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Reeve C, Smith KA, Bzonek PA, Cooke SJ, Blanchfield PJ, Brownscombe JW. Calibrating acceleration transmitters to quantify the seasonal energetic costs of activity in lake trout. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39228148 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioenergetics models are powerful tools used to address a range of questions in fish biology. However, these models are rarely informed by free-swimming activity data, introducing error. To quantify the costs of activity in free-swimming fish, calibrations produced from standardized laboratory trials can be applied to estimate energy expenditure from sensor data for specific tags and species. Using swim tunnel respirometry, we calibrated acceleration sensor-equipped transmitting tags to estimate the aerobic metabolic rates (ṀO2) of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) at three environmentally relevant temperatures. Aerobic and swim performance were also assessed. Like other calibrations, we found strong relationships between ṀO2 and acceleration or swimming speed, and jackknife validations and data simulations suggest that our models accurately predict metabolic costs of activity in adult lake trout (~5% algebraic error and ~20% absolute error). Aerobic and swim performance metrics were similar to those reported in other studies, but their critical swimming speed was lower than expected. Additionally, lake trout exhibited a wide aerobic scope, suggesting that the avoidance of waters ≥15°C may be related to selection for optimal growing temperatures. The ability to quantify the free-swimming energetic costs of activity will advance our understanding of lake trout ecology and may yield improvements to bioenergetics model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Reeve
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kurtis A Smith
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Bzonek
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul J Blanchfield
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Fu C, Zhou KY, Hu Y, Zhang YF, Fu SJ. The effects of the predictability of acclimatory temperature on the growth and thermal tolerance of juvenile Spinibarbus sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111652. [PMID: 38703990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Heated effluent injection, cold hypolimnetic water inputs from dams, and extreme weather events can lead to unpredictable temperature fluctuations in natural waters, impacting fish performance and fitness. We hypothesized that fish exposed to such unpredictable fluctuations would exhibit weaker growth and enhanced thermal tolerance compared to predictable conditions. Qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) was selected as the experimental subject in this study. The qingbo were divided into a constant temperature group (C, 22 ± 0.5 °C), a predictable temperature fluctuation group (PF, 22 ± 4 °C, first warming, then cooling within a day) and an unpredictable temperature fluctuation group (UF, 22 ± 4 °C, the order of warming or cooling is random). After 40 days of temperature acclimation, the growth, metabolic rate, spontaneous activity, thermal tolerance, plasma cortisol concentration and liver hsp70 level of the fish were measured. Unexpectedly, neither the PF nor the UF group showed decreased growth compared to the C group. This could be attributed to the fact that temperature variation did not lead to a substantial increase in basic energy expenditure. Furthermore, feeding rates increased due to temperature fluctuations, although the difference was not significant. Both the PF and UF groups exhibited increased upper thermal tolerance, but only the UF group exhibited improved lower thermal tolerance and higher liver hsp70 levels compared to the C group. The qingbo that experienced unpredictable temperature fluctuations had the best thermal tolerance among the 3 groups, which might have occurred because they had the highest level of hsp70 expression. This may safeguard fish against the potential lethal consequences of extreme temperatures in the future. These findings suggested that qingbo exhibited excellent adaptability to both predictable and unpredictable temperature fluctuations, which may be associated with frequent temperature fluctuations in its natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ke-Ying Zhou
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yong-Fei Zhang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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3
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Matthews G, Farquhar JE, White CR, Chapple DG. Does thermal biology differ between two colour pattern morphs of a widespread Australian lizard? J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103579. [PMID: 37344018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Alternative phenotypes allow individuals to pursue different adaptive pathways in response to the same selective challenge. Colour polymorphic species with geographically varying morph frequencies may reflect multiple adaptations to spatial variables such as temperature and climate. We examined whether thermal biology differed between colour morphs of an Australian lizard, the delicate skink, Lampropholis delicata. The delicate skink has two colour pattern morphs, with frequencies varying across latitude and sex: plain (darker, more common at temperate latitudes, more common in males) or striped (lighter, more common at lower latitudes, more common in females). We tested heating and cooling rate, sprint speed, thermal preference, field body temperature and metabolic rate in both morphs and sexes to determine any link between colour and morph frequency distribution. Plain individuals heated more quickly, but other thermal traits showed little variation among morphs. Lampropholis delicata colour influences rates of heat exchange, but the relationship does not appear to be adaptive, suggesting that behavioural thermoregulation homogenises body temperature in the field. While we find no substantial evidence of thermal differences between the two colour morphs, morph-specific behaviour may buffer against differences in heat exchange. Latitudinal variation in species colour may be driven by selection pressures other than temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jules E Farquhar
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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4
