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Vaughn RN, Kochan KJ, Torres AK, Du M, Riley DG, Gill CA, Herring AD, Sanders JO, Riggs PK. Skeletal Muscle Expression of Actinin-3 (ACTN3) in Relation to Feed Efficiency Phenotype of F2Bos indicus - Bos taurus Steers. Front Genet 2022; 13:796038. [PMID: 35186028 PMCID: PMC8850926 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.796038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene expression was investigated in relation to the feed efficiency phenotype in Bos indicus - Bos taurus crossbred steers. A measure of relative feed efficiency based on residual feed intake relative to predictions from the NRC beef cattle model was analyzed by the use of a mixed linear model that included sire and family nested within sire as fixed effects and age, animal type, sex, condition, and breed as random effects for 173 F2 Nellore-Angus steers. Based on these residual intake observations, individuals were ranked from most efficient to least efficient. Skeletal muscle samples were analyzed from 54 steers in three groups of 18 (high efficiency, low efficiency, and a statistically average group). ACTN3, which encodes a muscle-specific structural protein, was previously identified as a candidate gene from a microarray analysis of RNA extracted from muscle samples obtained from a subset of steers from each of these three efficiency groups. The expression of ACTN3 was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. The expression of ACTN3 in skeletal muscle was 1.6-fold greater in the inefficient steer group than in the efficient group (p = 0.007). In addition to expression measurements, blocks of SNP haplotypes were assessed for breed or parent of origin effects. A maternal effect was observed for ACTN3 inheritance, indicating that a maternal B. indicus block conferred improved residual feed efficiency relative to the B. taurus copy (p = 0.03). A SNP haplotype analysis was also conducted for m-calpain (CAPN2) and fibronectin 1 (FN1), and a significant breed effect was observed for both genes, with B. indicus and B. taurus alleles each conferring favorable efficiency when inherited maternally (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04). Because the ACTN3 structural protein is specific to fast-twitch (type II) muscle fibers and not present in slow-twitch muscle fibers (type I), muscle samples used for expression analysis were also assayed for fiber type ratio (type II/type I). Inefficient animals had a fast fiber type ratio 1.8-fold greater than the efficient animals (p = 0.027). Because these fiber-types exhibit different metabolic profiles, we hypothesize that animals with a greater proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers are also less feed efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Vaughn
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kelli J. Kochan
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Aline K. Torres
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David G. Riley
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Clare A. Gill
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Andy D. Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James O. Sanders
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Penny K. Riggs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Penny K. Riggs,
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Sarcopenia, Obesity, and Sarcopenic Obesity: Relationship with Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214933. [PMID: 34768452 PMCID: PMC8584842 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity may aggravate the effects of sarcopenia on skeletal muscle structure and function in the elderly, but no study has attempted to identify the gene variants associated with sarcopenia in obese women. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to: (1) describe neuromuscular function in sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic women with or without obesity; (2) identify gene variants associated with sarcopenia in older obese women. In 307 Caucasian women (71 ± 6 years, 66.3 ± 11.3 kg), skeletal muscle mass was estimated using bioelectric impedance, and function was tested with a 30 s one-leg standing-balance test. Biceps brachii thickness and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (VLACSA) were measured with B-mode ultrasonography. Handgrip strength, maximum voluntary contraction elbow flexion (MVCEF), and knee extension torque (MVCKE) were measured by dynamometry, and MVCKE/VLACSA was calculated. Genotyping was performed for 24 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), selected based on their previous associations with muscle-related phenotypes. Based on sarcopenia and obesity thresholds, groups were classified as sarcopenic obese, non-sarcopenic obese, sarcopenic non-obese, or non-sarcopenic non-obese. A two-way analysis of covariance was used to assess the main effects of sarcopenia and obesity on muscle-related phenotypes and binary logistic regression was performed for each SNP to investigate associations with sarcopenia in obesity. There were no significant obesity * sarcopenic status interactions for any of the investigated muscle-related phenotypic parameters. Neither sarcopenia nor obesity had a significant effect on biceps brachii thickness, but sarcopenia was associated with lower VLACSA (p = 0.003). Obesity was associated with lower MVCEF (p = 0.032), MVCKE (p = 0.047), and MVCKE/VLACSA (p = 0.012) with no significant effect of sarcopenia. Adjusted for age and height, three SNPs (ACTN3 rs1815739, MTHFR rs1801131, and MTHFR rs1537516) were associated with sarcopenia in obese participants. Sarcopenia was associated with a smaller muscle size, while obesity resulted in a lower muscle quality irrespective of sarcopenia. Three gene variants (ACTN3 rs1815739, MTHFR rs1801131, and MTHFR rs1537516) suspected to affect muscle function, homocysteine metabolism, or DNA methylation, respectively, were associated with sarcopenia in obese elderly women. Understanding the skeletal muscle features affected by sarcopenia and obesity, and identification of genes related to sarcopenia in obese women, may facilitate early detection of individuals at particular risk of sarcopenic obesity.
