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Oliver VL, Pang DSJ. Pain Recognition in Rodents. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:121-149. [PMID: 36402478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Available methods for recognizing and assessing pain in rodents have increased over the last 10 years, including the development of validated pain assessment scales. Much of this work has been driven by the needs of biomedical research, and there are specific challenges to applying these scales in the clinical environment. This article provides an introduction to pain assessment scale validation, reviews current methods of pain assessment, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and makes recommendations for assessing pain in a clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Oliver
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Animal Health Unit, VP Research, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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2
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Abundance of Phasi-Charoen-like virus in Aedes aegypti mosquito populations in different states of India. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277276. [PMID: 36490242 PMCID: PMC9733876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are known to harbor a large number of insect specific viruses (ISV) in addition to viruses of public health importance. These ISVs are highly species specific and are non-pathogenic to humans or domestic animals. However, there is a potential threat of these ISVs evolving into human pathogens by genome alterations. Some ISVs are known to modulate replication of pathogenic viruses by altering the susceptibility of vector mosquitoes to pathogenic viruses, thereby either inhibiting or enhancing transmission of the latter. In the present study, we report predominance of Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV, Family: Phenuviridae) contributing to >60% of the total reads in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected from Pune district of Maharashtra state using next generation sequencing based metagenomic analysis of viromes. Similar results were also obtained with mosquitoes from Assam, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states of India. Comparison of Pune mosquito sequences with PCLV Rio (Brazil) isolate showed 98.90%, 99.027% and 98.88% homologies in the S, M and L segments respectively indicating less genetic heterogeneity of PCLV. The study also demonstrated occurrence of transovarial transmission as seen by detection of PCLV in eggs, larvae, pupae and male mosquitoes. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from Pune also showed a large number of reads for viruses belonging to Baculoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Genomoviridae and Bunyaviridae families. The role of PCLV in the replication of dengue and chikungunya virus is yet not clear. It warrants further studies to know the significance of PCLV and other ISVs on the replication and transmission of Ae. aegypti borne pathogenic viruses, especially in the absence of prophylactics or therapeutics.
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3
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Verkhratsky A. Lifestyle-dependent microglial plasticity: training the brain guardians. Biol Direct 2021; 16:12. [PMID: 34353376 PMCID: PMC8340437 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle is one of the most powerful instruments shaping mankind; the lifestyle includes many aspects of interactions with the environment, from nourishment and education to physical activity and quality of sleep. All these factors taken in complex affect neuroplasticity and define brain performance and cognitive longevity. In particular, physical exercise, exposure to enriched environment and dieting act through complex modifications of microglial cells, which change their phenotype and modulate their functional activity thus translating lifestyle events into remodelling of brain homoeostasis and reshaping neural networks ultimately enhancing neuroprotection and cognitive longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 01102, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain. .,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.
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4
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da Silva Creão LS, Neto JBT, de Lima CM, dos Reis RR, de Sousa AA, dos Santos ZA, Diniz JAP, Diniz DG, Diniz CWP. Microglial Metamorphosis in Three Dimensions in Virus Limbic Encephalitis: An Unbiased Pictorial Representation Based on a Stereological Sampling Approach of Surveillant and Reactive Microglia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081009. [PMID: 34439628 PMCID: PMC8393838 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia influence pathological progression in neurological diseases, reacting to insults by expressing multiple morphofunctional phenotypes. However, the complete morphological spectrum of reactive microglia, as revealed by three-dimensional microscopic reconstruction, has not been detailed in virus limbic encephalitis. Here, using an anatomical series of brain sections, we expanded on an earlier Piry arbovirus encephalitis study to include CA1/CA2 and assessed the morphological response of homeostatic and reactive microglia at eight days post-infection. Hierarchical cluster and linear discriminant function analyses of multimodal morphometric features distinguished microglial morphology between infected animals and controls. For a broad representation of the spectrum of microglial morphology in each defined cluster, we chose representative cells of homeostatic and reactive microglia, using the sum of the distances of each cell in relation to all the others. Based on multivariate analysis, reactive microglia of infected animals showed more complex trees and thicker branches, covering a larger volume of tissue than in control animals. This approach offers a reliable representation of microglia dispersion in the Euclidean space, revealing the morphological kaleidoscope of surveillant and reactive microglia morphotypes. Because form precedes function in nature, our findings offer a starting point for research using integrative methods to understand microglia form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sávio da Silva Creão
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (L.S.d.S.C.); (C.W.P.D.)
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
| | - João Bento Torres Neto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
| | - Renata Rodrigues dos Reis
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
| | - Aline Andrade de Sousa
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
| | - Zaire Alves dos Santos
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
| | | | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (L.S.d.S.C.); (C.W.P.D.)
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66093-020, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (L.S.d.S.C.); (C.W.P.D.)
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil; (J.B.T.N.); (C.M.d.L.); (R.R.d.R.); (A.A.d.S.); (Z.A.d.S.)
