1
|
Gandhi N, Wills L, Akers K, Su Y, Niccum P, Murali TM, Rajagopalan P. Comparative transcriptomic and phenotypic analysis of induced pluripotent stem cell hepatocyte-like cells and primary human hepatocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:119-139. [PMID: 38369646 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are used extensively for in vitro liver cultures to study hepatic functions. However, limited availability and invasive retrieval prevent their widespread use. Induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit significant potential since they can be obtained non-invasively and differentiated into hepatic lineages, such as hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs). However, there are concerns about their fetal phenotypic characteristics and their hepatic functions compared to PHHs in culture. Therefore, we performed an RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to understand pathways that are either up- or downregulated in each cell type. Analysis of the RNA-seq data showed an upregulation in the bile secretion pathway where genes such as AQP9 and UGT1A1 were higher expressed in PHHs compared to iHLCs by 455- and 15-fold, respectively. Upon immunostaining, bile canaliculi were shown to be present in PHHs. The TCA cycle in PHHs was upregulated compared to iHLCs. Cellular analysis showed a 2-2.5-fold increase in normalized urea production in PHHs compared to iHLCs. In addition, drug metabolism pathways, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, were upregulated in PHHs compared to iHLCs. Of note, CYP2E1 gene expression was significantly higher (21,810-fold) in PHHs. Acetaminophen and ethanol were administered to PHH and iHLC cultures to investigate differences in biotransformation. CYP450 activity of baseline and toxicant-treated samples was significantly higher in PHHs compared to iHLCs. Our analysis revealed that iHLCs have substantial differences from PHHs in critical hepatic functions. These results have highlighted the differences in gene expression and hepatic functions between PHHs and iHLCs to motivate future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Gandhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lauren Wills
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Kyle Akers
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yiqi Su
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Parker Niccum
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - T M Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tapparo M, Saccu G, Pasquino C, Fonsato V, Medana C, Schiavo V, Mecarelli E, Maccagno M, Silengo L, Bruno S, Camussi G, Herrera Sanchez MB. In vitro characterization of 3D culture-based differentiation of human liver stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1352013. [PMID: 38389704 PMCID: PMC10881830 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1352013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The lack of functional hepatocytes poses a significant challenge for drug safety testing and therapeutic applications due to the inability of mature hepatocytes to expand and their tendency to lose functionality in vitro. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of Human Liver Stem Cells (HLSCs) to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells within an in vitro rotary cell culture system, guided by a combination of growth factors and molecules known to regulate hepatocyte maturation. In this study, we employed a matrix multi-assay approach to comprehensively characterize HLSC differentiation. Methods: We evaluated the expression of hepatic markers using qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. Additionally, we measured urea and FVIII secretion into the supernatant and developed an updated indocyanine green in vitro assay to assess hepatocyte functionality. Results: Molecular analyses of differentiated HLSC aggregates revealed significant upregulation of hepatic genes, including CYP450, urea cycle enzymes, and uptake transporters exclusively expressed on the sinusoidal side of mature hepatocytes, evident as early as 1 day post-differentiation. Interestingly, HLSCs transiently upregulated stem cell markers during differentiation, followed by downregulation after 7 days. Furthermore, differentiated aggregates demonstrated the ability to release urea and FVIII into the supernatant as early as the first 24 h, with accumulation over time. Discussion: These findings suggest that a 3D rotation culture system may facilitate rapid hepatic differentiation of HLSCs. Despite the limitations of this rotary culture system, its unique advantages hold promise for characterizing HLSC GMP batches for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saccu
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquino
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Officina Farmaceutica, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Officina Farmaceutica, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Schiavo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Mecarelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Maccagno
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Beatriz Herrera Sanchez
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- 2i3T, Società per la Gestione dell'incubatore di Imprese e per il Trasferimento Tecnologico, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yoon Y, Gong SC, Kim MY, Baik SK, Hong JE, Rhee KJ, Ryu H, Eom YW. Generation of Fibrotic Liver Organoids Using Hepatocytes, Primary Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells, Hepatic Stellate Cells, and Macrophages. Cells 2023; 12:2514. [PMID: 37947592 PMCID: PMC10647544 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver organoids generated with single or multiple cell types have been used to investigate liver fibrosis development, toxicity, pathogenesis, and drug screening. However, organoid generation is limited by the availability of cells isolated from primary tissues or differentiated from various stem cells. To ensure cell availability for organoid formation, we investigated whether liver organoids could be generated with cell-line-based Huh-7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells, macrophages differentiated from THP-1 monocytes, and LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and primary liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). In liver organoids, hepatocyte-, LSEC-, macrophage-, and HSC-related gene expression increased relative to that in two-dimensional (2D)-cultured Huh-7/LSEC/THP-1/LX-2 cells without Matrigel. Thioacetamide (TAA) increased α-smooth muscle actin expression in liver organoids but not in 2D-cultured cells, whereas in TAA-treated organoids, the expression of hepatic and LSEC markers decreased and that of macrophage and HSC markers increased. TAA-induced fibrosis was suppressed by treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine or tumor-necrosis-factor-stimulated gene 6 protein. The results showed that liver toxicants could induce fibrotic and inflammatory responses in liver organoids comprising Huh-7/LSEC/macrophages/LX-2 cells, resulting in fibrotic liver organoids. We propose that cell-line-based organoids can be used for disease modeling and drug screening to improve liver fibrosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongdae Yoon
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (M.Y.K.); (S.K.B.)
| | - Seong Chan Gong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea;
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (M.Y.K.); (S.K.B.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (M.Y.K.); (S.K.B.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Eun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.H.); (K.-J.R.)
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.H.); (K.-J.R.)
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (M.Y.K.); (S.K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stern S, Wang H, Sadrieh N. Microphysiological Models for Mechanistic-Based Prediction of Idiosyncratic DILI. Cells 2023; 12:1476. [PMID: 37296597 PMCID: PMC10253021 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major contributor to high attrition rates among candidate and market drugs and a key regulatory, industry, and global health concern. While acute and dose-dependent DILI, namely, intrinsic DILI, is predictable and often reproducible in preclinical models, the nature of idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) limits its mechanistic understanding due to the complex disease pathogenesis, and recapitulation using in vitro and in vivo models is extremely challenging. However, hepatic inflammation is a key feature of iDILI primarily orchestrated by the innate and adaptive immune system. This review summarizes the in vitro co-culture models that exploit the role of the immune system to investigate iDILI. Particularly, this review focuses on advancements in human-based 3D multicellular models attempting to supplement in vivo models that often lack predictability and display interspecies variations. Exploiting the immune-mediated mechanisms of iDILI, the inclusion of non-parenchymal cells in these hepatoxicity models, namely, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, dendritic cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, introduces heterotypic cell-cell interactions and mimics the hepatic microenvironment. Additionally, drugs recalled from the market in the US between 1996-2010 that were studies in these various models highlight the necessity for further harmonization and comparison of model characteristics. Challenges regarding disease-related endpoints, mimicking 3D architecture with different cell-cell contact, cell source, and the underlying multi-cellular and multi-stage mechanisms are described. It is our belief that progressing our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of iDILI will provide mechanistic clues and a method for drug safety screening to better predict liver injury in clinical trials and post-marketing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Office of New Drugs, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vascularized Tissue Organoids. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020124. [PMID: 36829618 PMCID: PMC9951914 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue organoids hold enormous potential as tools for a variety of applications, including disease modeling and drug screening. To effectively mimic the native tissue environment, it is critical to integrate a microvasculature with the parenchyma and stroma. In addition to providing a means to physiologically perfuse the organoids, the microvasculature also contributes to the cellular dynamics of the tissue model via the cells of the perivascular niche, thereby further modulating tissue function. In this review, we discuss current and developing strategies for vascularizing organoids, consider tissue-specific vascularization approaches, discuss the importance of perfusion, and provide perspectives on the state of the field.