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Fernández-Araque A, Giaquinta-Aranda A, Rodríguez-Díez JA, Carretero-Molinero S, López-López J, Verde Z. Muscular Strength and Quality of Life in Older Adults: The Role of ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1055. [PMID: 33504021 PMCID: PMC7908609 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As longevity is increasing, the 65-year-old and older population is projected to increase in the next decades, as are the consequences of age-related muscle deterioration on the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of the ACTN3R577X polymorphism with quality of life and muscular strength in an older Spanish population. In total, 281 older adults participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, chronic diseases, prescribed medications, quality of life, hand grip strength, and physical activity and nutritional status data were collected. ACTN3 R577X genotyping was determined using Taqman probes. Multivariate regression analysis revealed in adjusted model that, in men, the ACTN3 R577X genotype was significantly associated with hand grip strength (HGS), regression coefficient (β) = 1.23, p = 0.008, dimension 1 of the five-dimension questionnaire EuroQoL (EQ-5D, mobility), (β) = -1.44, p = 0.006, and clinical group risk (CGR) category (β) = -1.38, p = 0.006. In women, a marginal association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and the CGR category was observed, with a regression coefficient of (β) = -0.97, (p = 0.024). Our findings suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype may influence the decline in muscle strength and quality of life in older Spanish adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Araque
- Department of Nursery, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (A.G.-A.); (S.C.-M.)
| | - Andrea Giaquinta-Aranda
- Department of Nursery, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (A.G.-A.); (S.C.-M.)
| | - Jose Andrés Rodríguez-Díez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (J.A.R.-D.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Silvia Carretero-Molinero
- Department of Nursery, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (A.G.-A.); (S.C.-M.)
| | - Jorge López-López
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (J.A.R.-D.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Zoraida Verde
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain; (J.A.R.-D.); (J.L.-L.)
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Effect of ACTN3 Genotype on Sports Performance, Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, and Injury Epidemiology. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8070099. [PMID: 32668587 PMCID: PMC7404684 DOI: 10.3390/sports8070099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in athletic performance and its related phenotypes such as power, strength and aerobic capacity. In this regard, the lack of a muscle protein due to a genetic polymorphism has been found to affect sport performance in a wide variety of ways. α-actinin-3 is a protein located within the skeletal muscle with a key role in the production of sarcomeric force. A common stop-codon polymorphism (rs1815739; R577X) in the gene that codes for α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) produces individuals with the XX genotype that lack expression of a functional α-actinin-3. In contrast, individuals with the R-allele (i.e., RX vs. RR genotypes) in this polymorphism can express α-actinin-3. Interestingly, around ~18% of the world population have the XX genotype and much has been debated about why a polymorphism that produces a lack of a muscle protein has endured natural selection. Several investigations have found that α-actinin-3 deficiency due to XX homozygosity in the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism can negatively affect sports performance through several structural, metabolic, or signaling changes. In addition, new evidence suggests that α-actinin-3 deficiency may also impact sports performance through indirect factors such a higher risk for injury or lower resistance to muscle-damaging exercise. The purpose of this discussion is to provide a clear explanation of the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency due to the ACTN3 XX genotype on sport. Key focus has been provided about the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency on morphologic changes in skeletal muscle, on the low frequency of XX athletes in some athletic disciplines, and on injury epidemiology.
