoylation, its involvement in various neurological diseases, and the most up-to-date perspective on axonal palmitoylation. Through a palmitoylation analysis of the AIS proteome, we also report that an overwhelming proportion of AIS proteins are likely palmitoylated. Overall, our review and analysis confirm a central role for palmitoylation in the formation and function of the axon and AIS and provide a resource for further exploration of palmitoylation-dependent protein targeting to and function at the AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Petropavlovskiy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan A. Kogut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshia Leekha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte A. Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S. Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin H. Protein cysteine palmitoylation in immunity and inflammation. FEBS J 2021; 288:7043-7059. [PMID: 33506611 PMCID: PMC8872633 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein cysteine palmitoylation, or S-palmitoylation, has been known for about 40 years, and thousands of proteins in humans are known to be modified. Because of the large number of proteins modified, the importance and physiological functions of S-palmitoylation are enormous. However, most of the known physiological functions of S-palmitoylation can be broadly classified into two categories, neurological or immunological. This review provides a summary on the function of S-palmitoylation from the immunological perspective. Several important immune signaling pathways are discussed, including STING, NOD1/2, JAK-STAT in cytokine signaling, T-cell receptor signaling, chemotactic GPCR signaling, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and endothelial and epithelial integrity. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, but rather focuses on specific examples to highlight the versatility of palmitoylation in regulating immune signaling, as well as the potential and challenges of targeting palmitoylation to treat immune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Qin Z, Sun W, Chu F, Zhou F. Function of Protein S-Palmitoylation in Immunity and Immune-Related Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661202. [PMID: 34557182 PMCID: PMC8453015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a covalent and reversible lipid modification that specifically targets cysteine residues within many eukaryotic proteins. In mammalian cells, the ubiquitous palmitoyltransferases (PATs) and serine hydrolases, including acyl protein thioesterases (APTs), catalyze the addition and removal of palmitate, respectively. The attachment of palmitoyl groups alters the membrane affinity of the substrate protein changing its subcellular localization, stability, and protein-protein interactions. Forty years of research has led to the understanding of the role of protein palmitoylation in significantly regulating protein function in a variety of biological processes. Recent global profiling of immune cells has identified a large body of S-palmitoylated immunity-associated proteins. Localization of many immune molecules to the cellular membrane is required for the proper activation of innate and adaptive immune signaling. Emerging evidence has unveiled the crucial roles that palmitoylation plays to immune function, especially in partitioning immune signaling proteins to the membrane as well as to lipid rafts. More importantly, aberrant PAT activity and fluctuations in palmitoylation levels are strongly correlated with human immunologic diseases, such as sensory incompetence or over-response to pathogens. Therefore, targeting palmitoylation is a novel therapeutic approach for treating human immunologic diseases. In this review, we discuss the role that palmitoylation plays in both immunity and immunologic diseases as well as the significant potential of targeting palmitoylation in disease treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lan T, Delalande C, Dickinson BC. Inhibitors of DHHC family proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:118-125. [PMID: 34467875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a prevalent post-translational protein lipidation that is dynamically regulated by 'writer' protein S-acyltransferases and 'eraser' acylprotein thioesterases. The protein S-acyltransferases comprise 23 aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine (DHHC)-containing proteins, which transfer fatty acid acyl groups from acyl-coenzyme A onto protein substrates. DHHC proteins are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of S-acylation-mediated cellular processes and pathology. As our understanding of the importance and breadth of DHHC-mediated biology and pathology expands, so too does the need for chemical inhibitors of this class of proteins. In this review, we discuss the challenges and progress in DHHC inhibitor development, focusing on 2-bromopalmitate, the most commonly used inhibitor in the field, and N-cyanomethyl-N-myracrylamide, a new broad-spectrum DHHC inhibitor. We believe that current and ongoing advances in structure elucidation, mechanistic interrogation, and novel inhibitor design around DHHC proteins will spark innovative strategies to modulate these critical proteins in living systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Clémence Delalande