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5
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Carvalho-Paulo D, Bento Torres Neto J, Filho CS, de Oliveira TCG, de Sousa AA, dos Reis RR, dos Santos ZA, de Lima CM, de Oliveira MA, Said NM, Freitas SF, Sosthenes MCK, Gomes GF, Henrique EP, Pereira PDC, de Siqueira LS, de Melo MAD, Guerreiro Diniz C, Magalhães NGDM, Diniz JAP, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz DG, Anthony DC, Sherry DF, Brites D, Picanço Diniz CW. Microglial Morphology Across Distantly Related Species: Phylogenetic, Environmental and Age Influences on Microglia Reactivity and Surveillance States. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683026. [PMID: 34220831 PMCID: PMC8250867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial immunosurveillance of the brain parenchyma to detect local perturbations in homeostasis, in all species, results in the adoption of a spectrum of morphological changes that reflect functional adaptations. Here, we review the contribution of these changes in microglia morphology in distantly related species, in homeostatic and non-homeostatic conditions, with three principal goals (1): to review the phylogenetic influences on the morphological diversity of microglia during homeostasis (2); to explore the impact of homeostatic perturbations (Dengue virus challenge) in distantly related species (Mus musculus and Callithrix penicillata) as a proxy for the differential immune response in small and large brains; and (3) to examine the influences of environmental enrichment and aging on the plasticity of the microglial morphological response following an immunological challenge (neurotropic arbovirus infection). Our findings reveal that the differences in microglia morphology across distantly related species under homeostatic condition cannot be attributed to the phylogenetic origin of the species. However, large and small brains, under similar non-homeostatic conditions, display differential microglial morphological responses, and we argue that age and environment interact to affect the microglia morphology after an immunological challenge; in particular, mice living in an enriched environment exhibit a more efficient immune response to the virus resulting in earlier removal of the virus and earlier return to the homeostatic morphological phenotype of microglia than it is observed in sedentary mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Carvalho-Paulo
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João Bento Torres Neto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos Santos Filho
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Thais Cristina Galdino de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline Andrade de Sousa
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Rodrigues dos Reis
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Zaire Alves dos Santos
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marcus Augusto de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nivin Mazen Said
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sinara Franco Freitas
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ediely Pereira Henrique
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Patrick Douglas Côrrea Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva de Siqueira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Mauro André Damasceno de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Nara Gyzely de Morais Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Dep. de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - David Francis Sherry
- Department of Psychology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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6
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Martin LB, Hanson HE, Hauber ME, Ghalambor CK. Genes, Environments, and Phenotypic Plasticity in Immunology. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:198-208. [PMID: 33518415 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For most of its history, immunology has sought to control environmental variation to establish genetic causality. As with all biological traits though, variation among individuals arises by three broad pathways: genetic (G), environmental (E), and the interactive between the two (GxE); and immunity is no different. Here, we review the value of applying the evolutionary frameworks of phenotypic plasticity and reaction norms to immunology. Because standardized laboratory environments are vastly different from the conditions under which populations evolved, we hypothesize that immunology might presently be missing important phenotypic variation and even focusing on dysregulated molecular and cellular processes. Modest adjustments to study designs could make model organism immunology more productive, reproducible, and reflective of human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Martin
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Haley E Hanson
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Cameron K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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7
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Limbic Encephalitis Brain Damage Induced by Cocal Virus in Adult Mice Is Reduced by Environmental Enrichment: Neuropathological and Behavioral Studies. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010048. [PMID: 33396704 PMCID: PMC7824630 DOI: 10.3390/v13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated, using the Piry virus model, that environmental enrichment promotes higher T-cell infiltration, fewer microglial changes, and faster central nervous system (CNS) virus clearance in adult mice. However, little is known about disease progression, behavioral changes, CNS cytokine concentration, and neuropathology in limbic encephalitis in experimental models. Using Cocal virus, we infected C57Bl6 adult mice and studied the neuroanatomical distribution of viral antigens in correlation with the microglial morphological response, measured the CNS cytokine concentration, and assessed behavioral changes. C57Bl6 adult mice were maintained in an impoverished environment (IE) or enriched environment (EE) for four months and then subjected to the open field test. Afterwards, an equal volume of normal or virus-infected brain homogenate was nasally instilled. The brains were processed to detect viral antigens and microglial morphological changes using selective immunolabeling. We demonstrated earlier significant weight loss and higher mortality in IE mice. Additionally, behavioral analysis revealed a significant influence of the environment on locomotor and exploratory activity that was associated with less neuroinvasion and a reduced microglial response. Thus, environmental enrichment was associated with a more effective immune response in a mouse model of limbic encephalitis, allowing faster viral clearance/decreased viral dissemination, reduced disease progression, and less CNS damage.
