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Tanese K, Ogata D. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor family and CD74 in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15122. [PMID: 38884501 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive tumour with poor prognosis that arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Over the past few decades, intense research into the pathogenesis of melanoma has led to the development of BRAF and immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which have shown clinically significant efficacy. However, some tumours do not respond to these therapies initially or become treatment resistant. Most melanoma tissues appear to possess biological characteristics that allow them to evade these treatments, and identifying these characteristics is one of the major challenges facing cancer researchers. One such characteristic that has recently gained attention is the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its receptor CD74. This review outlines the cellular and molecular functions of CD74, MIF and their family of proteins. We then review their roles in tumours based on previous reports, highlight their pathological significance in melanoma and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanese
- Department of Dermatology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ogata
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Zerpa-Hernández DA, García-Chagollán M, Sánchez-Zuno GA, García-Arellano S, Hernández-Bello J, Hernández-Palma LA, Cerpa-Cruz S, Martinez-Bonilla G, Nicoletti F, Muñoz-Valle JF. Expression of Transcriptional Factors of T Helper Differentiation (T-bet, GATA-3, RORγt, and FOXP3), MIF Receptors (CD44, CD74, CXCR2, 4, 7), and Th1, Th2, and Th17 Cytokines in PBMC from Control Subjects and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:1169-1182. [PMID: 37807647 DOI: 10.2174/0115665240260976230925095330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous research indicates that MIF can trigger the expression of cytokine profiles associated with Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from both RA patients and control subjects (CS). Despite these, few studies to date precisely elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved. The present study aimed to associate the expression of Th differentiation TF (T-bet, GATA-3, RORγt) with MIF receptors (CD44, CD74, CXCR2, 4, 7) and Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in PBMC from CS and RA patients. METHOD PBMC from both groups was cultured for 24 h. The expression of the canonical and non-canonical MIF receptors and the TF was determined by flow cytometry. Additionally, multiplex bead analysis was employed to assess the levels of cytokines in the culture supernatants. The findings revealed that T CD4+ lymphocytes in the CS group exhibited a heightened expression of CD74 (p<0.05), whereas RA patients displayed an elevated expression of CXCR7 (p<0.001). Furthermore, T CD4+ lymphocytes from RA patients exhibited greater expression of GATA3, RORγt, and FOXP3, along with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to the CS group (p<0.001). RESULT These results indicate that CD74 is more prominently expressed in PBMC from the CS group, whereas CXCR7 is more expressed in PBMC from RA patients. CONCLUSION We also noted an increased secretion of Th17 profile cytokines in RA, potentially influenced by the activation of FOXP3 via CD74 and RORγt through CXCR7 using the endocytic pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Male
- Female
- Cytokines/metabolism
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Adult
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/genetics
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Aged
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Hyaluronan Receptors
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariel García-Chagollán
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | | | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Luis Alexis Hernández-Palma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrición, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 49000, Mexico
| | - Sergio Cerpa-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, O.P.D. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Jalisco 44280, Mexico
| | - Gloria Martinez-Bonilla
- Servicio de Reumatología, O.P.D. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Jalisco 44280, Mexico
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Sánchez-Zuno GA, Bucala R, Hernández-Bello J, Román-Fernández IV, García-Chagollán M, Nicoletti F, Matuz-Flores MG, García-Arellano S, Esparza-Michel JA, Cerpa-Cruz S, Pérez-Guerrero EE, Muñoz-Valle JF. Canonical (CD74/CD44) and Non-Canonical (CXCR2, 4 and 7) MIF Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Evaluated by DAS28-ESR. