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Fu X, Kim HS. Dentin Mechanobiology: Bridging the Gap between Architecture and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5642. [PMID: 38891829 PMCID: PMC11171917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
It is remarkable how teeth maintain their healthy condition under exceptionally high levels of mechanical loading. This suggests the presence of inherent mechanical adaptation mechanisms within their structure to counter constant stress. Dentin, situated between enamel and pulp, plays a crucial role in mechanically supporting tooth function. Its intermediate stiffness and viscoelastic properties, attributed to its mineralized, nanofibrous extracellular matrix, provide flexibility, strength, and rigidity, enabling it to withstand mechanical loading without fracturing. Moreover, dentin's unique architectural features, such as odontoblast processes within dentinal tubules and spatial compartmentalization between odontoblasts in dentin and sensory neurons in pulp, contribute to a distinctive sensory perception of external stimuli while acting as a defensive barrier for the dentin-pulp complex. Since dentin's architecture governs its functions in nociception and repair in response to mechanical stimuli, understanding dentin mechanobiology is crucial for developing treatments for pain management in dentin-associated diseases and dentin-pulp regeneration. This review discusses how dentin's physical features regulate mechano-sensing, focusing on mechano-sensitive ion channels. Additionally, we explore advanced in vitro platforms that mimic dentin's physical features, providing deeper insights into fundamental mechanobiological phenomena and laying the groundwork for effective mechano-therapeutic strategies for dentinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Fu
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ronan EA, Nagel M, Emrick JJ. The anatomy, neurophysiology, and cellular mechanisms of intradental sensation. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1376564. [PMID: 38590718 PMCID: PMC11000636 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1376564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory innervation of the oral cavity enables the detection of a range of environmental stimuli including minute and noxious mechanical forces. The trigeminal sensory neurons underlie sensation originating from the tooth. Prior work has provided important physiological and molecular characterization of dental pulp sensory innervation. Clinical dental experiences have informed our conception of the consequence of activating these neurons. However, the biological role of sensory innervation within the tooth is yet to be defined. Recent transcriptomic data, combined with mouse genetic tools, have the capacity to provide important cell-type resolution for the physiological and behavioral function of pulp-innervating sensory neurons. Importantly, these tools can be applied to determine the neuronal origin of acute dental pain that coincides with tooth damage as well as pain stemming from tissue inflammation (i.e., pulpitis) toward developing treatment strategies aimed at relieving these distinct forms of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Ronan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maximilian Nagel
- Sensory Cells and Circuits Section, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joshua J. Emrick
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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Altitinchi A, Schweizer A, Dean K, Lawson N, Sulaiman T, Fouad AF. An Ex-Vivo Model for Investigating Bacterial Extrusion from Infected Root Canals during Masticatory Function. J Endod 2023; 49:1553-1558. [PMID: 37611655 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extrusion of bacteria from infected root canals may lead to increase in symptoms, expansion of periapical lesions, and contribution to systemic diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate a potential proof-of-concept model to study the extent to which bacteria can escape from infected root canals under dynamic loading (simulated chewing). METHODS The study was completed in 2 experiments performed at 2 institutions. Biofilms of Streptococcus intermedius in the first experiment and S. intermedius and Actinomyces naeslundii were allowed to grow in root canals of single-rooted extracted teeth for 3 weeks. The roots of the teeth were suspended in a small chamber containing dental transport medium and were mounted on a lower sample holder of a chewing simulator. In the experimental group, simulated chewing cycles equivalent to 1 year of function were conducted, and then bacterial migration was quantified and compared with stationary teeth. RESULTS All experimental samples of the loading group revealed bacterial penetration in both experiments. Several of the unloaded samples revealed no bacterial penetration. In the first experiment, a significantly higher number of bacteria were able to escape into the periapex of the loaded group compared with the unloaded group (P = .017). In the second experiment, there was no significant difference between the 2 bacterial species used in the amount of extruded bacteria; however, there was a highly significant effect for occlusal loading (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS The potential for occlusal forces to enhance bacterial extrusion from infected root canals should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Altitinchi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrew Schweizer
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kimberly Dean
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nathaniel Lawson
- Division of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Taiseer Sulaiman
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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4
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Ohyama S, Ouchi T, Kimura M, Kurashima R, Yasumatsu K, Nishida D, Hitomi S, Ubaidus S, Kuroda H, Ito S, Takano M, Ono K, Mizoguchi T, Katakura A, Shibukawa Y. Piezo1-pannexin-1-P2X 3 axis in odontoblasts and neurons mediates sensory transduction in dentinal sensitivity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:891759. [PMID: 36589456 PMCID: PMC9795215 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.891759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the "hydrodynamic theory," dentinal pain or sensitivity is caused by dentinal fluid movement following the application of various stimuli to the dentin surface. Recent convergent evidence in Vitro has shown that plasma membrane deformation, mimicking dentinal fluid movement, activates mechanosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP)/Piezo channels in odontoblasts, with the Ca2+ signal eliciting the release of ATP from pannexin-1 (PANX-1). The released ATP activates the P2X3 receptor, which generates and propagates action potentials in the intradental Aδ afferent neurons. Thus, odontoblasts act as sensory receptor cells, and odontoblast-neuron signal communication established by the TRP/Piezo channel-PANX-1-P2X3 receptor complex may describe the mechanism of the sensory transduction sequence for dentinal sensitivity. To determine whether odontoblast-neuron communication and odontoblasts acting as sensory receptors are essential for generating dentinal pain, we evaluated nociceptive scores by analyzing behaviors evoked by dentinal sensitivity in conscious Wistar rats and Cre-mediated transgenic mouse models. In the dentin-exposed group, treatment with a bonding agent on the dentin surface, as well as systemic administration of A-317491 (P2X3 receptor antagonist), mefloquine and 10PANX (non-selective and selective PANX-1 antagonists), GsMTx-4 (selective Piezo1 channel antagonist), and HC-030031 (selective TRPA1 channel antagonist), but not HC-070 (selective TRPC5 channel antagonist), significantly reduced nociceptive scores following cold water (0.1 ml) stimulation of the exposed dentin surface of the incisors compared to the scores of rats without local or systemic treatment. When we applied cold water stimulation to the exposed dentin surface of the lower first molar, nociceptive scores in the rats with systemic administration of A-317491, 10PANX, and GsMTx-4 were significantly reduced compared to those in the rats without systemic treatment. Dentin-exposed mice, with somatic odontoblast-specific depletion, also showed significant reduction in the nociceptive scores compared to those of Cre-mediated transgenic mice, which did not show any type of cell deletion, including odontoblasts. In the odontoblast-eliminated mice, P2X3 receptor-positive A-neurons were morphologically intact. These results indicate that neurotransmission between odontoblasts and neurons mediated by the Piezo1/TRPA1-pannexin-1-P2X3 receptor axis is necessary for the development of dentinal pain. In addition, odontoblasts are necessary for sensory transduction to generate dentinal sensitivity as mechanosensory receptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Ohyama
