1
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Ju BH, Kim YJ, Park YB, Kim BH, Kim MK. Evaluation of conical 9 well dish on bovine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:936-948. [PMID: 39398310 PMCID: PMC11466740 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2024.e68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The Conical 9 well dish (C9 well dish) is characterized by a decreasing cross-sectional area towards the base. This design was hypothesized to enhance embryonic development by emulating the in vivo physical environment through density modulation. Comparative analyses revealed no significant difference in nuclear maturation rates between the C9 well dish and the 5-well dish. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was lower in the C9 well dish compared to the 5-well dish; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the second day of in vitro culture, the cleavage rate in the C9 well dish was 4.66% higher, although not statistically significant, and the rates of blastocyst development were similar across both dishes. No significant differences were observed in the intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH) and ROS, as well as in the total cell number within the blastocysts between the dish types. The expression of mitogen-related factors, TGFα and IGF-1, in the blastocysts was consistent between the dishes. However, PDGFβ expression was significantly lower in the C9 well dish compared to the 35 mm petri dish. Similarly, the expression of the apoptosis factor Bax/Bcl2l2 showed no significant differences between the two dishes. Despite the marked difference in PDGFβ expression, its impact on blastocyst formation appeared negligible. The study also confirmed the feasibility of culturing a small number of oocytes per donor, collected via Ovum Pick-Up (OPU), with reduced volumes of culture medium and mineral oil, thus offering economic advantages. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the C9 well dish is effective for in vitro development of a small quantity of oocytes and embryos, presenting it as a viable alternative to traditional cell culture dishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hyun Ju
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- MK biotech Inc., Daejeon
34134, Korea
| | - You Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics &
Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon
34134, Korea
| | - Youn Bae Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- MK biotech Inc., Daejeon
34134, Korea
| | - Byeong Ho Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- MK biotech Inc., Daejeon
34134, Korea
| | - Min Kyu Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- MK biotech Inc., Daejeon
34134, Korea
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2
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Muthuswamy SK, Brugge JS. Organoid Cultures for the Study of Mammary Biology and Breast Cancer: The Promise and Challenges. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041661. [PMID: 38110241 PMCID: PMC11216180 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, biomedical research has experienced a resurgence in the use of three-dimensional culture models for studies of normal and cancer biology. This resurgence has been driven by the development of models in which primary cells are grown in tissue-mimicking media and extracellular matrices to create organoid or organotypic cultures that more faithfully replicate the complex architecture and physiology of normal tissues and tumors. In addition, patient-derived tumor organoids preserve the three-dimensional organization and characteristics of the patient tumors ex vivo, becoming excellent preclinical models to supplement studies of tumor xenografts transplanted into immunocompromised mice. In this perspective, we provide an overview of how organoids are being used to investigate normal mammary biology and as preclinical models of breast cancer and discuss improvements that would enhance their utility and relevance to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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3
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Khan F, Pitstick L, Lara J, Ventrella R. Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Activity Is Required for Tissue Homeostasis in the Xenopus laevis Ciliated Epithelium. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:17. [PMID: 38921484 PMCID: PMC11204898 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial development relies on the proper balance of cell proliferation and differentiation to maintain homeostasis. When this balance is disturbed, it can lead to diseases like cancer, where cells undergo hyperproliferation and then can undergo migration and metastasis. Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, and even though there are a variety of therapeutic approaches, there are cases where treatment remains elusive. The rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) has been thought to be an ideal molecular target due to its role in activating oncogenic signaling pathways. However, in a variety of cases, inhibition of ROCK has been shown to have the opposite outcome. Here, we show that ROCK inhibition with y-27632 causes abnormal epithelial tissue development in Xenopus laevis embryonic skin, which is an ideal model for studying lung cancer development. We found that treatment with y-27632 caused an increase in proliferation and the formation of ciliated epithelial outgrowths along the tail edge. Our results suggest that, in certain cases, ROCK inhibition can disturb tissue homeostasis. We anticipate that these findings could provide insight into possible mechanisms to overcome instances when ROCK inhibition results in heightened proliferation. Also, these findings are significant because y-27632 is a common pharmacological inhibitor used to study ROCK signaling, so it is important to know that in certain in vivo developmental models and conditions, this treatment can enhance proliferation rather than lead to cell cycle suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayhaa Khan
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (F.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Jessica Lara
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (F.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Precision Medicine Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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4
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Alasmar S, Huang J, Chopra K, Baumann E, Aylsworth A, Hewitt M, Sandhu JK, Tauskela JS, Ben RN, Jezierski A. Improved Cryopreservation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) and iPSC-derived Neurons Using Ice-Recrystallization Inhibitors. Stem Cells 2023; 41:1006-1021. [PMID: 37622655 PMCID: PMC10631806 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neurons (iPSC-Ns) represent a differentiated modality toward developing novel cell-based therapies for regenerative medicine. However, the successful application of iPSC-Ns in cell-replacement therapies relies on effective cryopreservation. In this study, we investigated the role of ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) as novel cryoprotectants for iPSCs and terminally differentiated iPSC-Ns. We found that one class of IRIs, N-aryl-D-aldonamides (specifically 2FA), increased iPSC post-thaw viability and recovery with no adverse effect on iPSC pluripotency. While 2FA supplementation did not significantly improve iPSC-N cell post-thaw viability, we observed that 2FA cryopreserved iPSC-Ns re-established robust neuronal network activity and synaptic function much earlier compared to CS10 cryopreserved controls. The 2FA cryopreserved iPSC-Ns retained expression of key neuronal specific and terminally differentiated markers and displayed functional electrophysiological and neuropharmacological responses following treatment with neuroactive agonists and antagonists. We demonstrate how optimizing cryopreservation media formulations with IRIs represents a promising strategy to improve functional cryopreservation of iPSCs and post-mitotic iPSC-Ns, the latter of which have been challenging to achieve. Developing IRI enabling technologies to support an effective cryopreservation and an efficiently managed cryo-chain is fundamental to support the delivery of successful iPSC-derived therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Alasmar
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Science, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jez Huang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karishma Chopra
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Science, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ewa Baumann
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Aylsworth
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Hewitt
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jagdeep K Sandhu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, , Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph S Tauskela
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Science, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Jezierski
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, , Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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5
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Shan S, Su M, Li Y, Wang Z, Liu D, Zhou Y, Fu X, Yang S, Zhang J, Qiu J, Liu H, Zeng G, Chen P, Wang X, DiSanto ME, Guo Y, Zhang X. Mechanism of RhoA regulating benign prostatic hyperplasia: RhoA-ROCK-β-catenin signaling axis and static & dynamic dual roles. Mol Med 2023; 29:139. [PMID: 37864185 PMCID: PMC10589999 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not been fully elucidated. Ras homology family member A (RhoA) plays an important role in regulating cell cytoskeleton, growth and fibrosis. The role of RhoA in BPH remains unclear. METHODS This study aimed to clarify the expression, functional activity and mechanism of RhoA in BPH. Human prostate tissues, human prostate cell lines, BPH rat model were used. Cell models of RhoA knockdown and overexpression were generated. Immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, phalloidine staining, organ bath study, gel contraction assay, protein stability analysis, isolation and extraction of nuclear protein and cytoplasmic protein were performed. RESULTS In this study we found that RhoA was localized in prostate stroma and epithelial compartments and was up-regulated in both BPH patients and BPH rats. Functionally, RhoA knockdown induced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation, fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and contraction. Consistently, overexpression of RhoA reversed all aforementioned processes. More importantly, we found that β-catenin and the downstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, including C-MYC, Survivin and Snail were up-regulated in BPH rats. Downregulation of RhoA significantly reduced the expression of these proteins. Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 also down-regulated β-catenin protein in a concentration-dependent manner. However, overexpression of β-catenin did not affect RhoA-ROCK levels, suggesting that β-catenin was the downstream of RhoA-ROCK regulation. Further data suggested that RhoA increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin and up-regulated β-catenin expression by inhibiting its proteasomal degradation, thereby activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Overexpression of β-catenin partially reversed the changes in cell growth, fibrosis and EMT except cell contraction caused by RhoA downregulation. Finally, Y-27632 partially reversed prostatic hyperplasia in vivo, further suggesting the potential of RhoA-ROCK signaling in BPH treatment. CONCLUSION Our novel data demonstrated that RhoA regulated both static and dynamic factors of BPH, RhoA-ROCK-β-catenin signaling axis played an important role in the development of BPH and might provide more possibilities for the formulation of subsequent clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Shan
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoquan Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongying Zhou
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Fu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhang Qiu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael E DiSanto
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Van Hemelryk A, Erkens-Schulze S, Lim L, de Ridder CMA, Stuurman DC, Jenster GW, van Royen ME, van Weerden WM. Viability Analysis and High-Content Live-Cell Imaging for Drug Testing in Prostate Cancer Xenograft-Derived Organoids. Cells 2023; 12:1377. [PMID: 37408211 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor organoids have been pushed forward as advanced model systems for in vitro oncology drug testing, with the eventual goal to direct personalized cancer treatments. However, drug testing efforts suffer from a large variation in experimental conditions for organoid culturing and organoid treatment. Moreover, most drug tests are restricted to whole-well viability as the sole read-out, thereby losing important information about key biological aspects that might be impacted due to the use of administered drugs. These bulk read-outs also discard potential inter-organoid heterogeneity in drug responses. To tackle these issues, we developed a systematic approach for processing organoids from prostate cancer (PCa) patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) for viability-based drug testing and identified essential conditions and quality checks for consistent results. In addition, we generated an imaging-based drug testing procedure using high-content fluorescence microscopy in living PCa organoids to detect various modalities of cell death. Individual organoids and cell nuclei in organoids were segmented and quantified using a dye combination of Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide and Caspase 3/7 Green, allowing the identification of cytostatic and cytotoxic treatment effects. Our procedures provide important insights into the mechanistic actions of tested drugs. Moreover, these methods can be adapted for tumor organoids originating from other cancer types to increase organoid-based drug test validity, and ultimately, accelerate clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Hemelryk