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010120. [PMID: 35011861 PMCID: PMC8745239 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) significantly contributes to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the canonical (CD74/CD44) and non-canonical MIF receptors (CXCR2,4 and 7) expression and sCD74 to establish their association with RA clinical activity according to DAS28-ESR. METHODOLOGY 101 RA patients with different clinical activities (remission (n = 27), low (n = 16), moderate (n = 35) and high (n = 23)) and 9 control subjects (CS) were included. Expression was evaluated by flow cytometry and levels of soluble CD74 (sCD74) by ELISA. Data analysis was performed with FlowJov10.0, STATAv12.0, and GraphPad Prism v7.0. RESULTS According to disease activity, CXCR7 expression (percentage of expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)) was higher in granulocytes from patients in remission, while the expression of CXCR4 was higher in patients with high disease activity (p < 0.05). The expression of CD74 was higher in B cells (p < 0.05) and monocytes (p < 0.01) from patients in remission. Regarding sCD74 levels these were higher in patients with high disease activity when compared to those in remission (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results support the need for further study of the role of sCD74 as a soluble MIF decoy receptor, sequestering it to negatively regulate MIF signaling though its membrane receptors. The expression patterns of CXCR4 and CXCR7 show that the latter is a scavenger-type receptor that prevents endocytosis and even degradation of CXCR4 under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Ilce Valeria Román-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Mariel García-Chagollán
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Judith Alejandra Esparza-Michel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - Sergio Cerpa-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, O.P.D. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Jalisco 44280, Mexico;
| | - Edsaúl Emilio Pérez-Guerrero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (G.A.S.-Z.); (J.H.-B.); (I.V.R.-F.); (M.G.-C.); (M.G.M.-F.); (S.G.-A.); (J.A.E.-M.); (E.E.P.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)-1058-5200 (ext. 33603)
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Szczęśniak P, Henke T, Fröhlich S, Plessmann U, Urlaub H, Leng L, Bucala R, Grosse R, Meinhardt A, Klug J. Extracellular MIF, but not its homologue D-DT, promotes fibroblast motility independently of its receptor complex CD74/CD44. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.217356. [PMID: 33328325 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homologue D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) are widely expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines with chemokine-like functions that coordinate a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as migration. Here, we biotin-tagged intracellular MIF/D-DT in vivo to identify important cytosolic interactors and found a plethora of actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins. Although the receptor complex between CD74 and CD44 (CD74/CD44) is essential for signalling transduction in fibroblasts via extracellular MIF/D-DT, our interactome data suggested direct effects. We, thus, investigated whether MIF/D-DT can modulate cell migration independently of CD74/CD44. To distinguish between receptor- and non-receptor-mediated motility, we used fibroblasts that are either deficient or that express CD74/CD44 proteins, and treated them with recombinant MIF/D-DT. Interestingly, only MIF could stimulate chemokinesis in the presence or absence of CD74/CD44. The pro-migratory effects of MIF depended on lipid raft/caveolae-mediated but not clathrin-mediated endocytosis, on its tautomerase activity and, probably, on its thiol protein oxidoreductase activity. As MIF treatment restrained actin polymerisation in vitro, our findings establish a new intracellular role for MIF/D-DT in driving cell motility through modulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szczęśniak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Tamara Henke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Suada Fröhlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Uwe Plessmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Research Group 'Bioanalytics', University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Jörg Klug
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, Gießen 35392, Germany
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5
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Abstract
Initially identified as a T lymphocyte-elicited inhibitor of macrophage motility, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has since been found to be expressed by nearly every immune cell type examined and overexpressed in most solid and hematogenous malignant cancers. It is localized to both extracellular and intracellular compartments and physically interacts with more than a dozen different cell surface and intracellular proteins. Although classically associated with and characterized as a mediator of pro-inflammatory innate immune responses, more recent studies demonstrate that, in malignant disease settings, MIF contributes to anti-inflammatory, immune evasive, and immune tolerant phenotypes in both innate and adaptive immune cell types. This review will summarize the studies describing MIF in tumor-specific innate and adaptive immune responses and attempt to reconcile these various pleiotropic functions in normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. Noe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Robert A. Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Lai YC, Chao CH, Yeh TM. Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Dengue Pathogenesis: From Pathogenic Factor to Therapeutic Target. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060891. [PMID: 32545679 PMCID: PMC7356240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral infection and can lead to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and even life-threatening dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Although the cytokine storm has been revealed as a critical factor in dengue disease, the limited understanding of dengue immunopathogenesis hinders the development of effective treatments. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that mediates diverse immune responses, and the serum level of MIF positively correlates with disease severity in patients with dengue. MIF is involved in DENV replication and many pathological changes, such as vascular leakage, during DENV infection. In this paper, the pathogenic roles of MIF and the regulation of MIF secretion during DENV infection are reviewed. Furthermore, whether MIF is a potential therapeutic target against DENV infection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chung Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chiao-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5778)