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Romero-Blanco C, Artiga González MJ, Gómez-Cabello A, Vila-Maldonado S, Casajús JA, Ara I, Aznar S. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism related to sarcopenia and physical fitness in active older women. Climacteric 2020; 24:89-94. [PMID: 32602369 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1776248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population is getting older, physical activity promotion becomes a good strategy to increase quality of life in the elderly; but genetic condition also plays an important role. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with physical fitness and muscle mass in physically active older women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with two groups of older women who practiced physical exercise regularly. The first cohort comprised 164 women (age 69.7 ± 3.2 years) and the second cohort 131 women (age 78.5 ± 3.0 years). The main outcome measures were anthropometric measures with assessment of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, self-reported physical activity EXERNET questionnaire (EEPAQ), evaluation of physical fitness (muscle strength and flexibility test), and ACTN3 genotyping. RESULTS Women above 75 years old with allele R presented a higher risk of experiencing sarcopenia compared to ACTNR XX homozygous women (odds ratio 0.356, 95% confidence interval 0.139-0.915, p = 0.026). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the chair stand test (p = 0.04), as well as in the sit and reach test (p = 0.01), with better results for women below 75 years old with the ACTN3 XX genotype. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia and physical fitness show differences based on the ACTN3 R577X genotype in active older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romero-Blanco
- PAFS Research Group (Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Vila-Maldonado
- GENUD Toledo Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - J A Casajús
- GENUD Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Ara
- CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - S Aznar
- PAFS Research Group (Physical Activity and Health Promotion Research Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBERFES Research Group (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable), Madrid, Spain
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Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou ID, Seto JT, Pérez LM, Coso JD, North KN, Lucia A, Eynon N. Is evolutionary loss our gain? The role of
ACTN3
p.Arg577Ter (R577X) genotype in athletic performance, ageing, and disease. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1774-1787. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | | | - Jane T. Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Laura M. Pérez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (Faculty of Sport Sciences) Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory Camilo José Cela University Madrid Spain
| | - Kathryn N. North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (Faculty of Sport Sciences) Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable Madrid Spain
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) Victoria University Victoria Australia
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Abstract
As human longevity increases, recent research has focused on the maintenance of optimal health during old age. One such area of focus is that of muscle function in the elderly, with a loss of muscle mass increasing the risk of negative outcomes such as sarcopenia and a decrease in bone mineral density. In this mini-review, we focus on the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism in ACTN3, shown to impact muscle phenotype in elite athletes, on loss of muscle function, maintenance of bone mineral density, and metabolic disorder risk in an elderly population. From the surveyed research, this polymorphism has a clear and demonstrable impact on muscle phenotype and bone mineral density in this population, and acts as a potential modulator for metabolic disorders. As such, knowledge of an individual's ACTN3 genotype may better inform the management of risk factors in the elderly, as well as driving innovations in exercise program design. Subsequently, such insights may contribute to the prolonged maintenance of health and function long into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Ribas MR, Oliveira Netto ZC, Salgueirosa F, Fernandes P, Matos OD, Bassan JC. ASSOCIATION OF ACTN3 R577X AND ACE I/D POLYMORPHISMS IN BRAZILIANS WRESTLERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172306171864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: By associating genetics and sport, it is possible to identify subjects with greater capacity to adapt to training, and lower chances of injury. Objective: The investigation evaluated the genotypic and allelic distribution of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms in Brazilian high-performance athletes in wrestling and percussion combat sports. Methods: The study included 37 male athletes ranked from first to third place in world scenarios, divided into two groups: wrestling (23 wrestlers, being 11 of Judo, 4 of Greco-Roman style, 8 of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, with