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Devaraju N, Rajendiran V, Ravi NS, Mohankumar KM. Genome Engineering of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9 System. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2429:307-331. [PMID: 35507170 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1979-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo genetic manipulation of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is a viable strategy for the treatment of hematologic and primary immune disorders. Targeted genome editing of HSPCs using the CRISPR-Cas9 system provides an effective platform to edit the desired genomic locus for therapeutic purposes with minimal off-target effects. In this chapter, we describe the detailed methodology for the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene knockout, deletion, addition, and correction in human HSPCs by viral and nonviral approaches. We also present a comprehensive protocol for the analysis of genome modified HSPCs toward the erythroid and megakaryocyte lineage in vitro and the long-term multilineage reconstitution capacity in the recently developed NBSGW mouse model that supports human erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedhitha Devaraju
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (a unit of inStem, Bangalore), Christian Medical College Campus, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vignesh Rajendiran
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (a unit of inStem, Bangalore), Christian Medical College Campus, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nithin Sam Ravi
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (a unit of inStem, Bangalore), Christian Medical College Campus, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumarasamypet M Mohankumar
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (a unit of inStem, Bangalore), Christian Medical College Campus, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Barreto-Duran E, Mejia-Cruz CC, Jaramillo-Garcia LF, Leal-Garcia E, Barreto-Prieto A, Rodriguez-Pardo VM. 3D Multicellular Spheroid for the Study of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Synergistic Effect Between Oxygen Levels, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Endothelial Cells. J Blood Med 2021; 12:517-528. [PMID: 34234608 PMCID: PMC8256312 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s305319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human bone marrow microenvironment is composed of biological, chemical and physical factors that act in a synergistic way to modulate hematopoietic stem cell biology, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), endothelial cells (ECs) and low oxygen levels; however, it is difficult to mimic this human microenvironment in vitro. Methods In this work, we developed 3D multicellular spheroid (3D-MS) for the study of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with some components of perivascular niche. HSCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood, MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow and a microvasculature EC line (CC-2811, Lonza®) was used. For the formation of a 3D structure, a magnetic levitation culture system was used. Cultures were maintained in 21%, 3% and 1% O2 for 15 days. Culture volume, sphericity index and cell viability were determined. Also, human HSC proliferation, phenotype and production of reactive oxygen species were evaluated. Results After 15 days, 3D-MS exhibited viability greater than 80%. Histology results showed structures without necrotic centers, and higher cellular proliferation with 3% O2. An increase in the expression of the CD34 antigen and other hematopoietic antigens were observed to 1% O2 with MSCs plus ECs and low ROS levels. Conclusion These findings suggest that 3D-MS formed by MSCs, ECs and HSCs exposed to low concentrations of oxygen (1–3% O2) modulate human HSC behavior and mimics some features of the perivascular niche, which could reduce the use of animal models and deepen the relationship between the microenvironment of HSC and human hematological diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Barreto-Duran
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America)
| | - Claudia Camila Mejia-Cruz
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America)
| | - Luis Fernando Jaramillo-Garcia
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana., Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America)
| | - Efrain Leal-Garcia
- Departamento de Ortopedia y Traumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana., Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America)
| | - Alfonso Barreto-Prieto
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America)
| | - Viviana Marcela Rodriguez-Pardo
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia (South America)
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Direct Phenotyping and Principal Component Analysis of Type Traits Implicate Novel QTL in Bovine Mastitis through Genome-Wide Association. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041147. [PMID: 33920522 PMCID: PMC8072530 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is well established that the physical conformation of a cow’s udder and teats may influence her susceptibility to mastitis, an inflammatory condition of the udder, which has 25% prevalence in the United States. Our aim was to improve the biological understanding of the genetics underlying mastitis by intensively characterizing cows for udder and teat conformation, including the novel traits of teat width and end shape, and directly associating those phenotypes with high-density genotypes for those exact same cows. We also generated a composite measure that accounts for multiple high-mastitis-risk udder and teat conformations in a single index for risk phenotypes. Using this approach, we identified novel genetic markers associated with udder and teat conformation, which may be good candidates for inclusion in national genetic evaluations for selection of mastitis-resistant cows. Mastitis is the costliest disease facing US dairy producers, and integrating genetic information regarding disease susceptibility into breeding programs may be an efficient way to mitigate economic loss, support the judicious use of antimicrobials, and improve animal welfare. Abstract Our objectives were to robustly characterize a cohort of Holstein cows for udder and teat type traits and perform high-density genome-wide association studies for those traits within the same group of animals, thereby improving the accuracy of the phenotypic measurements and genomic association study. Additionally, we sought to identify a novel udder and teat trait composite risk index to determine loci with potential pleiotropic effects related to mastitis. This approach was aimed at improving the biological understanding of the genetic factors influencing mastitis. Cows (N = 471) were genotyped on the Illumina BovineHD777k beadchip and scored for front and rear teat length, width, end shape, and placement; fore udder attachment; udder cleft; udder depth; rear udder height; and rear udder width. We used principal component analysis to create a single composite measure describing type traits previously linked to high odds of developing mastitis within our cohort of cows. Genome-wide associations were performed, and 28 genomic regions were significantly associated (Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.05). Interrogation of these genomic regions revealed a number of biologically plausible genes whicht may contribute to the development of mastitis and whose functions range from regulating cell proliferation to immune system signaling, including ZNF683, DHX9, CUX1, TNNT1, and SPRY1. Genetic investigation of the risk composite trait implicated a novel locus and candidate genes that have potentially pleiotropic effects related to mastitis.
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Loukogeorgakis SP, Shangaris P, Bertin E, Franzin C, Piccoli M, Pozzobon M, Subramaniam S, Tedeschi A, Kim AG, Li H, Fachin CG, Dias AIBS, Stratigis JD, Ahn NJ, Thrasher AJ, Bonfanti P, Peranteau WH, David AL, Flake AW, De Coppi P. In Utero Transplantation of Expanded Autologous Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells Results in Long-Term Hematopoietic Engraftment. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1176-1188. [PMID: 31116895 PMCID: PMC6773206 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has been proposed as a strategy for the prenatal treatment of congenital hematological diseases. However, levels of long‐term hematopoietic engraftment achieved in experimental IUT to date are subtherapeutic, likely due to host fetal HSCs outcompeting their bone marrow (BM)‐derived donor equivalents for space in the hematopoietic compartment. In the present study, we demonstrate that amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs; c‐Kit+/Lin−) have hematopoietic characteristics and, thanks to their fetal origin, favorable proliferation kinetics in vitro and in vivo, which are maintained when the cells are expanded. IUT of autologous/congenic freshly isolated or cultured AFSCs resulted in stable multilineage hematopoietic engraftment, far higher to that achieved with BM‐HSCs. Intravascular IUT of allogenic AFSCs was not successful as recently reported after intraperitoneal IUT. Herein, we demonstrated that this likely due to a failure of timely homing of donor cells to the host fetal thymus resulted in lack of tolerance induction and rejection. This study reveals that intravascular IUT leads to a remarkable hematopoietic engraftment of AFSCs in the setting of autologous/congenic IUT, and confirms the requirement for induction of central tolerance for allogenic IUT to be successful. Autologous, gene‐engineered, and in vitro expanded AFSCs could be used as a stem cell/gene therapy platform for the in utero treatment of inherited disorders of hematopoiesis. stem cells2019;37:1176–1188
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P Loukogeorgakis
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Panicos Shangaris
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Research Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enrica Bertin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Fondazione Instituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Franzin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Fondazione Instituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Fondazione Instituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Fondazione Instituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sindhu Subramaniam