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Illescas O, Pacheco-Fernández T, Laclette JP, Rodriguez T, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Immune modulation by the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family: D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) is not (always) a backup system. Cytokine 2020; 133:155121. [PMID: 32417648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) is a protein with cytokine and chemokine properties that regulates a diverse range of physiological functions related to innate immunity and inflammation. Most research has focused on the role of MIF in different inflammatory diseases. D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), a different molecule with structural similarities to MIF, which shares receptors and biological functions, has recently been reported, but little is known about its roles and mechanisms. In this review, we sought to understand the similarities and differences between these molecules by summarizing what is known about their different structures, receptors and mechanisms regulating their expression and biological activities with an emphasis on immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Illescas
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernández
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Tonathiu Rodriguez
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico.
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Rijvers L, Melief M, van der Vuurst de Vries RM, Stéphant M, van Langelaar J, Wierenga‐Wolf AF, Hogervorst JM, Geurts‐Moespot AJ, Sweep FCGJ, Hintzen RQ, van Luijn MM. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor pathway in human B cells is tightly controlled and dysregulated in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1861-1871. [PMID: 30160778 PMCID: PMC6282801 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In MS, B cells survive peripheral tolerance checkpoints to mediate local inflammation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are relatively underexplored. In mice, the MIF pathway controls B-cell development and the induction of EAE. Here, we found that MIF and MIF receptor CD74 are downregulated, while MIF receptor CXCR4 is upregulated in B cells from early onset MS patients. B cells were identified as the main immune subset in blood expressing MIF. Blocking of MIF and CD74 signaling in B cells triggered CXCR4 expression, and vice versa, with separate effects on their proinflammatory activity, proliferation, and sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This study reveals a new reciprocal negative regulation loop between CD74 and CXCR4 in human B cells. The disturbance of this loop during MS onset provides further insights into how pathogenic B cells survive peripheral tolerance checkpoints to mediate disease activity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Rijvers
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie‐José Melief
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Roos M. van der Vuurst de Vries
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maeva Stéphant
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jamie van Langelaar
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Annet F. Wierenga‐Wolf
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeanet M. Hogervorst
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Fred C. G. J. Sweep
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q. Hintzen
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marvin M. van Luijn
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Invariant Chain Complexes and Clusters as Platforms for MIF Signaling. Cells 2017; 6:cells6010006. [PMID: 28208600 PMCID: PMC5371871 DOI: 10.3390/cells6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii/CD74) has been identified as a surface receptor for migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Most cells that express Ii also synthesize major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules, which depend on Ii as a chaperone and a targeting factor. The assembly of nonameric complexes consisting of one Ii trimer and three MHC II molecules (each of which is a heterodimer) has been regarded as a prerequisite for efficient delivery to the cell surface. Due to rapid endocytosis, however, only low levels of Ii-MHC II complexes are displayed on the cell surface of professional antigen presenting cells and very little free Ii trimers. The association of Ii and MHC II has been reported to block the interaction with MIF, thus questioning the role of surface Ii as a receptor for MIF on MHC II-expressing cells. Recent work offers a potential solution to this conundrum: Many Ii-complexes at the cell surface appear to be under-saturated with MHC II, leaving unoccupied Ii subunits as potential binding sites for MIF. Some of this work also sheds light on novel aspects of signal transduction by Ii-bound MIF in B-lymphocytes: membrane raft association of Ii-MHC II complexes enables MIF to target Ii-MHC II to antigen-clustered B-cell-receptors (BCR) and to foster BCR-driven signaling and intracellular trafficking.