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthetic Extracellular Matrices for 3D Culture of Schwann Cells, Hepatocytes, and HUVECs. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090453. [PMID: 36134999 PMCID: PMC9495567 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic hydrogels from polyisocyanides (PIC) are a type of novel thermoreversible biomaterials, which can covalently bind biomolecules such as adhesion peptides to provide a suitable extracellular matrix (ECM)-like microenvironment for different cells. Although we have demonstrated that PIC is suitable for three-dimensional (3D) culture of several cell types, it is unknown whether this hydrogel sustains the proliferation and passaging of cells originating from different germ layers. In the present study, we propose a 3D culture system for three representative cell sources: Schwann cells (ectoderm), hepatocytes (endoderm), and endothelial cells (mesoderm). Both Schwann cells and hepatocytes proliferated into multicellular spheroids and maintained their properties, regardless of the amount of cell-adhesive RGD motifs in long-term culture. Notably, Schwann cells grew into larger spheroids in RGD-free PIC than in PIC-RGD, while HL-7702 showed the opposite behavior. Endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs) spread and formed an endothelial cell (EC) network only in PIC-RGD. Moreover, in a hepatocyte/HUVEC co-culture system, the characteristics of both cells were well kept for a long period in PIC-RGD. In all, our work highlights a simple ECM mimic that supports the growth and phenotype maintenance of cells from all germ layers in the long term. Our findings might contribute to research on biological development, organoid engineering, and in vitro drug screening.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu WM, Zhou X, Chen CY, Lv DD, Huang WJ, Peng Y, Wu HP, Chen Y, Tang D, Guo LN, Wang XL, Zhang HD, Liu XH, Yang LQ, Yu WF, Yan HX. Establishment of Functional Liver Spheroids From Human Hepatocyte-Derived Liver Progenitor-Like Cells for Cell Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:738081. [PMID: 34858956 PMCID: PMC8630579 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.738081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, about two million people die from liver diseases every year. Liver transplantation is the only reliable therapy for severe end-stage liver disease, however, the shortage of organ donors is a huge limitation. Human hepatocytes derived liver progenitor-like cells (HepLPCs) have been reported as a novel source of liver cells for development of in vitro models, cell therapies, and tissue-engineering applications, but their functionality as transplantation donors is unclear. Here, a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture system using HepLPCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was developed. These HepLPC spheroids mimicked the cellular interactions and architecture of mature hepatocytes, as confirmed through ultrastructure morphology, gene expression profile and functional assays. HepLPCs encapsulated in alginate beads are able to mitigate liver injury in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), while alginate coating protects the cells from immune attack. We confirmed these phenomena due to HUVECs producing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to promote HepLPCs maturation and enhance HepLPCs tight junction through MET phosphorylation. Our results display the efficacy and safety of the alginate microencapsulated spheroids in animal model with acute liver injury (ALF), which may suggest a new strategy for cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Cai-Yang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Dong Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Ping Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Celliver Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Xin Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Celliver Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma A, Rawal P, Tripathi DM, Alodiya D, Sarin SK, Kaur S, Ghosh S. Upgrading Hepatic Differentiation and Functions on 3D Printed Silk-Decellularized Liver Hybrid Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3861-3873. [PMID: 34318665 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We developed hybrid liver-specific three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds using a solubilized native decellularized liver (DCL) matrix and silk fibroin (SF) and investigated their ability to support functional cultures of hepatic cells. Rat livers were decellularized by perfusing detergents via the portal vein, solubilized using pepsin to form DCL, and characterized. SF blended with gelatin (8% w/v) was optimized with varying percentages of DCL to obtain silk gelatin-DCL bioink (SG-DCL). Different compositions of SG-DCL were studied by rheology for optimum versatility and print fidelity. 3D printed six-layered scaffolds were fabricated using a sophisticated direct-write 3D bioprinter. Huh7 cells were cultured on the 3D printed scaffolds for 3 weeks. 3D printed SG scaffolds without DCL along with 2D films (SG and SG-DCL) and 2D culture on tissue culture Petri dish control were used for comparative studies. The DCL matrix showed the absence of cells in histology and SEM. The combined SG-DCL ink at all of the studied DCL percentages (1-10%) revealed shear-thinning behavior in the printable range. The storage modulus value for the SG-DCL ink at all DCL percentages was higher than the loss modulus. In comparison to 2D controls, hepatic cells cultured on 3D SG-DCL revealed increased proliferation until 2 weeks and an upregulated expression of hepatocyte markers, including asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1). The Wnt pathway gene β-catenin was upregulated by more than 4-fold in 3D SG-DCL on day 3, while it showed a decline on day 7 as compared to 3D SG and also 2D controls. The expression of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was however lower in both 2D SG-DCL (2-fold) and 3D SG-DCL (2.5-fold) as compared to that in 2D controls. Immunofluorescence studies validated the protein expression of ASGR1 in 3D SG-DCL. Albumin (ALB) was not identified on SG scaffolds but prominently expressed in 3D SG-DCL constructs. In comparison to 2D SG, both ALB (1.8-fold) and urea (5-fold) were enhanced in cells cultured on 3D SG-DCL on day 7 of culture. Hence, the SG-DCL 3D printed scaffolds provide a conducive microenvironment for elevating differentiation and functions of hepatic cells possibly through an involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Preety Rawal
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | | | - Dashrath Alodiya
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Duan X, Zhang X, Chen J, Xiao M, Zhao W, Liu S, Sui G. Association of PM 2.5 with Insulin Resistance Signaling Pathways on a Microfluidic Liver-Kidney Microphysiological System (LK-MPS) Device. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9835-9844. [PMID: 34232631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a typical sign of metabolic dysregulation caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5), but the underlying signaling has not been clearly determined. Herein, a microfluidic liver-kidney microphysiological system (LK-MPS) is presented to assess the signaling pathways of IR generated by PM2.5 at 200 μg/mL for 24 h. The LK-MPS device consisted of a biomimetic liver-kidney architecture and reconstructed two circulation paths: the liver metabolism-kidney excretion (LM-KE) and kidney excretion-liver metabolism (KE-LM), by which PM2.5 is feasibly distributed in the two organs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that PM2.5 can embed in the cytoplasm and nuclei, undergo transport by vesicles, and lead to the destruction of mitochondria. Further comprehensive immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and untargeted metabolomic analyses confirmed that PM2.5 disturbed the classic IRS-1/AKT signaling pathway (INSR, IRS-1, PI3K, AKT, GLUT2, GLUT4, and FOXO1 downregulated) and IR-related metabolic pathways: UDP-hexosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), gluconeogenesis (β-d-glucose 6-phosphate), and lipid biosynthesis (ceramide (Cer) and triacylglycerol (TG)) pathways, leading to the disorder of glucose levels. Collectively, these disorders aggravate hepatic and renal IR. Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals (Ca, Co, and V) were negatively correlated to the dysregulated proteins (INSR, IRS-1, AKT, FOXO1, GLUT2, and GLUT4). These findings may partially explain IR-related signaling pathways triggered by PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Sixiu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ellero AA, van den Bout I, Vlok M, Cromarty AD, Hurrell T. Continual proteomic divergence of HepG2 cells as a consequence of long-term spheroid culture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10917. [PMID: 34035320 PMCID: PMC8149451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional models are considered a powerful tool for improving the concordance between in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. However, the duration of spheroid culture may influence the degree of correlation between these counterparts. When using immortalised cell lines as model systems, the assumption for consistency and reproducibility is often made without adequate characterization or validation. It is therefore essential to define the biology of each spheroid model by investigating proteomic dynamics, which may be altered relative to culture duration. As an example, we assessed the influence of culture duration on the relative proteome abundance of HepG2 cells cultured as spheroids, which are routinely used to model aspects of the liver. Quantitative proteomic profiling of whole cell lysates labelled with tandem-mass tags was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In excess of 4800 proteins were confidently identified, which were shared across three consecutive time points over 28 days. The HepG2 spheroid proteome was divergent from the monolayer proteome after 14 days in culture and continued to change over the successive culture time points. Proteins representing the recognised core hepatic proteome, cell junction, extracellular matrix, and cell adhesion proteins were found to be continually modulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Antonio Ellero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Iman van den Bout