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Azizi SA, Lan T, Delalande C, Kathayat RS, Banales Mejia F, Qin A, Brookes N, Sandoval PJ, Dickinson BC. Development of an Acrylamide-Based Inhibitor of Protein S-Acylation. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1546-1556. [PMID: 34309372 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a dynamic lipid post-translational modification that can modulate the localization and activity of target proteins. In humans, the installation of the lipid onto target proteins is catalyzed by a family of 23 Asp-His-His-Cys domain-containing protein acyltransferases (DHHC-PATs). DHHCs are increasingly recognized as critical players in cellular signaling events and in human disease. However, progress elucidating the functions and mechanisms of DHHC "writers" has been hampered by a lack of chemical tools to perturb their activity in live cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of cyano-myracrylamide (CMA), a broad-spectrum DHHC family inhibitor with similar potency to 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), the most commonly used DHHC inhibitor in the field. Possessing an acrylamide warhead instead of 2BP's α-halo fatty acid, CMA inhibits DHHC family proteins in cellulo while demonstrating decreased toxicity and avoiding inhibition of the S-acylation eraser enzymes, two of the major weaknesses of 2BP. Our studies show that CMA engages with DHHC family proteins in cells, inhibits protein S-acylation, and disrupts DHHC-regulated cellular events. CMA represents an improved chemical scaffold for untangling the complexities of DHHC-mediated cell signaling by protein S-acylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tong Lan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Clémence Delalande
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rahul S. Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Fernando Banales Mejia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alice Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Noah Brookes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Perla Jasmine Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Bryan C. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ettelaie C, Featherby S, Rondon AMR, Greenman J, Versteeg HH, Maraveyas A. De-Palmitoylation of Tissue Factor Regulates Its Activity, Phosphorylation and Cellular Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153837. [PMID: 34359738 PMCID: PMC8345185 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the role of de-palmitoylation of tissue factor (TF) in the decryption of its activity was explored. TF-tGFP constructs were prepared by mutagenesis-substitution at Cys245 to prevent or mimic palmitolyation. Additionally, to reduce TF de-palmitoylation, the expression of palmitoyl-protein thioesterases (PPT) was suppressed. Other TF mutants were prepared with altered flexibility, hydrophobicity or length of the transmembrane domain. The outcome of these alterations on fXa-generation, fVIIa binding, Ser253 phosphorylation and TF-microvesicle release were assessed in endothelial cells, and the influence on endothelial and MCF-7 cell proliferation and apoptosis was analysed. Preventing TF palmitoylation (TFSer245-tGFP), increasing the hydrophobicity (TFPhe241-tGFP) or lengthening (TFLongTM-tGFP) of the transmembrane domain enhanced fXa-generation in resting cells compared to cells expressing TFWt-tGFP, but fXa-generation was not further increased following PAR2 activation. Extending the available length of the transmembrane domain enhanced the TF-tGFP release within microvesicles and Ser253 phosphorylation and increased cell proliferation. Moreover, prevention of PKCα-mediated Ser253 phosphorylation with Gö6976 did not preclude fXa-generation. Conversely, reducing the hydrophobicity (TFSer242-tGFP), shortening (TFShortTM-tGFP) or reducing the flexibility (TFVal225-tGFP) of the transmembrane domain suppressed fXa-generation, fVIIa-HRP binding and Ser253 phosphorylation following PAR2 activation. PPT knock-down or mimicking palmitoylation (TFPhe245-tGFP) reduced fXa-generation without affecting fVIIa binding. This study has for the first time shown that TF procoagulant activity is regulated through de-palmitoylation, which alters the orientation of its transmembrane domain and is independent of TF phosphorylation. However, Ser253 phosphorylation is facilitated by changes in the orientation of the transmembrane domain and can induce TF-cellular signalling that influences cellular proliferation/apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ettelaie
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (S.F.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1482-465528; Fax: +44-(0)1482-465458
| | - Sophie Featherby
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (S.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Araci M. R. Rondon
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.R.R.); (H.H.V.)
| | - John Greenman
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (S.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Henri H. Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.R.R.); (H.H.V.)