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10
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Transcriptional changes of mouse splenocyte organelle components following acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:7-16. [PMID: 27132051 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a globally spread zoonosis. The pathogen Toxoplasma gondii can hijack cellular organelles of host for replication. Although a number of important cellular life events are controlled by cell organelles, very little is known of the transcriptional changes of host cellular organelles after infection with T. gondii. Herein, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analyses to study the global organelle component changes. It was found that many transcripts of the mouse spleen cellular organelle components were altered by acute T. gondii infection with the RH strain (Type I). Most differentially expressed transcripts of mitochondrial components were downregulated, especially those involved in biosynthetic and metabolic processes. Moreover, mitochondria based apoptosis process was downregulated. In terms of cytoskeleton, most differentially expressed transcript of cytoskeleton components were also downregulated, including septin cytoskeleton, cytoskeleton organization, centrosome and myosin. For endolysosomal system, ion transporters were downregulated at mRNA level, whereas the cytolytic components were increased, such as granzymes, Rab27a and perforin1 (Prf1). The main transcripts of Golgi apparatus components involved in sialylation or vesicle-mediated transportation were downregulated, while immune related components were upregulated. For endoplasmic reticulum (ER), posttranslational modification, drug metabolism and material transportation related transcripts were downregulated. In addition, T. gondii antigen cross-presentation by MHC-I complex could be downregulated by the downregulation of CD76 and ubiquitination related transcripts. The present study, for the first time, described the transcriptional changes of the mouse spleen cellular organelles following acute T. gondii infection, which provides a foundation to study the interaction between T. gondii and host cells at the sub-cellular level.
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11
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Schröder B. The multifaceted roles of the invariant chain CD74--More than just a chaperone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1269-81. [PMID: 27033518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The invariant chain (CD74) is well known for its essential role in antigen presentation by mediating assembly and subcellular trafficking of the MHCII complex. Beyond this, CD74 has also been implicated in a number of processes independent of MHCII. These include the regulation of endosomal trafficking, cell migration and cellular signalling as surface receptor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). In several forms of cancer, CD74 is up-regulated and associated with enhanced proliferation and metastatic potential. In this review, an overview of the diverse biological functions of the CD74 protein is provided with a particular focus on how these may be regulated. In particular, proteolysis of CD74 will be discussed as a central mechanism to control the actions of this important protein at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schröder
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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12
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Costa AF, Gomes SZ, Lorenzon-Ojea AR, Martucci M, Faria MR, Pinto DDS, Oliveira SF, Ietta F, Paulesu L, Bevilacqua E. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces phosphorylation of Mdm2 mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt kinase: Role of this pathway in decidual cell survival. Placenta 2016; 41:27-38. [PMID: 27208405 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has an anti-apoptotic effect through several downstream targets, which includes activation of the transformed mouse 3T3 cell double-minute 2 (Mdm2) protein, its translocation to the nucleus and degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. We show that Mif, the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, an important cytokine at the maternal fetal interface in several species, triggers phosphorylation of Mdm2 protein in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner, thereby preventing apoptosis in cultured mouse decidual cells. Inhibition of Akt and PI3K suppresses the pathway. Mif treatment also changes the nuclear translocation of p53 and interferes with the apoptotic fate of these cells when challenged with reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, an important mechanism has been found underlying decidual cell survival through Akt signaling pathway activated by Mif, suggesting a role for this cytokine in decidual homeostasis and in the integrity of the maternal-fetal barrier that is essential for successful gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fraga Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Stomatology, Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Zago Gomes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline R Lorenzon-Ojea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Martucci
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Rubio Faria
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio F Oliveira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesca Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luana Paulesu