mean age of 27.3 ± 6.9 years) and percussion combat sports (14 athletes with a mean age of 25.7±4.4 years, being 6 of Karate, 3 of Muay Thai, 4 of Taekwondo, 1 Boxing). Genotyping of ACTN3 and ACE I/D polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the genomic DNA. Genotypic and allelic distributions were compared with control populations and athletes by Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test; all analyzes considered p ≤ 0.05. Results: The genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of ACTN3 RR=46%, RX=38% and XX=16%; R=65% and X=35%, and ACE I/D DD=47.7%, ID=34.3% and II=20%; D=62.9% and I=37.1% did not differ from the control population; however, when compared with wrestling athletes a significant difference was observed. Conclusion: These results suggest an association of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genes with Brazilian high-performance wrestling athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Julio Cesar Bassan
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brazil
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Sansoni V, Vernillo G, Perego S, Barbuti A, Merati G, Schena F, La Torre A, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Bone turnover response is linked to both acute and established metabolic changes in ultra-marathon runners. Endocrine 2017; 56:196-204. [PMID: 27422791 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone and energy metabolisms regulation depends on a two-way street aimed at regulating energy utilization. Mountain ultra-marathons are highly demanding aerobic performances that deeply affect the whole body homeostasis. In this study we aimed to investigate and characterize the metabolic profile (in terms of hormones involved in energy metabolism), the inflammatory adipokines, and the bone turnover; in particular the osteocalcin-mediated response has been compared in experienced mountain ultra-marathons runners versus control subjects. Serum concentrations of specific markers of bone turnover (pro-collagen type I N-terminal propeptide, carboxylated/undercarboxylated osteocalcin), measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and metabolic hormones (C-peptide, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide, gastric-inhibitory peptide, ghrelin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin), measured by fluorescent-based multiplex assay, were compared before and after a 65 km mountain ultra-marathons in 17 trained runners and 12 age-matched controls characterized by a low physical activity profile. After the mountain ultra-marathons, runners experienced a reduction in pro-collagen type I N-terminal propeptide, though it remained higher than in controls; while carboxylated osteocalcin remained unchanged. Among the metabolic hormones, only glucagon and leptin were different between runners and controls at rest. C-peptide and leptin decreased after the mountain ultra-marathons in runners; while glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, resistin, and visfatin were all increased. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (and uncarboxylated/carboxylated osteocalcin ratio) was decreased and this highly correlated with insulin and C-peptide levels. In conditions of high energy expenditure, homeostasis is maintained at expenses of bone metabolism. Changes in the uncarboxylated osteocalcin clearly mark the global energy needs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CeRiSM, Research Centre "Sport, Mountain and Health", University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre for Molecular Medicine and Applied Biophysics (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Research Centre "Sport, Mountain and Health", University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
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Fuku N, Alis R, Yvert T, Zempo H, Naito H, Abe Y, Arai Y, Murakami H, Miyachi M, Pareja-Galeano H, Emanuele E, Hirose N, Lucia A. Muscle-Related Polymorphisms (MSTN rs1805086 and ACTN3 rs1815739) Are Not Associated with Exceptional Longevity in Japanese Centenarians. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166605. [PMID: 27861536 PMCID: PMC5115755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) genes are potentially associated with preservation of muscle mass and oxidative capacity, respectively. To explore the possible role of these genes in exceptional longevity (EL), the allele/genotype frequency distribution of two polymorphisms in MSTN (rs1805086, K153R) and ACTN3 (rs1815739, R577X) was studied in Japanese centenarians of both sexes (n = 742) and healthy controls (n = 814). The rs1805086 R-allele (theoretically associated with muscle mass preservation at the expense of oxidative capacity) was virtually absent in the two groups, where genotype distributions were virtually identical. Likewise, no differences in allele (p = 0.838 (women); p = 0.193 (men); p = 0.587 (both sexes)) or genotype distribution were found between groups for ACTN3 rs1815739 (p = 0.975 (women), p = 0.136 (men), p = 0.752 (both sexes)). Of note, however, the frequency of the rs1805086 R-allele observed here is the lowest been reported to date whereas that of the ‘highly oxidative/efficient’ rs1815739 XX genotype in Japanese male centenarians (33.3%) or supercentenarians of both sexes (≥110 years) are the highest (32.6%), for a non-American population. No definite conclusions can be inferred in relation to EL owing to its lack of association with both rs1815739 and rs1805086. However, it cannot be excluded that these gene variants could eventually be related to a “healthy” metabolic phenotype in the Japanese population. Further research might determine if such metabolic profile is among the factors that can potentially predispose these individuals to live longer than Caucasians and what genetic variants might be actually involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rafael Alis