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen JJ, Fan Y, Boehning D. Regulation of Dynamic Protein S-Acylation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656440. [PMID: 33981723 PMCID: PMC8107437 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is the reversible addition of fatty acids to the cysteine residues of target proteins. It regulates multiple aspects of protein function, including the localization to membranes, intracellular trafficking, protein interactions, protein stability, and protein conformation. This process is regulated by palmitoyl acyltransferases that have the conserved amino acid sequence DHHC at their active site. Although they have conserved catalytic cores, DHHC enzymes vary in their protein substrate selection, lipid substrate preference, and regulatory mechanisms. Alterations in DHHC enzyme function are associated with many human diseases, including cancers and neurological conditions. The removal of fatty acids from acylated cysteine residues is catalyzed by acyl protein thioesterases. Notably, S-acylation is now known to be a highly dynamic process, and plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in various cell types. In this review, we will explore the recent findings on protein S-acylation, the enzymatic regulation of this process, and discuss examples of dynamic S-acylation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Deform the membrane, cAPTure the lipid. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:371-372. [PMID: 33707783 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Abrami L, Audagnotto M, Ho S, Marcaida MJ, Mesquita FS, Anwar MU, Sandoz PA, Fonti G, Pojer F, Peraro MD, van der Goot FG. Palmitoylated acyl protein thioesterase APT2 deforms membranes to extract substrate acyl chains. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:438-447. [PMID: 33707782 PMCID: PMC7610442 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many biochemical reactions require controlled recruitment of proteins to membranes. This is largely regulated by posttranslational modifications. A frequent one is S-acylation, which consists of the addition of acyl chains and can be reversed by poorly understood acyl protein thioesterases (APTs). Using a panel of computational and experimental approaches, we dissect the mode of action of the major cellular thioesterase APT2 (LYPLA2). We show that soluble APT2 is vulnerable to proteasomal degradation, from which membrane binding protects it. Interaction with membranes requires three consecutive steps: electrostatic attraction, insertion of a hydrophobic loop and S-acylation by the palmitoyltransferases ZDHHC3 or ZDHHC7. Once bound, APT2 is predicted to deform the lipid bilayer to extract the acyl chain bound to its substrate and capture it in a hydrophobic pocket to allow hydrolysis. This molecular understanding of APT2 paves the way to understand the dynamics of APT2-mediated deacylation of substrates throughout the endomembrane system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Audagnotto
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ho
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jose Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Fonti
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Busquets-Hernández C, Triola G. Palmitoylation as a Key Regulator of Ras Localization and Function. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:659861. [PMID: 33816563 PMCID: PMC8010249 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.659861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins require membrane association for proper function. This process is tightly regulated by reversible palmitoylation that controls not only the distribution over different subcellular compartments but also Ras compartmentalization within membrane subdomains. As a result, there is a growing interest in protein palmitoylation and the enzymes that control this process. In this minireview, we discuss how palmitoylation affects the localization and function of Ras proteins. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanism controlling protein lipidation is expected to provide new insights into the functional role of these modifications and may ultimately lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Triola
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Losada de la Lastra A, Hassan S, Tate EW. Deconvoluting the biology and druggability of protein lipidation using chemical proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 60:97-112. [PMID: 33221680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are indispensable cellular building blocks, and their post-translational attachment to proteins makes them important regulators of many biological processes. Dysfunction of protein lipidation is also implicated in many pathological states, yet its systematic analysis presents significant challenges. Thanks to innovations in chemical proteomics, lipidation can now be readily studied by metabolic tagging using functionalized lipid analogs, enabling global profiling of lipidated substrates using mass spectrometry. This has spearheaded the first deconvolution of their full scope in a range of contexts, from cells to pathogens and multicellular organisms. Protein N-myristoylation, S-acylation, and S-prenylation are the most well-studied lipid post-translational modifications because of their extensive contribution to the regulation of diverse cellular processes. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the study of these post-translational modifications, with an emphasis on how novel mass spectrometry methods have elucidated their roles in fundamental biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Losada de la Lastra