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maré Vlok
- Proteomics Unit, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Allan Duncan Cromarty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tracey Hurrell
- Bioengineering and Integrated Genomics Group, Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yap KK, Gerrand YW, Dingle AM, Yeoh GC, Morrison WA, Mitchell GM. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promote the differentiation and survival of mouse vascularised hepatobiliary organoids. Biomaterials 2020; 251:120091. [PMID: 32408048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The structural and physiological complexity of currently available liver organoids is limited, thereby reducing their relevance for drug studies, disease modelling, and regenerative therapy. In this study we combined mouse liver progenitor cells (LPCs) with mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to generate hepatobiliary organoids with liver-specific vasculature. Organoids consisting of 5x103 cells were created from either LPCs, or a 1:1 combination of LPC/LSECs. LPC organoids demonstrated mild hepatobiliary differentiation in vitro with minimal morphological change; in contrast LPC/LSEC organoids developed clusters of polygonal hepatocyte-like cells and biliary ducts over a 7 day period. Hepatic (albumin, CPS1, CYP3A11) and biliary (GGT1) genes were significantly upregulated in LPC/LSEC organoids compared to LPC organoids over 7 days, as was albumin secretion. LPC/LSEC organoids also had significantly higher in vitro viability compared to LPC organoids. LPC and LPC/LSEC organoids were transplanted into vascularised chambers created in Fah-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- mice (50 LPC organoids, containing 2.5x105 LPCs, and 100 LPC/LSEC organoids, containing 2.5x105 LPCs). At 2 weeks, minimal LPCs survived in chambers with LPC organoids, but robust hepatobiliary ductular tissue was present in LPC/LSEC organoids. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a 115-fold increase in HNF4α+ cells in LPC/LSEC organoid chambers (17.26 ± 4.34 cells/mm2 vs 0.15 ± 0.15 cells/mm2, p = 0.018), and 42-fold increase in Sox9+ cells in LPC/LSEC organoid chambers (28.29 ± 6.05 cells/mm2 vs 0.67 ± 0.67 cells/mm2, p = 0.011). This study presents a novel method to develop vascularised hepatobiliary organoids, with both in vitro and in vivo results confirming that incorporating LSECs with LPCs into organoids significantly increases the differentiation of hepatobiliary tissue within organoids and their survival post-transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiryu K Yap
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Yi-Wen Gerrand
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron M Dingle
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - George C Yeoh
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research & Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne A Morrison
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geraldine M Mitchell
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tasnim F, Singh NH, Tan EKF, Xing J, Li H, Hissette S, Manesh S, Fulwood J, Gupta K, Ng CW, Xu S, Hill J, Yu H. Tethered primary hepatocyte spheroids on polystyrene multi-well plates for high-throughput drug safety testing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4768. [PMID: 32179810 PMCID: PMC7075904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte spheroids are useful models for mimicking liver phenotypes in vitro because of their three-dimensionality. However, the lack of a biomaterial platform which allows the facile manipulation of spheroid cultures on a large scale severely limits their application in automated high-throughput drug safety testing. In addition, there is not yet a robust way of controlling spheroid size, homogeneity and integrity during extended culture. This work addresses these bottlenecks to the automation of hepatocyte spheroid culture by tethering 3D hepatocyte spheroids directly onto surface-modified polystyrene (PS) multi-well plates. However, polystyrene surfaces are inert toward functionalization, and this makes the uniform conjugation of bioactive ligands very challenging. Surface modification of polystyrene well plates is achieved herein using a three-step sequence, resulting in a homogeneous distribution of bioactive RGD and galactose ligands required for spheroid tethering and formation. Importantly, treatment of polystyrene tethered spheroids with vehicle and paradigm hepatotoxicant (chlorpromazine) treatment using an automated liquid handling platform shows low signal deviation, intact 3D spheroidal morphology and Z’ values above 0.5, and hence confirming their amenability to high-throughput automation. Functional analyses performance (i.e. urea and albumin production, cytochrome P450 activity and induction studies) of the polystyrene tethered spheroids reveal significant improvements over hepatocytes cultured as collagen monolayers. This is the first demonstration of automated hepatotoxicant treatment on functional 3D hepatocyte spheroids tethered directly on polystyrene multi-well plates, and will serve as an important advancement in the application of 3D tethered spheroid models to high throughput drug screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Nisha Hari Singh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Elijah Keng Foo Tan
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Sebastien Hissette
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Sravanthy Manesh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Justina Fulwood
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Kapish Gupta
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chan Way Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN19RH, UK
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore. .,Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore. .,CAMP IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Enterprise Wing, Level 4, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sabbagh MF, Nathans J. A genome-wide view of the de-differentiation of central nervous system endothelial cells in culture. eLife 2020; 9:e51276. [PMID: 31913116 PMCID: PMC6948952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) derived from the central nervous system (CNS) variably lose their unique barrier properties during in vitro culture, hindering the development of robust assays for blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, including drug permeability and extrusion assays. In previous work (Sabbagh et al., 2018) we characterized transcriptional and accessible chromatin landscapes of acutely isolated mouse CNS ECs. In this report, we compare transcriptional and accessible chromatin landscapes of acutely isolated mouse CNS ECs versus mouse CNS ECs in short-term in vitro culture. We observe that standard culture conditions are associated with a rapid and selective loss of BBB transcripts and chromatin features, as well as a greatly reduced level of beta-catenin signaling. Interestingly, forced expression of a stabilized derivative of beta-catenin, which in vivo leads to a partial conversion of non-BBB CNS ECs to a BBB-like state, has little or no effect on gene expression or chromatin accessibility in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of OphthalmologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Agarwal T, Subramanian B, Maiti TK. Liver Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4167-4182. [PMID: 33417776 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering aims at the possibility of reproducing a fully functional organ for the treatment of acute and chronic liver disorders. Approaches in this field endeavor to replace organ transplantation (gold standard treatment for liver diseases in a clinical setting) with in vitro developed liver tissue constructs. However, the complexity of the liver microarchitecture and functionality along with the limited supply of cellular components of the liver pose numerous challenges. This review provides a comprehensive outlook onto how the physicochemical, mechanobiological, and spatiotemporal aspects of the substrates could be tuned to address current challenges in the field. We also highlight the strategic advancements made in the field so far for the development of artificial liver tissue. We further showcase the currently available prototypes in research and clinical trials, which shows the hope for the future of liver tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
15
|
Baze A, Parmentier C, Hendriks DFG, Hurrell T, Heyd B, Bachellier P, Schuster C, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Richert L. Three-Dimensional Spheroid Primary Human Hepatocytes in Monoculture and Coculture with Nonparenchymal Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 24:534-545. [PMID: 30101670 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of various culture platforms are promising for achieving more physiologically relevant in vitro hepatic models using primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Previous studies have shown the value of PHHs three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models, cultured in low cell number (1330-2000 cells/3D spheroid), to study long-term liver function as well as pharmacological drug effects and toxicity. In this study, we report that only plateable PHHs aggregate and form compact 3D spheroids with a success rate of 79%, and 96% reproducibility. Out of 3D spheroid forming PHH lots, 65% were considered stable (<50% ATP decrease) over the subsequent 14 days of culture, with reproducibility of a given PHH lot being 82%. We also report successful coculturing of PHHs with human liver nonparenchymal cells (NPCs). Crude P1c-NPC fractions were obtained by low centrifugation of the PHH supernatant fraction followed by a few days of culture before harvesting and cryopreservation. At aggregation of PHHs/P1c-NPCs (2:1 ratio 3D spheroids), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells were successfully integrated and remained present throughout the subsequent 14-day culture period as revealed by mRNA expression markers and immunostaining. Increased mRNA expression of albumin (ALB), apolipoprotein B (APOB), cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), and increased albumin secretion compared to PHH 3D spheroid monocultures highlighted that in a 3D spheroid coculture, configuration with NPCs, PHH functionality is increased. We thus achieved the development of a more integrated coculture model system requiring low cell numbers, of particular interest due to the scarcity of human liver NPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Baze