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Tedeschi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee G Kim
- Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haiying Li
- Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Camila G Fachin
- Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andre I B S Dias
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - John D Stratigis
- Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Ahn
- Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - William H Peranteau
- Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna L David
- Research Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W Flake
- Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lapostolle V, Chevaleyre J, Duchez P, Rodriguez L, Vlaski-Lafarge M, Sandvig I, Brunet de la Grange P, Ivanovic Z. Repopulating hematopoietic stem cells from steady-state blood before and after ex vivo culture are enriched in the CD34 +CD133 +CXCR4 low fraction. Haematologica 2018; 103:1604-1615. [PMID: 29858385 PMCID: PMC6165804 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.183962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of ex vivo expansion allows us to consider the steady-state peripheral blood as an alternative source of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells for transplantation when growth factor-induced cell mobilization is contraindicated or inapplicable. Ex vivo expansion dramatically enhances the in vivo reconstituting cell population from steady-state blood. In order to investigate phenotype and the expression of homing molecules, the expression of CD34, CD133, CD90, CD45RA, CD26 and CD9 was determined on sorted CD34+ cells according to CXCR4 (“neg”, “low” “bright”) and CD133 expression before and after ex vivo expansion. Hematopoietic stem cell activity was determined in vivo on the basis of hematopoietic repopulation of primary and secondary recipients - NSG immuno-deficient mice. In vivo reconstituting cells in the steady-state blood CD34+ cell fraction before expansion belong to the CD133+ population and are CXCR4low or, to a lesser extent, CXCR4neg, while after ex vivo expansion they are contained only in the CD133+CXCR4low cells. The failure of the CXCR4bright population to engraft is probably due to the exclusive expression of CD26 by these cells. The limiting-dilution analysis showed that both repopulating cell number and individual proliferative capacity were enhanced by ex vivo expansion. Thus, steady-state peripheral blood cells exhibit a different phenotype compared to mobilized and cord blood cells, as well as to those issued from the bone marrow. These data represent the first phenotypic characterization of steady-state blood cells exhibiting short- and long-term hematopoietic reconstituting potential, which can be expanded ex vivo, a sine qua non for their subsequent use for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lapostolle
- Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University, France
| | - Jean Chevaleyre
- Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University, France
| | - Pascale Duchez
- Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University, France
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University, France
| | - Marija Vlaski-Lafarge
- Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University, France
| | - Ioanna Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Zoran Ivanovic
- Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France .,U1035 INSERM/Bordeaux University, France
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Lee J, Minden MD, Chen WC, Streck E, Chen B, Kang H, Arruda A, Ly D, Der SD, Kang S, Achita P, D'Souza C, Li Y, Childs RW, Dick JE, Zhang L. Allogeneic Human Double Negative T Cells as a Novel Immunotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Underlying Mechanisms. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:370-382. [PMID: 29074605 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the potential of ex vivo expanded healthy donor-derived allogeneic CD4 and CD8 double-negative cells (DNT) as a novel cellular immunotherapy for leukemia patients.Experimental Design: Clinical-grade DNTs from peripheral blood of healthy donors were expanded and their antileukemic activity and safety were examined using flow cytometry-based in vitro killing assays and xenograft models against AML patient blasts and healthy donor-derived hematopoietic cells. Mechanism of action was investigated using antibody-mediated blocking assays and recombinant protein treatment assays.Results: Expanded DNTs from healthy donors target a majority (36/46) of primary AML cells, including 9 chemotherapy-resistant patient samples in vitro, and significantly reduce the leukemia load in patient-derived xenograft models in a DNT donor-unrestricted manner. Importantly, allogeneic DNTs do not attack normal hematopoietic cells or affect hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell engraftment and differentiation, or cause xenogeneic GVHD in recipients. Mechanistically, DNTs express high levels of NKG2D and DNAM-1 that bind to cognate ligands preferentially expressed on AML cells. Upon recognition of AML cells, DNTs rapidly release IFNγ, which further increases NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands' expression on AML cells. IFNγ pretreatment enhances the susceptibility of AML cells to DNT-mediated cytotoxicity, including primary AML samples that are otherwise resistant to DNTs, and the effect of IFNγ treatment is abrogated by NKG2D and DNAM-1-blocking antibodies.Conclusions: This study supports healthy donor-derived allogeneic DNTs as a therapy to treat patients with chemotherapy-resistant AML and also reveals interrelated roles of NKG2D, DNAM-1, and IFNγ in selective targeting of AML by DNTs. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 370-82. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Biomarkers
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Graft vs Host Reaction/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Mice
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- JongBok Lee
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weihsu C Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Streck
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Branson Chen
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyeonjeong Kang
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Arruda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalam Ly
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandy D Der
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sohyeong Kang
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulina Achita
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl D'Souza
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yueyang Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard W Childs
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Radtke S, Görgens A, Liu B, Horn PA, Giebel B. Human mesenchymal and murine stromal cells support human lympho-myeloid progenitor expansion but not maintenance of multipotent haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:540-5. [PMID: 26818432 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1128591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal in haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) research is to define conditions for the expansion of HSCs or multipotent progenitor cells (MPPs). Since human HSCs/MPPs cannot be isolated, NOD/SCID repopulating cell (SRC) assays emerged as the standard for the quantification of very primitive haematopoietic cell. However, in addition to HSCs/MPPs, lympho-myeloid primed progenitors (LMPPs) were recently found to contain SRC activities, challenging this assay as clear HSC/MPP readout. Because our revised model of human haematopoiesis predicts that HSCs/MPPs can be identified as CD133(+)CD34(+) cells containing erythroid potentials, we investigated the potential of human mesenchymal and conventional murine stromal cells to support expansion of HSCs/MPPs. Even though all stromal cells supported expansion of CD133(+)CD34(+) progenitors with long-term myeloid and long-term lymphoid potentials, erythroid potentials were exclusively found within erythro-myeloid CD133(low)CD34(+) cell fractions. Thus, our data demonstrate that against the prevailing assumption co-cultures on human mesenchymal and murine stromal cells neither promote expansion nor maintenance of HSCs and MPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Radtke
- a Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany.,b Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - André Görgens
- a Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Bing Liu
- c 307-Ivy Translational Medicine Center, Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Peter A Horn
- a Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- a Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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8
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Interleukins 7 and 15 Maintain Human T Cell Proliferative Capacity through STAT5 Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166280. [PMID: 27855183 PMCID: PMC5113943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes require signals from self-peptides and cytokines, most notably interleukins 7 and 15 (IL-7, IL-15), for survival. While mouse T cells die rapidly if IL-7 or IL-15 is withdrawn, human T cells can survive prolonged withdrawal of IL-7 and IL-15. Here we show that IL-7 and IL-15 are required to maintain human T cell proliferative capacity through the STAT5 signaling pathway. T cells from humanized mice proliferate better if stimulated in the presence of human IL-7 or IL-15 or if T cells are exposed to human IL-7 or IL-15 in mice. Freshly isolated T cells from human peripheral blood lose proliferative capacity if cultured for 24 hours in the absence of IL-7 or IL-15. We further show that phosphorylation of STAT5 correlates with proliferation and inhibition of STAT5 reduces proliferation. These results reveal a novel role of IL-7 and IL-15 in maintaining human T cell function, provide an explanation for T cell dysfunction in humanized mice, and have significant implications for in vitro studies with human T cells.