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8
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de Oliveira TCG, Carvalho-Paulo D, de Lima CM, de Oliveira RB, Santos Filho C, Diniz DG, Bento Torres Neto J, Picanço-Diniz CW. Long-term environmental enrichment reduces microglia morphological diversity of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4081-4099. [PMID: 32726468 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated long-term environmental influences on morphology of microglia from the outer and middle thirds of molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (MolDG), and on microglia from dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus molecular layer. We also estimated the total number of MolDG microglia using stereology. For this purpose, microglia of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of 20-month-old female Swiss albino mice, housed from 21st postnatal day onwards, in the impoverished environment of the standard laboratory cages (SEA), or in a cage with an enriched environment (EEA), were reconstructed microscopically in three dimensions and compared with each other and with microglia of 6-month-old female Swiss albino mice, also housed from weaning onwards in an enriched cage (EEY). All mice had their brains sectioned and processed for immunolabeling for IBA-1, a selective microglia marker. Random and systematic microglia samples were reconstructed in three dimensions and classified morphologically using hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by discriminant function analysis. SEA and EEY showed two morphological phenotypes of microglia in both the outer and middle thirds of MolDG. EEA mice showed such a reduction in the morphological diversity of microglia that essentially a single morphotype was found. EEA mouse microglia showed an intermediate morphological complexity between types I and II SE microglia. We suggest that type I and type II microglia in SE mice may have different physiological roles and that long-term EE may be associated with adaptive responses of microglial phenotypes to somatomotor and cognitive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Cristina Galdino de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Dario Carvalho-Paulo
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Roseane Borner de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Carlos Santos Filho
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil.,Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brasil
| | - João Bento Torres Neto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
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9
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Turner PV, Pang DS, Lofgren JL. A Review of Pain Assessment Methods in Laboratory Rodents. Comp Med 2019; 69:451-467. [PMID: 31896391 PMCID: PMC6935698 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents requires accurate assessments of the presence or absence of pain to the extent possible. This can be challenging some situations because laboratory rodents are prey species that may show subtle signs of pain. Although a number of standard algesiometry assays have been used to assess evoked pain responses in rodents for many decades, these methods likely represent an oversimplification of pain assessment and many require animal handling during testing, which can result in stress-induced analgesia. More recent pain assessment methods, such as the use of ethograms, facial grimace scoring, burrowing, and nest-building, focus on evaluating changes in spontaneous behaviors or activities of rodents in their home environments. Many of these assessment methods are time-consuming to conduct. While many of these newer tests show promise for providing a more accurate assessment of pain, most require more study to determine their reliability and sensitivity across a broad range of experimental conditions, as well as between species and strains of animals. Regular observation of laboratory rodents before and after painful procedures with consistent use of 2 or more assessment methods is likely to improve pain detection and lead to improved treatment and care-a primary goal for improving overall animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Turner
- Charles River, Wilmington , Massachusetts Dept of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada;,
| | - Daniel Sj Pang
- Dept of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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González Fleitas MF, Devouassoux JD, Aranda ML, Calanni JS, Chianelli MS, Dorfman D, Rosenstein RE. Enriched environment provides neuroprotection against experimental glaucoma. J Neurochem 2019; 152:103-121. [PMID: 31587281 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most frequent causes of visual impairment worldwide, and involves selective damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. We analyzed the effect of enriched environment (EE) housing on the optic nerve, and retinal alterations in an induced model of ocular hypertension. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were weekly injected with vehicle or chondroitin sulfate (CS) into the eye anterior chamber for 10 weeks and housed in standard environment or EE. EE housing prevented the effect of experimental glaucoma on visual evoked potentials, retinal anterograde transport, phosphorylated neurofilament-immunoreactivity, axon number, microglial/macrophage reactivity (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-immunoreactivity), and astrocytosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunostaining), as well as oligodendrocytes alterations (luxol fast blue staining, and myelin basic protein-immunoreactivity) in the proximal portion of the optic nerve. Moreover EE prevented the increase in ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 levels, and RGC loss (Brn3a-immunoreactivity) in the retina from hypertensive eyes. EE increased retinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. When EE housing started after 6 weeks of ocular hypertension, a preservation of visual evoked potentials amplitude, axon, and Brn3a(+) RGC number was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that EE preserved visual functions, reduced optic nerve axoglial alterations, and protected RGCs against glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián D Devouassoux
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos L Aranda
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan S Calanni
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica S Chianelli
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Gomes GF, Peixoto RDDF, Maciel BG, Santos KFD, Bayma LR, Feitoza Neto PA, Fernandes TN, de Abreu CC, Casseb SMM, de Lima CM, de Oliveira MA, Diniz DG, Vasconcelos PFDC, Sosthenes MCK, Diniz CWP. Differential Microglial Morphological Response, TNFα, and Viral Load in Sedentary-like and Active Murine Models After Systemic Non-neurotropic Dengue Virus Infection. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:419-439. [PMID: 30924711 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419835218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammatory stimuli increase proinflammatory cytokines in the bloodstream and central nervous system and activate microglial cells. Here we tested the hypothesis that contrasting environments mimicking sedentary and active lives would be associated with differential microglial morphological responses, inflammatory cytokines concentration, and virus load in the peripheral blood. For this, mice were maintained either in standard (standard environment) or enriched cages (enriched environment) and then subjected to a single (DENV1) serotype infection. Blood samples from infected animals showed higher viral loads and higher tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) mRNA concentrations than control subjects. Using an unbiased stereological sampling approach, we selected 544 microglia from lateral septum for microscopic 3D reconstruction. Morphological complexity contributed most to cluster formation. Infected groups exhibited significant increase in the microglia morphological complexity and number, despite the absence of dengue virus antigens in the brain. Two microglial phenotypes (type I with lower and type II with higher morphological complexity) were found in both infected and control groups. However, microglia from infected mice maintained in enriched environment showed only one morphological phenotype. Two-way ANOVA revealed that environmental changes and infection influenced type-I and II microglial morphologies and number. Environmental enrichment and infection interactions may contribute to microglial morphological change to a point that type-I and II morphological phenotypes could no longer be distinguished in infected mice from enriched environment. Significant linear correlation was found between morphological complexity and TNFα peripheral blood. Our findings demonstrated that sedentary-like and active murine models exhibited differential microglial responses and peripheral inflammation to systemic non-neurotropic infections with DENV1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Railana Deise da Fonseca Peixoto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Brenda Gonçalves Maciel