- 1 KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim , France .,2 Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Delilah F G Hendriks
- 3 Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tracey Hurrell
- 3 Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Heyd
- 4 Hôpital Jean Minjoz , Besançon, France .,5 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Bachellier
- 2 Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg, France .,6 Hôpital de Hautepierre , Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- 2 Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg, France .,7 INSERM, UMR_S1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques , Strasbourg, France
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- 3 Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lysiane Richert
- 1 KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim , France .,5 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Decellularized caprine liver-derived biomimetic and pro-angiogenic scaffolds for liver tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:939-948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
17
|
A three‐dimensional microfluidized liver system to assess hepatic drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1152-1163. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
18
|
Bioengineering the innate vasculature of complex organs: what have we learned so far. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 23:657-663. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
19
|
Sakai Y, Koike M, Yamanouchi K, Soyama A, Hidaka M, Kuroki T, Eguchi S. Time‐dependent structural and functional characterization of subcutaneous human liver tissue. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2287-2298. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakai
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Makiko Koike
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kosho Yamanouchi
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Akihiko Soyama
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Masaaki Hidaka
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kuroki
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of SurgeryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Falero-Perez J, Song YS, Zhao Y, Teixeira L, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Cyp1b1 expression impacts the angiogenic and inflammatory properties of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206756. [PMID: 30372497 PMCID: PMC6205649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is a member of the cytochrome p450 family of enzymes that catalyze mono-oxygenase reactions. Although constitutive Cyp1b1 expression is limited in hepatocytes, its expression and function in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) remains unknown. Here we determined the impact of Cyp1b1 expression on LSEC properties prepared from Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- mice. LSEC expressed PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, and B4 lectin similar to EC from other mouse tissues. Cyp1b1 +/+ LSEC constitutively expressed significant levels of Cyp1b1, while Cyp1b1-/- LSEC lacked Cyp1b1 expression. LSEC also expressed VEGFR3, PROX-1, and LYVE-1, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, as well as other cell adhesion molecules including ICAM-1, ICAM-2, VCAM-1, and thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) receptors, CD36 and CD47. However, the expression of PV-1 and stabilin (fenestration markers), and endoglin were limited in these cells. The Cyp1b1-/- LSEC showed limited fenestration, and decreased levels of VEGF and BMP6. Cyp1b1-/- LSEC also showed a decrease in the levels of VE-cadherin and ZO-1 impacting adherens and gap junction formation. Cyp1b1-/- LSEC were significantly more apoptotic, proliferated at a faster rate, and were less adherent and more migratory. These changes were attributed, in part, to decreased amounts of TSP1 and increased AKT and ERK activation. The expressions of integrins were also altered by the lack of Cyp1b1, but the ability of these cells to undergo capillary morphogenesis was minimally affected. Furthermore, Cyp1b1-/- LSEC expressed lower levels of inflammatory mediators MCP-1 and TNF-α. Thus, Cyp1b1 expression has a significant impact on LSEC angiogenic and inflammatory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Falero-Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Leandro Teixeira
- Deaprtment of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison WI, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vilas-Boas V, Cooreman A, Gijbels E, Van Campenhout R, Gustafson E, Ballet S, Annaert P, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Primary hepatocytes and their cultures for the testing of drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 85:1-30. [PMID: 31307583 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for discontinuation of drug development and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Intensive efforts in the last decades have focused on the establishment and finetuning of liver-based in vitro models for reliable prediction of hepatotoxicity triggered by drug candidates. Of those, primary hepatocytes and their cultures still are considered the gold standard, as they provide an acceptable reflection of the hepatic in vivo situation. Nevertheless, these in vitro systems cope with gradual deterioration of the differentiated morphological and functional phenotype. The present paper gives an overview of traditional and more recently introduced strategies to counteract this dedifferentiation process in an attempt to set up culture models that can be used for long-term testing purposes. The relevance and applicability of such optimized cultures of primary hepatocytes for the testing of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bale SS, Borenstein JT. Microfluidic Cell Culture Platforms to Capture Hepatic Physiology and Complex Cellular Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1638-1646. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
23
|
Tegge AN, Rodrigues RR, Larkin AL, Vu L, Murali TM, Rajagopalan P. Transcriptomic Analysis of Hepatic Cells in Multicellular Organotypic Liver Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11306. [PMID: 30054499 PMCID: PMC6063915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver homeostasis requires the presence of both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs). However, systems biology studies of the liver have primarily focused on hepatocytes. Using an organotypic three-dimensional (3D) hepatic culture, we report the first transcriptomic study of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs) cultured with hepatocytes. Through computational pathway and interaction network analyses, we demonstrate that hepatocytes, LSECs and KCs have distinct expression profiles and functional characteristics. Our results show that LSECs in the presence of KCs exhibit decreased expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, a pathway linked to LSEC dedifferentiation. We report the novel result that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is transcribed in LSECs. The expression of downstream processes corroborates active PPARα signaling in LSECs. We uncover transcriptional evidence in LSECs for a feedback mechanism between PPARα and farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) that maintains bile acid homeostasis; previously, this feedback was known occur only in HepG2 cells. We demonstrate that KCs in 3D liver models display expression patterns consistent with an anti-inflammatory phenotype when compared to monocultures. These results highlight the distinct roles of LSECs and KCs in maintaining liver function and emphasize the need for additional mechanistic studies of NPCs in addition to hepatocytes in liver-mimetic microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Tegge
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Richard R Rodrigues