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulze
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lifani Lim
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M A de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra C Stuurman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido W Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Jayarajan V, Hall GT, Xenakis T, Bulstrode N, Moulding D, Castellano S, Di WL. Short-Term Treatment with Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Preserves Keratinocyte Stem Cell Characteristics In Vitro. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030346. [PMID: 36766688 PMCID: PMC9913223 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary keratinocytes including keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) can be cultured as epidermal sheets in vitro and are attractive for cell and gene therapies for genetic skin disorders. However, the initial slow growth of freshly isolated keratinocytes hinders clinical applications. Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) has been used to overcome this obstacle, but its influence on the characteristics of KSC and its safety for clinical application remains unknown. In this study, primary keratinocytes were treated with ROCKi Y-27632 for six days (short-term). Significant increases in colony formation and cell proliferation during the six-day ROCKi treatment were observed and confirmed by related protein markers and single-cell transcriptomic analysis. In addition, short-term ROCKi-treated cells maintained their differentiation ability as examined by 3D-organotypic culture. However, these changes could be reversed and became indistinguishable between treated and untreated cells once ROCKi treatment was withdrawn. Further, the short-term ROCKi treatment did not reduce the number of KSCs. In addition, AKT and ERK pathways were rapidly activated upon ROCKi treatment. In conclusion, short-term ROCKi treatment can transiently and reversibly accelerate initial primary keratinocyte expansion while preserving the holoclone-forming cell population (KSCs), providing a safe avenue for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Jayarajan
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - George T. Hall
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Theodoros Xenakis
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Neil Bulstrode
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Dale Moulding
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sergi Castellano
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
- UCL Genomics, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Wei-Li Di
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207905-2369; Fax: +44-(0)207905-2882
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8
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Piraino LR, Benoit DSW, DeLouise LA. Optimizing Soluble Cues for Salivary Gland Tissue Mimetics Using a Design of Experiments (DoE) Approach. Cells 2022; 11:1962. [PMID: 35741092 PMCID: PMC9222211 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapies to prevent or treat salivary gland dysfunction has been limited by a lack of functional in vitro models. Specifically, critical markers of salivary gland secretory phenotype downregulate rapidly ex vivo. Here, we utilize a salivary gland tissue chip model to conduct a design of experiments (DoE) approach to test combinations of seven soluble cues that were previously shown to maintain or improve salivary gland cell function. This approach uses statistical techniques to improve efficiency and accuracy of combinations of factors. The DoE-designed culture conditions improve markers of salivary gland function. Data show that the EGFR inhibitor, EKI-785, maintains relative mRNA expression of Mist1, a key acinar cell transcription factor, while FGF10 and neurturin promote mRNA expression of Aqp5 and Tmem16a, channel proteins involved in secretion. Mist1 mRNA expression correlates with increased secretory function, including calcium signaling and mucin (PAS-AB) staining. Overall, this study demonstrates that media conditions can be efficiently optimized to support secretory function in vitro using a DoE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R. Piraino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
| | - Danielle S. W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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9
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Crosas-Molist E, Samain R, Kohlhammer L, Orgaz J, George S, Maiques O, Barcelo J, Sanz-Moreno V. RhoGTPase Signalling in Cancer Progression and Dissemination. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:455-510. [PMID: 34541899 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a family of small G proteins that regulate a wide array of cellular processes related to their key roles controlling the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, cancer is a multi-step disease caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, from the initial stages of cancer development when cells in normal tissues undergo transformation, to the acquisition of invasive and metastatic traits, responsible for a large number of cancer related deaths. In this review, we discuss the role of Rho GTPase signalling in cancer in every step of disease progression. Rho GTPases contribute to tumour initiation and progression, by regulating proliferation and apoptosis, but also metabolism, senescence and cell stemness. Rho GTPases play a major role in cell migration, and in the metastatic process. They are also involved in interactions with the tumour microenvironment and regulate inflammation, contributing to cancer progression. After years of intensive research, we highlight the importance of relevant models in the Rho GTPase field, and we reflect on the therapeutic opportunities arising for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remi Samain
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Kohlhammer
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha George
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaume Barcelo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Rai S, Alsaidan OA, Yang H, Cai H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate inhibits transforming growth factor β signaling and functions in cis and in trans to regulate prostate stem/progenitor cell activities. Glycobiology 2021; 30:381-395. [PMID: 31829419 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate stem/progenitor cells (PrSCs) are responsible for adult prostate tissue homeostasis and regeneration. However, the related regulatory mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the role of heparan sulfate (HS) in PrSC self-renewal and prostate regeneration. Using an in vitro prostate sphere formation assay, we found that deletion of the glycosyltransferase exostosin 1 (Ext1) abolished HS expression in PrSCs and disrupted their ability to self-renew. In associated studies, we observed that HS loss inhibited p63 and CK5 expression, reduced the number of p63+- or CK5+-expressing stem/progenitor cells, elevated CK8+ expression and the number of differentiated CK8+ luminal cells and arrested the spheroid cells in the G1/G0 phase of cell cycle. Mechanistically, HS expressed by PrSCs (in cis) or by neighboring cells (in trans) could maintain sphere formation. Furthermore, HS deficiency upregulated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling and inhibiting TGFβ signaling partially restored the sphere-formation activity of the HS-deficient PrSCs. In an in vivo prostate regeneration assay, simultaneous loss of HS in both epithelial cell and stromal cell compartments attenuated prostate tissue regeneration, whereas the retention of HS expression in either of the two cellular compartments was sufficient to sustain prostate tissue regeneration. We conclude that HS preserves self-renewal of adult PrSCs by inhibiting TGFβ signaling and functions both in cis and in trans to maintain prostate homeostasis and to support prostate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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11
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Piraino LR, Benoit DSW, DeLouise LA. Salivary Gland Tissue Engineering Approaches: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cells 2021; 10:1723. [PMID: 34359893 PMCID: PMC8303463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland regeneration is important for developing treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia, Sjögren's syndrome, and other conditions that cause dry mouth. Culture conditions adopted from tissue engineering strategies have been used to recapitulate gland structure and function to study and regenerate the salivary glands. The purpose of this review is to highlight current trends in the field, with an emphasis on soluble factors that have been shown to improve secretory function in vitro. A PubMed search was conducted to identify articles published in the last 10 years and articles were evaluated to identify the most promising approaches and areas for further research. Results showed increasing use of extracellular matrix mimetics, such as Matrigel®, collagen, and a variety of functionalized polymers. Soluble factors that provide supportive cues, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and neurotrophic factors, as well as chemical inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFβR) have shown increases in important markers including aquaporin 5 (Aqp5); muscle, intestine, and stomach expression 1 (Mist1); and keratin (K5). However, recapitulation of tissue function at in vivo levels is still elusive. A focus on identification of soluble factors, cells, and/or matrix cues tested in combination may further increase the maintenance of salivary gland secretory function in vitro. These approaches may also be amenable for translation in vivo to support successful regeneration of dysfunctional glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R. Piraino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
| | - Danielle S. W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (L.R.P.); (D.S.W.B.)
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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12
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Chen Z, He W, Leung TCN, Chung HY. Immortalization and Characterization of Rat Lingual Keratinocytes in a High-Calcium and Feeder-Free Culture System Using ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6782. [PMID: 34202585 PMCID: PMC8268148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured keratinocytes are desirable models for biological and medical studies. However, primary keratinocytes are difficult to maintain, and there has been little research on lingual keratinocyte culture. Here, we investigated the effect of Y-27632, a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, on the immortalization and characterization of cultured rat lingual keratinocyte (RLKs). Three Y-27632-supplemented media were screened for the cultivation of RLKs isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. Phalloidin staining and TUNEL assay were applied to visualize cytoskeleton dynamics and cell apoptosis following Y-27632 removal. Label-free proteomics, RT-PCR, calcium imaging, and cytogenetic studies were conducted to characterize the cultured cells. Results showed that RLKs could be conditionally immortalized in a high-calcium medium in the absence of feeder cells, although they did not exhibit normal karyotypes. The removal of Y-27632 from the culture medium led to reversible cytoskeletal reorganization and nuclear enlargement without triggering apoptosis, and a total of 239 differentially expressed proteins were identified by proteomic analysis. Notably, RLKs derived from the non-taste epithelium expressed some molecular markers characteristic of taste bud cells, yet calcium imaging revealed that they rarely responded to tastants. Collectively, we established a high-calcium and feeder-free culture method for the long-term maintenance of RLKs. Our results shed some new light on the immortalization and differentiation of lingual keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.C.); (T.C.N.L.)
| | - Wenmeng He
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Thomas Chun Ning Leung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.C.); (T.C.N.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hau Yin Chung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.C.); (T.C.N.L.)