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan,Oral Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Ouchi
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuya Kurashima
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Nishida
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan,Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sobhan Ubaidus
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kuroda
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Shinichirou Ito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Katakura
- Department of Oral Pathological Science and Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shibukawa
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Yoshiyuki Shibukawa,
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5
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Understanding the dynamics of fluid-structure interaction with an Air Deflected Microfluidic Chip (ADMC). Sci Rep 2022; 12:20399. [PMID: 36437301 PMCID: PMC9701768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A deformable microfluidic system and a fluidic dynamic model have been successfully coupled to understand the dynamic fluid-structure interaction in transient flow, designed to understand the dentine hypersensitivity caused by hydrodynamic theory. The Polydimethylsiloxane thin sidewalls of the microfluidic chip are deformed with air pressure ranging from 50 to 500 mbar to move the liquid meniscus in the central liquid channel. The experiments show that the meniscus sharply increased in the first 10th of second and the increase is nonlinearly proportional to the applied pressure. A theoretical model is developed based on the unsteady Bernoulli equation and can well predict the ending point of the liquid displacement as well as the dynamics process, regardless of the wall thickness. Moreover, an overshooting and oscillation phenomenon is observed by reducing the head loss coefficient by a few orders which could be the key to explain the dentine hypersensitivity caused by the liquid movement in the dentine tubules.
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6
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Srisomboon S, Kettratad M, Stray A, Pakawanit P, Rojviriya C, Patntirapong S, Panpisut P. Effects of Silver Diamine Nitrate and Silver Diamine Fluoride on Dentin Remineralization and Cytotoxicity to Dental Pulp Cells: An In Vitro Study. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 35225979 PMCID: PMC8884014 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver diamine nitrate (SDN) is expected to help control caries similar to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). The aim of this study was to determine the mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin and the cytotoxicity of SDN and SDF to dental pulp cells. Demineralized dentin specimens were prepared, and SDF, SDN, or water (control) was applied. The specimens were then remineralized in simulated body fluid for 2 weeks. The mineral precipitation in the specimens was examined using FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDX, and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). Additionally, the cytotoxicity of SDF and SDN to human dental pulp stem cells was analyzed using an MTT assay. The increase in FTIR spectra attributable to apatite formation in demineralized dentin in the SDF group was significantly higher compared to the SDN and control groups (p < 0.05). Dentinal tubule occlusion by the precipitation of silver salts was detected in both SDF and SDN groups. The mineral density as shown in SRXTM images and cytotoxicity of both SDN and SDF groups were comparable (p > 0.05). In conclusion, SDF demonstrated superior in vitro apatite formation compared to SDN. However, the degree of mineral precipitation and cytotoxic effects of both were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapong Srisomboon
- Department of Oral Health Care, Lamlukka Hospital, Pathum Thani 12150, Thailand;
| | - Matana Kettratad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (M.K.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Phakkhananan Pakawanit
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (P.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (P.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Somying Patntirapong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (M.K.); (S.P.)
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (M.K.); (S.P.)
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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7
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Lavicky J, Kolouskova M, Prochazka D, Rakultsev V, Gonzalez-Lopez M, Steklikova K, Bartos M, Vijaykumar A, Kaiser J, Pořízka P, Hovorakova M, Mina M, Krivanek J. The Development of Dentin Microstructure Is Controlled by the Type of Adjacent Epithelium. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:323-339. [PMID: 34783080 PMCID: PMC9300090 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable amount of research has been focused on dentin mineralization, odontoblast differentiation, and their application in dental tissue engineering. However, very little is known about the differential role of functionally and spatially distinct types of dental epithelium during odontoblast development. Here we show morphological and functional differences in dentin located in the crown and roots of mouse molar and analogous parts of continuously growing incisors. Using a reporter (DSPP-cerulean/DMP1-cherry) mouse strain and mice with ectopic enamel (Spry2+/- ;Spry4-/- ), we show that the different microstructure of dentin is initiated in the very beginning of dentin matrix production and is maintained throughout the whole duration of dentin growth. This phenomenon is regulated by the different inductive role of the adjacent epithelium. Thus, based on the type of interacting epithelium, we introduce more generalized terms for two distinct types of dentins: cementum versus enamel-facing dentin. In the odontoblasts, which produce enamel-facing dentin, we identified uniquely expressed genes (Dkk1, Wisp1, and Sall1) that were either absent or downregulated in odontoblasts, which form cementum-facing dentin. This suggests the potential role of Wnt signalling on the dentin structure patterning. Finally, we show the distribution of calcium and magnesium composition in the two developmentally different types of dentins by utilizing spatial element composition analysis (LIBS). Therefore, variations in dentin inner structure and element composition are the outcome of different developmental history initiated from the very beginning of tooth development. Taken together, our results elucidate the different effects of dental epithelium, during crown and root formation on adjacent odontoblasts and the possible role of Wnt signalling which together results in formation of dentin of different quality. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Lavicky