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Tarunina M, Hernandez D, Kronsteiner-Dobramysl B, Pratt P, Watson T, Hua P, Gullo F, van der Garde M, Zhang Y, Hook L, Choo Y, Watt SM. A Novel High-Throughput Screening Platform Reveals an Optimized Cytokine Formulation for Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Expansion. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1709-1720. [PMID: 27554619 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main limitations of hematopoietic cord blood (CB) transplantation, viz, low cell dosage and delayed reconstitution, can be overcome by ex vivo expansion. CB expansion under conventional culture causes rapid cell differentiation and depletion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) responsible for engraftment. In this study, we use combinatorial cell culture technology (CombiCult®) to identify medium formulations that promote CD133+ CB HSPC proliferation while maintaining their phenotypic characteristics. We employed second-generation CombiCult screens that use electrospraying technology to encapsulate CB cells in alginate beads. Our results suggest that not only the combination but also the order of addition of individual components has a profound influence on expansion of specific HSPC populations. Top protocols identified by the CombiCult screen were used to culture human CD133+ CB HSPCs on nanofiber scaffolds and validate the expansion of the phenotypically defined CD34+CD38lo/-CD45RA-CD90+CD49f+ population of hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation into defined progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tarunina
- 1 Plasticell Ltd. , Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Hernandez
- 1 Plasticell Ltd. , Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner-Dobramysl
- 2 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Pratt
- 4 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Watson
- 1 Plasticell Ltd. , Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Hua
- 2 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Gullo
- 2 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark van der Garde
- 2 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Youyi Zhang
- 2 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Hook
- 1 Plasticell Ltd. , Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Yen Choo
- 1 Plasticell Ltd. , Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne M Watt
- 2 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Than NN, Tomlinson CL, Haldar D, King AL, Moore D, Newsome PN. Clinical effectiveness of cell therapies in patients with chronic liver disease and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2016; 5:100. [PMID: 27301957 PMCID: PMC4908794 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a major health burden worldwide. Liver cirrhosis, a form of CLD is the fifth most common cause of death in the UK. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is the result of an acute insult superimposed on patients with liver cirrhosis as a result of precipitating events such as infection or bleeding. ACLF has a high associated mortality as a result of multi-organ failure. The only effective treatment for CLD is liver transplantation, but the treatment is limited by shortage of donor organs. As a result, alternative treatments such as cell therapies have been studied in patients with liver diseases. This study will systematically review the evidence on clinical effectiveness of cell therapies in patients. METHODS All types of study design that investigate the effectiveness of cell therapies (haematopoietic, mesenchymal and unsorted cell types) of autologous or allogeneic origin and/or the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with CLD including ACLF will be included (except case reports). Both autologous and allogenic cell types will be included. The primary outcomes of interest are survival, model for end-stage liver disease score, quality of life and adverse events. Secondary outcomes include liver function tests, Child-Pugh score and events of liver decompensation. A literature search will be conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE, MEDLINE in Process, EMBASE and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL, CDSR, DARE, HTA databases). Trial registers will be searched for ongoing trials, as will conference proceedings. Reference lists of relevant articles and systematic reviews will be screened. Randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence is likely to be scant; therefore, controlled trials and concurrently controlled observational studies will be primarily analysed and uncontrolled observational studies will be analysed where primary outcomes are not reported in the control studies or where uncontrolled studies have longer follow-up. Initial screening of studies will be carried by one reviewer with a proportion checked by another reviewer. Full-text selection will be performed by two reviewers independently against the pre-defined selection criteria. The data collection and the risk of bias assessment will be completed by one reviewer and counter checked by another reviewer for all selected studies. Where appropriate, data will be meta-analysed for each study design, therapy and outcome. Data specifically on ACLF will be treated as a subgroup. DISCUSSION This systematic review will identify the available evidence on the effectiveness of cell therapies in patients with CLD and in ACLF subgroup. The findings will aid decision-making by clinicians and health service leaders. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42016016104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwe Ni Than
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire L Tomlinson
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Debashis Haldar
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew L King
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Moore
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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11
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Reeb AN, Ziegler A, Lin RY. Characterization of human follicular thyroid cancer cell lines in preclinical mouse models. Endocr Connect 2016; 5:47-54. [PMID: 26830329 PMCID: PMC5002955 DOI: 10.1530/ec-15-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) is the second most common type of thyroid cancers. In order to develop more effective personalized therapies, it is necessary to thoroughly evaluate patient-derived cell lines in in vivo preclinical models before using them to test new, targeted therapies. This study evaluates the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of a panel of three human FTC cell lines (WRO, FTC-238, and TT1609-CO2) with defined genetic mutations in two in vivo murine models: an orthotopic thyroid cancer model to study tumor progression and a tail vein injection model to study metastasis. All cell lines developed tumors in the orthotopic model, with take rates of 100%. Notably, WRO-derived tumors grew two to four times faster than tumors arising from the FTC-238 and TT2609-CO2 cell lines. These results mirrored those of a tail vein injection model for lung metastasis: one hundred percent of mice injected with WRO cells in the tail vein exhibited aggressive growth of bilateral lung metastases within 35 days. In contrast, tail vein injection of FTC-238 or TT2609-CO2 cells did not result in lung metastasis. Together, our work demonstrates that these human FTC cell lines display highly varied tumorigenic and metastatic potential in vivo with WRO being the most aggressive cell line in both orthotopic and lung metastasis models. This information will be valuable when selecting cell lines for preclinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Reeb
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgerySaint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrea Ziegler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgerySaint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reigh-Yi Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgerySaint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Loomis MM, Upton MP, Lohavanichbutr P, Houck JR, Doody DR, Mendez E, Futran N, Schwartz SM, Wang P. Genome-Wide Loss of Heterozygosity and DNA Copy Number Aberration in HPV-Negative Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Associations with Disease-Specific Survival. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135074. [PMID: 26247464 PMCID: PMC4527746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx (OSCC) is associated with high case-fatality. For reasons that are largely unknown, patients with the same clinical and pathologic staging have heterogeneous response to treatment and different probability of recurrence and survival, with patients with Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal tumors having the most favorable survival. To gain insight into the complexity of OSCC and to identify potential chromosomal changes that may be associated with OSCC mortality, we used Affymtrix 6.0 SNP arrays to examine paired DNA from peripheral blood and tumor cell populations isolated by laser capture microdissection to assess genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and DNA copy number aberration (CNA) and their associations with risk factors, tumor characteristics, and oral cancer-specific mortality among 75 patients with HPV-negative OSCC. We found a highly heterogeneous and complex genomic landscape of HPV-negative tumors, and identified regions in 4q, 8p, 9p and 11q that seem to play an important role in oral cancer biology and survival from this disease. If confirmed, these findings could assist in designing personalized treatment or in the creation of models to predict survival in patients with HPV-negative OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuzheng Zhang
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Loomis
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa P. Upton
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pawadee Lohavanichbutr
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John R. Houck
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David R. Doody
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Mendez
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Neal Futran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pei Wang
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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13