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13
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Kim K, Min S, Kim D, Kim H, Roh S. A Rho Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitor, Y-27632, Inhibits the Dissociation-Induced Cell Death of Salivary Gland Stem Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092658. [PMID: 34062818 PMCID: PMC8124333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland stem cells (SGSCs) are potential cell sources for the treatment of salivary gland diseases. The control of cell survival is an essential factor for applying stem cells to regenerative medicine or stem cell-based research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on the survival of SGSCs and its underlying mechanisms. SGSCs were isolated from mouse submandibular glands and cultured in suspension. Treatment with Y-27632 restored the viability of SGSCs that was significantly decreased during isolation and the subsequent culture. Y-27632 upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 in SGSCs and, in the apoptosis assay, significantly reduced apoptotic and necrotic cell populations. Matrigel was used to mimic the extracellular environment of an intact salivary gland. The expression of genes regulating apoptosis and the ROCK signaling pathway was significantly reduced when SGSCs were embedded in Matrigel. SGSCs cultured in Matrigel and treated with Y-27632 showed no difference in the total numbers of spheroids and expression levels of apoptosis-regulating genes. Matrigel-embedded SGSCs treated with Y-27632 increased the number of spheroids with budding structures and the expression of acinar cell-specific marker AQP5. We demonstrate the protective effects of Y-27632 against dissociation-induced apoptosis of SGSCs during their culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Kim
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sol Min
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Sangho Roh
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2333
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14
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Sun S, Yano S, Nakanishi MO, Hirose M, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Ogura A, Tanaka S. Maintenance of mouse trophoblast stem cells in KSR-based medium allows conventional 3D culture. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:197-205. [PMID: 33746143 PMCID: PMC8238679 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) can differentiate into trophoblast cells, which constitute the placenta. Under conventional culture conditions, in a medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), and heparin and in the presence of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) as feeder cells, TSCs maintain their undifferentiated, proliferative status. MEFs can be replaced by a 70% MEF-conditioned medium (MEF-CM) or by TGF-ß/activin A. To find out if KnockOutTM Serum Replacement (KSR) can replace FBS for TSC maintenance, we cultured mouse TSCs in KSR-based, FBS-free medium and investigated their proliferation capacity, stemness, and differentiation potential. The results indicated that fibronectin, vitronectin, or laminin coating was necessary for adhesion of TSCs under KSR-based conditions but not for their survival or proliferation. While the presence of FGF4, heparin, and activin A was not sufficient to support the proliferation of TSCs, the addition of a pan-retinoic acid receptor inverse agonist and a ROCK-inhibitor yielded a proliferation rate comparable to that obtained under the conventional FBS-based conditions. TSCs cultured under the KSR-based conditions had a gene expression and DNA methylation profile characteristic of TSCs and exhibited a differentiation potential. Moreover, under KSR-based conditions, we could obtain a suspension culture of TSCs using extracellular matrix (ECM) coating-free dishes. Thus, we have established here, KSR-based culture conditions for the maintenance of TSCs, which should be useful for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sun
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shota Yano
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Momo O Nakanishi
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BRC, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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15
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Naqvi SM, McNamara LM. Stem Cell Mechanobiology and the Role of Biomaterials in Governing Mechanotransduction and Matrix Production for Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:597661. [PMID: 33381498 PMCID: PMC7767888 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.597661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology has underpinned many scientific advances in understanding how biophysical and biomechanical cues regulate cell behavior by identifying mechanosensitive proteins and specific signaling pathways within the cell that govern the production of proteins necessary for cell-based tissue regeneration. It is now evident that biophysical and biomechanical stimuli are as crucial for regulating stem cell behavior as biochemical stimuli. Despite this, the influence of the biophysical and biomechanical environment presented by biomaterials is less widely accounted for in stem cell-based tissue regeneration studies. This Review focuses on key studies in the field of stem cell mechanobiology, which have uncovered how matrix properties of biomaterial substrates and 3D scaffolds regulate stem cell migration, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation, and activation of specific biological responses. First, we provide a primer of stem cell biology and mechanobiology in isolation. This is followed by a critical review of key experimental and computational studies, which have unveiled critical information regarding the importance of the biophysical and biomechanical cues for stem cell biology. This review aims to provide an informed understanding of the intrinsic role that physical and mechanical stimulation play in regulating stem cell behavior so that researchers may design strategies that recapitulate the critical cues and develop effective regenerative medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Naqvi
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - L M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Kim K, Abdal Dayem A, Gil M, Yang GM, Lee SB, Kwon OH, Choi S, Kang GH, Lim KM, Kim D, Cho SG. 3,2'-Dihydroxyflavone Improves the Proliferation and Survival of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Differentiation into Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030669. [PMID: 32131506 PMCID: PMC7141312 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient maintenance of the undifferentiated status of human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is crucial for producing cells with improved proliferation, survival and differentiation, which can be successfully used for stem cell research and therapy. Here, we generated iPSCs from healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and analyzed the proliferation and differentiation capacities of the generated iPSCs using single cell NGS-based 24-chromosome aneuploidy screening and RNA sequencing. In addition, we screened various natural compounds for molecules that could enhance the proliferation and differentiation potential of hiPSCs. Among the tested compounds, 3,2′-dihydroxyflavone (3,2′-DHF) significantly increased cell proliferation and expression of naïve stemness markers and decreased the dissociation-induced apoptosis of hiPSCs. Of note, 3,2′-DHF-treated hiPSCs showed upregulation of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and an increase in the percentage of GSH-high cells in an analysis with a FreSHtracer system. Interestingly, culture of the 3,2′-DHF-treated hiPSCs in differentiation media enhanced their mesodermal differentiation and differentiation into CD34+ CD45+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and natural killer cells (NK) cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the natural compound 3,2′-DHF can improve the proliferation and differentiation capacities of hiPSCs and increase the efficiency of HPC and NK cell production from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Minchan Gil
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Oh-Hyung Kwon
- Bio-Medical Science (BMS) Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10136, Korea; (O.-H.K.)
| | - Sangbaek Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Geun-Ho Kang
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Dongho Kim
- Bio-Medical Science (BMS) Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10136, Korea; (O.-H.K.)
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.G.); (G.-M.Y.); (S.B.L.); (S.C.); (G.-H.K.); (K.M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-4207
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17
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Abstract
Stem cells are an immortal cell population capable of self-renewal; they are essential for human development and ageing and are a major focus of research in regenerative medicine. Despite considerable progress in differentiation of stem cells in vitro, culture conditions require further optimization to maximize the potential for multicellular differentiation during expansion. The aim of this study was to develop a feeder-free, serum-free culture method for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), to establish optimal conditions for hESC proliferation, and to determine the biological characteristics of the resulting hESCs. The H9 hESC line was cultured using a homemade serum-free, feeder-free culture system, and growth was observed. The expression of pluripotency proteins (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, LIN28, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81) in hESCs was determined by immunofluorescence and western blotting. The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding nestin, brachyury and α-fetoprotein in differentiated H9 cells were determined by RT-PCR. The newly developed culture system resulted in classical hESC colonies that were round or elliptical in shape, with clear and neat boundaries. The expression of pluripotency proteins was increased, and the genes encoding nestin, brachyury, and α-fetoprotein were expressed in H9 cells, suggesting that the cells maintained in vitro differentiation capacity. Our culture system containing a unique set of components, with animal-derived substances, maintained the self-renewal potential and pluripotency of H9 cells for eight passages. Further optimization of this system may expand the clinical application of hESCs.