- School of Medicine and Research Institute “Dr. Viña Giner”, Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Yvert
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (“i+12”), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (“i+12”), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Mattsson CM, Wheeler MT, Waggott D, Caleshu C, Ashley EA. Sports genetics moving forward: lessons learned from medical research. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:175-82. [PMID: 26757801 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00109.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports genetics can take advantage of lessons learned from human disease genetics. By righting past mistakes and increasing scientific rigor, we can magnify the breadth and depth of knowledge in the field. We present an outline of challenges facing sports genetics in the light of experiences from medical research. Sports performance is complex, resulting from a combination of a wide variety of different traits and attributes. Improving sports genetics will foremost require analyses based on detailed phenotyping. To find widely valid, reproducible common variants associated with athletic phenotypes, study sample sizes must be dramatically increased. One paradox is that in order to confirm relevance, replications in specific populations must be undertaken. Family studies of athletes may facilitate the discovery of rare variants with large effects on athletic phenotypes. The complexity of the human genome, combined with the complexity of athletic phenotypes, will require additional metadata and biological validation to identify a comprehensive set of genes involved. Analysis of personal genetic and multiomic profiles contribute to our conceptualization of precision medicine; the same will be the case in precision sports science. In the refinement of sports genetics it is essential to evaluate similarities and differences between sexes and among ethnicities. Sports genetics to date have been hampered by small sample sizes and biased methodology, which can lead to erroneous associations and overestimation of effect sizes. Consequently, currently available genetic tests based on these inherently limited data cannot predict athletic performance with any accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mikael Mattsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Matthew T Wheeler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Daryl Waggott
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Colleen Caleshu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Is there a relationship between PPARD T294C/PPARGC1A Gly482Ser variations and physical endurance performance in the Korean population? Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Deschamps CL, Connors KE, Klein MS, Johnsen VL, Shearer J, Vogel HJ, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Many GM, Barfield W, Hoffman EP, Kraus WE, Hittel DS. The ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Fitness in Healthy Young Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130644. [PMID: 26107372 PMCID: PMC4480966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygosity for a premature stop codon (X) in the ACTN3 “sprinter” gene is common in humans despite the fact that it reduces muscle size, strength and power. Because of the close relationship between skeletal muscle function and cardiometabolic health we examined the influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism over cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of young adults (n = 98 males, n = 102 females; 23 ± 4.2 years) from our Assessing Inherent Markers for Metabolic syndrome in the Young (AIMMY) study. Both males and females with the RR vs XX genotype achieved higher mean VO2 peak scores (47.8 ± 1.5 vs 43.2 ±1.8 ml/O2/min, p = 0.002) and exhibited higher resting systolic (115 ± 2 vs 105 ± mmHg, p = 0.027) and diastolic (69 ± 3 vs 59 ± 3 mmHg, p = 0.005) blood pressure suggesting a role for ACTN3 in the maintenance of vascular tone. We subsequently identified the expression of alpha-actinin 3 protein in pulmonary artery smooth muscle, which may explain the genotype-specific differences in cardiovascular adaptation to acute exercise. In addition, we utilized targeted serum metabolomics to distinguish between RR and XX genotypes, suggesting an additional role for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in human metabolism. Taken together, these results identify significant cardiometabolic effects associated with possessing one or more functional copies of the ACTN3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Deschamps
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kimberly E. Connors