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Heinz N, Ehrnström B, Schambach A, Schwarzer A, Modlich U, Schiedlmeier B. Comparison of Different Cytokine Conditions Reveals Resveratrol as a New Molecule for Ex Vivo Cultivation of Cord Blood-Derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1064-72. [PMID: 26160960 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cord blood (CB)-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are an interesting source for HSC transplantation. However, the number of collected CB-HSCs is often too low for one transplantation; therefore, ex vivo expansion of CB-HSCs is desirable. Current expansion protocols are based on the use of cytokine combinations, including insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) and angiopoietin-like proteins, or combinations with "small molecules" such as stemregenin-1. The aim of our project was to compare the potential of different CB-HSC expansion strategies side-by-side by phenotypical analysis in vitro and serial engraftment properties in NOD/SCID/IL2rg-/- (NSG) immunodeficient mice. We further identified resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, as a new, alternative small molecule combined with cytokines to facilitate serum-free ex vivo expansion of human CB-HSCs. The cultivation in resveratrol preserved the CB-HSC phenotype in vitro most efficiently and was ∼2 times more potent than commonly used cytokine conditions (including stem cell factor, thrombopoietin, Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, interleukin-6) and the recently established serum-free culture, including IGFBP2 and angiopoietin-like 5. Serial transplantation studies further confirmed resveratrol to support robust multilineage engraftment in primary and secondary NSG recipients. Therefore, our work proposes resveratrol as a new small molecule for improved ex vivo culture and modification of human HSCs based on an efficient ex vivo propagation of the HSC fate. SIGNIFICANCE Human cord blood (CB)-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are an important source for HSC transplantations but restricted in their usage because of their low numbers. In gene therapy, modifications of HSCs relies on their ex vivo modification without losing their stemness properties. Therefore, ex vivo cultivation and expansion of CB-HSCs is important for their effective application in HSC transplantation and gene therapy. Several promising protocols for serum-free cultivation of HSCs using different combinations of cytokines or so-called small molecules are described. A direct comparison was performed of three described serum-free cytokine conditions, demonstrating that the natural occurring polyphenol resveratrol is able to support ex vivo cultivation of CB-HSCs. The results show that resveratrol is an additional candidate for improving ex vivo cultures of HSCs for transplantation and gene therapeutic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Heinz
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgitta Ehrnström
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Schwarzer
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schiedlmeier
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Li D, Schlaepfer E, Audigé A, Rochat MA, Ivic S, Knowlton CN, Kim B, Keppler OT, Speck RF. Vpx mediated degradation of SAMHD1 has only a very limited effect on lentiviral transduction rate in ex vivo cultured HSPCs. Stem Cell Res 2015. [PMID: 26207584 PMCID: PMC4766840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how to achieve efficient transduction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), while preserving their long-term ability to self-reproduce, is key for applying lentiviral-based gene engineering methods. SAMHD1 is an HIV-1 restriction factor in myeloid and resting CD4+ T cells that interferes with reverse transcription by decreasing the nucleotide pools or by its RNase activity. Here we show that SAMHD1 is expressed at high levels in HSPCs cultured in a medium enriched with cytokines. Thus, we hypothesized that degrading SAMHD1 in HSPCs would result in more efficient lentiviral transduction rates. We used viral like particles (VLPs) containing Vpx, shRNA against SAMHD1, or provided an excess of dNTPs or dNs to study this question. Regardless of the method applied, we saw no increase in the lentiviral transduction rate. The result was different when we used viruses (HR-GFP-Vpx+) which carry Vpx and encode GFP. These viruses allow assessment of the effects of Vpx specifically in the transduced cells. Using HR-GFP-Vpx+ viruses, we observed a modest but significant increase in the transduction efficiency. These data suggest that SAMHD1 has some limited efficacy in blocking reverse transcription but the major barrier for efficient lentiviral transduction occurs before reverse transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Erika Schlaepfer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Annette Audigé
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Aude Rochat
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Ivic
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Caitlin N Knowlton
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60054, Germany
| | - Roberto F Speck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
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15
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Yong KSM, Keng CT, Tan SQ, Loh E, Chang KT, Tan TC, Hong W, Chen Q. Human CD34(lo)CD133(lo) fetal liver cells support the expansion of human CD34(hi)CD133(hi) hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:605-14. [PMID: 27593483 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently discovered a unique CD34(lo)CD133(lo) cell population in the human fetal liver (FL) that gives rise to cells in the hepatic lineage. In this study, we further characterized the biological functions of FL CD34(lo)CD133(lo) cells. Our findings show that these CD34(lo)CD133(lo) cells express markers of both endodermal and mesodermal lineages and have the capability to differentiate into hepatocyte and mesenchymal lineage cells by ex vivo differentiation assays. Furthermore, we show that CD34(lo)CD133(lo) cells express growth factors that are important for human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion: stem cell factor (SCF), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), and factors in the angiopoietin-like protein family. Co-culture of autologous FL HSCs and allogenic HSCs derived from cord blood with CD34(lo)CD133(lo) cells supports and expands both types of HSCs.These findings are not only essential for extending our understanding of the HSC niche during the development of embryonic and fetal hematopoiesis but will also potentially benefit adult stem cell transplantations in clinics because expanded HSCs demonstrate the same capacity as primary cells to reconstitute the human immune system and mediate long-term hematopoiesis in vivo. Together, CD34(lo)CD133(lo) cells not only serve as stem/progenitor cells for liver development but are also an essential component of the HSC niche in the human FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Su Mei Yong
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Choong Tat Keng
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Shu Qi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Eva Loh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Te Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Tan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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16
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Gullo F, van der Garde M, Russo G, Pennisi M, Motta S, Pappalardo F, Watt S. Computational modeling of the expansion of human cord blood CD133+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with different cytokine combinations. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:2514-22. [PMID: 25810433 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Many important problems in cell biology require dense non-linear interactions between functional modules to be considered. The importance of computer simulation in understanding cellular processes is now widely accepted, and a variety of simulation algorithms useful for studying certain subsystems have been designed. Expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) in ex vivo culture with cytokines and small molecules is a method to increase the restricted numbers of stem cells found in umbilical cord blood (CB), while also enhancing the content of early engrafting neutrophil and platelet precursors. The efficacy of the expanded product depends on the composition of the cocktail of cytokines and small molecules used for culture. Testing the influence of a cytokine or small molecule on the expansion of HSC/HPC is a laborious and expensive process. We therefore developed a computational model based on cellular signaling interactions that predict the influence of a cytokine on the survival, duplication and differentiation of the CD133(+) HSC/HPC subset from human umbilical CB. RESULTS We have used results from in vitro expansion cultures with different combinations of one or more cytokines to develop an ordinary differential equation model that includes the effect of cytokines on survival, duplication and differentiation of the CD133(+) HSC/HPC. Comparing the results of in vitro and in silico experiments, we show that the model can predict the effect of a cytokine on the fold expansion and differentiation of CB CD133(+) HSC/HPC after 8-day culture on a 3D scaffold. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gullo
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK, NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mark van der Garde
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK, NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Marzio Pennisi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Santo Motta
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Suzanne Watt
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK, NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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17
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In vitro transdifferentiation of human cultured CD34+ stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursors using thyroid hormones. Neurosci Lett 2015; 588:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Wang L, Geng T, Guo X, Liu J, Zhang P, Yang D, Li J, Yu S, Sun Y. Co-expression of immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 and angiopoietin-like proteins in human non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2789-96. [PMID: 25482926 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of strategies for the inhibition of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression and metastasis have been mainly unsuccessful, in part due to insufficient mechanistic understanding of the disease. In the current study, the critical role of the co‑expression of immunoglobulin‑like transcript 4 (ILT4) and its ligands, angiopoietin‑like proteins (ANGPTLs), in the development of NSCLC was demonstrated. ILT4 and ANGPTL2 or ANGPTL5 were found to be co‑expressed in the five NSCLC cell lines that were investigated at the mRNA and protein level. Upon up‑ or downregulation of ILT4, the expression of ANGPTL2 was increased or reduced, respectively, while the expression of ANGPTL5 was unaffected. The co‑expression of ILT4 and ANGPTL2/ANGPTL5 was detected in human primary NSCLC tissues using immunohistochemical analysis. In total, 114 lung cancer specimens were included in the study; high expression of ILT4, ANGPTL2 and ANGPTL5 was observed in 58.8, 45.6 and 55.3%, respectively. The expression of ILT4 was found to be significantly correlated with a high expression level of ANGPTL2 (R=0.466, P=0.004); however, it was not correlated with the expression of ANGPTL5 (R=0.142, P=0.131). In ILT4‑positive samples, cases with ANGPTL2‑positive expression levels presented greater levels of lymph node metastasis (P=0.011) and shorter overall survival times (P=0.045). In addition, cases with ANGPTL5‑positive expression presented poor overall survival rates (P=0.040). By contrast, in the ILT4‑negative cases, no statistically significant differences were identified in the overall survival rates between samples with high and low expression of ANGPTL2 or ANGPTL5. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the presence of interaction among ILT4 and ANGPTLs, which may be important in NSCLC progression. Therefore, the blockade of ANGPTLs or ILT4 may be an effective therapeutic approach for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Ting Geng
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosun Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Shuwen Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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19