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sarah Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ji B, Skup M. Roles of palmitoylation in structural long-term synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2021; 14:8. [PMID: 33430908 PMCID: PMC7802216 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are important cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent LTP and LTD play especially crucial roles in these functions, and their expression depends on changes in the number and single channel conductance of the major ionotropic glutamate receptor α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) located on the postsynaptic membrane. Structural changes in dendritic spines comprise the morphological platform and support for molecular changes in the execution of synaptic plasticity and memory storage. At the molecular level, spine morphology is directly determined by actin cytoskeleton organization within the spine and indirectly stabilized and consolidated by scaffold proteins at the spine head. Palmitoylation, as a uniquely reversible lipid modification with the ability to regulate protein membrane localization and trafficking, plays significant roles in the structural and functional regulation of LTP and LTD. Altered structural plasticity of dendritic spines is also considered a hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders, while genetic evidence strongly links abnormal brain function to impaired palmitoylation. Numerous studies have indicated that palmitoylation contributes to morphological spine modifications. In this review, we have gathered data showing that the regulatory proteins that modulate the actin network and scaffold proteins related to AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission also undergo palmitoylation and play roles in modifying spine architecture during structural plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjun Ji
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Skup
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tewari R, Shayahati B, Fan Y, Akimzhanov AM. T cell receptor-dependent S-acylation of ZAP-70 controls activation of T cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100311. [PMID: 33482200 PMCID: PMC7949058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ZAP-70 is a tyrosine kinase essential for T cell immune responses. Upon engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR), ZAP-70 is recruited to the specialized plasma membrane domains, becomes activated, and is released to phosphorylate its laterally segregated targets. A shift in ZAP-70 distribution at the plasma membrane is recognized as a critical step in TCR signal transduction and amplification. However, the molecular mechanism supporting stimulation-dependent plasma membrane compartmentalization of ZAP-70 remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified previously uncharacterized lipidation (S-acylation) of ZAP-70 using Acyl-Biotin Exchange assay, a technique that selectively captures S-acylated proteins. We found that this posttranslational modification of ZAP-70 is dispensable for its enzymatic activity. However, the lipidation-deficient mutant of ZAP-70 failed to propagate the TCR pathway suggesting that S-acylation is essential for ZAP-70 interaction with its protein substrates. The kinetics of ZAP-70 S-acylation were consistent with TCR signaling events indicating that agonist-induced S-acylation is a part of the signaling mechanism controlling T cell activation and function. Taken together, our results suggest that TCR-induced S-acylation of ZAP-70 can serve as a critical regulator of T cell-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Tewari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Bieerkehazhi Shayahati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, USA
| | - Askar M Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
McClafferty H, Runciman H, Shipston MJ. Site-specific deacylation by ABHD17a controls BK channel splice variant activity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16487-16496. [PMID: 32913120 PMCID: PMC7864050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Acylation, the reversible post-translational lipid modification of proteins, is an important mechanism to control the properties and function of ion channels and other polytopic transmembrane proteins. However, although increasing evidence reveals the role of diverse acyl protein transferases (zDHHC) in controlling ion channel S-acylation, the acyl protein thioesterases that control ion channel deacylation are very poorly defined. Here we show that ABHD17a (α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 17a) deacylates the stress-regulated exon domain of large conductance voltage- and calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels inhibiting channel activity independently of effects on channel surface expression. Importantly, ABHD17a deacylates BK channels in a site-specific manner because it has no effect on the S-acylated S0-S1 domain conserved in all BK channels that controls membrane trafficking and is deacylated by the acyl protein thioesterase Lypla1. Thus, distinct S-acylated domains in the same polytopic transmembrane protein can be regulated by different acyl protein thioesterases revealing mechanisms for generating both specificity and diversity for these important enzymes to control the properties and functions of ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather McClafferty
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish Runciman
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Shipston
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jin J, Zhi X, Wang X, Meng D. Protein palmitoylation and its pathophysiological relevance. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3220-3233. [PMID: 33094504 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, in which C16 fatty acid chains are attached to cysteine residues via a reversible thioester linkage, is one of the most common lipid modifications and plays important roles in regulating protein stability, subcellular localization, membrane trafficking, interactions with effector proteins, enzymatic activity, and a variety of other cellular processes. Moreover, the unique reversibility of palmitoylation allows proteins to be rapidly shuttled between biological membranes and cytoplasmic substrates in a process usually controlled by a member of the DHHC family of protein palmitoyl transferases (PATs). Notably, mutations in PATs are closely related to a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and immune deficiency conditions. In addition to PATs, intracellular palmitoylation dynamics are also regulated by the interplay between distinct posttranslational modifications, including ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Understanding the specific mechanisms of palmitoylation may reveal novel potential therapeutic targets for many human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neviani V, van Deventer S, Wörner TP, Xenaki KT, van de Waterbeemd M, Rodenburg RNP, Wortel IMN, Kuiper JK, Huisman S, Granneman J, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Heck AJR, van Spriel AB, Gros P. Site-specific functionality and tryptophan mimicry of lipidation in tetraspanin CD9. FEBS J 2020; 287:5323-5344. [PMID: 32181977 PMCID: PMC7818406 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipidation of transmembrane proteins regulates many cellular activities, including signal transduction, cell–cell communication, and membrane