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Kedma Farias Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Lohrane Rosa Bayma
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Pedro Alves Feitoza Neto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Taiany Nogueira Fernandes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Cintya Castro de Abreu
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | | | - Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Marcus Augusto de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | | | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
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12
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Cope EC, Opendak M, LaMarca EA, Murthy S, Park CY, Olson LB, Martinez S, Leung JM, Graham AL, Gould E. The effects of living in an outdoor enclosure on hippocampal plasticity and anxiety-like behavior in response to nematode infection. Hippocampus 2018; 29:366-377. [PMID: 30252982 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus of rodents undergoes structural remodeling throughout adulthood, including the addition of new neurons. Adult neurogenesis is sensitive to environmental enrichment and stress. Microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, are involved in adult neurogenesis by engulfing dying new neurons. While previous studies using laboratory environmental enrichment have investigated alterations in brain structure and function, they do not provide an adequate reflection of living in the wild, in which stress and environmental instability are common. Here, we compared mice living in standard laboratory settings to mice living in outdoor enclosures to assess the complex interactions among environment, gut infection, and hippocampal plasticity. We infected mice with parasitic worms and studied their effects on adult neurogenesis, microglia, and functions associated with the hippocampus, including cognition and anxiety regulation. We found an increase in immature neuron numbers of mice living in outdoor enclosures regardless of infection. While outdoor living prevented increases in microglial reactivity induced by infection in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, outdoor mice with infection had fewer microglia and microglial processes in the ventral hippocampus. We observed no differences in cognitive performance on the hippocampus-dependent object location task between infected and uninfected mice living in either setting. However, we found that infection caused an increase in anxiety-like behavior in the open field test but only in outdoor mice. These findings suggest that living conditions, as well as gut infection, interact to produce complex effects on brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Cope
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Maya Opendak
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth A LaMarca
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Sahana Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Christin Y Park
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Lyra B Olson
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Susana Martinez
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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13
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Otaki M, Hirano T, Yamaguchi Y, Kaida K, Koshika S, Nagata K, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S, Shimada Y, Kobayashi Y. Changes in the function and phenotype of resident peritoneal macrophages after housing in an enriched environment. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:44-49. [PMID: 30273916 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to an enriched environment (EE) affects not only brain functions but also immune responses upon viral or bacterial infections. In this study, we examined changes in the phagocytic response and chemokine production of resident peritoneal macrophages after mice had been housed under EE conditions for 6 or 8 weeks, and then explored the possibility that EE could cause a change in the macrophage phenotype by means of flow cytometry as well as quantitative RT-PCR. The percentages of EE macrophages phagocytosing S. aureus and apoptotic neutrophils were significantly larger than those of standard environment (SE) macrophages. After coculturing with S. aureus, EE macrophages tended to produce greater amounts of chemokines such as MIP-2, KC and MCP-1 than SE ones, although the increases for MIP-2 and KC were not statistically significant. As compared with SE macrophages, EE macrophages included more CD40-positive cells (M1 marker), and expressed more mRNAs of IL-6 (M1 marker) and IRF4 (M2 marker), and less mRNA of CD38 (M1 marker), suggesting either the possibility that EE macrophages are a mixed population of M1 and M2 macrophages or the possibility that they are a unique population with a mixed M1 and M2 macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Otaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirano
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohko Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaida
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Koshika
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagata
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan.
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14
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Standard analgesics reverse burrowing deficits in a rat CCI model of neuropathic pain, but not in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes-induced neuropathic pain. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Caplan IF, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling and Current Approaches for Therapeutic Modulation in Synucleinopathies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 29780321 PMCID: PMC5945810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated as both beneficial and detrimental to health. Integral to this process are microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS. Microglia express a wide variety of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, that detect changes in the neural environment. The activation of microglia and the subsequent proinflammatory response has become increasingly relevant to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Within these diseases there is evidence of the accumulation of endogenous α-synuclein that stimulates an inflammatory response from microglia via the Toll-like receptors. There have been recent developments in both new and old pharmacological agents designed to target microglia and curtail the inflammatory environment. This review will aim to delineate the process of microglia-mediated inflammation and new therapeutic avenues to manage the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Caplan
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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16
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Aranda ML, González Fleitas MF, Dieguez HH, Milne GA, Devouassoux JD, Keller Sarmiento MI, Chianelli M, Sande PH, Dorfman D, Rosenstein RE. Therapeutic benefit of environmental enrichment on optic neuritis. Neuropharmacology 2017; 145:87-98. [PMID: 29233635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative, and presently untreatable condition of the optic nerve which might induce blindness. We analyzed the effect of environmental enrichment (EE) on visual pathway damage provoked by experimental ON induced by a microinjection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the optic nerve. For this purpose, LPS was microinjected into the optic nerve from male Wistar rats. After injection, one group of animals was submitted to EE, and another group remained in standard environment (SE) for 21 days. EE prevented the decrease in pupil light reflex (PLR), visual evoked potentials, retinal anterograde transport, phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity, myelination (luxol fast blue staining), and axon (toluidine blue staining) and retinal ganglion cell (Brn3a-immunoreactivity) number. EE also prevented microglial/macrophage reactivity (Iba-1- and ED1-immunoreactivity), and astrocytosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunostaining) induced by experimental ON. LPS-injected optic nerves displayed oxidative damage and increased inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1β and TNFα mRNA levels which were prevented by EE. EE increased optic nerve brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. When EE started at 4 (but not 7) days post-injection of LPS, a preservation of the PLR was observed at 21 days post-LPS, which was blocked by the daily administration of ANA-12 from day 4 to day 7 post-LPS. Moreover, EE from day 4 to day 7 post-LPS significantly preserved the PLR at 21 days post-injection. Taken together, our data suggest that EE preserved visual functions and reduced neuroinflammation of the optic nerve. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Aranda