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Dighe N, Khoury M, Mattar C, Chong M, Choolani M, Chen J, Antoniou MN, Chan JKY. Long-term reproducible expression in human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells with a UCOE-based lentiviral vector. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104805. [PMID: 25118036 PMCID: PMC4130605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) targeted gene transfer is an attractive treatment option for a number of hematopoietic disorders caused by single gene defects. However, extensive methylation of promoter sequences results in silencing of therapeutic gene expression. The choice of an appropriate promoter is therefore crucial for reproducible, stable and long-term transgene expression in clinical gene therapy. Recent studies suggest efficient and stable expression of transgenes from the ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) derived from the human HNRPA2B1-CBX3 locus can be achieved in murine HSC. Here, we compared the use of HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE (A2UCOE)-mediated transgene regulation to two other frequently used promoters namely EF1α and PGK in human fetal liver-derived HSC (hflHSC). Efficient transduction of hflHSC with a lentiviral vector containing an HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE-eGFP (A2UCOE-eGFP) cassette was achieved at higher levels than that obtained with umbilical cord blood derived HSC (3.1x; p<0.001). While hflHSC were readily transduced with all three test vectors (A2UCOE-eGFP, PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP), only the A2-UCOE construct demonstrated sustained transgene expression in vitro over 24 days (p<0.001). In contrast, within 10 days in culture a rapid decline in transgene expression in both PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP transduced hflHSC was seen. Subsequently, injection of transduced cells into immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID/Il2rg-/-) demonstrated sustained eGFP expression for the A2UCOE-eGFP group up to 10 months post transplantation whereas PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP transduced hflHSC showed a 5.1 and 22.2 fold reduction respectively over the same time period. We conclude that the A2UCOE allows a more efficient and stable expression in hflHSC to be achieved than either the PGK or EF1α promoters and at lower vector copy number per cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Dighe
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Citra Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Chong
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guys Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Fan X, Gay FP, Lim FW, Ang JM, Chu PP, Bari S, Hwang WY. Low-dose insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 2 and angiopoietin-like protein 3 coordinately stimulate ex vivo expansion of human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells as assayed in NOD/SCID gamma null mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:71. [PMID: 24886724 PMCID: PMC4076633 DOI: 10.1186/scrt460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) can enhance the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) when used with a standard cytokine cocktail of stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO) and FLT3 ligand (FL). In order to determine the optimal dose and combination of IGFs, IGFBPs and ANGPTLs, serial dilution and full permutation of IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGF2 and ANGPTL3 were applied on a cryopreserved umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell (UCB-MNC) ex vivo expansion system. METHODS In this system, 4 × 105 cells/ml of UCB-MNCs were inoculated in serum-free Stemspan® medium (Stemcell technologies, vancouver, BC, Canada) supplied with standard basal cytokine combination of 100 ng/ml SCF, 50 ng/ml FL and 100 ng/ml TPO and supported by a bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell layer. RESULTS Paradoxically, experiment results showed that the highest expansion of CD34+CD38-CD90+ primitive progenitor was stimulated by cytokine combination of SCF + TPO + FL + IGFBP1 + IGFBP2 + ANGPTL3 at a low dose of 15 ng/ml IGFBP1 and 20 ng/ml IGFBP2 and ANGPTL3. This ex vivo expansion was further validated in 8-week-old to 10-week-old nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin 2 gamma chain null (NOD/SCID-IL2Rγ-/-) mice. Limiting dilution assay showed excellent correlation between the HSC ex vivo surface marker of CD34+CD38-CD90+ and the in vivo competitive repopulating unit (CRU) functional assay. CONCLUSION IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGF2 and ANGPTL3 can stimulate the expansion of CD34+CD38-CD90+ primitive progenitor at low dose. The optimal combination comprises IGFBP1, IGFBP2 and ANGPTL3 together with the standard cytokine cocktail of SCF, FL and TPO. The CD34+CD38-CD90+ phenotype can serve as a surrogate ex vivo surface marker for HSCs due to consistency with the in vivo CRU functional assay.
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OKT3 prevents xenogeneic GVHD and allows reliable xenograft initiation from unfractionated human hematopoietic tissues. Blood 2014; 123:e134-44. [PMID: 24778156 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-556340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice are now readily engrafted with human hematopoietic cells. However, these mice are susceptible to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) induced by the engraftment and rapid expansion of coinjected human T cells. Therefore, highly purified sample populations must be used, adding significant time, expense, and effort. Here, we have explored in vivo and in vitro methods utilizing anti-T-cell antibodies to circumvent this problem. Intraperitoneal injection of the antibody within 48 hours prevented GVHD. Alternatively, short-term in vitro incubation of cells with antibody immediately before transplant was equally effective. Although in vitro antithymocyte globulin treatment resulted in a dramatic loss of SCID-repopulating cells (SRCs), treatment with OKT3 or UCHT1 abrogated GVHD risk and preserved engraftment potential. Leukemia samples that presented with substantial human T-cell contamination were effectively rescued from GVHD. In addition, OKT3 treatment of unfractionated cord blood resulted in robust engraftment of primary and secondary mice that was indistinguishable from grafts obtained using purified CD34(+) cells. Limiting dilution analysis of unfractionated blood demonstrated a SRC frequency of 1 in 300 to 500 CD34(+) cells, similar to that of purified hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. This protocol streamlines xenograft studies while significantly reducing the cost and time of the procedure.
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22
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Medyouf H, Mossner M, Jann JC, Nolte F, Raffel S, Herrmann C, Lier A, Eisen C, Nowak V, Zens B, Müdder K, Klein C, Obländer J, Fey S, Vogler J, Fabarius A, Riedl E, Roehl H, Kohlmann A, Staller M, Haferlach C, Müller N, John T, Platzbecker U, Metzgeroth G, Hofmann WK, Trumpp A, Nowak D. Myelodysplastic cells in patients reprogram mesenchymal stromal cells to establish a transplantable stem cell niche disease unit. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:824-37. [PMID: 24704494 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms with defects in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and possibly the HSPC niche. Here, we show that patient-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MDS MSCs) display a disturbed differentiation program and are essential for the propagation of MDS-initiating Lin(-)CD34(+)CD38(-) stem cells in orthotopic xenografts. Overproduction of niche factors such as CDH2 (N-Cadherin), IGFBP2, VEGFA, and LIF is associated with the ability of MDS MSCs to enhance MDS expansion. These factors represent putative therapeutic targets in order to disrupt critical hematopoietic-stromal interactions in MDS. Finally, healthy MSCs adopt MDS MSC-like molecular features when exposed to hematopoietic MDS cells, indicative of an instructive remodeling of the microenvironment. Therefore, this patient-derived xenograft model provides functional and molecular evidence that MDS is a complex disease that involves both the hematopoietic and stromal compartments. The resulting deregulated expression of niche factors may well also be a feature of other hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Medyouf
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Mossner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johann-Christoph Jann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Florian Nolte
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Raffel
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, German
| | - Carl Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lier
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, German
| | - Christian Eisen
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, German
| | - Verena Nowak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Zens
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, German
| | - Katja Müdder
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, German
| | - Corinna Klein
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, German
| | - Julia Obländer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie Fey
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jovita Vogler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alice Fabarius
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eva Riedl
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henning Roehl
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Nadine Müller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thilo John
- Department of Traumatology, DRK Hospital Westend, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Technical University Dresden, University Hospital 'Carl Gustav Carus,' Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgia Metzgeroth
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, German; German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Nowak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Drake A, Joshi NS, Szeto GL, Zhu E, Eisen HN, Irvine DJ. Koch Institute Symposium on Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 1:217-222. [PMID: 24466562 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 12th annual summer symposium of The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT was held in Cambridge, MA, on June 14th, 1023. The symposium entitled "Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy" focused on recent advances in preclinical research in basic immunology and biomedical engineering, and their clinical application in cancer therapies. The day-long gathering also provided a forum for discussion and potential collaborations between engineers and clinical investigators. The major topics presented include: (i) enhancement of adoptive cell therapy by engineering to improve the ability and functionality of T-cells against tumor cells; (ii) current therapies using protein and antibody therapeutics to modulate endogenous anti-tumor immunity; and (iii) new technologies to identify molecular targets and assess therapeutic efficacy, and devices to control and target drug delivery more effectively and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drake
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gregory L Szeto
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Eric Zhu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Herman N Eisen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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24
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Sousa BR, Parreira RC, Fonseca EA, Amaya MJ, Tonelli FMP, Lacerda SMSN, Lalwani P, Santos AK, Gomes KN, Ulrich H, Kihara AH, Resende RR. Human adult stem cells from diverse origins: An overview from multiparametric immunophenotyping to clinical applications. Cytometry A 2013; 85:43-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R. Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Ricardo C. Parreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Emerson A Fonseca