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Kolouskova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Prochazka
- Advanced Instrumentation and Methods for Materials Characterization, CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Rakultsev
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Lopez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Steklikova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anushree Vijaykumar
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Advanced Instrumentation and Methods for Materials Characterization, CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pořízka
- Advanced Instrumentation and Methods for Materials Characterization, CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mina Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jan Krivanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Hagan ML, Balayan V, McGee-Lawrence ME. Plasma membrane disruption (PMD) formation and repair in mechanosensitive tissues. Bone 2021; 149:115970. [PMID: 33892174 PMCID: PMC8217198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells employ an array of biological mechanisms to detect and respond to mechanical loading in their environment. One such mechanism is the formation of plasma membrane disruptions (PMD), which foster a molecular flux across cell membranes that promotes tissue adaptation. Repair of PMD through an orchestrated activity of molecular machinery is critical for cell survival, and the rate of PMD repair can affect downstream cellular signaling. PMD have been observed to influence the mechanical behavior of skin, alveolar, and gut epithelial cells, aortic endothelial cells, corneal keratocytes and epithelial cells, cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, neurons, and most recently, bone cells including osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and osteocytes. PMD are therefore positioned to affect the physiological behavior of a wide range of vertebrate organ systems including skeletal and cardiac muscle, skin, eyes, the gastrointestinal tract, the vasculature, the respiratory system, and the skeleton. The purpose of this review is to describe the processes of PMD formation and repair across these mechanosensitive tissues, with a particular emphasis on comparing and contrasting repair mechanisms and downstream signaling to better understand the role of PMD in skeletal mechanobiology. The implications of PMD-related mechanisms for disease and potential therapeutic applications are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Hagan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vanshika Balayan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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9
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Fleck C, Burke M, Ganzosch G, Müller C, Currey JD, Zaslansky P. Breaking crown dentine in whole teeth: 3D observations of prevalent fracture patterns following overload. Bone 2020; 132:115178. [PMID: 31816420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teeth with intact crowns rarely split or fracture, despite decades of cyclic loading and occasional unexpected overload. This is largely attributed to the presence of dentine, since cracking and fracture of enamel have been frequently reported. Dentine is similar to bone, comprising mineralised collagen fibres as a main constituent. Unlike cortical bone, however, where microcracking and damage arrest are essential for re/modelling and healing, dentine can neither remodel nor regenerate. This raises questions regarding the evolutionary benefits of toughening, leading to uncertainty whether cracks actually appear in dentine in situ. Here we study the notion that circumpulpal dentine is usually protected against, rather than damaged by severe overloads, even though it is not much more massive or stronger than it needs to be. To address this, we examined hydrated teeth still within whole jawbones of freshly-slaughtered skeletally mature pigs, mechanically loaded until fracture. Force displacement curves, optical and electron microscopy combined with 3D microstructural analysis by conventional micro-computed tomography (μCT) revealed mostly brittle fracture paths in circumpulpal crown dentine. Once overload cracks reach this mass of dentine they propagate rapidly along straight paths often parallel to the enamel flanks of the oblong shovel shaped premolars. We find infrequent signs of active toughening mechanisms with minimal crack diversion, ligament bridging and microcracking. When such toughening is seen, it mainly appears in softer dentine in the root, or near the dentine-enamel-junction (DEJ) in mantle dentine. We observed shear bands in overloaded circumpulpal dentine, due to mutual gliding of upper and lower segments. These shear bands are formed as periodic arrays of rotated dentine fragments. The 3D data consistently demonstrate the importance of the layered tooth structure, containing a stiff outer enamel shell, a soft sub-DEJ interlayer and a stiff circumpulpal dentine bulk, for deflecting cracks from splitting the tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fleck
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Technologies, Str. des 17. Juni 136 - Sekr. EB13, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Burke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Technologies, Str. des 17. Juni 136 - Sekr. EB13, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department for Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14297 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor Ganzosch
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Mechanics, Chair of Continuum Mechanics and Materials Theory, Einsteinufer 5 - Sekr. MS2, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Müller
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Technologies, Str. des 17. Juni 136 - Sekr. EB13, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - John D Currey
- The University of York, Department of Biology, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department for Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14297 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Thermal analysis of the dentine tubule under hot and cold stimuli using fluid-structure interaction simulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1599-1610. [PMID: 29956062 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the thermal stress changes in the tooth microstructures and the hydrodynamic changes of the dental fluid under hot and cold stimuli. The dimension of the microstructures of eleven cats' teeth was measured by scanning electron microscopy, and the changes in thermal stress during cold and hot stimulation were calculated by 3D fluid-structure interaction modeling. Evaluation of results, following data validation, indicated that the maximum velocities in cold and hot stimuli were - 410.2 ± 17.6 and + 205.1 ± 8.7 µm/s, respectively. The corresponding data for maximum thermal stress were - 20.27 ± 0.79 and + 10.13 ± 0.24 cmHg, respectively. The thermal stress caused by cold stimulus could influence almost 2.9 times faster than that caused by hot stimulus, and the durability of the thermal stress caused by hot stimulus was 71% greater than that by cold stimulus under similar conditions. The maximum stress was on the tip of the odontoblast, while the stress in lateral walls of the odontoblast and terminal fibril was very weak. There is hence a higher possibility of pain transmission with activation of stress-sensitive ion channels at the tip of the odontoblast. The maximum thermal stress resulted from the cold stimulus is double that produced by the hot stimulus. There is a higher possibility of pain transmission in the lateral walls of the odontoblast and terminal fibril by releasing mediators during the cold stimulation than the hot stimulation. These two reasons can be associated with a greater pain sensation due to intake of cold liquids.