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán H Dieguez
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgia A Milne
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián D Devouassoux
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I Keller Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Chianelli
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Sande
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Silva DMMD, Pinheiro L, Azevedo CS, Costa GDP, Talvani A. Influence of environmental enrichment on the behavior and physiology of mice infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:341-349. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0536-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - André Talvani
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil
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18
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Song Y, Gan Y, Wang Q, Meng Z, Li G, Shen Y, Wu Y, Li P, Yao M, Gu J, Tu H. Enriching the Housing Environment for Mice Enhances Their NK Cell Antitumor Immunity via Sympathetic Nerve-Dependent Regulation of NKG2D and CCR5. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1611-1622. [PMID: 28082402 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice housed in an enriched environment display a tumor-resistant phenotype due to eustress stimulation. However, the mechanisms underlying enriched environment-induced protection against cancers remain largely unexplained. In this study, we observed a significant antitumor effect induced by enriched environment in murine pancreatic cancer and lung cancer models. This effect remained intact in T/B lymphocyte-deficient Rag1-/- mice, but was nearly eliminated in natural killer (NK) cell-deficient Beige mice or in antibody-mediated NK-cell-depleted mice, suggesting a predominant role of NK cells in enriched environment-induced tumor inhibition. Exposure to enriched environment enhanced NK-cell activity against tumors and promoted tumoral infiltration of NK cells. Enriched environment increased the expression levels of CCR5 and NKG2D (KLRK1) in NK cells; blocking their function effectively blunted the enriched environment-induced enhancement of tumoral infiltration and cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Moreover, blockade of β-adrenergic signaling or chemical sympathectomy abolished the effects of enriched environment on NK cells and attenuated the antitumor effect of enriched environment. Taken together, our results provide new insight into the mechanism by which eustress exerts a beneficial effect against cancer. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1611-22. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianren Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Virus Infections on Prion Diseased Mice Exacerbate Inflammatory Microglial Response. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3974648. [PMID: 28003864 PMCID: PMC5149707 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3974648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated possible interaction between an arbovirus infection and the ME7 induced mice prion disease. C57BL/6, females, 6-week-old, were submitted to a bilateral intrahippocampal injection of ME7 prion strain (ME7) or normal brain homogenate (NBH). After injections, animals were organized into two groups: NBH (n = 26) and ME7 (n = 29). At 15th week after injections (wpi), animals were challenged intranasally with a suspension of Piry arbovirus 0.001% or with NBH. Behavioral changes in ME7 animals appeared in burrowing activity at 14 wpi. Hyperactivity on open field test, errors on rod bridge, and time reduction in inverted screen were detected at 15th, 19th, and 20th wpi respectively. Burrowing was more sensitive to earlier hippocampus dysfunction. However, Piry-infection did not significantly affect the already ongoing burrowing decline in the ME7-treated mice. After behavioral tests, brains were processed for IBA1, protease-resistant form of PrP, and Piry virus antigens. Although virus infection in isolation did not change the number of microglia in CA1, virus infection in prion diseased mice (at 17th wpi) induced changes in number and morphology of microglia in a laminar-dependent way. We suggest that virus infection exacerbates microglial inflammatory response to a greater degree in prion-infected mice, and this is not necessarily correlated with hippocampal-dependent behavioral deficits.
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20
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de Souza WM, Acrani GO, Romeiro MF, Júnior OR, Tolardo AL, de Andrade AAS, da Silva Gonçalves Vianez Júnior JL, de Almeida Medeiros DB, Nunes MRT, Figueiredo LTM. Complete genome sequence of Piry vesiculovirus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2325-8. [PMID: 27216928 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Piry virus (PIRYV) is a rhabdovirus (genus Vesiculovirus) and is described as a possible human pathogen, originally isolated from a Philander opossum trapped in Para State, Northern Brazil. This study describes the complete full coding sequence and the genetic characterization of PIRYV. The genome sequence reveals that PIRYV has a typical vesiculovirus-like organization, encoding the five genes typical of the genus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that PIRYV is most closely related to Perinet virus and clustered in the same clade as Chandipura and Isfahan vesiculoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marciel de Souza
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Olszanski Acrani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marilia Farignoli Romeiro
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis Júnior
- Laboratório Central de Tecnologias de Alto Desempenho em Ciências da Vida (LaCTAD), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline Lavado Tolardo
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, 14049-900, Brazil
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21
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Z-guggulsterone negatively controls microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via blocking IκB-α-NF-κB signals. Neurosci Lett 2016; 619:34-42. [PMID: 26879835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Induction of pro-inflammatory factors is one of the characteristics of microglial activation and can be regulated by numerous active agents extracted from plants. Suppression of pro-inflammatory factors is beneficial to alleviate neuroinflammation. Z-guggulsterone, a compound extracted from the gum resin of the tree commiphora mukul, exhibits numerous anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role and mechanism of Z-guggulsterone in pro-inflammatory responses in microglia remains unclear. This study addressed this issue in in vitro murine microglia and in vivo neuroinflammation models. Results showed that Z-guggulsterone reduced inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) protein expression as well as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Z-guggulsterone also reduced the mRNA level of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6. Mechanistic studies revealed that Z-guggulsterone attenuated the LPS-induced degradation of inhibitor κ B-α (IκB-α) as well as the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Z-guggulsterone, however, failed to reduce the LPS-induced increase in NF-κB phosphorylation level. These major findings were ascertained in primary microglia where the LPS-induced increases in iNOS expression, NO content, and IκB-α degradation were diminished by Z-guggulsterone treatment. In a mouse model of neuroinflammation, Z-guggulsterone exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects, which were exemplified by the attenuation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation-induced behavioral abnormalities in Z-guggulsterone-treated mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that Z-guggulsterone attenuates the LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia via inhibition of IκB-α-NF-κB signals, providing evidence to uncover the potential role of Z-guggulsterone in neuroinflammation-associated disorder therapies.