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Maria J. Amaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Fernanda M. P. Tonelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Samyra M. S. N. Lacerda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; Universidade Federal do Amazonas; Manaus AM Brazil
| | - Anderson K. Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Katia N. Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre H. Kihara
- Núcleo de Cognição e Sistemas Complexos, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R. Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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25
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Takahashi M, Matsuoka Y, Sumide K, Nakatsuka R, Fujioka T, Kohno H, Sasaki Y, Matsui K, Asano H, Kaneko K, Sonoda Y. CD133 is a positive marker for a distinct class of primitive human cord blood-derived CD34-negative hematopoietic stem cells. Leukemia 2013; 28:1308-15. [PMID: 24189293 PMCID: PMC4051213 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of human CD34-negative (CD34(-)) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provides a new concept for the hierarchy in the human HSC compartment. Previous studies demonstrated that CD34(-) severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-repopulating cells (SRCs) are a distinct class of primitive HSCs in comparison to the well-characterized CD34(+)CD38(-) SRCs. However, the purification level of rare CD34(-) SRCs in 18 lineage marker-negative (Lin(-)) CD34(-) cells (1/1000) is still very low compared with that of CD34(+)CD38(-) SRCs (1/40). As in the mouse, it will be necessary to identify useful positive markers for a high degree of purification of rare human CD34(-) SRCs. Using 18Lin(-)CD34(-) cells, we analyzed the expression of candidate positive markers by flow cytometric analysis. We finally identified CD133 as a reliable positive marker of human CB-derived CD34(-) SRCs and succeeded in highly purifying primitive human CD34(-) HSCs. The limiting dilution analysis demonstrated that the incidence of CD34(-) SRCs in 18Lin(-)CD34(-)CD133(+) cells was 1/142, which is the highest level of purification of these unique CD34(-) HSCs to date. Furthermore, CD133 expression clearly segregated the SRC activities of 18Lin(-)CD34(-) cells, as well as 18Lin(-)CD34(+) cells, in their positive fractions, indicating its functional significance as a common cell surface maker to isolate effectively both CD34(+) and CD34(-) SRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi
- 1] Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan [2] Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Matsuoka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Sumide
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - R Nakatsuka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Fujioka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Kohno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Sasaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Matsui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Fukuda Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - H Asano
- School of Nursing, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Sonoda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Krishna KV, Ménard-Moyon C, Verma S, Bianco A. Graphene-based nanomaterials for nanobiotechnology and biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1669-88. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene family nanomaterials are currently being extensively explored for applications in the field of nanotechnology. The unique intrinsic properties treasured in their simple molecular design and their ability to work in coherence with other existing nanomaterials make graphene family nanomaterials the most promising candidates for different types of applications. This review highlights the scope and utility of these multifaceted nanomaterials in nanobiotechnology and biomedicine. In a tandem approach, this review presents the smooth inclusion of these nanomaterials into existing designs for creating efficient working models at the nanoscale level as well as discussing their broad future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijaya Krishna
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d’Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry & DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur-208016 UP, India
| | - Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d’Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry & DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur-208016 UP, India
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d’Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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27
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Tanner A, Taylor SE, Decottignies W, Berges BK. Humanized mice as a model to study human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:76-82. [PMID: 23962058 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation has the potential to treat a variety of human diseases, including genetic deficiencies, immune disorders, and to restore immunity following cancer treatment. However, there are several obstacles that prevent effective HSC transplantation in humans. These include finding a matched donor, having a sufficient number of cells for the transplant, and the potency of the cells in the transplant. Ethical issues prevent effective research in humans that could provide insight into ways to overcome these obstacles. Highly immunodeficient mice can be transplanted with human HSCs and this process is accompanied by HSC homing to the murine bone marrow. This is followed by stem cell expansion, multilineage hematopoiesis, long-term engraftment, and functional human antibody and cellular immune responses. As such, humanized mice serve as a model for human HSC transplantation. A variety of conditions have been analyzed for their impact on HSC transplantation to produce humanized mice, including the type and source of cells used in the transplant, the number of cells transplanted, the expansion of cells with various protocols, and the route of introduction of cells into the mouse. In this review, we summarize what has been learned about HSC transplantation using humanized mice as a recipient model and we comment on how these models may be useful to future preclinical research to determine more effective ways to expand HSCs and to determine their repopulating potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tanner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
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28
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T-cell potential of human adult and cord blood hemopoietic stem cells expanded with the use of aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:224-30. [PMID: 23321333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Expansion of hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro is a potential strategy for improving transplant outcomes, but expansion methods tend to promote differentiation and loss of stem cell potential. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists (AhRAs) have recently been shown to protect HSC stemness during expansion; however, little is known of the T-cell regenerative capacity of AhRA-expanded HSCs. In this study, we confirm the protective effect of two commercially available AhRA compounds on HSCs from both cord blood (CB) and adult samples and assess the T-lymphocyte potential of the expanded cells. METHODS Adult mobilized peripheral blood and CB samples were purified to CD34(+) cells, which were expanded in vitro with cytokines and AhRAs. After 14 d, CD34(+) cells were re-isolated and then grown on in OP9Delta co-culture under conditions that allow T-lymphocyte differentiation. Cells were monitored weekly for T-lineage markers by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both AhRA compounds promoted maintenance of CD34 expression during 2 weeks of proliferation with growth factors, although adult cells proliferated markedly less than CB cells. AhRA-expanded CD34(+) cells from CB differentiated to T cells on OP9Delta co-culture with the same rate and time course as untreated cells. Adult cells, by contrast, had reduced differentiation to T cells, with donor-dependent variable responses. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that whereas AhRA treatment is effective in CB samples, expansion of adult HSCs is less successful and reflects their inherent poor potential in T-cell generation.
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29
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Bourdeau A, Trop S, Doody KM, Dumont DJ, Tremblay ML, Tremblayef ML. Inhibition of T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase enhances interleukin-18-dependent hematopoietic stem cell expansion. Stem Cells 2013; 31:293-304. [PMID: 23135963 PMCID: PMC3593175 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of hematopoietic progenitor cell-based therapies for the treatment of hematological diseases is hindered by current protocols, which are cumbersome and have limited efficacy to augment the progenitor cell pool. We report that inhibition of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP), an enzyme involved in the regulation of cytokine signaling, through gene knockout results in a ninefold increase in the number of hematopoietic progenitors in murine bone marrow (BM). This effect could be reproduced using a short (48 hours) treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of TC-PTP in murine BM, as well as in human BM, peripheral blood, and cord blood. We also demonstrate that the ex vivo use of TC-PTP inhibitor only provides a temporary effect on stem cells and did not alter their capacity to reconstitute all hematopoietic components in vivo. We establish that one of the mechanisms whereby inhibition of TC-PTP mediates its effects involves the interleukin-18 (IL-18) signaling pathway, leading to increased production of IL-12 and interferon-gamma by progenitor cells. Together, our results reveal a previously unrecognized role for IL-18 in contributing to the augmentation of the stem cell pool and provide a novel and simple method to rapidly expand progenitor cells from a variety of sources using a pharmacological compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bourdeau