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18
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Koslow M, O'Keefe KJ, Hosseini ZF, Nelson DA, Larsen M. ROCK inhibitor increases proacinar cells in adult salivary gland organoids. Stem Cell Res 2019; 41:101608. [PMID: 31731180 PMCID: PMC7069099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salisphere-derived adult epithelial cells have been used to improve saliva production of irradiated mouse salivary glands. Importantly, optimization of the cellular composition of salispheres could improve their regenerative capabilities. The Rho Kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y27632, has been used to increase the proliferation and reduce apoptosis of progenitor cells grown in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether Y27632 could be used to improve expansion of adult submandibular salivary epithelial progenitor cells or to affect their differentiation potential in different media contexts. Application of Y27632 in medium used previously to grow salispheres promoted expansion of Kit+ and Mist1+ cells, while in simple serum-containing medium Y27632 increased the number of cells that expressed the K5 basal progenitor marker. Salispheres derived from Mist1CreERT2; R26TdTomato mice grown in salisphere media with Y27632 included Mist1-derived cells. When these salispheres were incorporated into 3D organoids, inclusion of Y27632 in the salisphere stage increased the contribution of Mist1-derived cells expressing the proacinar/acinar marker, Aquaporin 5 (AQP5), in response to FGF2-dependent mesenchymal signals. Optimization of the cellular composition of salispheres and organoids can be used to improve the application of adult salivary progenitor cells in regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Koslow
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Kevin J O'Keefe
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Zeinab F Hosseini
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Deirdre A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Graduate program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., LSRB 1086, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of the normal prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy is a prerequisite to investigate the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer. The basal and luminal cells constitute most of the prostate epithelium and have been the major focuses of the study on the cells of origin for prostate cancer. Much progress has been made during the past few decades, mainly using mouse models, to understand the inter-lineage relationship and intra-lineage heterogeneity in adults as well as the lineage plasticity during conditions of stress. These studies have concluded that the adult mouse prostate basal and luminal cells are largely independently sustained under physiological conditions, but both types of cells possess the capacity for bipotent differentiation under stress or artificial experimental conditions. However, the existence or the identity of the putative progenitors within each lineage warrants further investigation. Whether the human prostate lineage hierarchy is completely the same as that of the mouse remains uncertain. Experiments from independent groups have demonstrated that both types of cells in mice and humans can serve as targets for transformation. But controversies remain whether the disease from distinct cells of origin display different clinical behaviors. Further investigation of the intra-lineage heterogeneity will provide new insights into this issue. Understanding the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer will help identify novel prognostic markers for early detection of aggressive prostate cancers, provide insights into the therapeutic vulnerability of these tumors, and inspire novel therapeutic strategies.
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20
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Yeo DC, Wiraja C, Miao Q, Ning X, Pu K, Xu C. Anti-Scarring Drug Screening with Near-Infrared Molecular Probes Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein-α. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:2054-2061. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Yeo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Qingqing Miao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyu Ning
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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21
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Zhu X, Li L, Gao B, Zhang D, Ren Y, Zheng B, Li M, Shi D, Huang B. Early development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos and reduced expression of primed pluripotent marker genes under the effect of lysophosphatidic acid. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1191-1199. [PMID: 29974990 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To further promote the early development of porcine embryos and capture "naïve" pluripotent state within blastocyst, the experiment explored the effects of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) on the early development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos and the expression of pluripotency relevant genes. The results showed that the addition of 50 μM LPA significantly improved parthenogenetic embryo cleavage rate (82.7% vs. 74.7%, p < 0.05), blastocyst rate (24.5% vs. 11.3%, p < 0.05) and blastocyst cell count (56 ± 7.9 vs. 42 ± 1.0, p < 0.05) than that of the control group. In addition, immunostaining experiment determined that the fluorescence intensity of OCT4 was also significantly higher than that of the control group. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) test revealed that addition of 50 μM LPA could significantly enhance the expression level of pluripotent gene OCT4 and trophoblast marker genes CDX2, however, decrease the expression of primitive hypoblast marker gene GATA4. The results also indicated that LPA might decrease the expression of GATA4 through the ROCK signalling pathway. For further investigating the effect of the addition of LPA on the expression of "primed" and "naïve" genes, we also detected the expression of those pluripotency-related genes by qRT-PCR. The results showed addition of LPA had no significant effect on the expression of "naïve" pluripotent genes, but it was able to significantly decrease the expression of "primed" pluripotent genes, NODAL and Activin-A; furthermore, it also could significantly improve the expression of OCT4 and c-Myc which act as two important ES cell renewal factors. Above all, the addition of LPA can facilitate the early development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos, which may be able to benefit for capturing "naïve" pluripotency in vitro through inhibiting "primed" pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at ShenZhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lanyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bangjun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Beibei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengmei Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ben Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Hamilton CA, Young R, Jayaraman S, Sehgal A, Paxton E, Thomson S, Katzer F, Hope J, Innes E, Morrison LJ, Mabbott NA. Development of in vitro enteroids derived from bovine small intestinal crypts. Vet Res 2018; 49:54. [PMID: 29970174 PMCID: PMC6029049 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are an economically important domestic animal species. In vitro 2D cultures of intestinal epithelial cells or epithelial cell lines have been widely used to study cell function and host-pathogen interactions in the bovine intestine. However, these cultures lack the cellular diversity encountered in the intestinal epithelium, and the physiological relevance of monocultures of transformed cell lines is uncertain. Little is also known of the factors that influence cell differentiation and homeostasis in the bovine intestinal epithelium, and few cell-specific markers that can distinguish the different intestinal epithelial cell lineages have been reported. Here we describe a simple and reliable procedure to establish in vitro 3D enteroid, or "mini gut", cultures from bovine small intestinal (ileal) crypts. These enteroids contained a continuous central lumen lined with a single layer of polarized enterocytes, bound by tight junctions with abundant microvilli on their apical surfaces. Histological and transcriptional analyses suggested that the enteroids comprised a mixed population of intestinal epithelial cell lineages including intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. We show that bovine enteroids can be successfully maintained long-term through multiple serial passages without observable changes to their growth characteristics, morphology or transcriptome. Furthermore, the bovine enteroids can be cryopreserved and viable cultures recovered from frozen stocks. Our data suggest that these 3D bovine enteroid cultures represent a novel, physiologically-relevant and tractable in vitro system in which epithelial cell differentiation and function, and host-pathogen interactions in the bovine small intestine can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Hamilton
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 5/20 Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jayne Hope
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabeth Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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23
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Wang Y, Li XW, Liu J, Fu W. Antenatal taurine supplementation in fetal rats with growth restriction improves neural stem cell proliferation by inhibiting the activities of Rho family factors. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31:1454-1461. [PMID: 28412885 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1319353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether antenatal taurine supplementation improves neural stem cell proliferation in rats with fetal growth restriction (FGR) through regulating the activity of Rho family factors. METHODS FGR models were established via food restriction throughout pregnancy. Pregnant rats were randomly divided into the control group, the FGR group (given 40% of the normal daily feeding in the control group), and the Taurine group (FGR model treated with 300 mg/kg·d taurine from gestational day seven). Expression of fatty acid binding protein-7 (FABP-7), Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK2), Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), and rac in the brains of newborn rats was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blotting (WB). RESULTS Relative FABP7 mRNA levels, the optical density (OD) values of FABP7-positive cells and the expression levels of the tested proteins all demonstrated that the number of neural stem cells (NSCs) in brain tissue was lower in the FGR group than in the control group but was significantly increased after antenatal taurine supplementation (p < .05). Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein levels of RhoA and ROCK2 were higher in the FGR group but lower in the Taurine group (p < .05). In contrast, the rac mRNA level was lower in the FGR group than in the control group but was higher in the Taurine group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Taurine prenatal supplementation improved neural stem cell proliferation in rats with FGR by inhibiting the activity of Rho family factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- a Department of Neonatology and NICU of Bayi Children's Hospital , Army General Hospital of the Chinese PLA affiliated to Southern Medical University , Beijing , China
- b Department of Neonatology and NICU , Tai'an City Central Hospital , Tai'an , China
| | - Xiang-Wen Li
- a Department of Neonatology and NICU of Bayi Children's Hospital , Army General Hospital of the Chinese PLA affiliated to Southern Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Jing Liu
- a Department of Neonatology and NICU of Bayi Children's Hospital , Army General Hospital of the Chinese PLA affiliated to Southern Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Fu
- a Department of Neonatology and NICU of Bayi Children's Hospital , Army General Hospital of the Chinese PLA affiliated to Southern Medical University , Beijing , China
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24
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Dakic A, DiVito K, Fang S, Suprynowicz F, Gaur A, Li X, Palechor-Ceron N, Simic V, Choudhury S, Yu S, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal D, Schlegel R, Liu X. ROCK inhibitor reduces Myc-induced apoptosis and mediates immortalization of human keratinocytes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66740-66753. [PMID: 27556514 PMCID: PMC5341834 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Myc/Max/Mad network plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis and c-Myc is overexpressed in many cancers, including HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Despite the tolerance of cervical cancer keratinocytes to high Myc expression, we found that the solitary transduction of the Myc gene into primary cervical and foreskin keratinocytes induced rapid cell death. These findings suggested that the anti-apoptotic activity of E7 in cervical cancer cells might be responsible for negating the apoptotic activity of over-expressed Myc. Indeed, our earlier in vitro studies demonstrated that Myc and E7 synergize in the immortalization of keratinocytes. Since we previously postulated that E7 and the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, were members of the same functional pathway in cell immortalization, we tested whether Y-27632 would inhibit apoptosis induced by the over-expression of Myc. Our findings indicate that Y-27632 rapidly inhibited Myc-induced membrane blebbing and cellular apoptosis and, more generally, functioned as an inhibitor of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of cell death. Most important, Y-27632 cooperated with Myc to immortalize keratinocytes efficiently, indicating that apoptosis is a major barrier to Myc-induced immortalization of keratinocytes. The anti-apoptotic activity of Y-27632 correlated with a reduction in p53 serine 15 phosphorylation and the consequent reduction in the expression of downstream target genes p21 and DAPK1, two genes involved in the induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dakic
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kyle DiVito
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shuang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Frank Suprynowicz
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Anirudh Gaur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nancy Palechor-Ceron