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11
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Kojima Y, Higashikawa A, Kimura M, Sato M, Mochizuki H, Ogura K, Sase T, Shinya A, Kobune K, Furuya T, Sato T, Shibukawa Y, Tazaki M. Depolarization-induced Intracellular Free Calcium Concentration Increases Show No Desensitizing Effect in Rat Odontoblasts. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2018; 56:131-4. [PMID: 26085001 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.56.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts play an important role in the transduction of the sensory signals underlying dentinal pain. Transmembrane voltage-independent Ca(2+) influx in odontoblasts has been well described. Voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx has also been reported, but its biophysical properties remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the desensitizing effect of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx in rat odontoblasts by measuring depolarization-induced intracellular free Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+) ]i ). Odontoblasts on dental pulp slices from newborn rats were acutely isolated and [Ca(2+) ]i measured by using fura-2 fluorescence. Repeated application of extracellular high-K(+) solution (50 mM), which induces membrane depolarization-elicited repeated and transient increases in [Ca(2+) ]i in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+). Increases in depolarization-induced [Ca(2+) ]i showed no significant desensitizing effect (p >0.05; Friedman test). These results suggest that odontoblasts express a voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx pathway with no desensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kojima
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College
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12
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Sato M, Ogura K, Kimura M, Nishi K, Ando M, Tazaki M, Shibukawa Y. Activation of Mechanosensitive Transient Receptor Potential/Piezo Channels in Odontoblasts Generates Action Potentials in Cocultured Isolectin B 4-negative Medium-sized Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons. J Endod 2018; 44:984-991.e2. [PMID: 29709295 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various stimuli to the dentin surface elicit dentinal pain by inducing dentinal fluid movement causing cellular deformation in odontoblasts. Although odontoblasts detect deformation by the activation of mechanosensitive ionic channels, it is still unclear whether odontoblasts are capable of establishing neurotransmission with myelinated A delta (Aδ) neurons. Additionally, it is still unclear whether these neurons evoke action potentials by neurotransmitters from odontoblasts to mediate sensory transduction in dentin. Thus, we investigated evoked inward currents and evoked action potentials form trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons after odontoblast mechanical stimulation. METHODS We used patch clamp recordings to identify electrophysiological properties and record evoked responses in TG neurons. RESULTS We classified TG cells into small-sized and medium-sized neurons. In both types of neurons, we observed voltage-dependent inward currents. The currents from medium-sized neurons showed fast inactivation kinetics. When mechanical stimuli were applied to odontoblasts, evoked inward currents were recorded from medium-sized neurons. Antagonists for the ionotropic adenosine triphosphate receptor (P2X3), transient receptor potential channel subfamilies, and Piezo1 channel significantly inhibited these inward currents. Mechanical stimulation to odontoblasts also generated action potentials in the isolectin B4-negative medium-sized neurons. Action potentials in these isolectin B4-negative medium-sized neurons showed a short duration. Overall, electrophysiological properties of neurons indicate that the TG neurons with recorded evoked responses after odontoblast mechanical stimulation were myelinated Aδ neurons. CONCLUSIONS Odontoblasts established neurotransmission with myelinated Aδ neurons via P2X3 receptor activation. The results also indicated that mechanosensitive TRP/Piezo1 channels were functionally expressed in odontoblasts. The activation of P2X3 receptors induced an action potential in the Aδ neurons, underlying a sensory generation mechanism of dentinal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishi
- Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ando
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tazaki
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Won J, Vang H, Kim JH, Lee PR, Kang Y, Oh SB. TRPM7 Mediates Mechanosensitivity in Adult Rat Odontoblasts. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1039-1046. [PMID: 29489440 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518759947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontoblasts, with their strategic arrangement along the outermost compartment of the dentin-pulp complex, have been suggested to have sensory function. In addition to their primary role in dentin formation, growing evidence shows that odontoblasts are capable of sensing mechanical stimulation. Previously, we found that most odontoblasts express TRPM7, the nonselective mechanosensitive ion channel reported to be critical in Mg2+ homeostasis and dentin mineralization. In line with this finding, we sought to elucidate the functional expression of TRPM7 in odontoblasts by pharmacological approaches and mechanical stimulation. Naltriben, a TRPM7-specific agonist, induced calcium transient in the majority of odontoblasts, which was blocked by TRPM7 blockers such as extracellular Mg2+ and FTY720 in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanical stretch of the odontoblastic membrane with hypotonic solution also induced calcium transient, which was blocked by Gd3+, a nonselective mechanosensitive channel blocker. Calcium transient induced by hypotonic solution was also blocked by high extracellular Mg2+ or FTY720. When TRPM7-mediated calcium transients in odontoblasts were analyzed on the subcellular level, remarkably larger transients were detected in the distal odontoblastic process compared with the soma, which was further verified with comparable immunocytochemical analysis. Our results demonstrate that TRPM7 in odontoblasts can serve as a mechanical sensor, with its distribution to facilitate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in the odontoblastic process. These findings suggest TRPM7 as a mechanical transducer in odontoblasts to mediate intracellular calcium dynamics under diverse pathophysiological conditions of the dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Won
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Vang
- 2 Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Department of Basic Science in Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos
| | - J H Kim
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - P R Lee
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Kang
- 2 Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S B Oh
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Le QT, Vilar R, Bertrand C. Influence of external cooling on the femtosecond laser ablation of dentin. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1943-1951. [PMID: 28695365 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the influence of external cooling on the temperature rise in the tooth pulpal chamber during femtosecond laser ablation was investigated. The influence of the cooling method on the morphology and constitution of the laser-treated surfaces was studied as well. The ablation experiments were performed on dentin specimens using an Yb:KYW chirped-pulse-regenerative amplification laser system (560 fs, 1030 nm). Cavities were created by scanning the specimens at a velocity of 5 mm/s while pulsing the stationary laser beam at 1 kHz and with fluences in the range of 2-14 J/cm2. The experiments were performed in air and with surface cooling by a lateral air jet and by a combination of an air jet and water irrigation. The temperature in the pulpal chamber of the tooth was measured during the laser experiments. The ablation surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The temperature rise reached 17.5 °C for the treatments performed with 14 J/cm2 and without cooling, which was reduced to 10.8 ± 1.0 and 6.6 ± 2.3 °C with forced air cooling and water cooling, respectively, without significant reduction of the ablation rate. The ablation surfaces were covered by ablation debris and resolidified droplets containing mainly amorphous calcium phosphate, but the amount of redeposited debris was much lower for the water-cooled specimens. The redeposited debris could be removed by ultrasonication, revealing that the structure and constitution of the tissue remained essentially unaltered. The present results show that water cooling is mandatory for the femtosecond laser treatment of dentin, in particular, when high fluences and high pulse repetition rates are used to achieve high material removal rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q T Le
- Instituto Superior Técnico and CeFEMA-Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Lisbon University, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Laboratoire ICMCB-CNRS-UPR9048, 87, Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33608, PESSAC Cedex, France.