trafficking. However, how lipidation at different sites in a membrane protein affects structure and function remains elusive. Here, using native mass spectrometry we determined that wild‐type human tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 exhibit nonstochastic distributions of bound acyl chains. We revealed CD9 lipidation at its three most frequent lipidated sites suffices for EWI‐F binding, while cysteine‐to‐alanine CD9 mutations markedly reduced binding of EWI‐F. EWI‐F binding by CD9 was rescued by mutating all or, albeit to a lesser extent, only the three most frequently lipidated sites into tryptophans. These mutations did not affect the nanoscale distribution of CD9 in cell membranes, as shown by super‐resolution microscopy using a CD9‐specific nanobody. Thus, these data demonstrate site‐specific, possibly conformation‐dependent, functionality of lipidation in tetraspanin CD9 and identify tryptophan mimicry as a possible biochemical approach to study site‐specific transmembrane‐protein lipidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Neviani
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van Deventer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias P Wörner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van de Waterbeemd
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Remco N P Rodenburg
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M N Wortel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen K Kuiper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Huisman
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Granneman
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Essandoh K, Philippe JM, Jenkins PM, Brody MJ. Palmitoylation: A Fatty Regulator of Myocardial Electrophysiology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:108. [PMID: 32140110 PMCID: PMC7042378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cardiac physiology is well known to occur through the action of kinases that reversibly phosphorylate ion channels, calcium handling machinery, and signaling effectors. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that palmitoylation or S-acylation, the post-translational modification of cysteines with saturated fatty acids, plays instrumental roles in regulating the localization, activity, stability, sorting, and function of numerous proteins, including proteins known to have essential functions in cardiomyocytes. However, the impact of this modification on cardiac physiology requires further investigation. S-acylation is catalyzed by the zDHHC family of S-acyl transferases that localize to intracellular organelle membranes or the sarcolemma. Recent work has begun to uncover functions of S-acylation in the heart, particularly in the regulation of cardiac electrophysiology, including modification of the sodium-calcium exchanger, phospholemman and the cardiac sodium pump, as well as the voltage-gated sodium channel. Elucidating the regulatory functions of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes and determination of how S-acylation is altered in the diseased heart will shed light on how these modifications participate in cardiac pathogenesis and potentially identify novel targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, proteins with critical signaling roles in the heart are also S-acylated, including receptors and G-proteins, yet the dynamics and functions of these modifications in myocardial physiology have not been interrogated. Here, we will review what is known about zDHHC enzymes and substrate S-acylation in myocardial physiology and highlight future areas of investigation that will uncover novel functions of S-acylation in cardiac homeostasis and pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julie M Philippe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthew J Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
PtdIns4P-mediated electrostatic forces influence S-acylation of peripheral proteins at the Golgi complex. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:221643. [PMID: 31854448 PMCID: PMC6944663 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible post-translational modification involving the addition of fatty acids to cysteines and is catalyzed by transmembrane protein acyltransferases (PATs) mainly expressed at the Golgi complex. In case of soluble proteins, S-acylation confers stable membrane attachment. Myristoylation or farnesylation of many soluble proteins constitutes the initial transient membrane adsorption step prior to S-acylation. However, some S-acylated soluble proteins, such as the neuronal growth-associated protein Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), lack the hydrophobic modifications required for this initial membrane interaction. The signals for GAP-43 S-acylation are confined to the first 13 amino acids, including the S-acylatable cysteines 3 and 4 embedded in a hydrophobic region, followed by a cluster of basic amino acids. We found that mutation of critical basic amino acids drastically reduced membrane interaction and hence S-acylation of GAP-43. Interestingly, acute depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) at the Golgi complex reduced GAP-43 membrane binding, highlighting a new, pivotal role for this anionic lipid and supporting the idea that basic amino acid residues are involved in the electrostatic interactions between GAP-43 and membranes of the Golgi complex where they are S-acylated.
Collapse
|
37
|
Gadalla MR, Veit M. Toward the identification of ZDHHC enzymes required for palmitoylation of viral protein as potential drug targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:159-177. [PMID: 31809605 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1696306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: S-acylation is the attachment of fatty acids not only to cysteines of cellular, but also of viral proteins. The modification is often crucial for the protein´s function and hence for virus replication. Transfer of fatty acids is mediated by one or several of the 23 members of the ZDHHC family of proteins. Since their genes are linked to various human diseases, they represent drug targets.Areas covered: The authors explore whether targeting acylation of viral proteins might be a strategy to combat viral diseases. Many human pathogens contain S-acylated proteins; the ZDHHCs involved in their acylation are currently identified. Based on the 3D structure of two ZDHHCs, the regulation and the biochemistry of the palmitolyation reaction and the lipid and protein substrate specificities are discussed. The authors then speculate how ZDHHCs might recognize S-acylated membrane proteins of Influenza virus.Expert opinion: Although many viral diseases can now be treated, the available drugs bind to viral proteins that rapidly mutate and become resistant. To develop inhibitors for the genetically more stable cellular ZDHHCs, their binding sites for viral substrates need to be identified. If only a few cellular proteins are recognized by the same binding site, development of specific inhibitors may have therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Menezes MC, Kitano ES, Bauer VC, Oliveira AK, Cararo-Lopes E, Nishiyama MY, Zelanis A, Serrano SMT. Early response of C2C12 myotubes to a sub-cytotoxic dose of hemorrhagic metalloproteinase HF3 from Bothrops jararaca venom. J Proteomics 2019; 198:163-176. [PMID: 30553073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Manifestations of local tissue damage, such as hemorrhage and myonecrosis, are among the most dramatic effects of envenomation by viperid snakes. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) of the P-III class are main players of the hemorrhagic effect due to their activities in promoting blood vessel disruption. Hemorrhagic Factor 3 (HF3), a P-III class SVMP from Bothrops jararaca, shows a minimum hemorrhagic dose of 240 fmol on rabbit skin. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a sub-cytotoxic dose of HF3 (50 nM) on the proteomic profile of C2C12 differentiated cells (myotubes) in culture, and on the peptidomic profile of the culture supernatant. Quantitative proteomic analysis using stable-isotope dimethyl labeling showed differential abundance of various proteins including enzymes involved in oxidative stress and inflammation responses. Identification of peptides in the supernatant of HF3-treated myotubes revealed proteolysis and pointed out potential new substrates of HF3, including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and some damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These experiments demonstrate the subtle effects of HF3 on muscle cells and illustrate for the first time the early proteolytic events triggered by HF3 on myotubes. Moreover, they may contribute to future studies aimed at explaining the inflammation process, hemorrhage and myonecrosis caused by SVMPs. SIGNIFICANCE: One of the main features of viperid snake envenomation is myotoxicity at the bite site, which, in turn is often associated with edema, blistering and hemorrhage, composing a complex pattern of local tissue damage. In this scenario, besides muscle cells, other types of cells, components of the extracellular matrix and blood vessels may also be affected, resulting in an outcome of deficient muscle regeneration. The main venom components participating in this pathology are metalloproteinases and phospholipases A2. Muscle necrosis induced by metalloproteinases is considered as an indirect effect related to ischemia, due to hemorrhage resulted from damage to the microvasculature. The pathogenesis of local effects induced by Bothrops venoms or isolated toxins has been studied by traditional methodologies. More recently, proteomic and peptidomic approaches have been used to study venom-induced pathogenesis. Here, in order to investigate the role of metalloproteinase activity in local tissue damage, we asked whether the hemorrhagic metalloproteinase HF3, at sub-cytotoxic levels, could alter the proteome of C2C12 myotubes in culture, thereby providing an insight into the mechanisms for the development of myonecrosis. Our results from mass spectrometric analyses showed subtle, early changes in the cells, including differential abundance of some proteins and proteolysis in the culture supernatant. The data illustrate the potential ability of metalloproteinases to trigger early systemic responses progressing from local cells and up to tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milene C Menezes
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Kitano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verena C Bauer
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana K Oliveira
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cararo-Lopes
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Milton Y Nishiyama
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (ICT-UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sanders SS, De Simone FI, Thomas GM. mTORC1 Signaling Is Palmitoylation-Dependent in Hippocampal Neurons and Non-neuronal Cells and Involves Dynamic Palmitoylation of LAMTOR1 and mTOR. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:115. [PMID: 31001086 PMCID: PMC6454084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 1 (mTORC1) controls growth and proliferation of non-neuronal cells, while during neuronal development mTORC1 responds to glutamate and neurotrophins to promote neuronal migration and dendritic arborization. Recent studies reveal that mTORC1 signaling complexes are assembled on lysosomal membranes, but how mTORC1 membrane targeting is regulated is not fully clear. Our examination of palmitoyl-proteomic databases and additional bioinformatic analyses revealed that several mTORC1 proteins are predicted to undergo covalent modification with the lipid palmitate. This process, palmitoylation, can dynamically target proteins to specific membranes but its roles in mTORC1 signaling are not well described. Strikingly, we found that acute pharmacological inhibition of palmitoylation prevents amino acid-dependent mTORC1 activation in HEK293T cells and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent mTORC1 activation in hippocampal neurons. We sought to define the molecular basis for this finding and found that the mTORC1 proteins LAMTOR1 and mTOR itself are directly palmitoylated, while several other mTORC1 proteins are not palmitoylated, despite strong bioinformatic prediction. Interestingly, palmitoylation of LAMTOR1, whose anchoring on lysosomal membranes is important for mTORC1 signaling, was rapidly increased prior to mTORC1 activation. In contrast, mTOR palmitoylation was decreased by stimuli that activate mTORC1. These findings reveal that specific key components of the mTOR pathway are dynamically palmitoylated, suggesting that palmitoylation is not merely permissive for mTOR activation but is instead actively involved in mTORC1-dependent signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Sanders
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Francesca I De Simone