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Vera Simic
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sujata Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dean Rosenthal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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25
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Wang T, Kang W, Du L, Ge S. Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 facilitates the proliferation, migration and pluripotency of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3100-3112. [PMID: 28661039 PMCID: PMC5661246 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective in vitro expansion and differentiation of multipotent stem cells are critical steps in cell-based regenerative therapies, while technical challenges have limited cell yield and thus affected the success of these potential treatments. The Rho GTPases and downstream Rho kinases are central regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics during cell cycle and determine the balance between stem cells self-renewal, lineage commitment and apoptosis. Trans-4-[(1R)-aminoethyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl)cylohexanecarboxamidedihydrochloride (Y-27632), Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, involves various cellular functions that include actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, cell motility and anti-apoptosis. Here, human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated by limiting dilution method. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labelling assay, cell apoptosis assay, cell migration assay, wound-healing assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Alizarin Red S staining, Oil Red O staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to determine the effects of Y-27632 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, stemness, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Afterwards, Western blot analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism of cell proliferation. The results indicated that Y-27632 significantly promoted cell proliferation, chemotaxis, wound healing, fat droplets formation and pluripotency, while inhibited ALP activity and mineral deposition. Furthermore, Y-27632 induced PDLSCs proliferation through extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascade. Therefore, control of Rho-kinase activity may enhance the efficiency of stem cell-based treatments for periodontal diseases and the strategy may have the potential to promote periodontal tissue regeneration by facilitating the chemotaxis of PDLSCs to the injured site, and then enhancing the proliferation of these cells and maintaining their pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Lingqian Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of StomatologyThe Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
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26
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Abstract
Malignant carcinomas are often characterized by metastasis, the movement of carcinoma cells from a primary site to colonize distant organs. For metastasis to occur, carcinoma cells first must adopt a pro-migratory phenotype and move through the surrounding stroma towards a blood or lymphatic vessel. Currently, there are very limited possibilities to target these processes therapeutically. The family of Rho GTPases is an ubiquitously expressed division of GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and intracellular signaling. The best characterized members of the Rho family GTPases are RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Abnormalities in Rho GTPase function have major consequences for cancer progression. Rho GTPase activation is driven by cell surface receptors that activate GTP exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on Rho GTPase function in the regulation of metastasis. We will focus on key discoveries in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), cell-cell junctions, formation of membrane protrusions, plasticity of cell migration and adaptation to a hypoxic environment. In addition, we will emphasize on crosstalk between Rho GTPase family members and other important oncogenic pathways, such as cyclic AMP-mediated signaling, canonical Wnt/β-catenin, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) and provide an overview of the advancements and challenges in developing pharmacological tools to target Rho GTPase and the aforementioned crosstalk in the context of cancer therapeutics.
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27
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Wu Q, Ouyang C, Xie L, Ling Y, Huang T. The ROCK inhibitor, thiazovivin, inhibits human corneal endothelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition/epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition and increases ionic transporter expression. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1009-1018. [PMID: 28849097 PMCID: PMC5593453 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal diseases exhibit a high prevalence and are prone to cause blindness; furthermore, maintaining the morphology and ionic transporter expression in corneal endothelial cells (CECs) is crucial for treatment of these diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the novel Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, thiazovivin (2,4‑disubstituted thiazole, TZV), on human corneal endothelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition/epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EndMT/EMT), cell morphology, junction proteins and ionic transporter expression in human CECs (HCECs) in vitro and then to clarify the mechanisms of action of TZV. In the present study, primary HCECs were cultured in vitro and passaged. The expression levels of adhesion proteins (E‑cadherin and N‑cadherin), the EndMT/EMT marker, α smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA), the tight junction protein, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO‑1), and the ionic transporter, Na+/K+‑ATPase, were detected by immunofluorescence. The proliferative ability of the HCECs was determined by CCK-8 assay. The mRNA expression of the EndMT/EMT‑inducing gene, Snail, was examined by RT‑PCR. The protein expression levels of ROCK1/2 were evaluated by western blot analysis. The HCECs were cultured with TZV at various concentrations (2, 4, or 6 µM) for different periods of time (24 or 48 h). We found that the the cell states of the HCECs co‑cultured with 4 µM TZV for 48 h reached the optimum, and corneal EndMT/EMT was inhibited, as evidenced by the significantly upregulated expression of ZO‑1 and E‑cadherin, and the markedly downregulated expression of N‑cadherin and α‑SMA. Furthermore, the cells exhibited a normal, tightly connected hexagonal or pentagonal morphology. Additionally, the protein expression of ROCK1/2 and the mRNA expression of Snail were significantly decreased. However, there was no significant difference between the TZV‑treated and the control groups as regards HCEC proliferative ability. These findings suggested that the ROCK inhibitor, TZV (4 µM), was effective in improving the morphology, cell junctions and ionic transporter expression of HCECs by inhibiting EndMT/EMT, but had no effect on HCEC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Chen Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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28
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Inhibition of TGF-β signaling supports high proliferative potential of diverse p63 + mouse epithelial progenitor cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6089. [PMID: 28729719 PMCID: PMC5519764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have been used to provide primary cells to study physiology and pathogenesis of epithelia. However, highly efficient simple approaches to propagate mouse primary epithelial cells remain challenging. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β signaling enables long-term expansion of p63+ epithelial progenitor cells in low Ca2+ media without the need of progenitor cell-purification steps or support by a feeder cell layer. We find that TGF-β signaling is operative in mouse primary keratinocytes in conventional cultures as determined by the nuclear Smad2/3 localization. Accordingly, TGF-β signaling inhibition in crude preparations of mouse epidermis robustly increases proliferative capacity of p63+ epidermal progenitor cells, while preserving their ability of differentiation in response to Ca2+ stimulation. Notably, inhibition of TGF-β signaling also enriches and expands other p63+ epithelial progenitor cells in primary crude cultures of multiple epithelia, including the cornea, oral and lingual epithelia, salivary gland, esophagus, thymus, and bladder. We anticipate that this simple and efficient approach will facilitate the use of mouse models for studying a wide range of epithelia by providing highly enriched populations of diverse p63+ epithelial progenitor cells in quantity.
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29
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Reynolds SD, Rios C, Wesolowska-Andersen A, Zhuang Y, Pinter M, Happoldt C, Hill CL, Lallier SW, Cosgrove GP, Solomon GM, Nichols DP, Seibold MA. Airway Progenitor Clone Formation Is Enhanced by Y-27632-Dependent Changes in the Transcriptome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:323-36. [PMID: 27144410 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0274ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of conditional reprogramming culture (CRC) methods to nasal airway epithelial cells would allow more wide-spread incorporation of primary airway epithelial culture models into complex lung disease research. In this study, we adapted the CRC method to nasal airway epithelial cells, investigated the growth advantages afforded by this technique over standard culture methods, and determined the cellular and molecular basis of CRC cell culture effects. We found that the CRC method allowed the production of 7.1 × 10(10) cells after 4 passages, approximately 379 times more cells than were generated by the standard bronchial epithelial growth media (BEGM) method. These nasal airway epithelial cells expressed normal basal cell markers and could be induced to form a mucociliary epithelium. Progenitor cell frequency was significantly higher using the CRC method in comparison to the standard culture method, and progenitor cell maintenance was dependent on addition of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632. Whole-transcriptome sequencing analysis demonstrated widespread gene expression changes in Y-27632-treated basal cells. We found that Y-27632 treatment altered expression of genes fundamental to the formation of the basal cell cytoskeleton, cell-cell junctions, and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Importantly, we found that Y-27632 treatment up-regulated expression of unique basal cell intermediate filament and desmosomal genes. Conversely, Y-27632 down-regulated multiple families of protease/antiprotease genes involved in ECM remodeling. We conclude that Y-27632 fundamentally alters cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, which preserves basal progenitor cells and allows greater cell amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Reynolds
- 1 Center for Perinatal Research; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cydney Rios
- 2 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia L Hill
- 1 Center for Perinatal Research; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Scott W Lallier
- 1 Center for Perinatal Research; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory P Cosgrove
- 4 Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,5 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - George M Solomon
- 6 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - David P Nichols
- Departments of 3 Pediatrics and.,4 Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,7 University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Max A Seibold
- 2 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, and.,Departments of 3 Pediatrics and.,5 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
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30
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Li XW, Li F, Liu J, Wang Y, Fu W. [Effect of antepartum taurine supplementation in regulating the activity of Rho family factors and promoting the proliferation of neural stem cells in neonatal rats with fetal growth restriction]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016. [PMID: 27817785 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the possible effect of antepartum taurine supplementation in regulating the activity of Rho family factors and promoting the proliferation of neural stem cells in neonatal rats with fetal growth restriction (FGR), and to provide a basis for antepartum taurine supplementation to promote brain development in children with FGR. METHODS A total of 24 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, FGR, and taurine (n=8 each ). A rat model of FGR was established by food restriction throughout pregnancy. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were used to measure the expression of the specific intracellular markers for neural stem cells fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac). RESULTS The FGR group had significantly lower OD value of FABP7-positive cells and mRNA and protein expression of FABP7 than the control group, and the taurine group had significantly higher OD value of FABP7-positive cells and mRNA and protein expression of FABP7 than the FGR group (P<0.05). The FGR group had significantly higher mRNA expression of RhoA and ROCK2 than the control group. The taurine group had significantly higher mRNA expression of RhoA and ROCK2 than the control group and significantly lower expression than the FGR group (P<0.05). The FGR group had significantly lower mRNA expression of Rac than the control group. The taurine group had significantly higher mRNA expression of Rac than the FGR and control groups (P<0.05). The FGR group had significantly higher protein expression of RhoA and ROCK2 than the control group. The taurine group had significantly lower protein expression of RhoA and ROCK2 than the FGR group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Antepartum taurine supplementation can promote the proliferation of neural stem cells in rats with FGR, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the activity of Rho family factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wen Li
- Department of Neonatology, Rocket Army General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinzhou Medical University, Beijing 100700, China.