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthias S. Klein
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Virginia L. Johnsen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Devaney
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Gina M. Many
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Whitney Barfield
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke University, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Dustin S. Hittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Fuku N, He ZH, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Tian Y, Arai Y, Abe Y, Murakami H, Miyachi M, Zempo H, Naito H, Yvert T, Verde Z, Venturini L, Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Rodriguez-Romo G, Ricevuti G, Hirose N, Emanuele E, Garatachea N, Lucia A. Exceptional longevity and muscle and fitness related genotypes: a functional in vitro analysis and case-control association replication study with SNPs THRH rs7832552, IL6 rs1800795, and ACSL1 rs6552828. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:59. [PMID: 25999849 PMCID: PMC4422078 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several gene variants that are candidates to influence functional capacity in long-lived individuals. As such, their potential association with exceptional longevity (EL, i.e., reaching 100+ years) deserves analysis. Among them are rs7832552 in the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) gene, rs1800795 in the interleukin-6 (IL6) gene and rs6552828 in the coenzyme A synthetase long-chain 1 (ACSL1) gene. To gain insight into their functionality (which is yet unknown), here we determined for the first time luciferase gene reporter activity at the muscle tissue level in rs7832552 and rs6552828. We then compared allele/genotype frequencies of the 3 abovementioned variants among centenarians [n = 138, age range 100–111 years (114 women)] and healthy controls [n = 334, 20–50 years (141 women)] of the same ethnic and geographic origin (Spain). We also studied healthy centenarians [n = 79, 100–104 years (40 women)] and controls [n = 316, 27–81 years (156 women)] from Italy, and centenarians [n = 742, 100–116 years (623 women)] and healthy controls [n = 499, 23–59 years (356 women)] from Japan. The THRH rs7832552 T-allele and ACSL1 rs6552828 A-allele up-regulated luciferase activity compared to the C and G-allele, respectively (P = 0.001). Yet we found no significant association of EL with rs7832552, rs1800795 or rs6552828 in any of the 3 cohorts. Further research is needed with larger cohorts of centenarians of different origin as well as with younger old people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University Chiba, Japan
| | - Zi-Hong He
- Biology Centre, China Institute of Sport Science Beijing, China
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, Spain ; School of Doctorate Studies and Research, European University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Ye Tian
- Biology Centre, China Institute of Sport Science Beijing, China
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University Chiba, Japan
| | - Thomas Yvert
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research, European University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoraida Verde
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research, European University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research, European University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Center for Supercentenarian Study, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enzo Emanuele
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Nuria Garatachea
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research, European University of Madrid Madrid, Spain ; Department of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, Spain ; School of Doctorate Studies and Research, European University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is characterized by imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. Two main antioxidant systems exist. The nonenzymatic system relies on molecules to directly quench ROS and the enzymatic system is composed of specific enzymes that detoxify ROS. Among the latter, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family is important in oxidative stress modulation. Of these, manganese-dependent SOD (MnSOD) plays a major role due to its mitochondrial location, i.e., the main site of superoxide (O(2)(·-)) production. As such, extensive research has focused on its capacity to modulate oxidative stress. Early data demonstrated the relevance of MnSOD as an O(2)(·-) scavenger. More recent research has, however, identified a prominent role for MnSOD in carcinogenesis. In addition, SOD downregulation appears associated with health risk in heart and brain. A single nucleotide polymorphism which alters the mitochondria signaling sequence for the cytosolic MnSOD form has been identified. Transport into the mitochondria was differentially affected by allelic presence and a new chapter in MnSOD research thus begun. As a result, an ever-increasing number of diseases appear associated with this allelic variation including metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Although diet and exercise upregulate MnSOD, the relationship between environmental and genetic factors remains unclear.