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Rainville V, Dupuch A, Pépino M, Magnan P. Intraspecific competition and temperature drive habitat-based resource polymorphism in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Brown CJM, Curry RA, Gray MA, Lento J, MacLatchy DL, Monk WA, Pavey SA, St-Hilaire A, Wegscheider B, Munkittrick KR. Considering Fish as Recipients of Ecosystem Services Provides a Framework to Formally Link Baseline, Development, and Post-operational Monitoring Programs and Improve Aquatic Impact Assessments for Large Scale Developments. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:350-367. [PMID: 35596789 PMCID: PMC9252955 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In most countries, major development projects must satisfy an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process that considers positive and negative aspects to determine if it meets environmental standards and appropriately mitigates or offsets negative impacts on the values being considered. The benefits of before-after-control-impact monitoring designs have been widely known for more than 30 years, but most development assessments fail to effectively link pre- and post-development monitoring in a meaningful way. Fish are a common component of EIA evaluation for both socioeconomic and scientific reasons. The Ecosystem Services (ES) concept was developed to describe the ecosystem attributes that benefit humans, and it offers the opportunity to develop a framework for EIA that is centred around the needs of and benefits from fish. Focusing an environmental monitoring framework on the critical needs of fish could serve to better align risk, development, and monitoring assessment processes. We define the ES that fish provide in the context of two common ES frameworks. To allow for linkages between environmental assessment and the ES concept, we describe critical ecosystem functions from a fish perspective to highlight potential monitoring targets that relate to fish abundance, diversity, health, and habitat. Finally, we suggest how this framing of a monitoring process can be used to better align aquatic monitoring programs across pre-development, development, and post-operational monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J M Brown
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - R Allen Curry
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Michelle A Gray
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Lento
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Deborah L MacLatchy
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Wendy A Monk
- Environment and Climate Change Canada @ Canadian Rivers Institute, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Scott A Pavey
- Department of Biological Sciences and Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - André St-Hilaire
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bernhard Wegscheider
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution and the Wyss Academy for Nature at the University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Federal Institute of Science and Technology (EAWAG), Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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6
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Wang Z, Liu R, Zhang L, Yu S, Nie Y, Deng Y, Liu R, Zhu W, Zhou Z, Diao J. Thermoregulation of Eremias argus alters temperature-dependent toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin: Ecotoxicological effects considering ectotherm behavior traits. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118461. [PMID: 34748886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessments of the ecotoxicological effects insecticides impose on ectotherms have increasingly considered temperature. However, the changes toxicants induce in thermoregulatory behavioral traits may lead to a divergence of thermal selection and temperature-dependent changes of contaminant toxicity. This study demonstrated the interaction of behavioral thermoregulation and temperature-dependent toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin (BC) in the lizard Eremias argus. Based on the negative relationship between temperature and BC toxicity, seeking a warming environment was assumed to represent a self-rescue behavior (and vice versa). The results showed that BC-treated lizards (0-20 μg/g body weight (bw)) showed such self-rescue behavior, while lizards exposed to an extremely high BC dose (200 μg/g bw) sought a cooler environment. Biochemical assays showed that BC affected neurotransmitter systems, caused oxidative stress, and interfered with ion-transport in the central nervous system. Biomarkers of the cholinergic and glutamatergic system, ion-transport function, and oxidative stress were identified as potential biochemical variables related to thermoregulatory behavior. Apparently, seeking a warmer environment is a survival strategy with the aim to neutralize BC toxicity, while seeking a cooler environment aims to attenuate the harmful effects of metabolic and oxidative stress, and to decelerate internal BC diffusion. This phenomenon could be also explained by the concept of the "cooling trap", i.e., a behavior where cooler temperatures are sought. This impairs survival after exposure to BC at it has a negative temperature coefficient, derived from a dysfunction of the central nervous system regarding thermoregulation caused by the high dosage of neurotoxicant and resulting temperature maladaptation. Implications of the interaction between thermoregulatory behavior and temperature-dependent toxicity are presented, which may aid further temperature-dependent risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Beijing Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Center (Beijing Food Inspection Institute), Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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7
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Rainville V, Pépino M, Magnan P. Parallel evolution of morphological traits and body shape in littoral and pelagic brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, along a gradient of interspecific competition. Oecologia 2021; 197:421-436. [PMID: 34524544 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The parallel evolution of similar ecotypes in response to comparable environmental conditions is believed to reveal the importance of divergent selection in phenotypic diversifying processes. Systems characterized by the presence of multiple replicate populations expressing resource polymorphism thus provide an ideal opportunity to address the occurrence and factors affecting the parallel evolution of ecotypes. Previous studies have shown that brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) exhibit resource polymorphism in some Canadian Shield lakes, where a littoral ecotype feeds mainly on zoobenthos and a pelagic ecotype feeds mostly on zooplankton. Using morphological traits and geometric morphometric analyses on 18 native brook charr populations, we explicitly tested (i) whether brook charr ecotypes show parallel evolution across populations (i.e. the same morphological traits discriminate ecotypes among lakes) and (ii) whether interspecific competition decreases the amplitude of morphological differentiation between ecotypes, if any, because brook charr experience some level of competitive exclusion from the littoral habitat in the presence of creek chub or white sucker. We observed a low level of parallel evolution, where the littoral ecotype was overall stouter with longer fins and smaller eyes than the pelagic ecotype. Interspecific competition had no clear impacts on the amplitude of morphological differentiation. We also observed that inter-lake morphological differences are greater than between ecotypes within lakes, suggesting an important effect of local environmental factors on population morphology. Early-stage of diversification as well as phenotypic plasticity and morphological integration could explain why resource polymorphism is still subtle in brook charr populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rainville