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK, Virdi JS. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:791. [PMID: 26300860 PMCID: PMC4525378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently microorganisms are best identified using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. However, in recent years matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a potential tool for microbial identification and diagnosis. During the MALDI-TOF MS process, microbes are identified using either intact cells or cell extracts. The process is rapid, sensitive, and economical in terms of both labor and costs involved. The technology has been readily imbibed by microbiologists who have reported usage of MALDI-TOF MS for a number of purposes like, microbial identification and strain typing, epidemiological studies, detection of biological warfare agents, detection of water- and food-borne pathogens, detection of antibiotic resistance and detection of blood and urinary tract pathogens etc. The limitation of the technology is that identification of new isolates is possible only if the spectral database contains peptide mass fingerprints of the type strains of specific genera/species/subspecies/strains. This review provides an overview of the status and recent applications of mass spectrometry for microbial identification. It also explores the usefulness of this exciting new technology for diagnosis of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan K Kanaujia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi New Delhi, India
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14
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Campo GM, Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Scuruchi M, Calatroni A, Campo S. Beta-arrestin 1 is involved in the catabolic response stimulated by hyaluronan degradation in mouse chondrocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:567-79. [PMID: 25673209 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beta-arrestin-1 (β-arrestin-1) is an adaptor protein that functions in the termination of G-protein activation and seems to be involved in the mediation of the inflammatory response. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) elicits the expression of inflammatory mediators through a mechanism involving hyaluronan (HA) degradation, thereby contributing to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and CD44 activation. Stimulation of both receptors induces nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB) activation that, through transforming-growth-factor-activated-kinase-1 (TAK-1), in turn stimulates the inflammatory mediators of transcription. As β-arrestin-1 seems to play an inflammatory role in arthritis, we have investigated the involvement of β-arrestin-1 in a model of IL-1β-induced inflammatory response in mouse chondrocytes. IL-1β treatment significantly increases chondrocytes TLR-4, CD44, β-arrestin-1, TAK-1, and serine/threonine kinase (AKT) mRNA expression and related protein levels. NF-kB is also markedly activated with consequent tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase up-regulation. Treatment of IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes with β-arrestin-1 and/or AKT and/or TAK-1-specific inhibitors significantly reduces all parameters, although the inhibitory effect exerted by TAK-1-mediated pathways is more effective than that of β-arrestin-1. β-Arrestin-1-induced NF-kB activation is mediated by the AKT pathway as shown by IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes treated with AKT inhibitor. Finally, a specific HA-blocking peptide (Pep-1) has confirmed the inflammatory role of degraded HA as a mediator of the IL-1β-induced activation of β-arrestin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Section of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine (Policlinico Universitario), University of Messina, Torre Biologica, 5° Piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy,
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15
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Nagata Y, Yoshihisa Y, Matsunaga K, Rehman MU, Kitaichi N, Shimizu T. Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis and pollen dermatitis in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115593. [PMID: 25647395 PMCID: PMC4315585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen is a clinically important airborne allergen and one of the major causes of allergic conjunctivitis. A subpopulation of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are also known to have exacerbated skin eruptions on the face, especially around the eyelids, after contact with pollen. This pollen-induced skin reaction is now known as pollen dermatitis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pluripotent cytokine that plays an essential role in allergic inflammation. Recent findings suggest that MIF is involved in several allergic disorders, including AD. In this study, MIF knockout (KO), MIF transgenic (Tg) and WT littermate mice were immunized with ragweed (RW) pollen or Japanese cedar (JC) pollen and challenged via eye drops. We observed that the numbers of conjunctiva- and eyelid-infiltrating eosinophils were significantly increased in RW and JC pollen-sensitized MIF Tg compared with WT mice or MIF KO mice. The mRNA expression levels of eotaxin, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 were increased in pollen-sensitized eyelid skin sites of MIF Tg mice. An in vitro analysis revealed that high eotaxin expression was induced in dermal fibroblasts by MIF combined with stimulation of IL-4 or IL-13. This eotaxin expression was inhibited by the treatment with CD74 siRNA in fibroblasts. These findings indicate that MIF can induce eosinophil accumulation in the conjunctiva and eyelid dermis exposed to pollen. Therefore, targeted inhibition of MIF might result as a new option to control pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis and pollen dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nagata