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22
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Clipperton-Allen AE, Ingrao JC, Ruggiero L, Batista L, Ovari J, Hammermueller J, Armstrong JN, Bienzle D, Choleris E, Turner PV. Long-Term Provision of Environmental Resources Alters Behavior but not Physiology or Neuroanatomy of Male and Female BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2015; 54:718-730. [PMID: 26632781 PMCID: PMC4671787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of providing environmental resources to mice. This consideration is important given that mice are often maintained in vivaria for months. We evaluated the effects of providing simple cage resources (wood wool, cotton nesting material, a plastic tunnel, and oat cereal) compared with standard housing (solid-bottom cage with hardwood chips) to group-housed adult male and female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice (n = 20/sex/strain/group) over 6 mo to determine whether these resources had a lasting effect on animal physiology, anatomy, and behavior. Body weights increased in all groups over time but were proportionately higher in male and female BALB/c mice housed in resource-supplemented environments. Throughout the study, adding environmental resources had no effect on hematology and lymphocyte subsets, fecal corticoid metabolite levels, response to LPS injection, or dendritic spine length or density. Strain- or sex×environmentspecific changes occurred in dark-light activity and thermal nociceptive responses. Dominant agonistic behaviors, abnormal conspecific sexual behaviors, and social nonagonistic behaviors demonstrated sex and strain×environment interactions such that fewer maladaptive social behaviors were noted in mice that were provided with environmental resources. This association was particularly evident in male mice of both strains in resource-supplemented environments. A small but significant increase in brain weight:body weight ratios occurred in mice in resource-supplemented environments. Under the conditions evaluated here, consistent use of simple environmental resources had a positive long-term effect on the behavioral wellbeing of male and female BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice yet minimally affected other aspects of murine physiology and neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Clipperton-Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joelle C Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Laura Ruggiero
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Lucas Batista
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Nutriza Agroindustrial de Alimentos S.A., Goias, Brazil
| | - Jelena Ovari
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - John N Armstrong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; Department of Biology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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23
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de Sousa AA, Dos Reis RR, de Lima CM, de Oliveira MA, Fernandes TN, Gomes GF, Diniz DG, Magalhães NM, Diniz CG, Sosthenes MCK, Bento-Torres J, Diniz JAP, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz CWP. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis of microglial changes in a mouse model of virus encephalitis: age and environmental influences. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2036-50. [PMID: 25980955 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many RNA virus CNS infections cause neurological disease. Because Piry virus has a limited human pathogenicity and exercise reduces activation of microglia in aged mice, possible influences of environment and aging on microglial morphology and behavior in mice sublethal encephalitis were investigated. Female albino Swiss mice were raised either in standard (S) or in enriched (EE) cages from age 2 to 6 months (young - Y), or from 2 to 16 months (aged - A). After behavioral tests, mice nostrils were instilled with Piry-virus-infected or with normal brain homogenates. Brain sections were immunolabeled for virus antigens or microglia at 8 days post-infection (dpi), when behavioral changes became apparent, and at 20 and 40 dpi, after additional behavioral testing. Young infected mice from standard (SYPy) and enriched (EYPy) groups showed similar transient impairment in burrowing activity and olfactory discrimination, whereas aged infected mice from both environments (EAPy, SAPy) showed permanent reduction in both tasks. The beneficial effects of an enriched environment were smaller in aged than in young mice. Six-hundred and forty microglial cells, 80 from each group were reconstructed. An unbiased, stereological sampling approach and multivariate statistical analysis were used to search for microglial morphological families. This procedure allowed distinguishing between microglial morphology of infected and control subjects. More severe virus-associated microglial changes were observed in young than in aged mice, and EYPy seem to recover microglial homeostatic morphology earlier than SYPy . Because Piry-virus encephalitis outcomes were more severe in aged mice, it is suggested that the reduced inflammatory response in those individuals may aggravate encephalitis outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A de Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renata R Dos Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Camila M de Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcus A de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Giovanni F Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel G Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nara M Magalhães
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam G Diniz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcia C K Sosthenes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Antonio P Diniz
- Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro F da C Vasconcelos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley P Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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24
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Huang C, Lu X, Wang J, Tong L, Jiang B, Zhang W. Inhibition of endogenous heat shock protein 70 attenuates inducible nitric oxide synthase induction via disruption of heat shock protein 70/Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 1-Ca(2+) -calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1-nuclear factor-κB signals in BV-2 microglia. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1192-202. [PMID: 25691123 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) critically contributes to inflammation and host defense. The inhibition of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) prevents iNOS induction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. However, the role and mechanism of endogenous Hsp70 in iNOS induction in microglia remains unclear. This study addresses this issue in BV-2 microglia, showing that Hsp70 inhibition or knockdown prevents LPS-induced iNOS protein expression and nitric oxide production. Real-time PCR experiments showed that LPS-induced iNOS mRNA transcription was blocked by Hsp70 inhibition. Further studies revealed that the inhibition of Hsp70 attenuated LPS-stimulated nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB as well as the degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκB)-α and phosphorylation of IκB kinase β (IKKβ). This prevention effect of Hsp70 inhibition on IKKβ-NF-κB activation was found to be dependent on the Ca(2+) /calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)/transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) signals based on the following observations: 1) chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) or inhibition of CaMKII reduced LPS-induced increases in TAK1 phosphorylation and 2) Hsp70 inhibition reduced LPS-induced increases in CaMKII/TAK1 phosphorylation, intracellular pH value, [Ca(2+) ]i , and CaMKII/TAK1 association. Mechanistic studies showed that Hsp70 inhibition disrupted the association between Hsp70 and Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1), which is an important exchanger responsible for Ca(2+) influx in LPS-stimulated cells. These studies demonstrate that the inhibition of endogenous Hsp70 attenuates the induction of iNOS, which likely occurs through the disruption of NHE1/Hsp70-Ca(2+) -CaMKII/TAK1-NF-κB signals in BV-2 microglia, providing further insight into the functions of Hsp70 in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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25
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Ditewig AC, Bratcher NA, Davila DR, Dayton BD, Ebert P, Lesuisse P, Liguori MJ, Wetter JM, Yang H, Buck WR. Enrichment with wood blocks does not affect toxicity assessment in an exploratory toxicology model using Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2014; 53:246-260. [PMID: 24827566 PMCID: PMC4128562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment in rodents may improve animal well-being but can affect neurologic development, immune system function, and aging. We tested the hypothesis that wood block enrichment affects the interpretation of traditional and transcriptomic endpoints in an exploratory toxicology testing model using a well-characterized reference compound, cyclophosphamide. ANOVA was performed to distinguish effects of wood block enrichment separate from effects of 40 mg/kg cyclophosphamide treatment. Biologically relevant and statistically significant effects of wood block enrichment occurred only for body weight gain. ANOVA demonstrated the expected effects of cyclophosphamide on food consumption, spleen weight, and hematology. According to transcriptomic endpoints, cyclophosphamide induced fewer changes in gene expression in liver than in spleen. Splenic transcriptomic pathways affected by cyclophosphamide included: iron hemostasis; vascular tissue angiotensin system; hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis; complement activation; TGFβ-induced hypertrophy and fibrosis; monocytes, macrophages, and atherosclerosis; and platelet activation. Changes in these pathways due to cyclophosphamide treatment were consistent with bone marrow toxicity regardless of enrichment. In a second study, neither enrichment nor type of cage flooring altered body weight or food consumption over a 28-d period after the first week. In conclusion, wood block enrichment did not interfere with a typical exploratory toxicology study; the effects of ingested wood on drug level kinetics may require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Ditewig
- Cellular, Molecular, and Exploratory Toxicology, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalie A Bratcher
- Office of Animal Welfare and Compliance, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Paige Ebert
- Comparative Medicine, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philippe Lesuisse
- Cellular, Molecular, and Exploratory Toxicology, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Liguori
- Cellular, Molecular, and Exploratory Toxicology, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jill M Wetter
- Exploratory Kinetics, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hyuna Yang
- Exploratory Statistics, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wayne R Buck
- Cellular, Molecular, and Exploratory Toxicology, DSS, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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26
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Jirkof P. Burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 234:139-46. [PMID: 24525328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of pain, distress and suffering, as well as evaluation of the efficacy of stress-reduction strategies, is crucial in animal experimentation but can be challenging in laboratory mice. Nest building and burrowing performance, observed in the home cage, have proved to be valuable and easy-to-use tools to assess brain damage or malfunction as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Both behaviors are used as parameters in models of psychiatric disorders or to monitor sickness behavior following infection. Their use has been proposed in more realistic and clinically relevant preclinical models of disease, and reduction of these behaviors seems to be especially useful as an early sign of dysfunction and to monitor disease progression. Finally, both behaviors are reduced by pain and stress. Therefore, in combination with specific disease markers, changes in nest building and burrowing performance may help provide a global picture of a mouse's state, and thus aid monitoring to ensure well-being in animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulin Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstr. 6, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Diniz D, Foro C, Sosthenes M, Demachki S, Gomes G, Malerba G, Naves T, Cavalcante E, Sousa A, Ferreira F, Anjos P, Neto A, Pinho B, Brito M, Freitas P, Casseb S, Silva E, Nunes M, Diniz J, Cunningham C, Perry V, Vasconcelos P, Diniz C. Aging and Environmental Enrichment Exacerbate Inflammatory Response on Antibody-Enhanced Dengue Disease in Immunocompetent Murine Model. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated in young mice that in comparison with animals raised in an impoverished environment (IE), animals from an enriched environment (EE) show more severe dengue disease, associated with an increased expansion of memory T target cells. Because active older adults show less functional decline in T-cell adaptive immunity, we hypothesized that aged mice from EE would show higher mortality and T-lymphocyte expansion than mice from IE. To test this hypothesis, we administered serial i.p. injections of anti-DENV2 hyperimmune serum, followed 24 h later by DENV3 (genotype III)-infected brain homogenate. Control mice received equal volumes of serum but received uninfected brain homogenate. The presence of virus or viral antigens was indirectly detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Compared to infected IE animals, EE mice, independent of age, showed higher mortality and more intense clinical signs. Compared to young mice, the higher mortality of aged mice was associated with a higher degree of T lymphocytic hyperplasia in the spleen and infiltration in kidneys, liver, and lungs, but less viral antigen immunolabeling. We propose that a higher expansion of T cells and serotype cross-reactive antibodies are associated with disease severity in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.G. Diniz