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17
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Bishop-Bailey D. Mechanisms governing the health and performance benefits of exercise. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1153-66. [PMID: 24033098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are considered among the greatest if not the greatest endurance land animals. Over the last 50 years, as the population has become more sedentary, rates of cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension have all increased. Aerobic fitness is considered protective for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, a variety of cancers, joint disease and depression. Here, I will review the emerging mechanisms that underlie the response to exercise, focusing on the major target organ the skeletal muscle system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of exercise will allow us to develop new therapies that mimic the protective actions of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bishop-Bailey
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Assessment of association of ACTN3 genetic polymorphism with Korean elite athletic performance. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Ruiz JR, Fiuza-Luces C, Buxens A, Cano-Nieto A, Gómez-Gallego F, Santiago C, Rodríguez-Romo G, Garatachea N, Lao JI, Morán M, Lucia A. Are centenarians genetically predisposed to lower disease risk? AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:1269-1283. [PMID: 21894447 PMCID: PMC3448993 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Our study purpose was to compare a disease-related polygenic profile that combined a total of 62 genetic variants among (i) people reaching exceptional longevity, i.e., centenarians (n = 54, 100-108 years, 48 women) and (ii) ethnically matched healthy controls (n = 87, 19-43 years, 47 women). We computed a 'global' genotype score (GS) for 62 genetic variants (mutations/polymorphisms) related to cardiometabolic diseases, cancer or exceptional longevity, and also specific GS for main disease categories (cardiometabolic risk and cancer risk, including 36 and 24 genetic variations, respectively) and for exceptional longevity (7 genetic variants). The 'global' GS was similar among groups (centenarians: 31.0 ± 0.6; controls 32.0 ± 0.5, P = 0.263). We observed that the GS for hypertension, cancer (global risk), and other types of cancer was lower in the centenarians group compared with the control group (all P < 0.05), yet the difference became non significant after adjusting for sex. We observed significant between-group differences in the frequency of GSTT1 and GSTM1 (presence/absence) genotypes after adjusting for multiple comparisons. The likelihood of having the GSTT1 low-risk (functional) allele was higher in centenarians (odds ratio [OR] 5.005; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.810-13.839), whereas the likelihood of having the GSTMI low-risk (functional) allele was similar in both groups (OR 1.295; 95% CI, 0.868 -1.931). In conclusion, we found preliminary evidence that Spanish centenarians have a lower genetic predisposition for cancer risk. The wild-type (i.e., functional) genotype of GSTT1, which is associated with lower cancer risk, might be associated with exceptional longevity, yet further studies with larger sample sizes must confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Mattson MP. Evolutionary aspects of human exercise--born to run purposefully. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:347-52. [PMID: 22394472 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article is intended to raise awareness of the adaptive value of endurance exercise (particularly running) in the evolutionary history of humans, and the implications of the genetic disposition to exercise for the aging populations of modern technology-driven societies. The genome of Homo sapiens has evolved to support the svelte phenotype of an endurance runner, setting him/her apart from all other primates. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the competitive advantages conferred by exercise capacity in youth can also provide a survival benefit beyond the reproductive period. These mechanisms include up-regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in protecting cells against oxidative stress, disposing of damaged proteins and organelles, and enhancing bioenergetics. Particularly fascinating are the signaling mechanisms by which endurance running changes the structure and functional capabilities of the brain and, conversely, the mechanisms by which the brain integrates metabolic, cardiovascular and behavioral responses to exercise. As an emerging example, I highlight the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a mediator of the effects of exercise on the brain, and BDNF's critical role in regulating metabolic and cardiovascular responses to endurance running. A better understanding of such 'healthspan-extending' actions of endurance exercise may lead to new approaches for improving quality of life as we advance in the coming decades and centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Garatachea N, Fiuza-Luces C, Torres-Luque G, Yvert T, Santiago C, Gómez-Gallego F, Ruiz JR, Lucia A. Single and combined influence of ACE and ACTN3 genotypes on muscle phenotypes in octogenarians. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2409-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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