| | - R Vilar
- Instituto Superior Técnico and CeFEMA-Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Lisbon University, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Bertrand
- Laboratoire ICMCB-CNRS-UPR9048, 87, Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33608, PESSAC Cedex, France
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15
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Lin M, Liu SB, Genin GM, Zhu Y, Shi M, Ji C, Li A, Lu TJ, Xu F. Melting Away Pain: Decay of Thermal Nociceptor Transduction during Heat-Induced Irreversible Desensitization of Ion Channels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3029-3035. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy M. Genin
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine,
NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology,
and School of Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | | | | | - Changchun Ji
- Department
of Acupuncture, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 710003, PR China
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16
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Zaslansky P, Currey JD, Fleck C. Learning from evolutionary optimisation: what are toughening mechanisms good for in dentine, a nonrepairing bone tissue? BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:051003. [PMID: 27615450 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/5/051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main mass of material found in teeth is dentine, a bone-like tissue, riddled with micron-sized tubules and devoid of living cells. It provides support to the outer wear-resistant layer of enamel, and exhibits toughening mechanisms which contribute to crack resistance. And yet unlike most bone tissues, dentine does not remodel and consequently any accumulated damage does not 'self repair'. Because damage containment followed by tissue replacement is a prime reason for the crack-arresting microstructures found in most bones, the occurrence of toughening mechanisms without the biological capability to repair is puzzling. Here we consider the notion that dentine might be overdesigned for strength, because it has to compensate for the lack of cell-mediated healing mechanisms. Based on our own and on literature-reported observations, including quasistatic and fatigue properties, dentine design principles are discussed in light of the functional conditions under which teeth evolved. We conclude that dentine is only slightly overdesigned for everyday cyclic loading because usual mastication stresses may come close to its endurance strength. The in-built toughening mechanisms constitute an evolutionary benefit because they prevent catastrophic failure during rare overload events, which was probably very advantageous in our hunter gatherer ancestor times. From a bio-inspired perspective, understanding the extent of evolutionary overdesign might be useful for optimising biomimetic structures used for load bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zaslansky
- Julius-Wolff-Institute Charité Berlin Föhrerstr. 15 D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Nishiyama A, Sato M, Kimura M, Katakura A, Tazaki M, Shibukawa Y. Intercellular signal communication among odontoblasts and trigeminal ganglion neurons via glutamate. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:341-355. [PMID: 27452727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various stimuli to the exposed surface of dentin induce changes in the hydrodynamic force inside the dentinal tubules resulting in dentinal pain. Recent evidences indicate that mechano-sensor channels, such as the transient receptor potential channels, in odontoblasts receive these hydrodynamic forces and trigger the release of ATP to the pulpal neurons, to generate dentinal pain. A recent study, however, has shown that odontoblasts also express glutamate receptors (GluRs). This implies that cells in the dental pulp tissue have the ability to release glutamate, which acts as a functional intercellular mediator to establish inter-odontoblast and odontoblast-trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron signal communication. To investigate the intercellular signal communication, we applied mechanical stimulation to odontoblasts and measured the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). During mechanical stimulation in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, we observed a transient [Ca2+]i increase not only in single stimulated odontoblasts, but also in adjacent odontoblasts. We could not observe these responses in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. [Ca2+]i increases in the neighboring odontoblasts during mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts were inhibited by antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) as well as glutamate-permeable anion channels. In the odontoblast-TG neuron coculture, we observed an increase in [Ca2+]i in the stimulated odontoblasts and TG neurons, in response to direct mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts. These [Ca2+]i increases in the neighboring TG neurons were inhibited by antagonists for mGluRs. The [Ca2+]i increases in the stimulated odontoblasts were also inhibited by mGluRs antagonists. We further confirmed that the odontoblasts express group I, II, and III mGluRs. However, we could not record any currents evoked from odontoblasts near the mechanically stimulated odontoblast, with or without extracellular Mg2+, indicating that N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor does not contribute to inter-odontoblast signal communication. The results suggest that a mechanically stimulated odontoblast is capable of releasing glutamate into the extracellular space via glutamate-permeable anion channels. The released glutamate activates mGluRs on the odontoblasts in an autocrine/paracrine manner, forming an inter-odontoblasts communication, which drives dentin formation via odontoblast-odontoblast signal communication. Glutamate and mGluRs also mediate neurotransmission between the odontoblasts and neurons in the dental pulp to modulate sensory signal transmission for dentinal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nishiyama
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - M Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - M Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - A Katakura
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - M Tazaki
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Y Shibukawa
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
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18
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Ikeda E, Goto T, Gunjigake K, Kuroishi K, Ueda M, Kataoka S, Toyono T, Nakatomi M, Seta Y, Kitamura C, Nishihara T, Kawamoto T. Expression of Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter in Rat Odontoblasts. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2016; 49:21-8. [PMID: 27006518 PMCID: PMC4794551 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several theories have been proposed regarding pain transmission mechanisms in tooth. However, the exact signaling mechanism from odontoblasts to pulp nerves remains to be clarified. Recently, ATP-associated pain transmission has been reported, but it is unclear whether ATP is involved in tooth pain transmission. In the present study, we focused on the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), a transporter of ATP into vesicles, and examined whether VNUT was involved in ATP release from odontoblasts. We examined the expression of VNUT in rat pulp by RT-PCR and immunostaining. ATP release from cultured odontoblast-like cells with heat stimulation was evaluated using ATP luciferase methods. VNUT was expressed in pulp tissue, and the distribution of VNUT-immunopositive vesicles was confirmed in odontoblasts. In odontoblasts, some VNUT-immunopositive vesicles were colocalized with membrane fusion proteins. Additionally P2X3, an ATP receptor, immunopositive axons were distributed between odontoblasts. The ATP release by thermal stimulation from odontoblast-like cells was inhibited by the addition of siRNA for VNUT. These findings suggest that cytosolic ATP is transported by VNUT and that the ATP in the vesicles is then released from odontoblasts to ATP receptors on axons. ATP vesicle transport in odontoblasts seems to be a key mechanism for signal transduction from odontoblasts to axons in the pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Ikeda