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Christ GJ, Saul JM, Furth ME, Andersson KE. The pharmacology of regenerative medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1091-133. [PMID: 23818131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary, translational research enterprise whose explicit purpose is to advance technologies for the repair and replacement of damaged cells, tissues, and organs. Scientific progress in the field has been steady and expectations for its robust clinical application continue to rise. The major thesis of this review is that the pharmacological sciences will contribute critically to the accelerated translational progress and clinical utility of regenerative medicine technologies. In 2007, we coined the phrase "regenerative pharmacology" to describe the enormous possibilities that could occur at the interface between pharmacology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The operational definition of regenerative pharmacology is "the application of pharmacological sciences to accelerate, optimize, and characterize (either in vitro or in vivo) the development, maturation, and function of bioengineered and regenerating tissues." As such, regenerative pharmacology seeks to cure disease through restoration of tissue/organ function. This strategy is distinct from standard pharmacotherapy, which is often limited to the amelioration of symptoms. Our goal here is to get pharmacologists more involved in this field of research by exposing them to the tools, opportunities, challenges, and interdisciplinary expertise that will be required to ensure awareness and galvanize involvement. To this end, we illustrate ways in which the pharmacological sciences can drive future innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and thus help to revolutionize the discovery of curative therapeutics. Hopefully, the broad foundational knowledge provided herein will spark sustained conversations among experts in diverse fields of scientific research to the benefit of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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Pepperell EE, Watt SM. A novel application for a 3-dimensional timelapse assay that distinguishes chemotactic from chemokinetic responses of hematopoietic CD133(+) stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:707-20. [PMID: 23727446 PMCID: PMC3744817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient homing/mobilization of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to/from bone marrow niches enhances their therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, homing is dependent on cell source and may be modulated by prior ex vivo cell expansion. Here, we describe a novel application of a 3-dimensional time-lapse method for assessing trafficking of individual human cord blood CD133+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in vitro, using the key chemokine CXCL12 as a paradigm. This new methodology allows distinction between chemotactic responses (displacement of center of mass and the forward migration index of the cells), and chemokinetic responses such as total cell path traveled in any direction (accumulated distance) and cell velocity in a 3-dimensional matrix. Other key advantages of this novel assay over existing assays include the ability to assess individual cell migration over times comparable to in vivo homing and rapid mobilization assays (18–24 h) and to directly compare the strength or response of individual hematopoietic progenitor cells to different or competing stimuli and small molecule inhibitors in a single assay prior to analyses in vivo. Importantly, using this method, our results demonstrate definitively that CXCL12 regulates the chemotactic responses of human cord blood CD133+ cells, but not their random migration or chemokinesis. Development of a novel 3-dimensional timelapse chemotaxis assay application. Measuring individual CD133+ HSPC trafficking towards chemokines in a 3D matrix. Chemotactic and chemokinetic responses reflecting homin kinetics in vivo. Comparative analysis of inhibitors or expansion on HSPC chemotaxis and chemokinesis. Definitive proof that CXCL12 regulates CD133+ HSPC chemotaxis but not chemokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Pepperell
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
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Handgretinger R, Kuçi S. CD133-Positive Hematopoietic Stem Cells: From Biology to Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 777:99-111. [PMID: 23161078 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lifelong hematopoiesis is sustained by a very small number of hematopoietic stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple hematopoietic lineages. The sialomucin CD34 has been, and is currently, used for the identification and purification of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Depending on the source of stem cells, CD34 may not be expressed on all progenitor cells. An alternative stem cell marker is prominin-1 (CD133), which is expressed on a subpopulation of CD34(+) cells as well as on CD34(-) progenitor cells derived from various sources including fetal liver and bone marrow, adult bone marrow, cord blood, and mobilized peripheral blood. CD133(+) stem cells can reconstitute myelo- and lymphopoiesis of lethally irradiated mice, and the characterization of the CD133 expression on stem cells provides some insights into the biology of the hierarchy and functional organization of human hematopoiesis. The availability of methods for clinical large-scale isolation of CD133(+) cells facilitates their use in autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and possibly in other fields of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Handgretinger
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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Abstract
Background: Human immune system (HIS)-engrafted mice are new tools to investigate human immune responses. Here, we used HIS mice to study human immune responses against human HER-2-positive cancer cells and their ability to control tumour growth and metastasis. Methods: BALB/c Rag2−/−, Il2rg−/− mice were engrafted with CD34+ or CD133+ human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and vaccinated with human HER-2-positive cancer cells SK-OV-3 combined to human IL-12. Results: Both CD34+ or CD133+ human HSC gave long-term engraftment and differentiation, both in peripheral blood and in lymphoid organs, and production of human antibodies. Vaccinated mice produced specific anti-HER-2 human IgG. An s.c. SK-OV-3 challenge was significantly inhibited (but not abolished) in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated HIS mice. Tumours were heavily infiltrated with human and murine cells, mice showed NK cells and production of human interferon-γ, that could contribute to tumour growth inhibition. Vaccinated HIS mice showed significantly inhibited lung metastases when compared with non-vaccinated HIS mice and to non-HIS mice, along with higher levels of tumour-infiltrating human dendritic cells. Conclusion: Anti-HER-2 responses were elicited through an adjuvanted allogeneic cancer cell vaccine in HIS mice. Human immune responses elicited in HIS mice effectively inhibited lung metastases.
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Blank U, Ehrnström B, Heinz N, Nilsson E, Brun A, Baum C, Schiedlmeier B, Karlsson S. Angptl4 maintains in vivo repopulation capacity of CD34+ human cord blood cells. Eur J Haematol 2012; 89:198-205. [PMID: 22639947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2012.01812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methods to expand hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ex vivo encompass an attractive approach that would substantially broaden the clinical applicability of HSCs derived from cord blood (CB). Recently, members of the angiopoietin-like (Angptl) family of growth factors were shown to expand both murine and human HSCs. Specifically, Angptl5 has been implicated in the expansion of human NOD/SCID-repopulating cells (SRCs) ex vivo. Here, we sought to evaluate the potential of additional Angptls to expand human SRCs from CB. Additionally, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of Angptl-mediated expansion of SRCs across independent experiments. METHODS Human CD34(+) cells from CB were cultured in vitro for eleven or 8 d in the presence or absence of Angptls. The reconstitution capacity of expanded cells was subsequently measured in vivo by transplantation into NOD/SCID or NSG mice and compared with that of uncultured cells. RESULTS We report here that Angptl4 functions to maintain SRC activity of CD34(+) CB-derived cells ex vivo as assayed in NOD/SCID and NSG mice. However, all Angptls tested, including Angptl1, Angptl4, and Angptl5, were associated with variation between experiments. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Angptl4 and Angptl5 can lead to increased engraftment capacity of SRCs, but more frequently, these factors are associated with maintenance of SRC activity during ex vivo culture. Thus, Angptl-mediated expansion of SRCs ex vivo is associated with more interexperimental variation than previously thought. We conclude that Angptls would be useful in instances where there is a need to maintain HSCs ex vivo, such as during transduction for gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Blank
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Ventura Ferreira MS, Labude N, Walenda G, Adamzyk C, Wagner W, Piroth D, Müller AM, Knüchel R, Hieronymus T, Zenke M, Jahnen-Dechent W, Neuss S. Ex vivoexpansion of cord blood-CD34+cells using IGFBP2and Angptl-5 impairs short-term lymphoid repopulationin vivo. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:944-54. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Norina Labude
- Institute of Pathology; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Gudrun Walenda
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering Group; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering Group; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Daniela Piroth
- Department for Gynecology; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Albrecht M. Müller
- Institute for Medical Radiation and Cell Research; University of Würzburg; Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institute of Pathology; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Thomas Hieronymus
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering Group; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering Group; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
| | - Sabine Neuss
- Institute of Pathology; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group; RWTH Aachen University; Germany
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Inhibitory receptors bind ANGPTLs and support blood stem cells and leukaemia development. Nature 2012; 485:656-60. [PMID: 22660330 PMCID: PMC3367397 DOI: 10.1038/nature11095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pelosi E, Castelli G, Testa U. Human umbilical cord is a unique and safe source of various types of stem cells suitable for treatment of hematological diseases and for regenerative medicine. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 49:20-8. [PMID: 22446302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cord blood (CB) is a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and for this reason CB transplantation has been used successfully for the treatment of some malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, this technique is limited by the relatively low number of HSCs present in each CB unit and by the delayed engraftment of platelets and neutrophils. To bypass these obstacles efforts have been made to develop strategies to expand CB HSCs in vitro for transplantation. CB is also an important source of other stem cells, including endothelial progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), very small embryonic/epiblast-like (VSEL) stem cells, and unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC), potentially suitable for use in regenerative medicine. For some of these stem cell populations, such as MSCs, clinical studies have been started and for other stem cell populations potential clinical applications have been identified and clinical studies will follow. In addition to CB, other parts of umbilical cord, such as the Wharton's jelly, or tissues strictly linked such as the placenta are also rich sources of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy
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Drake AC, Chen Q, Chen J. Engineering humanized mice for improved hematopoietic reconstitution. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:215-24. [PMID: 22425741 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are immunodeficient animals engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to various lineages of human blood cells throughout the life of the mouse. This article reviews recent advances in the generation of humanized mice, focusing on practical considerations. We discuss features of different immunodeficient recipient mouse strains, sources of human hematopoietic stem cells, advances in expansion and genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells, and techniques to modulate the cytokine environment of recipient mice, in order to enhance reconstitution of specific human blood lineage cells. We highlight the opportunities created by new technologies and discuss practical considerations on how to make best use of the widening array of basic models for specific research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Drake