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshihisa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsunaga
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mati Ur Rehman
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kitaichi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Li H, Hu D, Fan H, Zhang Y, LeSage GD, Caudle Y, Stuart C, Liu Z, Yin D. β-Arrestin 2 negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-triggered inflammatory signaling via targeting p38 MAPK and interleukin 10. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23075-23085. [PMID: 25012660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of IL-10 production in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that β-arrestin 2 positively regulates TLR-triggered IL-10 production in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent mechanism. In vitro studies with cells including peritoneal macrophages and HEK293/TLR4 cells have demonstrated that β-arrestin 2 forms complexes with p38 and facilitates p38 activation after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Deficiency of β-arrestin 2 and inhibition of p38 MAPK activity both ameliorate TLR4-stimulated IL-10 response. Additionally, in vivo experiments show that mice lacking β-arrestin 2 produce less amount of IL-10, and are more susceptible to LPS-induced septic shock which is further enhanced by blocking IL-10 signal. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which β-arrestin 2 negatively regulates TLR4-mediated inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614,; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China, and
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Gene D LeSage
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Charles Stuart
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China, and.
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614,.
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17
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Bevilacqua E, Paulesu L, Ferro EAV, Ietta F, Faria MR, Lorenzon AR, Costa AF, Martucci M. Review: putative roles for the macrophage migratory inhibitory factor at the maternal fetal interface. Placenta 2013; 35 Suppl:S51-6. [PMID: 24215782 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex and dynamic networks of molecules participate in the essential interactions between maternal organism, placenta and fetus in a healthy and successful pregnancy. Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of several molecules produced at implantation sites; MIF is mostly expressed by trophoblast cells. This has led to expectations of MIF's relevance as a partner in the maternal/fetal dialog. MIF is known by its biological interactions and functional roles as an activator of innate immunity, regulating subsequent adaptive responses, which include inhibition of migration of mononuclear cells in vitro, antagonism of glucocorticoids, and regulation of expression of Toll-like receptor 4. Beyond roles in the inflammatory response, MIF can interfere with proliferative activities in different cell types, as well as with cell death pathways. This intriguing factor found at the human, porcine, ovine, bovine and rodent maternal-fetal interfaces is present in a time- and spatially-dependent manner, indicating regulatory roles in the process of embryo implantation, placental development, maintenance of pregnancy and birth. Here, we will review MIF participation in placental physiology, including new evidence for a dialog with uterine cells, and a potential role in protection of uterine decidual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bevilacqua
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - L Paulesu
- Department of Life Sciences, Reproductive Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - E A V Ferro
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - F Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, Reproductive Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - M R Faria
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A R Lorenzon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A F Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Stomatology Department, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Martucci
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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19
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Fan H. β-Arrestins 1 and 2 are critical regulators of inflammation. Innate Immun 2013; 20:451-60. [PMID: 24029143 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913501098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins 1 and 2 couple to seven trans-membrane receptors and regulate G protein-dependent signaling, receptor endocytosis and ubiquitylation. Recent studies have uncovered several unanticipated functions of β-arrestins, suggesting that the role of β-arrestins in cell signaling is much broader than originally thought. It is now recognized that β-arrestins can transduce receptor signaling independent of G proteins. The expression of β-arrestins is differentially regulated in immune cells and tissues in response to specific inflammatory stimuli, and β-arrestins are critical regulators of the inflammatory response. This review will focus on β-arrestins in immune cells and the impact of altered expression on the pathogenesis of specific inflammatory diseases. Understanding the role of β-arrestins in inflammation may lead to new strategies to treat inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkuan Fan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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20