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Tetsuya Goto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kagoshima University
| | - Kaori Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Kayoko Kuroishi
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Masae Ueda
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University
| | | | | | | | - Yuji Seta
- Division of Anatomy, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Chiaki Kitamura
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Tatsuji Nishihara
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University
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19
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Sato M, Furuya T, Kimura M, Kojima Y, Tazaki M, Sato T, Shibukawa Y. Intercellular Odontoblast Communication via ATP Mediated by Pannexin-1 Channel and Phospholipase C-coupled Receptor Activation. Front Physiol 2015; 6:326. [PMID: 26617529 PMCID: PMC4639624 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP released via pannexin-1 channels, in response to the activation of mechanosensitive-TRP channels during odontoblast mechanical stimulation, mediates intercellular communication among odontoblasts in dental pulp slice preparation dissected from rat incisor. Recently, odontoblast cell lines, such as mouse odontoblast lineage cells, have been widely used to investigate physiological/pathological cellular functions. To clarify whether the odontoblast cell lines also communicate with each other by diffusible chemical substance(s), we investigated the chemical intercellular communication among cells from mouse odontoblast cell lines following mechanical stimulation. A single cell was stimulated using a glass pipette filled with standard extracellular solution. We measured intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) by fura-2 in stimulated cells, as well as in cells located nearby. Direct mechanical stimulation to a single odontoblast increased [Ca(2+)]i, which showed sensitivity to capsazepine. In addition, we observed increases in [Ca(2+)]i not only in the mechanically stimulated odontoblast, but also in nearby odontoblasts. We could observe mechanical stimulation-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i in a stimulated human embryo kidney (HEK) 293 cell, but not in nearby HEK293 cells. The increase in [Ca(2+)]i in nearby odontoblasts, but not in the stimulated odontoblast, was inhibited by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release channel (pannexin-1) inhibitor in a concentration- and spatial-dependent manner. Moreover, in the presence of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, the increase in [Ca(2+)]i in nearby odontoblasts, following mechanical stimulation of a single odontoblast, was abolished. We could record some inward currents evoked from odontoblasts near the stimulated odontoblast, but the currents were observed in only 4.8% of the recorded odontoblasts. The results of this study showed that ATP is released via pannexin-1, from a mechanically stimulated odontoblast, which transmits a signal to nearby odontoblasts by predominant activation of PLC-coupled nucleotide receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Furuya
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toru Sato
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Jin Y. La(3+) Alters the Response Properties of Neurons in the Mouse Primary Somatosensory Cortex to Low-Temperature Noxious Stimulation of the Dental Pulp. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 8:9-20. [PMID: 26604777 PMCID: PMC4640426 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s30752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although dental pain is a serious health issue with high incidence among the human population, its cellular and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are assumed to be involved in the generation of dental pain. However, most of the studies were conducted with molecular biological or histological methods. In vivo functional studies on the role of TRP channels in the mechanisms of dental pain are lacking. This study uses in vivo cellular electrophysiological and neuropharmacological method to directly disclose the effect of LaCl3, a broad spectrum TRP channel blocker, on the response properties of neurons in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex to low-temperature noxious stimulation of the dental pulp. It was found that LaCl3 suppresses the high-firing-rate responses of all nociceptive neurons to noxious low-temperature stimulation and also inhibits the spontaneous activities in some nonnociceptive neurons. The effect of LaCl3 is reversible. Furthermore, this effect is persistent and stable unless LaCl3 is washed out. Washout of LaCl3 quickly revitalized the responsiveness of neurons to low-temperature noxious stimulation. This study adds direct evidence for the hypothesis that TRP channels are involved in the generation of dental pain and sensation. Blockade of TRP channels may provide a novel therapeutic treatment for dental pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Jin
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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21
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A photochemical method for in vitro evaluation of fluid flow in human dentine. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Nilius B, Szallasi A. Transient Receptor Potential Channels as Drug Targets: From the Science of Basic Research to the Art of Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:676-814. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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23
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Shibukawa Y, Sato M, Kimura M, Sobhan U, Shimada M, Nishiyama A, Kawaguchi A, Soya M, Kuroda H, Katakura A, Ichinohe T, Tazaki M. Odontoblasts as sensory receptors: transient receptor potential channels, pannexin-1, and ionotropic ATP receptors mediate intercellular odontoblast-neuron signal transduction. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:843-63. [PMID: 24939701 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Various stimuli induce pain when applied to the surface of exposed dentin. However, the mechanisms underlying dentinal pain remain unclear. We investigated intercellular signal transduction between odontoblasts and trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons following direct mechanical stimulation of odontoblasts. Mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts increased the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) by activating the mechanosensitive-transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, and TRPA1, but not TRPM8 channels. In cocultures of odontoblasts and TG neurons, increases in [Ca(2+)]i were observed not only in mechanically stimulated odontoblasts, but also in neighboring odontoblasts and TG neurons. These increases in [Ca(2+)]i were abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) and in the presence of mechanosensitive TRP channel antagonists. A pannexin-1 (ATP-permeable channel) inhibitor and ATP-degrading enzyme abolished the increases in [Ca(2+)]i in neighboring odontoblasts and TG neurons, but not in the stimulated odontoblasts. G-protein-coupled P2Y nucleotide receptor antagonists also inhibited the increases in [Ca(2+)]i. An ionotropic ATP (P2X3) receptor antagonist inhibited the increase in [Ca(2+)]i in neighboring TG neurons, but not in stimulated or neighboring odontoblasts. During mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts, a connexin-43 blocker did not have any effects on the [Ca(2+)]i responses observed in any of the cells. These results indicate that ATP, released from mechanically stimulated odontoblasts via pannexin-1 in response to TRP channel activation, transmits a signal to P2X3 receptors on TG neurons. We suggest that odontoblasts are sensory receptor cells and that ATP released from odontoblasts functions as a neurotransmitter in the sensory transduction sequence for dentinal pain.