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Targeting MC1R depalmitoylation to prevent melanomagenesis in redheads. Nat Commun 2019; 10:877. [PMID: 30787281 PMCID: PMC6382811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some genetic melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants responsible for human red hair color (RHC-variants) are consequently associated with increased melanoma risk. Although MC1R signaling is critically dependent on its palmitoylation primarily mediated by the ZDHHC13 protein-acyl transferase, whether increasing MC1R palmitoylation represents a viable therapeutic target to limit melanomagenesis in redheads is unknown. Here we identify a specific and efficient in vivo strategy to induce MC1R palmitoylation for therapeutic benefit. We validate the importance of ZDHHC13 to MC1R signaling in vivo by targeted expression of ZDHHC13 in C57BL/6J-MC1RRHC mice and subsequently inhibit melanomagenesis. By identifying APT2 as the MC1R depalmitoylation enzyme, we are able to demonstrate that administration of the selective APT2 inhibitor ML349 treatment efficiently increases MC1R signaling and represses UVB-induced melanomagenesis in vitro and in vivo. Targeting APT2, therefore, represents a preventive/therapeutic strategy to reduce melanoma risk, especially in individuals with red hair. Melanocortin-1 receptor is a palmitoylated protein and variants of the receptor are associated with red hair colour and susceptibility to melanoma. Here, the authors describe a method to enhance the palmitoylation of the receptor, which can inhibit melanomagenesis in mice.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Palmitoylation or S-acylation is the posttranslational attachment of fatty acids to cysteine residues and is common among integral and peripheral membrane proteins. Palmitoylated proteins have been found in every eukaryotic cell type examined (yeast, insect, and vertebrate cells), as well as in viruses grown in these cells. The exact functions of protein palmitoylation are not well understood. Intrinsically hydrophilic proteins, especially signaling molecules, are anchored by long-chain fatty acids to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Palmitoylation may also promote targeting to membrane subdomains enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol or affect protein-protein interactions.This chapter describes (1) a standard protocol for metabolic labeling of palmitoylated proteins and also the procedures to prove a covalent and ester-type linkage of the fatty acids, (2) a simple method to analyze the fatty acid content of S-acylated proteins, (3) two methods to analyze dynamic palmitoylation for a given protein, and (4) protocols to study cell-free palmitoylation of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ludwig Krabben
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Veit
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Amara N, Foe IT, Onguka O, Garland M, Bogyo M. Synthetic Fluorogenic Peptides Reveal Dynamic Substrate Specificity of Depalmitoylases. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 26:35-47.e7. [PMID: 30393067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification involving the thioesterification of cysteine residues with a 16-carbon-saturated fatty acid. Little is known about rates of depalmitoylation or the parameters that dictate these rates. Here we report a modular strategy to synthesize quenched fluorogenic substrates for the specific detection of depalmitoylase activity and for mapping the substrate specificity of individual depalmitoylases. We demonstrate that human depalmitoylases APT1 and APT2, and TgPPT1 from the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, have distinct specificities that depend on amino acid residues distal to the palmitoyl cysteine. This information informs the design of optimal and non-optimal substrates as well as isoform-selective substrates to detect the activity of a specific depalmitoylase in complex proteomes. In addition to providing tools for studying depalmitoylases, our findings identify a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulating steady-state levels of distinct palmitoylation sites by sequence-dependent control of depalmitoylation rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neri Amara
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian T Foe
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Megan Garland
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ahearn I, Zhou M, Philips MR. Posttranslational Modifications of RAS Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031484. [PMID: 29311131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three human RAS genes encode four proteins that play central roles in oncogenesis by acting as binary molecular switches that regulate signaling pathways for growth and differentiation. Each is subject to a set of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modify their activity or are required for membrane targeting. The enzymes that catalyze the various PTMs are potential targets for anti-RAS drug discovery. The PTMs of RAS proteins are the focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ahearn
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mark R Philips
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ampah KK, Greaves J, Shun-Shion AS, Asnawi AW, Lidster JA, Chamberlain LH, Collins MO, Peden AA. S-acylation regulates the trafficking and stability of the unconventional Q-SNARE STX19. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212498. [PMID: 30254024 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STX19 is an unusual Qa-SNARE as it lacks a C-terminal transmembrane domain. However, it is efficiently targeted to post-Golgi membranes. Here, we set out to determine the intracellular localisation of endogenous STX19 and elucidate the mechanism by which it is targeted to membranes. We have found that a pool of STX19 is localised to tubular recycling endosomes where it colocalises with MICAL-L1 and Rab8 (which has Rab8a and Rab8b forms). Using a combination of genetic, biochemical and cell-based approaches, we have identified that STX19 is S-acylated at its C-terminus and is a substrate for several Golgi-localised S-acyltransferases, suggesting that STX19 is initially S-acylated at the Golgi before trafficking to the plasma membrane and endosomes. Surprisingly, we have found that S-acylation is a key determinant in targeting STX19 to tubular recycling endosomes, suggesting that S-acylation may play a general role in directing proteins to this compartment. In addition, S-acylation also protects STX19 from proteosomal degradation, indicating that S-acylation regulates the function of STX19 at multiple levels.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khamal K Ampah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jennifer Greaves