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Tillmann S, Bernhagen J, Noels H. Arrest Functions of the MIF Ligand/Receptor Axes in Atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:115. [PMID: 23720662 PMCID: PMC3655399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been defined as an important chemokine-like function (CLF) chemokine with an essential role in monocyte recruitment and arrest. Adhesion of monocytes to the vessel wall and their transendothelial migration are critical in atherogenesis and many other inflammatory diseases. Chemokines carefully control all steps of the monocyte recruitment process. Those chemokines specialized in controlling arrest are typically immobilized on the endothelial surface, mediating the arrest of rolling monocytes by chemokine receptor-triggered pathways. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 functions as an important arrest receptor on monocytes. An arrest function has been revealed for the bona fide CXCR2 ligands CXCL1 and CXCL8, but genetic studies also suggested that additional arrest chemokines are likely to be involved in atherogenic leukocyte recruitment. While CXCR2 is known to interact with numerous CXC chemokine ligands, the CLF chemokine MIF, which structurally does not belong to the CXC chemokine sub-family, was surprisingly identified as a non-cognate ligand of CXCR2, responsible for critical arrest functions during the atherogenic process. MIF was originally identified as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (this function being eponymous), but is now known as a potent inflammatory cytokine with CLFs including chemotaxis and leukocyte arrest. This review will cover the mechanisms underlying these functions, including MIF’s effects on LFA1 integrin activity and signal transduction, and will discuss the structural similarities between MIF and the bona fide CXCR2 ligand CXCL8 while emphasizing the structural differences. As MIF also interacts with CXCR4, a chemokine receptor implicated in CXCL12-elicited lymphocyte arrest, the arrest potential of the MIF/CXCR4 axis will also be scrutinized as well as the recently identified role of pericyte MIF in attracting leukocytes exiting through venules as part of the pericyte “motility instruction program.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Tillmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
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21
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Chuang YC, Su WH, Lei HY, Lin YS, Liu HS, Chang CP, Yeh TM. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces autophagy via reactive oxygen species generation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37613. [PMID: 22629429 PMCID: PMC3358253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that maintains cellular homeostasis under stress conditions such as starvation and pathogen infection. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays important roles in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α that are induced by MIF have been shown to be involved in the induction of autophagy. However, the actual role of MIF in autophagy remains unclear. Here, we have demonstrated that incubation of human hepatoma cell line HuH-7 cells with recombinant MIF (rMIF) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and autophagy formation, including LC3-II expression, LC3 punctae formation, autophagic flux, and mitochondria membrane potential loss. The autophagy induced by rMIF was inhibited in the presence of MIF inhibitor, ISO-1 as well as ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). In addition, serum starvation-induced MIF release and autophagy of HuH-7 cells were partly blocked in the presence of NAC. Moreover, diminished MIF expression by shRNA transfection or inhibition of MIF by ISO-1 decreased serum starvation-induced autophagy of HuH-7 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that cell autophagy was induced by MIF under stress conditions such as inflammation and starvation through ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hong Su
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yao Lei
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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22
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Dual-targeting immunotherapy of lymphoma: potent cytotoxicity of anti-CD20/CD74 bispecific antibodies in mantle cell and other lymphomas. Blood 2012; 119:3767-78. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-381988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We describe the use of novel bispecific hexavalent Abs (HexAbs) to enhance anticancer immunotherapy. Two bispecific HexAbs [IgG-(Fab)4 constructed from veltuzumab (anti-CD20 IgG) and milatuzumab (anti-CD74 IgG)] show enhanced cytotoxicity in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other lymphoma/leukemia cell lines, as well as patient tumor samples, without a crosslinking Ab, compared with their parental mAb counterparts, alone or in combination. The bispecific HexAbs have different properties from and are more potent than their parental mAbs in vitro. The juxtaposition of CD20 and CD74 on MCL cells by the HexAbs resulted in homotypic adhesion and triggered intracellular changes that include loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, rapid and sustained phosphorylation of ERKs and JNK, down-regulation of pAkt and Bcl-xL, actin reorganization, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, culminating in cell death. They also displayed different potencies in depleting lymphoma cells and normal B cells from whole blood ex vivo and significantly extended the survival of nude mice bearing MCL xenografts in a dose-dependent manner, thus indicating stability and antitumor activity in vivo. Such bispecific HexAbs may constitute a new class of therapeutic agents for improved cancer immunotherapy, as shown here for MCL and other CD20+/CD74+ malignancies.