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31
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Zhang D, Lin K, Lu Y, Rycaj K, Zhong Y, Chao H, Calhoun‐Davis T, Shen J, Tang DG. Developing a Novel Two-Dimensional Culture System to Enrich Human Prostate Luminal Progenitors that Can Function as a Cell of Origin for Prostate Cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:748-760. [PMID: 28297567 PMCID: PMC5442765 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the cell of origin of cancer has great significance in stratifying patients into appropriate treatment groups and for developing novel targeted therapies. Early studies demonstrate that only stem‐like basal cells in the normal human prostate (NHP) can function as the cell of origin for prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we show that the organoids derived from bulk NHP luminal cells can also be tumorigenically transformed. We further show that the WIT medium, which is used to culture human mammary epithelial progenitor cells, when combined with the ROCK inhibitor, can readily propagate a population of progenitor‐like cells from the primary NHP luminal cell isolates. Such functionally defined luminal progenitors can be transformed by distinct sets of genetic perturbations (i.e., AR+AKT/ERG or c‐MYC+PTEN knockout) to form tumor glands. Genome‐wide RNA‐Seq analysis of freshly purified unperturbed human benign prostatic basal and luminal cells and culture‐expanded lineage‐specific stem/progenitor populations reveals that the luminal progenitors possess a distinct gene expression profile that is greatly enriched in advanced, castration‐resistant, and metastatic PCa, and it associates with poor patient survival. The ability of the simple two‐dimensional culture system reported herein to greatly enrich NHP progenitor‐like cells should facilitate biological and biochemical studies as well as high‐throughput screening in these cells and in progenitor‐like PCa cells. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:748–760
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxiao Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hsueh‐Ping Chao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tammy Calhoun‐Davis
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dean G. Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non‐Coding RNAs, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Dafinca R, Scaber J, Ababneh N, Lalic T, Weir G, Christian H, Vowles J, Douglas AGL, Fletcher-Jones A, Browne C, Nakanishi M, Turner MR, Wade-Martins R, Cowley SA, Talbot K. C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Expansions Are Associated with Altered Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis and Stress Granule Formation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons from Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2063-78. [PMID: 27097283 PMCID: PMC4979662 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An expanded hexanucleotide repeat in a noncoding region of the C9orf72 gene is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), accounting for up to 40% of familial cases and 7% of sporadic ALS in European populations. We have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of patients carrying C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansions, differentiated these to functional motor and cortical neurons, and performed an extensive phenotypic characterization. In C9orf72 iPSC‐derived motor neurons, decreased cell survival is correlated with dysfunction in Ca2+ homeostasis, reduced levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2, increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, C9orf72 motor neurons, and also cortical neurons, show evidence of abnormal protein aggregation and stress granule formation. This study is an extensive characterization of iPSC‐derived motor neurons as cellular models of ALS carrying C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeats, which describes a novel pathogenic link between C9orf72 mutations, dysregulation of calcium signaling, and altered proteostasis and provides a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of ALS and the related neurodegenerative disease frontotemporal dementia. Stem Cells2016;34:2063–2078
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jane Vowles
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cathy Browne
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cancer stem cells are underestimated by standard experimental methods in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25220. [PMID: 27121191 PMCID: PMC4848484 DOI: 10.1038/srep25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare cancer stem cells (CSC) are proposed to be responsible for tumour propagation and re-initiation and are functionally defined by identifying tumour-initiating cells (TICs) using the xenotransplantation limiting dilution assay (LDA). While TICs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) appeared rare in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) mice, xenografts formed more efficiently from small tumour fragments, indicating the LDA underestimated ccRCC TIC frequency. Mechanistic interrogation of the LDA identified multiple steps that influence ccRCC TIC quantitation. For example, tissue disaggregation destroys most ccRCC cells, common assays significantly overestimate tumour cell viability, and microenvironmental supplementation with human extracellular factors or pharmacological inhibition of anoikis increase clonogenicity and tumourigenicity of ccRCC cell lines and primary tumour cells. Identification of these previously uncharacterized concerns that cumulatively lead to substantial underestimation of TICs in ccRCC provides a framework for development of more accurate TIC assays in the future, both for this disease and for other cancers.
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a highly lethal malignancy for which new treatment and diagnostic approaches are urgently needed. In order for such breakthroughs to be discovered, researchers require systems that accurately model the development and biology of PDA. While cell lines, genetically engineered murine models, and xenografts have all led to valuable clinical insights, organotypic culture models have emerged as tractable systems to recapitulate the complex three-dimensional organization of PDA. Recently, multiple methods for modeling PDA using organoids have been reported. This review aims to summarize these organoid methods in the context of other PDA models. While each model system has unique benefits and drawbacks, ultimately, organoids hold special promise for the development of personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Baker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hervé Tiriac
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Camarasa MV, Gálvez VM. Robust method for TALEN-edited correction of pF508del in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:26. [PMID: 26861665 PMCID: PMC4748475 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is one of the most frequent inherited rare diseases, caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Apart from symptomatic treatments, therapeutic protocols for curing the disease have not yet been established. The regeneration of genetically corrected, disease-free epithelia in cystic fibrosis patients is envisioned by designing a stem cell/genetic therapy in which patient-derived pluripotent stem cells are genetically corrected, from which target tissues are derived. In this framework, we present an efficient method for seamless correction of pF508del mutation in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells by gene edited homologous recombination. Gene edition has been performed by transcription activator-like effector nucleases and a homologous recombination donor vector which contains a PiggyBac transposon-based double selectable marker cassette. This new method has been designed to partially avoid xenobiotics from the culture system, improve cell culture efficiency and genome stability by using a robust culture system method, and optimize timings. Overall, once the pluripotent cells have been amplified for the first nucleofection, the procedure can be completed in 69 days, and can be easily adapted to edit and change any gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vicenta Camarasa
- Caubet-Cimera Foundation, Hospital Joan March, Ctra Soller Km 12, 07110, Bunyola, Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Víctor Miguel Gálvez
- Caubet-Cimera Foundation, Hospital Joan March, Ctra Soller Km 12, 07110, Bunyola, Mallorca, Spain
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Wei L, Surma M, Shi S, Lambert-Cheatham N, Shi J. Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:259-78. [PMID: 26725045 PMCID: PMC4930737 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. The ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays a central role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since the discovery of effective inhibitors such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored in numerous diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence supports the concept that ROCK plays important roles in tumor development and progression through regulating many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including tumorigenicity, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis/survival and chemoresistance as well. This review focuses on the new advances of the most recent 5 years from the studies on the roles of ROCK in cancer development and progression; the discussion is mainly focused on the potential value of ROCK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-370, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
| | - Michelle Surma
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Stephanie Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Nathan Lambert-Cheatham