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - C.A.R. Foro
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - M.C.K. Sosthenes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - S. Demachki
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - G.F. Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - G.A. Malerba
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - T.B. Naves
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - E.A.D. Cavalcante
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - A.M.C. Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - F.A.B. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - P.C.S. Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - A.L.C. Neto
- Universidade do Estado do Pará - UEPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - B.G. Pinho
- Centro de Estudos Superiores do Estado do Pará - CESUPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - M.V. Brito
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, IEC, Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - P.S.L. Freitas
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, IEC, Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - S.M.M. Casseb
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, IEC, Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - E.V.P. Silva
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, IEC, Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - M.R.T. Nunes
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, IEC, Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - J.A.P. Diniz
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, IEC, Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - C. Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - V.H. Perry
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P.F.C. Vasconcelos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, IEC, Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - C.W.P. Diniz
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigções em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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28
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Reichmann F, Painsipp E, Holzer P. Environmental enrichment and gut inflammation modify stress-induced c-Fos expression in the mouse corticolimbic system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54811. [PMID: 23349972 PMCID: PMC3547954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has a beneficial effect on rodent behaviour, neuronal plasticity and brain function. Although it may also improve stress coping, it is not known whether EE influences the brain response to an external (psychological) stressor such as water avoidance stress (WAS) or an internal (systemic) stressor such as gastrointestinal inflammation. This study hence explored whether EE modifies WAS-induced activation of the mouse corticolimbic system and whether this stress response is altered by gastritis or colitis. Male C67BL/6N mice were housed under standard or enriched environment for 9 weeks, after which they were subjected to a 1-week treatment with oral iodoacetamide to induce gastritis or oral dextran sulfate sodium to induce colitis. Following exposure to WAS the expression of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, was measured by immunocytochemistry. EE aggravated experimentally induced colitis, but not gastritis, as shown by an increase in the disease activity score and the colonic myeloperoxidase content. In the brain, EE enhanced the WAS-induced activation of the dentate gyrus and unmasked an inhibitory effect of gastritis and colitis on WAS-evoked c-Fos expression within this part of the hippocampus. Conversely, EE inhibited the WAS-evoked activation of the central amygdala and prevented the inhibitory effect of gastritis and colitis on WAS-evoked c-Fos expression in this region. EE, in addition, blunted the WAS-induced activation of the infralimbic cortex and attenuated the inhibitory effect of gastritis and colitis on WAS-evoked c-Fos expression in this area. These data reveal that EE has a region-specific effect on stress-induced c-Fos expression in the corticolimbic system, which is likely to improve stress resilience. The response of the prefrontal cortex – amygdala – hippocampus circuitry to psychological stress is also modified by the systemic stress of gut inflammation, and this interaction between external and internal stressors is modulated by the housing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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29
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Jurgens HA, Johnson RW. Environmental enrichment attenuates hippocampal neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function during influenza infection. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:1006-16. [PMID: 22687335 PMCID: PMC3454448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings from our lab have shown that peripheral infection of adult mice with influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus induces a neuroinflammatory response that is paralleled by loss of neurotrophic and glial regulatory factors in the hippocampus, and deficits in cognitive function. Environmental enrichment has been shown to exert beneficial effects on the brain and behavior in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, but its therapeutic potential during peripheral viral infection remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine if long-term continuous exposure to environmental enrichment could prevent and/or attenuate the negative effects of influenza infection on the hippocampus and spatial cognition. Mice were housed in enriched or standard conditions for 4 months, and continued to live in their respective environments throughout influenza infection. Cognitive function was assessed in a reversal learning version of the Morris water maze, and changes in hippocampal expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α), neurotrophic (BDNF, NGF), and immunomodulatory (CD200, CX3CL1) factors were determined. We found that environmental enrichment reduced neuroinflammation and helped prevent the influenza-induced reduction in hippocampal CD200. These changes were paralleled by improved cognitive performance of enriched mice infected with influenza when compared to infected mice in standard housing conditions. Collectively, these data are the first to demonstrate the positive impact of environmental enrichment on the brain and cognition during peripheral viral infection, and suggest that enhanced modulation of the neuroimmune response may underlie these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Jurgens
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Silva CF, Duarte FS, Lima TCMD, de Oliveira CL. Effects of social isolation and enriched environment on behavior of adult Swiss mice do not require hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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