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Science and Health Building, 20 Whitefriars Street, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Asral W Asnawi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Sains Islam Malaysia, 55700 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica A Lidster
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Faculty of Science, Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill Road, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zaballa ME, van der Goot FG. The molecular era of protein S-acylation: spotlight on structure, mechanisms, and dynamics. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:420-451. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1488804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
De I, Sadhukhan S. Emerging Roles of DHHC-mediated Protein S-palmitoylation in Physiological and Pathophysiological Context. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:319-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
47
|
Howie J, Wypijewski KJ, Plain F, Tulloch LB, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Greasing the wheels or a spanner in the works? Regulation of the cardiac sodium pump by palmitoylation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:175-191. [PMID: 29424237 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1432560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous sodium/potassium ATPase (Na pump) is the most abundant primary active transporter at the cell surface of multiple cell types, including ventricular myocytes in the heart. The activity of the Na pump establishes transmembrane ion gradients that control numerous events at the cell surface, positioning it as a key regulator of the contractile and metabolic state of the myocardium. Defects in Na pump activity and regulation elevate intracellular Na in cardiac muscle, playing a causal role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias and heart failure. Palmitoylation is the reversible conjugation of the fatty acid palmitate to specific protein cysteine residues; all subunits of the cardiac Na pump are palmitoylated. Palmitoylation of the pump's accessory subunit phospholemman (PLM) by the cell surface palmitoyl acyl transferase DHHC5 leads to pump inhibition, possibly by altering the relationship between the pump catalytic α subunit and specifically bound membrane lipids. In this review, we discuss the functional impact of PLM palmitoylation on the cardiac Na pump and the molecular basis of recognition of PLM by its palmitoylating enzyme DHHC5, as well as effects of palmitoylation on Na pump cell surface abundance in the cardiac muscle. We also highlight the numerous unanswered questions regarding the cellular control of this fundamentally important regulatory process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Howie
- a Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | | | - Fiona Plain
- b Molecular and Clinical Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Lindsay B Tulloch
- b Molecular and Clinical Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Niall J Fraser
- b Molecular and Clinical Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - William Fuller
- a Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Won SJ, Cheung See Kit M, Martin BR. Protein depalmitoylases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:83-98. [PMID: 29239216 PMCID: PMC6009847 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1409191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein depalmitoylation describes the removal of thioester-linked long chain fatty acids from cysteine residues in proteins. For many S-palmitoylated proteins, this process is promoted by acyl protein thioesterase enzymes, which catalyze thioester hydrolysis to solubilize and displace substrate proteins from membranes. The closely related enzymes acyl protein thioesterase 1 (APT1; LYPLA1) and acyl protein thioesterase 2 (APT2; LYPLA2) were initially identified from biochemical assays as G protein depalmitoylases, yet later were shown to accept a number of S-palmitoylated protein and phospholipid substrates. Leveraging the development of isoform-selective APT inhibitors, several studies report distinct roles for APT enzymes in growth factor and hormonal signaling. Recent crystal structures of APT1 and APT2 reveal convergent acyl binding channels, suggesting additional factors beyond acyl chain recognition mediate substrate selection. In addition to APT enzymes, the ABHD17 family of hydrolases contributes to the depalmitoylation of Ras-family GTPases and synaptic proteins. Overall, enzymatic depalmitoylation ensures efficient membrane targeting by balancing the palmitoylation cycle, and may play additional roles in signaling, growth, and cell organization. In this review, we provide a perspective on the biochemical, structural, and cellular analysis of protein depalmitoylases, and outline opportunities for future studies of systems-wide analysis of protein depalmitoylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Won
- a Program in Chemical Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | | | - Brent R Martin
- a Program in Chemical Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab7 is the main regulator of membrane trafficking at late endosomes. This small GTPase regulates endosome-to-trans Golgi Network trafficking of sorting receptors, membrane fusion of late endosomes to lysosomes, and autophagosomes to lysosomes during autophagy. Rab7, like all Rab GTPases, binds downstream effectors coordinating several divergent pathways. How cells regulate these interactions and downstream functions is not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that Rab7 function can be modulated by the combination of several post-translational modifications that facilitate interactions with one effector while preventing binding to another one. In this review, we discuss recent data on how phosphorylation, palmitoylation and ubiquitination modulate the ability of this small GTPase to orchestrate membrane trafficking at the late endosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Modica
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Stephane Lefrancois
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C7
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Daniotti JL, Pedro MP, Valdez Taubas J. The role of S-acylation in protein trafficking. Traffic 2017; 18:699-710. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Maria P. Pedro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Javier Valdez Taubas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| |
Collapse
|