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Lin M, Genin GM, Xu F, Lu T. Thermal Pain in Teeth: Electrophysiology Governed by Thermomechanics. APPLIED MECHANICS REVIEWS 2014; 66:0308011-3080114. [PMID: 25516631 PMCID: PMC4240033 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal pain arising from the teeth is unlike that arising from anywhere else in the body. The source of this peculiarity is a long-standing mystery that has begun to unravel with recent experimental measurements and, somewhat surprisingly, new thermomechanical models. Pain from excessive heating and cooling is typically sensed throughout the body through the action of specific, heat sensitive ion channels that reside on sensory neurons known as nociceptors. These ion channels are found on tooth nociceptors, but only in teeth does the pain of heating differ starkly from the pain of cooling, with cold stimuli producing more rapid and sharper pain. Here, we review the range of hypotheses and models for these phenomena, and focus on what is emerging as the most promising hypothesis: pain transduced by fluid flowing through the hierarchical structure of teeth. We summarize experimental evidence, and critically review the range of heat transfer, solid mechanics, fluid dynamics, and electrophysiological models that have been combined to support this hypothesis. While the results reviewed here are specific to teeth, this class of coupled thermomechanical and neurophysiological models has potential for informing design of a broad range of thermal therapies and understanding of a range of biophysical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and School of Engineering, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - TianJian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China e-mail:
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Tsumura M, Sobhan U, Sato M, Shimada M, Nishiyama A, Kawaguchi A, Soya M, Kuroda H, Tazaki M, Shibukawa Y. Functional expression of TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels in rat odontoblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82233. [PMID: 24358160 PMCID: PMC3864925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontoblasts produce dentin during development, throughout life, and in response to pathological conditions by sensing stimulation of exposed dentin. The functional properties and localization patterns of transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin subfamily member 8 (TRPM8) and ankyrin subfamily member 1 (TRPA1) channels in odontoblasts remain to be clarified. We investigated the localization and the pharmacological, biophysical, and mechano-sensitive properties of TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels in rat odontoblasts. Menthol and icilin increased the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). Icilin-, WS3-, or WS12-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases were inhibited by capsazepine or 5-benzyloxytriptamine. The increase in [Ca(2+)]i elicited by allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was inhibited by HC030031. WS12 and AITC exerted a desensitizing effect on [Ca(2+)]i increase. Low-temperature stimuli elicited [Ca(2+)]i increases that are sensitive to both 5-benzyloxytriptamine and HC030031. Hypotonic stimulation-induced membrane stretch increased [Ca(2+)]i; HC030031 but not 5-benzyloxytriptamine inhibited the effect. The results suggest that TRPM8 channels in rat odontoblasts play a role in detecting low-temperature stimulation of the dentin surface and that TRPA1 channels are involved in sensing membrane stretching and low-temperature stimulation. The results also indicate that odontoblasts act as mechanical and thermal receptor cells, detecting the stimulation of exposed dentin to drive multiple cellular functions, such as sensory transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Tsumura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ubaidus Sobhan
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shimada
- Department of Clinical Oral Health Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nishiyama
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aya Kawaguchi
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manabu Soya
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kuroda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tazaki
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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Zaslansky P, Maerten A, Fratzl P. Apatite alignment and orientation at the Ångstrom and nanometer length scales shed light on the adaptation of dentine to whole tooth mechanical function. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2013. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.13.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Human teeth are capped by a highly mineralized enamel layer that rests on a bone-like material termed dentine. Dentine is composed mainly of collagen and carbonated apatite known to form the biological composite of all types of bone by combining into mineralized collagen fibrils. The apatite mineral is found both within and also encasing the fibrils, but in dentine, particularly in the crown, mineral is also found in regions where there is no collagen, forming peritubular dentine cuffs that surround narrow channels that perforate and render dentine porous. The authors hypothesize that regional variations in the mineral spatial configuration may reflect local adaptation to functional needs of whole teeth. The 3D orientation of the micron-sized tubules and the associated clusters of peritubular mineral vary on the length scale of millimeters. The orientation and degree of coalignment of the nanometer-sized mineral platelets in dentine exhibit marked changes at the same length scale, matching predicted load-trajectories in loaded teeth. However, wide-angle X-ray diffraction mapping shows that there is almost no preferred orientation of the 002 reflection (and hence the c-axis of apatite). The authors thus propose that the orientation of the peritubular and intertubular mineral compensate for localized preferred orientations, to create an overall average, randomly oriented mineral configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Zaslansky
- Julius Wolff Institute and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CharitÉ – UniversitÄtsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Maerten
- Materials Engineering, Technische UniversitÄt, Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Due, in part, to the unique structure of the tooth, dental pain is initiated via distinct mechanisms. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of inflammatory tooth pain and discuss 3 hypotheses proposed to explain dentinal hypersensitivity: The first hypothesis, supported by functional expression of temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential channels, emphasizes the direct transduction of noxious temperatures by dental primary afferent neurons. The second hypothesis, known as hydrodynamic theory, attributes dental pain to fluid movement within dentinal tubules, and we discuss several candidate cellular mechanical transducers for the detection of fluid movement. The third hypothesis focuses on the potential sensory function of odontoblasts in the detection of thermal or mechanical stimuli, and we discuss the accumulating evidence that supports their excitability. We also briefly update on a novel strategy for local nociceptive anesthesia via nociceptive transducer molecules in dental primary afferents with the potential to specifically silence pain fibers during dental treatment. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dental pain would greatly enhance the development of therapeutics that target dental pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chung
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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28