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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40
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Zheng J, Umikawa M, Zhang S, Huynh H, Silvany R, Chen BPC, Chen L, Zhang CC. Ex vivo expanded hematopoietic stem cells overcome the MHC barrier in allogeneic transplantation. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 9:119-30. [PMID: 21816363 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of understanding of the interplay between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the immune system has severely hampered the stem cell research and practice of transplantation. Major problems for allogeneic transplantation include low levels of donor engraftment and high risks of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Transplantation of purified allogeneic HSCs diminishes the risk of GVHD but results in decreased engraftment. Here we show that ex vivo expanded mouse HSCs efficiently overcame the major histocompatibility complex barrier and repopulated allogeneic-recipient mice. An 8-day expansion culture led to a 40-fold increase of the allograft ability of HSCs. Both increased numbers of HSCs and culture-induced elevation of expression of the immune inhibitor CD274 (B7-H1 or PD-L1) on the surface of HSCs contributed to the enhancement. Our study indicates the great potential of utilizing ex vivo expanded HSCs for allogeneic transplantation and suggests that the immune privilege of HSCs can be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Zheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Abstract
The aging process decreases tissue function and regenerative capacity, which has been associated with cellular senescence and a decline in adult or somatic stem cell numbers and self-renewal within multiple tissues. The potential therapeutic application of stem cells to reduce the burden of aging and stimulate tissue regeneration after trauma is very promising. Much research is currently ongoing to identify the factors and molecular mediators of stem cell self-renewal to reach these goals. Over the last two decades, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) have stood up as major players in both embryonic development and tissue repair. Moreover, many studies point to somatic stem cells as major targets of FGF signaling in both tissue homeostasis and repair. FGFs appear to promote self-renewing proliferation and inhibit cellular senescence in nearly all tissues tested to date. Here we review the role of FGFs and FGFRs in stem cell self-renewal, cellular senescence, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Coutu
- Stem Cell Dynamics Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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Spranger S, Frankenberger B, Schendel DJ. NOD/scid IL-2Rg(null) mice: a preclinical model system to evaluate human dendritic cell-based vaccine strategies in vivo. J Transl Med 2012; 10:30. [PMID: 22364226 PMCID: PMC3309948 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date very few systems have been described for preclinical investigations of human cellular therapeutics in vivo. However, the ability to carry out comparisons of new cellular vaccines in vivo would be of substantial interest for design of clinical studies. Here we describe a humanized mouse model to assess the efficacy of various human dendritic cell (DC) preparations. Two reconstitution regimes of NOD/scid IL2Rg(null) (NSG) mice with adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were evaluated for engraftment using 4-week and 9-week schedules. This led to selection of a simple and rapid protocol for engraftment and vaccine evaluation that encompassed 4 weeks. METHODS NSG recipients of human PBMC were engrafted over 14 days and then vaccinated twice with autologous DC via intravenous injection. Three DC vaccine formulations were compared that varied generation time in vitro (3 days versus 7 days) and signals for maturation (with or without Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and TLR7/8 agonists) using MART-1 as a surrogate antigen, by electroporating mature DC with in vitro transcribed RNA encoding full length protein. After two weekly vaccinations, the splenocyte populations containing human lymphocytes were recovered 7 days later and assessed for MART-1-specific immune responses using MHC-multimer-binding assays and functional assessment of specific killing of melanoma tumor cell lines. RESULTS Human monocyte-derived DC generated in vitro in 3 days induced better MART-1-specific immune responses in the autologous donor T cells present in the humanized NSG mice. Moreover, consistent with our in vitro observations, vaccination using mature DC activated with TLR3 and TLR7/8 agonists resulted in enhanced immune responses in vivo. These findings led to a ranking of the DC vaccine effects in vivo that reflected the hierarchy previously found for these mature DC variations in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This humanized mouse model system enables comparisons among different DC vaccine types to be rapidly assessed in vivo. In addition, ex vivo analyses of human CD3+ T cells recovered from the spleens of these mice are also possible, including studies on lymphocyte subsets, Th1/Th2 polarization, presence of regulatory T cells and the impact of DC vaccination on their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Hong J, Shah NJ, Drake AC, DeMuth PC, Lee JB, Chen J, Hammond PT. Graphene multilayers as gates for multi-week sequential release of proteins from surfaces. ACS NANO 2012; 6:81-8. [PMID: 22176729 PMCID: PMC4040355 DOI: 10.1021/nn202607r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the timing and order of release of different therapeutic drugs will play a pivotal role in improving patient care and simplifying treatment regimes in the clinic. The controlled sequential release of a broad range of small and macromolecules from thin film coatings offers a simple way to provide complex localized dosing in vivo. Here we show that it is possible to take advantage of the structure of certain nanomaterials to control release regimes from a scale of hours to months. Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional charged nanomaterial that can be used to create barrier layers in multilayer thin films, trapping molecules of interest for controlled release. Protein-loaded polyelectrolyte multilayer films were fabricated using layer-by-layer assembly incorporating a hydrolytically degradable cationic poly(β-amino ester) (Poly1) with a model protein antigen, ovalbumin (ova), in a bilayer architecture along with positively and negatively functionalized GO capping layers for the degradable protein films. Ova release without the GO layers takes place in less than 1 h but can be tuned to release from 30 to 90 days by varying the number of bilayers of functionalized GO in the multilayer architecture. We demonstrate that proteins can be released in sequence with multi-day gaps between the release of each species by incorporating GO layers between protein loaded layers. In vitro toxicity assays of the individual materials on proliferating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) indicated limited cytotoxic effects with HSCs able to survive for the full 10 days of normal culture in the presence of Poly1 and the GO sheets. This approach provides a new route for storage of therapeutics in a solid-state thin film for subsequent delivery in a time-controlled and sequential fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nisarg J. Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Adam C. Drake
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Peter C. DeMuth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- (P. T. H.)
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Boiko JR, Borghesi L. Hematopoiesis sculpted by pathogens: Toll-like receptors and inflammatory mediators directly activate stem cells. Cytokine 2012; 57:1-8. [PMID: 22079335 PMCID: PMC3361504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) repopulate the immune system during normal replenishment as well as under the burden of pathogen stress, but the respective outcomes of differentiation are not the same. Under homeostatic conditions such as those which accompany turnover of immune cell subsets, HSCs appear to co-equally prime genes associated with the major downstream lineages: lymphoid, myeloid, and megakaryocyte/erythroid. Recent studies reveal, however, that during pathogen exposure, hematopoiesis may yield progeny in proportions different than those produced under homeostasis. At least some of these effects may be due to pathogen engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on HSCs. HSCs are also responsive to inflammatory cytokines that are produced in response to pathogen burden and are present in the bone marrow microenvironment. Thus, hematopoiesis is not a formulaic process that produces the same, predictable outcome regardless of the specific environmental context. Rather, hematopoiesis represents a dynamic biological system that can be appreciably responsive to environmental factors, an influence that extends to the level of the HSC itself. Knowledge of functional consequences of TLR ligation on HSCs may be therapeutically exploited and applied to treatment of hematopoietic insufficiency in the setting of infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R. Boiko
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Lisa Borghesi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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45
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Wu C, Dunbar CE. Stem cell gene therapy: the risks of insertional mutagenesis and approaches to minimize genotoxicity. Front Med 2011; 5:356-71. [PMID: 22198747 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-011-0159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Virus-based vectors are widely used in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy, and have the ability to integrate permanently into genomic DNA, thus driving long-term expression of corrective genes in all hematopoietic lineages. To date, HSC gene therapy has been successfully employed in the clinic for improving clinical outcomes in small numbers of patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID), adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), thalassemia, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). However, adverse events were observed during some of these HSC gene therapy clinical trials, linked to insertional activation of proto-oncogenes by integrated proviral vectors leading to clonal expansion and eventual development of leukemia. Numerous studies have been performed to understand the molecular basis of vector-mediated genotoxicity, with the aim of developing safer vectors and lower-risk gene therapy protocols. This review will summarize current information on the mechanisms of insertional mutagenesis in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells due to integrating gene transfer vectors, discuss the available assays for predicting genotoxicity and mapping vector integration sites, and introduce newly-developed approaches for minimizing genotoxicity as a way to further move HSC gene therapy forward into broader clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Wu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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