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Adam L Larkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lucas Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - T M Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Orbach SM, Ehrich MF, Rajagopalan P. High-throughput toxicity testing of chemicals and mixtures in organotypic multi-cellular cultures of primary human hepatic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:83-94. [PMID: 29751030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) of liver toxicants can bridge the gap in understanding adverse effects of chemicals on humans. Toxicity testing of mixtures is time consuming and expensive, since the number of possible combinations increases exponentially with the number of chemicals. The combination of organotypic culture models (OCMs) and HTS assays can lead to the rapidly evaluation of chemical toxicity in a cost and time-effective manner while prioritizing chemicals that warrant additional investigation. We describe the design, assembly and toxicant response of multi-cellular hepatic organotypic culture models comprised of primary human or rat cells assembled in 96-well plates (denoted as μOCMs). These models were assembled using automated procedures that did not affect hepatocyte function or viability, rendering them ideal for large-scale toxicity evaluations. Rat μOCMs were assembled to obtain insights into deviations from human toxicity. Four test chemicals (acetaminophen, ethanol, isoniazid, and perfluorooctanoic acid) were added to the μOCMs individually or in mixtures. HTS assays were utilized to measure cell death, apoptosis, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane damage, and cytochrome P450 2E1 activity. The μOCMs exhibited increased toxicant sensitivity compared to hepatocyte sandwich cultures. Synergistic and non-synergistic interactions were observed when the toxicants were added as mixtures. Specifically, chemical interactions in the μOCMs were manifested by changes in apoptosis and decreased glutathione. The μOCMs accurately predicted hepatotoxicity for individual and mixtures of toxicants, demonstrating their potential for large-scale toxicity evaluations in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Suite 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Marion F Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Suite 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Roth AD, Lama P, Dunn S, Hong S, Lee MY. Polymer coating on a micropillar chip for robust attachment of PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel for 3D hepatic cell culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:634-644. [PMID: 29853133 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For better mimicking tissues in vivo and developing predictive cell models for high-throughput screening (HTS) of potential drug candidates, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been performed in various hydrogels. In this study, we have investigated several polymer coating materials to robustly attach PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel on a micropillar chip for 3D culture of Hep3B human hepatic cells, which can be used as a tool for high-throughput assessment of compound hepatotoxicity. Among several amphiphilic polymers with maleic anhydride groups tested, 0.01% (w/v) poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMA-OD) provided superior coating properties with no PuraMatrix spot detachment from the micropillar chip and no air bubble entrapment in a complementary microwell chip. To maintain Hep3B cell viability in PuraMatrix gel on the chip, gelation conditions were optimized in the presence of additional salts, at different seeding densities, and for growth medium washes. As a result, salts in growth media were sufficient for gelation, and relatively high cell seeding at 6 million cells/mL and two media washes for pH neutralization were required. With optimized 3D cell culture conditions, controlled gene expression and compound toxicity assessment were successfully demonstrated by using recombinant adenoviruses carrying genes for green and red fluorescent proteins as well as six model compounds. Overall, PuraMatrix hydrogel on the chip was suitable for 3D cell encapsulation, gene expression, and rapid toxicity assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander David Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Pratap Lama
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Dunn
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ware BR, Durham MJ, Monckton CP, Khetani SR. A Cell Culture Platform to Maintain Long-term Phenotype of Primary Human Hepatocytes and Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:187-207. [PMID: 29379855 PMCID: PMC5782488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Modeling interactions between primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and primary human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in vitro can help elucidate human-specific mechanisms underlying liver physiology/disease and drug responses; however, existing hepatocyte/endothelial coculture models are suboptimal because of their use of rodent cells, cancerous cell lines, and/or nonliver endothelial cells. Hence, we sought to develop a platform that could maintain the long-term phenotype of PHHs and primary human LSECs. METHODS Primary human LSECs or human umbilical vein endothelial cells as the nonliver control were cocultivated with micropatterned PHH colonies (to control homotypic interactions) followed by an assessment of PHH morphology and functions (albumin and urea secretion, and cytochrome P-450 2A6 and 3A4 enzyme activities) over 3 weeks. Endothelial phenotype was assessed via gene expression patterns and scanning electron microscopy to visualize fenestrations. Hepatic responses in PHH/endothelial cocultures were benchmarked against responses in previously developed PHH/3T3-J2 fibroblast cocultures. Finally, PHH/fibroblast/endothelial cell tricultures were created and characterized as described previously. RESULTS LSECs, but not human umbilical vein endothelial cells, induced PHH albumin secretion for ∼11 days; however, neither endothelial cell type could maintain PHH morphology and functions to the same magnitude/longevity as the fibroblasts. In contrast, both PHHs and endothelial cells displayed stable phenotype for 3 weeks in PHH/fibroblast/endothelial cell tricultures; furthermore, layered tricultures in which PHHs and endothelial cells were separated by a protein gel to mimic the space of Disse displayed similar functional levels as the coplanar tricultures. CONCLUSIONS PHH/fibroblast/endothelial tricultures constitute a robust platform to elucidate reciprocal interactions between PHHs and endothelial cells in physiology, disease, and after drug exposure.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3T3-J2 Fibroblasts
- CD31, cluster of differentiation 31
- CD54, cluster of differentiation 54
- CYP450, cytochrome P-450
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- F8, factor VIII
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HUVECs
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- LSECs
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Micropatterned Cocultures
- NPCs, nonparenchymal cells
- PHHs, primary human hepatocytes
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- Tricultures
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton R. Ware
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mitchell J. Durham
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Chase P. Monckton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khakurel A, Park PH. Globular adiponectin protects hepatocytes from tunicamycin-induced cell death via modulation of the inflammasome and heme oxygenase-1 induction. Pharmacol Res 2018; 128:231-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
28
|
Agarwal T, Narayan R, Maji S, Ghosh SK, Maiti TK. Decellularized caprine liver extracellular matrix as a 2D substrate coating and 3D hydrogel platform for vascularized liver tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1678-e1690. [PMID: 29052367 DOI: 10.1002/term.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Rajan Narayan
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Somnath Maji
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Rombouts K. Engineering in vitro models of hepatofibrogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:147-157. [PMID: 28578016 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide marked by chronic inflammation and fibrosis/scarring, resulting in end-stage liver disease and its complications. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a dominant contributor to liver fibrosis by producing excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), irrespective of the underlying disease aetiologies, and for many decades research has focused on the development of a number of anti-fibrotic strategies targeting this cell. Despite major improvements in two-dimensional systems (2D) by using a variety of cell culture models of different complexity, an efficient anti-fibrogenic therapy has yet to be developed. The development of well-defined three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, which mimic ECM structures as found in vivo, have demonstrated the importance of cell-matrix bio-mechanics, the complex interactions between HSCs and hepatocytes and other non-parenchymal cells, and this to improve and promote liver cell-specific functions. Henceforth, refinement of these 3D in vitro models, which reproduce the liver microenvironment, will lead to new objectives and to a possible new era in the search for antifibrogenic compounds.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yousaf M, Tayyeb A, Ali G. Expression profiling of adhesion proteins during prenatal and postnatal liver development in rats. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 10:21-28. [PMID: 29033593 PMCID: PMC5614736 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s139497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Culturing of primary hepatocytes and stem cell-derived hepatocytes faces a major issue of dedifferentiation due to absence of cell–cell adhesion and 3D structures. One of the possible ways to eliminate the problem of dedifferentiation is mimicking the expression pattern of adhesion proteins during the normal developmental process of liver cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression pattern of some key adhesion proteins, namely, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, epithelial CAM (EpCAM), intracellular CAM (ICAM), collagen 1α1, α-actinin, β-catenin and vimentin, in the liver tissue during prenatal and postnatal stages. Furthermore, differences in their expression between prenatal, early postnatal and adult stages were highlighted. Wistar rats were used to isolate livers at prenatal Day 14 and 17 as well as on postnatal Day 1, 3, 7 and 14. The liver from adult rats was used as control. Both conventional and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed. For most of the adhesion proteins such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, EpCAM, ICAM, collagen 1α1 and α-actinin, low expression was observed around prenatal Day 14 and an increasing expression was observed in the postnatal period. Moreover, β-catenin and vimentin showed higher expression in the early prenatal period, which decreased gradually in the postnatal period, but still this low expression was considerably higher than that in the adult control rats. This basic knowledge of the regulation of expression of adhesion proteins during different developmental stages indicates their vital role in liver development. This pattern can be further studied and imitated under in vitro conditions to achieve better cell–cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Yousaf