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Jianjian Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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Kang SYC, Kannan N, Zhang L, Martinez V, Rosin MP, Eaves CJ. Characterization of Epithelial Progenitors in Normal Human Palatine Tonsils and Their HPV16 E6/E7-Induced Perturbation. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1210-1225. [PMID: 26527383 PMCID: PMC4682068 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human palatine tonsils are oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues containing multiple invaginations (crypts) in which the continuity of the outer surface epithelium is disrupted and the isolated epithelial cells intermingle with other cell types. We now show that primitive epithelial cells detectable in vitro in 2D colony assays and in a 3D culture system are CD44+NGFR+ and present in both surface and crypt regions. Transcriptome analysis indicated a high similarity between CD44+NGFR+ cells in both regions, although those isolated from the crypt contained a higher proportion of the most primitive (holo)clonogenic cells. Lentiviral transduction of CD44+NGFR+ cells from both regions with human papillomavirus 16-encoded E6/E7 prolonged their growth in 2D cultures and caused aberrant differentiation in 3D cultures. Our findings therefore reveal a shared, site-independent, hierarchical organization, differentiation potential, and transcriptional profile of normal human tonsillar epithelial progenitor cells. They also introduce a new model for investigating the mechanisms of their transformation. Tonsillar surface and crypt epithelial progenitor cells are detected similarly Both surface and crypt epithelial progenitors in the tonsil are CD44+NGFR+ Stratified epithelium can be regenerated from primitive tonsillar crypt cells HPV16 E6/E7 deregulates crypt epithelial progenitor growth and differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yoon Catherine Kang
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lewei Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Victor Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Miriam P Rosin
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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38
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Kwon OJ, Zhang L, Xin L. Stem Cell Antigen-1 Identifies a Distinct Androgen-Independent Murine Prostatic Luminal Cell Lineage with Bipotent Potential. Stem Cells 2015; 34:191-202. [PMID: 26418304 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent lineage tracing studies support the existence of prostate luminal progenitors that possess extensive regenerative capacity, but their identity remains unknown. We show that Sca-1 (stem cell antigen-1) identifies a small population of murine prostate luminal cells that reside in the proximal prostatic ducts adjacent to the urethra. Sca-1(+) luminal cells do not express Nkx3.1. They do not carry the secretory function, although they express the androgen receptor. These cells are enriched in the prostates of castrated mice. In the in vitro prostate organoid assay, a small fraction of the Sca-1(+) luminal cells are capable of generating budding organoids that are morphologically distinct from those derived from other cell lineages. Histologically, this type of organoid is composed of multiple inner layers of luminal cells surrounded by multiple outer layers of basal cells. When passaged, these organoids retain their morphological and histological features. Finally, the Sca-1(+) luminal cells are capable of forming small prostate glands containing both basal and luminal cells in an in vivo prostate regeneration assay. Collectively, our study establishes the androgen-independent and bipotent organoid-forming Sca-1(+) luminal cells as a functionally distinct cellular entity. These cells may represent a putative luminal progenitor population and serve as a cellular origin for castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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39
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Tilson SG, Haley EM, Triantafillu UL, Dozier DA, Langford CP, Gillespie GY, Kim Y. ROCK Inhibition Facilitates In Vitro Expansion of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132823. [PMID: 26167936 PMCID: PMC4500389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their stem-like characteristics and their resistance to existing chemo- and radiation therapies, there is a growing appreciation that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the root cause behind cancer metastasis and recurrence. However, these cells represent a small subpopulation of cancer cells and are difficult to propagate in vitro. Glioblastoma is an extremely deadly form of brain cancer that is hypothesized to have a subpopulation of CSCs called glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs; also called brain tumor initiating cells, BTICs). We propose the use of selective Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, Y-27632 and fasudil, to promote GSC/BTIC-like cell survival and propagation in vitro. ROCK inhibitors have been implicated in suppressing apoptosis, and it was hypothesized that they would increase the number of GSC/BTIC-like cells grown in vitro and improve cloning efficiencies. Indeed, our data demonstrate that transient and continuous supplementation of non-toxic concentrations of Y-27632 and fasudil inhibited apoptosis, enhanced the cells’ ability to form spheres, and increased stem cell marker expressing GSC/BTIC-like cell subpopulation. Our data indicated that pharmacological and genetic (siRNA) inhibitions of the ROCK pathway facilitates in vitro expansion of GSC/BTIC-like cells. Thus, ROCK pathway inhibition shows promise for future optimization of CSC culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Tilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Haley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ursula L. Triantafillu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David A. Dozier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Catherine P. Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Loss of the obscurin-RhoGEF downregulates RhoA signaling and increases microtentacle formation and attachment of breast epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8558-68. [PMID: 25261370 PMCID: PMC4226704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obscurins are RhoGEF-containing proteins whose downregulation has been implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. Herein, we aim to elucidate the mechanism for increased motility of obscurin-deficient cells. We show that shRNA-mediated obscurin downregulation in MCF10A cells leads to >50% reduction in RhoA activity relative to scramble control (shCtrl), as well as decreased phosphorylation of RhoA effectors, including myosin light chain phosphatase, myosin light chain, lim kinase, and cofilin, in both attached and suspended cells. These alterations result in decreased actomyosin contractility, allowing suspended cells to escape detachment-induced apoptosis. Moreover, ~40% of shObsc-expressing cells, but only ~10% of shCtrl-expressing cells, extend microtentacles, tubulin-based projections that mediate the attachment of circulating tumor cells to endothelium. Indeed, we show that MCF10A cells expressing shObsc attach in vitro more readily than shCtrl cells, an advantage that persists following taxane exposure. Overall, our data suggest that loss of obscurins may represent a substantial selective advantage for breast epithelial cells during metastasis, and that treatment with paclitaxel may exacerbate this advantage by preferentially allowing obscurin-deficient, stem-like cells to attach to the endothelium of distant sites, a first step towards colonizing metastatic tumors.
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41
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Defined conditions for the isolation and expansion of basal prostate progenitor cells of mouse and human origin. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:503-18. [PMID: 25702639 PMCID: PMC4375832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to isolate and culture primary prostate epithelial stem/progenitor cells (PESCs) have proven difficult and ineffective. Here, we present a method to grow and expand both murine and human basal PESCs long term in serum- and feeder-free conditions. The method enriches for adherent mouse basal PESCs with a Lin−SCA-1+CD49f+TROP2high phenotype. Progesterone and sodium selenite are additionally required for the growth of human Lin−CD49f+TROP2high PESCs. The gene-expression profiles of expanded basal PESCs show similarities to ESCs, and NF-kB function is critical for epithelial differentiation of sphere-cultured PESCs. When transplanted in combination with urogenital sinus mesenchyme, expanded mouse and human PESCs generate ectopic prostatic tubules, demonstrating their stem cell activity in vivo. This novel method will facilitate the molecular, genomic, and functional characterization of normal and pathologic prostate glands of mouse and human origin. Basal prostate epithelial stem/progenitor cells (PESCs) are expanded in vitro Expanded PESCs can differentiate into glandular structures in vitro and in vivo A surface-marker screen identifies marker candidates for prostate basal stem cells Gene-expression analysis shows a role of NF-kB signaling in PESC differentiation
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42
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Tsigelny IF, Kouznetsova VL, Jiang P, Pingle SC, Kesari S. Hierarchical control of coherent gene clusters defines the molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1012-28. [PMID: 25648506 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00007f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly-aggressive and rapidly-lethal tumor characterized by resistance to therapy. Although data on multiple genes, proteins, and pathways are available, the key challenge is deciphering this information and identifying central molecular targets. Therapeutically targeting individual molecules is often unsuccessful due to the presence of compensatory and redundant pathways, and crosstalk. A systems biology approach that involves a hierarchical gene group networks analysis can delineate the coherent functions of different disease mediators. Here, we report an integrative networks-based analysis to identify a system of coherent gene modules in primary and secondary glioblastoma. Our study revealed a hierarchical transcriptional control of genes in these modules. We elucidated those modules responsible for conversion of the glioma-associated microglia/macrophages into glioma-supportive, immunosuppressive cells. Further, we identified clusters comprising mediators of angiogenesis, proliferation, and cell death for both primary and secondary glioblastomas. Data obtained for these clusters point to a possible role of transcription regulators that function as the gene modules mediators in glioblastoma pathogenesis. We elucidated a set of possible transcription regulators that can be targeted to affect the selected gene clusters at specific levels for glioblastoma. Our innovative approach to construct informative disease models may hold the key to successful management of complex diseases including glioblastoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F Tsigelny
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MSC 0752, La Jolla, CA 92093-0752, USA.