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Su KC, Chuang SF, Ng EYK, Chang CH. An investigation of dentinal fluid flow in dental pulp during food mastication: simulation of fluid-structure interaction. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2013; 13:527-35. [PMID: 23913183 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-013-0514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study uses fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation to investigate the relationship between the dentinal fluid flow in the dental pulp of a tooth and the elastic modulus of masticated food particles and to investigate the effects of chewing rate on fluid flow in the dental pulp. Three-dimensional simulation models of a premolar tooth (enamel, dentine, pulp, periodontal ligament, cortical bone, and cancellous bone) and food particle were created. Food particles with elastic modulus of 2,000 and 10,000 MPa were used, respectively. The external displacement loading (5 μm) was gradually directed to the food particle surface for 1 and 0.1 s, respectively, to simulate the chewing of food particles. The displacement and stress on tooth structure and fluid flow in the dental pulp were selected as evaluation indices. The results show that masticating food with a high elastic modulus results in high stress and deformation in the tooth structure, causing faster dentinal fluid flow in the pulp in comparison with that obtained with soft food. In addition, fast chewing of hard food particles can induce faster fluid flow in the pulp, which may result in dental pain. FSI analysis is shown to be a useful tool for investigating dental biomechanics during food mastication. FSI simulation can be used to predict intrapulpal fluid flow in dental pulp; this information may provide the clinician with important concept in dental biomechanics during food mastication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chih Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
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29
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Hypotonic-induced Stretching of Plasma Membrane Activates Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Channels and Sodium–Calcium Exchangers in Mouse Odontoblasts. J Endod 2013; 39:779-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Su KC, Chang CH, Chuang SF, Ng EYK. The effect of dentinal fluid flow during loading in various directions—Simulation of fluid–structure interaction. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:575-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Utreras E, Prochazkova M, Terse A, Gross J, Keller J, Iadarola MJ, Kulkarni AB. TGF-β1 sensitizes TRPV1 through Cdk5 signaling in odontoblast-like cells. Mol Pain 2013; 9:24. [PMID: 23668392 PMCID: PMC3680294 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Odontoblasts are specialized cells that form dentin and they are believed to be sensors for tooth pain. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed early in odontoblasts, plays an important role in the immune response during tooth inflammation and infection. TGF-β1 is also known to participate in pain signaling by regulating cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. However, the precise role of TGF-β1 in tooth pain signaling is not well characterized. The aim of our present study was to determine whether or not in odontoblasts Cdk5 is functionally active, if it is regulated by TGF-β1, and if it affects the downstream pain receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). Results We first determined that Cdk5 and p35 are indeed expressed in an odontoblast-enriched primary preparation from murine teeth. For the subsequent analysis, we used an odontoblast-like cell line (MDPC-23) and found that Cdk5 is functionally active in these cells and its kinase activity is upregulated during cell differentiation. We found that TGF-β1 treatment potentiated Cdk5 kinase activity in undifferentiated MDPC-23 cells. SB431542, a specific inhibitor of TGF-β1 receptor 1 (Tgfbr1), when co-administered with TGF-β1, blocked the induction of Cdk5 activity. TGF-β1 treatment also activated the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, causing an increase in early growth response-1 (Egr-1), a transcription factor that induces p35 expression. In MDPC-23 cells transfected with TRPV1, Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of TRPV1 at threonine-407 was significantly increased after TGF-β1 treatment. In contrast, SB431542 co-treatment blocked TRPV1 phosphorylation. Moreover, TGF-β1 treatment enhanced both proton- and capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx in TRPV1-expressing MDPC-23 cells, while co-treatment with either SB431542 or roscovitine blocked this effect. Conclusions Cdk5 and p35 are expressed in a murine odontoblast-enriched primary preparation of cells from teeth. Cdk5 is also functionally active in odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells. TGF-β1 sensitizes TRPV1 through Cdk5 signaling in MDPC-23 cells, suggesting the direct involvement of odontoblasts and Cdk5 in dental nociceptive pain transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Utreras
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Building 30, Room 130, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Su KC, Chuang SF, Ng EYK, Chang CH. Evaluation of dentinal fluid flow behaviours: a fluid-structure interaction simulation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2013; 17:1716-26. [PMID: 23477663 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.765410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study uses the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method to investigate the fluid flow in dental pulp. First, the FSI method is used for the biomechanical simulation of dental intrapulpal responses during force loading (50, 100 and 150 N) on a tooth. The results are validated by comparison with experimental outcomes. Second, the FSI method is used to investigate an intact tooth subjected to a mechanical stimulus during loading at various loading rates. Force loading (0-100 N) is applied gradually to an intact tooth surface with loading rates of 125, 62.5, 25 and 12.5 N/s, respectively, and the fluid flow changes in the pulp are evaluated. FSI analysis is found to be suitable for examining intrapulpal biomechanics. An external force applied to a tooth with a low loading rate leads to a low fluid flow velocity in the pulp chamber, thus avoiding tooth pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chih Su
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
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33
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Fujisawa M, Tokuda M, Morimoto-Yamashita Y, Tatsuyama S, Arany S, Sugiyama T, Kitamura C, Shibukawa Y, Torii M. Hyperosmotic Stress Induces Cell Death in an Odontoblast-lineage Cell Line. J Endod 2012; 38:931-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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ZHU YJ, XU F, SU JH, ZHOU H, LU TJ. MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE PREDICTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TOOTH THERMAL PAIN: A REVIEW. J MECH MED BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519411004095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tooth pain, especially tooth thermal pain, is one of the most important symptoms and signs in dental clinic and daily life. As a special sensation, pain has been studied extensively in both clinic and experimental research aimed at reducing or eliminating the possible negative effects of pain. Unfortunately, the full underlying mechanism of pain is still unclear, because the pain could be influenced by many factors, including physiological, psychological, physical, chemical, and biological factors and so on. Besides, most studies on pain mechanisms in the literature are based on skin pain sensation and only few are based on tooth pain. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on both neurophysiology of tooth pain mechanism, and corresponding thermal, mechanical, and thermomechanical behaviors of teeth. We also describe a multiscale modeling approach for quantifying tooth thermal pain by integrating the mathematic methods of engineering into the neuroscience. The mathematical model of tooth thermal pain will enable better understanding of thermal pain mechanism and optimization of existing diagnosis and treatment in dental clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. ZHU
- Stomatological Hospital, College of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - F. XU
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - J. H. SU
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - H. ZHOU
- Stomatological Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, P. R. China
| | - T. J. LU
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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