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gibran Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Orbach SM, Cassin ME, Ehrich MF, Rajagopalan P. Investigating acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in multi-cellular organotypic liver models. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
32
|
Physiological oxygen tension reduces hepatocyte dedifferentiation in in vitro culture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5923. [PMID: 28724942 PMCID: PMC5517567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes cultured in vitro are a powerful tool to study the functions of hepatocytes and to evaluate the metabolism and toxicity of new drugs. However, in vitro culture of hepatocytes has proven to be very difficult. Ordinary culture conditions lead to dedifferentiation of hepatocytes, resulting in rapid change in cell morphology and significant reduction in specific cell functions. In the current study, we show that hepatocyte dedifferentiation is a rapid process under 21% O2 conditions. Hepatocytes cultured in 21% O2 undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), obtain fibroblast-like morphology, and show decreased hepatic functions. In contrast, 5% O2 is very effective in maintaining the epithelial morphology and many functions of the primary hepatocytes cultured in vitro for up to five days. These functions include albumin production, glycogen storage, LDL-uptake and CYP450-mediated drug metabolism. Furthermore, we find that 5% O2 can relieve the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease the level of DNA damage in primary cultured hepatocytes. In addition, we also show that blocking the ERK and GSK-3β pathways can inhibit the dedifferentiation of hepatocytes to a certain extent. Lowering the oxygen tension in cell culture is easily achievable, we believe it could be combined with other methods, such as the use of small molecule cocktails and 3D culture, to maintain proliferation and functions of primary hepatocytes in vitro.
Collapse
|
33
|
Vu LT, Orbach SM, Ray WK, Cassin ME, Rajagopalan P, Helm RF. The hepatocyte proteome in organotypic rat liver models and the influence of the local microenvironment. Proteome Sci 2017; 15:12. [PMID: 28649179 PMCID: PMC5480101 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-017-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver models that closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment are useful for understanding liver functions, capabilities, and intercellular communication processes. Three-dimensional (3D) liver models assembled using hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) separated by a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) provide a functional system while also permitting isolation of individual cell types for proteomic analyses. METHODS To better understand the mechanisms and processes that underlie liver model function, hepatocytes were maintained as monolayers and 3D PEM-based formats in the presence or absence of primary LSECs. The resulting hepatocyte proteomes, the proteins in the PEM, and extracellular levels of urea, albumin and glucose after three days of culture were compared. RESULTS All systems were ketogenic and found to release glucose. The presence of the PEM led to increases in proteins associated with both mitochondrial and peroxisomal-based β-oxidation. The PEMs also limited production of structural and migratory proteins associated with dedifferentiation. The presence of LSECs increased levels of Phase I and Phase II biotransformation enzymes as well as several proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular matrix remodeling. The proteomic analysis of the PEMs indicated that there was no significant change after three days of culture. These results are discussed in relation to liver model function. CONCLUSIONS Heterotypic cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions exert different effects on hepatocyte functions and phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T. Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Sophia M. Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
| | - W. Keith Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Margaret E. Cassin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology and Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
| | - Richard F. Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology and Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Starokozhko V, Groothuis GMM. Challenges on the road to a multicellular bioartificial liver. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e227-e236. [PMID: 27943623 DOI: 10.1002/term.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the progress in the development of a bioartificial liver (BAL) as an extracorporeal device or as a tissue engineered transplantable organ has been immense. However, many important BAL characteristics that are necessary to meet clinical demands have not been sufficiently addressed. This review describes the existing challenges in the development of a BAL for clinical applications, highlighting multicellularity and sinusoidal microarchitecture as crucial BAL characteristics to fulfil various liver functions. Currently available sources of nonparenchymal liver cells, such as endothelial cells, cholangiocytes and macrophages, used in BAL development are defined. Also, we discuss the recent studies on the reconstruction of the complex liver sinusoid microarchitecture using various liver cell types. Moreover, we highlight some other aspects of a BAL, such as liver zonation and formation of a vascular as well as biliary network for an adequate delivery, biotransformation and removal of substrates and waste products. Finally, the benefits of a multicellular BAL for the pharmaceutical industry are briefly described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahmed HMM, Salerno S, Morelli S, Giorno L, De Bartolo L. 3D liver membrane system by co-culturing human hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial and stellate cells. Biofabrication 2017; 9:025022. [PMID: 28548045 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa70c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a designed approach has been utilized for the development of a 3D liver system. This approach makes use of primary human sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells and hepatocytes that are seeded sequentially on hollow fiber membranes (HF) in order to mimic the layers of cells found in vivo. To this purpose modified polyethersulfone (PES) HF membranes were used for the creation of a 3D human liver system in static and dynamic conditions. In order to verify the positive effect of non-parenchymal cells on the maintenance of hepatocyte viability and functions, homotypic cultures of hepatocytes alone on the HF membranes were further investigated. The membrane surface allowed the attachment and self-assembly of the cells, forming tissue-like structures around and between fibers. Sinusoidal cells formed tube-like structures that surrounded hepatocytes organized in cords within aggregates promoted by stellate cells. The co-culture of hepatocytes with sinusoidal endothelial and hepatic stellate cells preserved structural architecture of the construct and improved the liver-specific functions. Most importantly, cells co-cultured in a HF membrane bioreactor synthesized albumin and urea for 28 days. The liver membrane bioreactor also preserved the drug biotransformation activity with a continuous production of diazepam phase I metabolites for an extended period of time. Additionally, the cell oxygen uptake rates highlighted the maintenance of the actual oxygen concentration at a level compatible with their metabolic functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haysam Mohamed Magdy Ahmed
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, c/o University of Calabria, via P. Bucci cubo 17/C, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy. Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials (DIATIC), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guo X, Li W, Ma M, Lu X, Zhang H. Endothelial cell-derived matrix promotes the metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte via integrin-Src signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2809-2822. [PMID: 28470937 PMCID: PMC5661128 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is involved in the regulation of hepatocyte phenotype and function. Recently, the cell‐derived extracellular matrix has been proposed to represent the bioactive and biocompatible materials of the native ECM. Here, we show that the endothelial cell‐derived matrix (EC matrix) promotes the metabolic maturation of human adipose stem cell‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells (hASC‐HLCs) through the activation of the transcription factor forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) and the nuclear receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Reducing the fibronectin content in the EC matrix or silencing the expression of α5 integrin in the hASC‐HLCs inhibited the effect of the EC matrix on Src phosphorylation and hepatocyte maturation. The inhibition of Src phosphorylation using the inhibitor PP2 or silencing the expression of Src in hASC‐HLCs also attenuated the up‐regulation of the metabolic function of hASC‐HLCs in a nuclear receptor‐dependent manner. These data elucidate integrin‐Src signalling linking the extrinsic EC matrix signals and metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte. This study provides a model for studying the interaction between hepatocytes and non‐parenchymal cell‐derived matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Danoy M, Shinohara M, Rizki-Safitri A, Collard D, Senez V, Sakai Y. Alteration of pancreatic carcinoma and promyeloblastic cell adhesion in liver microvasculature by co-culture of hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells and endothelial cells in a physiologically-relevant model. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:350-361. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Danoy