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Lamas NJ, Serra SC, Salgado AJ, Sousa N. Failure of Y-27632 to improve the culture of adult human adipose-derived stem cells. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:15-26. [PMID: 25609984 PMCID: PMC4293935 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s66597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Y-27632 is a well-known inhibitor of the Rho-associated coiled kinase (ROCK) and has been shown to significantly improve the culture of a variety of multipotent stem cell types. However, the effects of Y-27632 on the expansion of adult human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) cultures remain to be established. Here, we aimed to characterize the effects of Y-27632 on the culture of hADSCs. Adult hADSCs were isolated from subjects submitted to elective plastic surgery procedures and cultivated in vitro under optimized conditions. Our results show that the continuous supplementation of hADSC cultures with Y-27632 led to decreased numbers of cells and decreased global metabolic viability of hADSC cultures when compared with control conditions. This effect appeared to be dependent on the continuous presence of the drug and was shown to be concentration-dependent and significant for 10 μM and 20 μM of Y-27632. Moreover, the Y-27632-induced decrease in hADSC numbers was not linked to a block in global cell proliferation, as cell numbers consistently increased from the moment of plating until passaging. In addition, Y-27632 was not able to increase the number of hADSCs present in culture 24 hours after passaging. Taken together, our results suggest that, in contrast to other stem cell types, Y-27632 supplementation is not a suitable strategy to enhance hADSC culture expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Jorge Lamas
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave (CHAA), EPE, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences (ECS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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44
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Measurement of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, and expansion potential. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1235:7-17. [PMID: 25388382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1785-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
All stem cells exhibit the capacity and ability to proliferate. This is a fundamental property of stem cells, since it is required not only for self-renewal, but also for expansion and the ability for stem cells to engraft in a patient. The capacity or potential for proliferation by stem cells defines their degree of primitives or stemness. This, in turn, is directly related to stem cell self-renewal. Using a highly sensitive, accurate, and reliable ATP bioluminescence signal detection system that can be multiplexed with other assay readouts, it has been possible to determine three stem cell parameters using a single assay. Using primitive hematopoietic bone marrow stem cells as an example, an in vitro protocol is described that incorporates initially culturing primitive stem cells to induce them into cell cycle, followed by a secondary re-plating step that demonstrates both self-renewal capability and expansion potential.
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Guo Y, Liu Q, Yang Y, Guo X, Lian R, Li S, Wang C, Zhang S, Chen J. The effects of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on injectable spheroids of bovine corneal endothelial cells. Cell Reprogram 2014; 17:77-87. [PMID: 25548902 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spheroids of 3-dimensional culture and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 have shown many advantages for the promotion of cellular viability and proliferation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Y-27632 on the growth and injectability of bovine corneal endothelial cells (B-CECs) maintained in vitro as spheroid cultures. Immunofluorescence staining showed that Y-27632 did not alter the cell type specificity of B-CECs, but it significantly enhanced B-CEC spherical viability and proliferation by a Live/Dead assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling assay, and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The uniform B-CEC spheroids could easily form in multiwall agarose micromolds and had a higher stemness potential than single B-CECs. Injectable B-CEC spheroids were able to form monolayer growth, and polygonal B-CECs completely covered culture plates or Descemet's membrane of decellularized corneas under inverted microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). B-CEC spheroids were generated from agarose microwells on day 1 and then adherent culture with Y-27632 for day 5. However, small B-CEC spheroids still existed on culture plates or decellularized corneas when B-CEC spheroids were cultured in the same condition except for absence of Y-27632. Our findings that CEC spheroids with Y-27632 are injectable in vitro have important implications for the favorable treatment of CEC deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Guo
- 1 Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University , Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Nanduri LSY, Baanstra M, Faber H, Rocchi C, Zwart E, de Haan G, van Os R, Coppes RP. Purification and ex vivo expansion of fully functional salivary gland stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:957-64. [PMID: 25448065 PMCID: PMC4264052 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyposalivation often leads to irreversible and untreatable xerostomia. Salivary gland (SG) stem cell therapy is an attractive putative option to salvage these patients but is impeded by the limited availability of adult human tissue. Here, using murine SG cells, we demonstrate single-cell self-renewal, differentiation, enrichment of SG stem cells, and robust in vitro expansion. Dependent on stem cell marker expression, SG sphere-derived single cells could be differentiated in vitro into distinct lobular or ductal/lobular organoids, suggestive of progenitor or stem cell potency. Expanded cells were able to form miniglands/organoids containing multiple SG cell lineages. Expansion of these multipotent cells through serial passaging resulted in selection of a cell population, homogenous for stem cell marker expression (CD24hi/CD29hi). Cells highly expressing CD24 and CD29 could be prospectively isolated and were able to efficiently restore radiation-damaged SG function. Our approach will facilitate the use of adult SG stem cells for a variety of scientific and therapeutic purposes. Single-cell-based in vitro self-renewal and differentiation of salivary gland stem cells Functional rescue of hyposalivation with in vitro expanded salivary gland stem cells Single-cell-derived organoids that contain salivary gland cell types
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha S Y Nanduri
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hette Faber
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Rocchi
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Zwart
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Building 3226, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerald de Haan
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Building 3226, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Os
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Building 3226, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Kwon OJ, Xin L. Prostate epithelial stem and progenitor cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:209-218. [PMID: 25374923 PMCID: PMC4219311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The classic androgen ablation and replacement experiment demonstrates that prostate epithelia possess extensive regenerative capacities and implies the existence of the prostate stem/progenitor cells. These cells may serve as the cells of origin for prostate cancer and their intrinsic property may dictate the clinical behaviors of the resulting diseases. Therefore, detailed characterization of these cells will potentially benefit disease prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we describe several major in vitro and in vivo approaches that have been employed in the studies of the prostate stem cell activities, summarize the major progress that has been made during the last two decades regarding the identity of prostate stem/progenitor cells and their niches, and discuss some remaining outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
- Baylor College of MedicineOne Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Single luminal epithelial progenitors can generate prostate organoids in culture. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:951-61, 1-4. [PMID: 25241035 PMCID: PMC4183706 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic ability to display self-organizing morphogenetic properties in ex vivo culture may represent a general property of tissue stem cells. Here we show that single luminal stem/progenitor cells can generate prostate organoids in a three-dimensional culture system in the absence of stroma. Organoids generated from CARNs (castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cells) or normal prostate epithelium exhibit tissue architecture containing luminal and basal cells, undergo long-term expansion in culture, and display functional androgen receptor signaling. Lineage-tracing demonstrates that luminal cells are favored for organoid formation, and generate basal cells in culture. Furthermore, tumor organoids can initiate from CARNs after oncogenic transformation, and from mouse models of prostate cancer, and can facilitate analyses of drug response. Finally, we provide evidence supporting the feasibility of organoid studies of human prostate tissue. Our studies underscore the progenitor properties of luminal cells, and identify in vitro approaches for studying prostate biology.
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Pan HY, Yang H, Shao MY, Xu J, Zhang P, Cheng R, Hu T. Sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates AKT/ERK maintenance of dental pulp homoeostasis. Int Endod J 2014; 48:460-8. [PMID: 24931601 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the cell status of dental pulp cells (DPCs) in a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-induced microinflammation environment and the possible mechanisms of cell homoeostasis maintenance by S1P. METHODOLOGY Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) expression was examined in DPCs within a local S1P-induced microinflammation model established using 1 μmol L(-1) S1P. U0126 [extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor], LY294002 (AKT inhibitor) and Y27632 (ROCK inhibitor) were used to inhibit corresponding signalling pathways of DPCs. CCK8 and cell cycle analysis tested cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence staining JC-1 detected changes of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Tests for apoptosis and the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were assessed by flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. Expressions of ERK and AKT were evaluated by western blot analysis. The results were analysed using the Student's t-test and the significance level set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Expressions of S1PR1, S1PR2 and S1PR3 in DPCs differed amongst individuals. DPCs maintained self-homoeostasis in response to S1P-induced microinflammation via S1PRs. During this repair process, ERK, AKT and ROCK had a short-term complementary interaction at 60 min, but then AKT and ERK gradually played decisive roles after 24 h in proliferation enhancement and apoptosis inhibition, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The AKT-ERK balance may determine whether DPC homoeostasis in S1P-induced microinflammation is maintained by synergistic regulation of cell growth and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang JY, Dong HS, Oqani RK, Lin T, Kang JW, Jin DI. Distinct roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 during development of porcine preimplantation embryos. Reproduction 2014; 148:99-107. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell contact mediated by cell adhesion is fundamental to the compaction process that ensures blastocyst quality during embryonic development. In this study, we first showed that Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) were expressed both in porcine oocytes and IVF preimplantation embryos, playing different roles in oocytes maturation and embryo development. The amount of mRNA encoding ROCK1 and the protein concentration clearly increased between the eight-cell and morula stages, but decreased significantly when blastocysts were formed. Conversely, ROCK2 was more abundant in the blastocyst compared with other embryonic stages. Moreover, immunostaining showed that ROCK1 protein distribution changed as the embryo progressed through cleavage and compaction to the morula stage. Initially, the protein was predominantly associated with the plasma membrane but later became cytoplasmic. By contrast, ROCK2 protein was localized in both the cytoplasm and the spindle rotation region during oocyte meiosis, but in the cytoplasm and nucleus as the embryo developed. In addition, ROCK2 was present in the trophectoderm cells of the blastocyst. Treatment with 15 μM Y27632, a specific inhibitor of ROCKs, completely blocked further development of early four-cell stage embryos. Moreover, we did not detect the expression ofROCK1but did detectROCK2expression in blastocysts. Moreover, lysophosphatidic acid an activator of ROCKs significantly improved the rates of blastocyst formation. These data demonstrate that ROCKs are required for embryo development to the blastocyst stage. Together, our results indicate that ROCK1 and ROCK2 may exert different biological functions during the regulation of compaction and in ensuring development of porcine preimplantation embryos to the blastocyst stage.
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