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23
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Schwartz V, Krüttgen A, Weis J, Weber C, Ostendorf T, Lue H, Bernhagen J. Role for CD74 and CXCR4 in clathrin-dependent endocytosis of the cytokine MIF. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:435-49. [PMID: 22014447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immunity. Depending on the cellular context and disease state, MIF signaling is mediated by its receptors CXCR2, CXCR4 and/or CD74. Although it is known that MIF is endocytosed, the exact mechanism has remained unknown. In exploring the mechanism of MIF endocytosis with biologically active Alexa(546)MIF, pathway-specific inhibitors (monodansylcadaverine, MDC; chlorpromazine, CPZ; dynasore; dominant-negative dynamin, bafilomycin, nocodazole) and receptor overexpression and blockade approaches, we identified a clathrin/dynamin-dependent endocytosis pathway as the main track for MIF internalization. MIF endocytosis was rapid and colocalization with both early and late endosomal vesicles in a microtubule- and acidification-dependent manner was observed. LDL endocytosis (which is clathrin-mediated) served as a control and was similarly inhibited by MDC or dynasore. When MIF endocytosis was compared to that of transferrin, acetylated LDL, and choleratoxin B (the latter internalized by a clathrin-independent pathway) by colocalization studies, the MIF internalization pathway clearly resembled that of LDL but also shared early trafficking with transferrin, whereas no colocalization with choleratoxin was noted. To identify the receptors involved in MIF endocytosis, we focused on CD74 and CXCR4 which form a heteromeric complex. Ectopic overexpression of CD74 in HEK293 and HeLa cells, which do not endogenously express CD74, led to a marked acceleration of MIF endocytosis while pharmacological blockade of CXCR4, which is endogenously expressed on these cells, with AMD3100 led to a 20% reduction of MIF endocytosis in HEK293-CD74 transfectants, whereas in untransfected cells, a blockade of 40% was observed. Of note, both CD74 and CXCR4 strongly colocalize with Alexa(546)MIF both on the plasma membrane and in endosomal compartments. Moreover, MIF-stimulated AKT signaling, which was previously shown to involve both CD74 and CXCR4, was reduced by endocytosis inhibitors, indicating that MIF signaling is at least in part due to endosomal signaling mechanisms. Thus, MIF uptake follows a rapid LDL-like, clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis pathway, which is dependent on the receptors CD74 and CXCR4 and leads to the initiation of endosomal signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the Th2 immune response to epicutaneous sensitization. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:666-80. [PMID: 21559932 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the generation of the Th2 response using MIF-deficient mice in a model of epicutaneous sensitization to ovalbumin. Lymph node cells from sensitized MIF-deficient mice produce lower levels of Th2 cytokines after antigen challenge when compared to their wild-type counterparts. Sensitized mice lacking MIF show less pulmonary inflammation after intranasal antigen exposure. Mice deficient in CD74, the MIF receptor, also are unable to generate an inflammatory response to epicutaneous sensitization. Examination of the elicitation phase of the atopic response using DO11.10 OVA TCR transgenic animals shows that T cell proliferation and IL-2 production are strongly impaired in MIF-deficient T cells. This defect is most profound when both T cells and antigen-presenting cells are lacking MIF. These data suggest that MIF is crucial both for the sensitization and the elicitation phases of a Th2-type immune response in allergic disease.
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