- LIMMS/CNRS UMI2820 Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), Université Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Shinohara
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Dominique Collard
- LIMMS/CNRS UMI2820 Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- SMMIL-E: Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Boulevard du Pr Jules Leclercq, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Senez
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), Université Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, graduate school of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Max Planck - The University of Tokyo, Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Du Y, Li N, Yang H, Luo C, Gong Y, Tong C, Gao Y, Lü S, Long M. Mimicking liver sinusoidal structures and functions using a 3D-configured microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:782-794. [PMID: 28112323 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01374k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically, four major types of hepatic cells - the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatocytes - reside inside liver sinusoids and interact with flowing peripheral cells under blood flow. It is hard to mimic an in vivo liver sinusoid due to its complex multiple cell-cell interactions, spatiotemporal construction, and mechanical microenvironment. Here we developed an in vitro liver sinusoid chip by integrating the four types of primary murine hepatic cells into two adjacent fluid channels separated by a porous permeable membrane, replicating liver's key structures and configurations. Each type of cells was identified with its respective markers, and the assembled chip presented the liver-specific unique morphology of fenestration. The flow field in the liver chip was quantitatively analyzed by computational fluid dynamics simulations and particle tracking visualization tests. Intriguingly, co-culture and shear flow enhance albumin secretion independently or cooperatively, while shear flow alone enhances HGF production and CYP450 metabolism. Under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulations, the hepatic cell co-culture facilitated neutrophil recruitment in the liver chip. Thus, this 3D-configured in vitro liver chip integrates the two key factors of shear flow and the four types of primary hepatic cells to replicate key structures, hepatic functions, and primary immune responses and provides a new in vitro model to investigate the short-duration hepatic cellular interactions under a microenvironment mimicking the physiology of a liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunfang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Neutrophil adhesion and crawling dynamics on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells under shear flow. Exp Cell Res 2017; 351:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
40
|
Zhang P, Bookstaver ML, Jewell CM. Engineering Cell Surfaces with Polyelectrolyte Materials for Translational Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E40. [PMID: 30970718 PMCID: PMC6431965 DOI: 10.3390/polym9020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering cell surfaces with natural or synthetic materials is a unique and powerful strategy for biomedical applications. Cells exhibit more sophisticated migration, control, and functional capabilities compared to nanoparticles, scaffolds, viruses, and other engineered materials or agents commonly used in the biomedical field. Over the past decade, modification of cell surfaces with natural or synthetic materials has been studied to exploit this complexity for both fundamental and translational goals. In this review we present the existing biomedical technologies for engineering cell surfaces with one important class of materials, polyelectrolytes. We begin by introducing the challenges facing the cell surface engineering field. We then discuss the features of polyelectrolytes and how these properties can be harnessed to solve challenges in cell therapy, tissue engineering, cell-based drug delivery, sensing and tracking, and immune modulation. Throughout the review, we highlight opportunities to drive the field forward by bridging new knowledge of polyelectrolytes with existing translational challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742, USA.
| | - Michelle L Bookstaver
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742, USA.
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. Generation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells for drug toxicity screening. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 32:12-20. [PMID: 28012798 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Because drug-induced liver injury is one of the main reasons for drug development failures, it is important to perform drug toxicity screening in the early phase of pharmaceutical development. Currently, primary human hepatocytes are most widely used for the prediction of drug-induced liver injury. However, the sources of primary human hepatocytes are limited, making it difficult to supply the abundant quantities required for large-scale drug toxicity screening. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a novel unlimited, efficient, inexpensive, and predictive model which can be applied for large-scale drug toxicity screening. Human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are able to replicate indefinitely and differentiate into most of the body's cell types, including hepatocytes. It is expected that hepatocyte-like cells generated from human ES/iPS cells (human ES/iPS-HLCs) will be a useful tool for drug toxicity screening. To apply human ES/iPS-HLCs to various applications including drug toxicity screening, homogenous and functional HLCs must be differentiated from human ES/iPS cells. In this review, we will introduce the current status of hepatocyte differentiation technology from human ES/iPS cells and a novel method to predict drug-induced liver injury using human ES/iPS-HLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xiao W, Perry G, Komori K, Sakai Y. New physiologically-relevant liver tissue model based on hierarchically cocultured primary rat hepatocytes with liver endothelial cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1412-22. [PMID: 26304784 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To develop an in vitro liver tissue equivalent, hepatocytes should be cocultured with liver non-parenchymal cells to mimic the in vivo physiological microenvironments. In this work, we describe a physiologically-relevant liver tissue model by hierarchically organizing layers of primary rat hepatocytes and human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (TMNK-1) on an oxygen-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, which facilitates direct oxygenation by diffusion through the membrane. This in vivo-mimicking hierarchical coculture was obtained by simply proceeding the overlay of TMNK-1 cells on the hepatocyte layer re-formed on the collagen immobilized PDMS membranes. The comparison of hepatic functionalities was achieved between coculture and sandwich culture with Matrigel, in the presence and absence of direct oxygenation. A complete double-layered structure of functional liver cells with vertical contact between hepatocytes and TMNK-1 was successfully constructed in the coculture with direct oxygen supply and was well-maintained for 14 days. The hepatocytes in this hierarchical culture exhibited improved survival, functional bile canaliculi formation, cellular level polarization and maintenance of metabolic activities including Cyp1A1/2 activity and albumin production. By contrast, the two cell populations formed discontinuous monolayers on the same surfaces in the non-oxygen-permeable cultures. These results demonstrate that (i) the direct oxygenation through the PDMS membranes enables very simple formation of a hierarchical structure consisting of a hepatocyte layer and a layer of TMNK-1 and (ii) we may include other non-parenchymal cells in this format easily, which can be widely applicable to other epithelial organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xiao
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Guillaume Perry
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan. and LIMMS CNRS/IIS, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kikuo Komori
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Fe505, Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Int 2016; 11:54-69. [PMID: 27530815 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that coordinated expression of a limited number of genes can reprogram differentiated somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has opened novel possibilities for developing cell-based models of diseases and regenerative medicine utilizing cell reprogramming or cell transplantation. Directed differentiation of iPSCs can potentially generate differentiated cells belonging to any germ layer, including cells with hepatocyte-like morphology and function. Such cells, termed iHeps, can be derived by sequential cell signaling using available information on embryological development or by forced expression of hepatocyte-enriched transcription factors. In addition to the translational aspects of iHeps, the experimental findings have provided insights into the mechanisms of cell plasticity that permit one cell type to transition to another. However, iHeps generated by current methods do not fully exhibit all characteristics of mature hepatocytes, highlighting the need for additional research in this area. Here we summarize the current approaches and achievements in this field and discuss some existing hurdles and emerging approaches for improving iPSC differentiation, as well as maintaining such cells in culture for increasing their utility in disease modeling and drug development.
Collapse
|
44
|
Cassin ME, Ford AJ, Orbach SM, Saverot SE, Rajagopalan P. The design of antimicrobial LL37-modified collagen-hyaluronic acid detachable multilayers. Acta Biomater 2016; 40:119-129. [PMID: 27109763 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The design of antimicrobial membranes and thin films are critical for the design of biomaterials that can combat bacterial contamination. Since the long-term use of conventional antibiotics can result in bacterial resistance, there is a critical need to incorporate natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that not only prevent a wide range of pathogens from causing infections but can also promote many beneficial outcomes in wounded tissues. We report the design and antimicrobial properties of detachable collagen (COL)/hyaluronic acid (HA) polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) modified with LL-37, a naturally occurring human AMP. LL-37 was physically adsorbed and chemically immobilized on the surface of PEMs. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of PEMs were tested with Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, strain DH10B) and primary rat hepatocytes, respectively. The ability to prevent bacterial adhesion and to neutralize an E. coli layer was investigated as a function of LL-37 concentration. An interesting trend was that even unmodified PEMs exhibited a 40% reduction in bacterial adhesion. When LL-37 was physically adsorbed on PEMs, bacterial adhesion was significantly lower on the surface of the films as well as in the surrounding broth. Immobilizing LL-37 resulted in less than 3% bacterial adhesion on the surface due to the presence of the peptide. LL-37 modified PEMs did not result in any cytotoxicity up to input concentrations of 16μM. More importantly, urea and albumin secretion by hepatocytes were unaffected even at high LL-37 concentrations. The COL/HA PEMs can serve as antimicrobial coatings, biological membranes and as in vitro platforms to investigate pathogen-tissue interactions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are emerging as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. We report the antimicrobial properties of detachable collagen (COL)/hyaluronic acid (HA) polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) modified with LL-37, a human AMP. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties were tested with gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, strain DH10B) and primary rat hepatocytes, respectively. Unmodified PEMs exhibited a 40% reduction in bacterial adhesion. When LL-37 was physically adsorbed on PEMs, the sustained release of the active peptide killed planktonic bacteria. Immobilizing LL-37 resulted in less than 3% bacterial adhesion. LL-37 modified PEMs did not result in cytotoxicity up to input concentrations of 16μM. The COL/HA PEMs can serve as antimicrobial coatings and to investigate pathogen-cell interactions.
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee H, Cho DW. One-step fabrication of an organ-on-a-chip with spatial heterogeneity using a 3D bioprinting technology. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2618-25. [PMID: 27302471 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although various types of organs-on-chips have been introduced recently as tools for drug discovery, the current studies are limited in terms of fabrication methods. The fabrication methods currently available not only need a secondary cell-seeding process and result in severe protein absorption due to the material used, but also have difficulties in providing various cell types and extracellular matrix (ECM) environments for spatial heterogeneity in the organs-on-chips. Therefore, in this research, we introduce a novel 3D bioprinting method for organ-on-a-chip applications. With our novel 3D bioprinting method, it was possible to prepare an organ-on-a-chip in a simple one-step fabrication process. Furthermore, protein absorption on the printed platform was very low, which will lead to accurate measurement of metabolism and drug sensitivity. Moreover, heterotypic cell types and biomaterials were successfully used and positioned at the desired position for various organ-on-a-chip applications, which will promote full mimicry of the natural conditions of the organs. The liver organ was selected for the evaluation of the developed method, and liver function was shown to be significantly enhanced on the liver-on-a-chip, which was prepared by 3D bioprinting. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the suggested 3D bioprinting method is easier and more versatile for production of organs-on-chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungseok Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tasnim F, Toh YC, Qu Y, Li H, Phan D, Narmada BC, Ananthanarayanan A, Mittal N, Meng RQ, Yu H. Functionally Enhanced Human Stem Cell Derived Hepatocytes in Galactosylated Cellulosic Sponges for Hepatotoxicity Testing. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1947-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Derek Phan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Balakrishnan C. Narmada
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Ananthanarayanan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ryan Q Meng
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Asia Pacific, Janssen Research & Development, 999 South Pudong Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department
of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD9-03-03, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- NUS Graduate
School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Mechanobiology
Institute, T-Laboratories, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 3 Science Drive 2, S16-05-08, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bale SS, Geerts S, Jindal R, Yarmush ML. Isolation and co-culture of rat parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells to evaluate cellular interactions and response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25329. [PMID: 27142224 PMCID: PMC4855170 DOI: 10.1038/srep25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central organ in the human body, and first line of defense between host and external environment. Liver response to any external perturbation is a collective reaction of resident liver cells. Most of the current in vitro liver models focus on hepatocytes, the primary metabolic component, omitting interactions and cues from surrounding environment and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs). Recent studies suggest that contributions of NPCs are vital, particularly in disease conditions, and outcomes of drugs and their metabolites. Along with hepatocytes, NPCs–Kupffer (KC), sinusoidal endothelial (LSEC) and stellate cells (SC) are major cellular components of the liver. Incorporation of primary cells in in vitro liver platforms is essential to emulate the functions of the liver, and its overall response. Herein, we isolate individual NPC cell fractions from rat livers and co-culture them in a transwell format incorporating primary rat hepatocytes with LSECs, SCs, and KCs. Our results indicate that the presence and contributions of multiple cells within the co-culture capture the interactions between hepatocytes and NPC, and modulates the responses to inflammatory stimulus such as LPS. The isolation and co-culture methods could provide a stable platform for creating in vitro liver models that provide defined functionality beyond hepatocytes alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Sharon Geerts
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Rohit Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA 02114.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA 08854
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Konar D, Devarasetty M, Yildiz DV, Atala A, Murphy SV. Lung-On-A-Chip Technologies for Disease Modeling and Drug Development. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2016; 7:17-27. [PMID: 27127414 PMCID: PMC4839966 DOI: 10.4137/becb.s34252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal and two-dimensional cell culture models have had a profound impact on not only lung research but also medical research at large, despite inherent flaws and differences when compared with in vivo and clinical observations. Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models are a natural progression and extension of existing techniques that seek to plug the gaps and mitigate the drawbacks of two-dimensional and animal technologies. In this review, we describe the transition of historic models to contemporary 3D cell and organoid models, the varieties of current 3D cell and tissue culture modalities, the common methods for imaging these models, and finally, the applications of these models and imaging techniques to lung research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipasri Konar
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Didem V Yildiz
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chetprayoon P, Matsusaki M, Yokoyama U, Tejima T, Ishikawa Y, Akashi M. Use of Three-Dimensional Arterial Models To Predict the In Vivo Behavior of Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paninee Chetprayoon
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Yokohama City University; Graduate School of Medicine; 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Takanori Tejima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Yokohama City University; Graduate School of Medicine; 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Yokohama City University; Graduate School of Medicine; 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chetprayoon P, Matsusaki M, Yokoyama U, Tejima T, Ishikawa Y, Akashi M. Use of Three-Dimensional Arterial Models To Predict the In Vivo Behavior of Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4461-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paninee Chetprayoon
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Yokohama City University; Graduate School of Medicine; 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Takanori Tejima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Yokohama City University; Graduate School of Medicine; 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Yokohama City University; Graduate School of Medicine; 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004 Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| |
Collapse
|