- Research Centre for Watershed-Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Marc Pépino
- Research Centre for Watershed-Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Pierre Magnan
- Research Centre for Watershed-Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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8
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Yuan M, Chen Y, Huang Y, Lu W. Behavioral and Metabolic Phenotype Indicate Personality in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Front Physiol 2018; 9:653. [PMID: 29899710 PMCID: PMC5988878 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistency of individual differences of animal behavior and personality in reactions to various environmental stresses among their life stages could reflect basic divergences in coping style which may affect survival, social rank, and reproductive success in the wild. However, the physiological mechanisms determining personality remain poorly understood. In order to study whether behavior, metabolism and physiological stress responses relate to the personality, we employed post-stress recovery assays to separate zebrafish into two behavioral types (proactive and reactive). The results demonstrated consistent difference among personality, behavior and metabolism in which proactive individuals were more aggressive, had higher standard metabolic rates and showed lower shuttled frequencies between dark and light compartments than the reactive ones. The behavioral variations were also linked to divergent acute salinity stress responses: proactive individuals adopted a swift locomotion behavior in response to acute salinity challenge while reactive individuals remain unchanged. Our results provide useful insight into how personality acts on correlated traits and the importance of a holistic approach to understanding the mechanisms driving persistent inter-individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Yuan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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9
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Enders EC, Boisclair D. Effects of environmental fluctuations on fish metabolism: Atlantic salmon Salmo salar as a case study. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:344-358. [PMID: 26577543 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr as study species, recent findings are summarized on how (1) diurnal variations in water temperature affects standard metabolic rate, (2) shelter may reduce routine metabolic rate and (3) fluctuations of water speed affect the costs of activity. The results suggest that the accuracy of bioenergetics models can be hampered if the effects of environmental fluctuations are omitted. Incorporating environmental fluctuations into estimates and models of fish metabolism will not only improve the accuracy of energy budget calculations, but also have crucial management implications for conservation and improve the capacity to predict effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Enders
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - D Boisclair
- Université de Montréal, Département de sciences biologiques, C. P. 6128, Succursale "Centre-ville", Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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10
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Pépino M, Goyer K, Magnan P. Heat transfer in fish: are short excursions between habitats a thermoregulatory behaviour to exploit resources in an unfavourable thermal environment? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:3461-7. [PMID: 26347550 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is the primary environmental factor affecting physiological processes in ectotherms. Heat-transfer models describe how the fish's internal temperature responds to a fluctuating thermal environment. Specifically, the rate coefficient (k), defined as the instantaneous rate of change in body temperature in relation to the difference between ambient and body temperature, summarizes the combined effects of direct thermal conduction through body mass, passive convection (intracellular and intercellular fluids) and forced convective heat transfer (cardiovascular system). The k-coefficient is widely used in fish ecology to understand how body temperature responds to changes in water temperature. The main objective of this study was to estimate the k-coefficient of brook charr equipped with internal temperature-sensitive transmitters in controlled laboratory experiments. Fish were first transferred from acclimation tanks (10°C) to tanks at 14, 19 or 23°C (warming experiments) and were then returned to the acclimation tanks (10°C; cooling experiments), thus producing six step changes in ambient temperature. We used non-linear mixed models to estimate the k-coefficient. Model comparisons indicated that the model incorporating the k-coefficient as a function of absolute temperature difference (dT: 4, 9 and 13°C) best described body temperature change. By simulating body temperature in a heterogeneous thermal environment, we provide theoretical predictions of maximum excursion duration between feeding and resting areas. Our simulations suggest that short (i.e. <60 min) excursions could be a common thermoregulatory behaviour adopted by cold freshwater fish species to sustain body temperature below a critical temperature threshold, enabling them to exploit resources in an unfavourable thermal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pépino
- Centre de recherche sur les interactions bassins versants - écosystèmes aquatiques (RIVE), and Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Katerine Goyer
- Centre de recherche sur les interactions bassins versants - écosystèmes aquatiques (RIVE), and Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Pierre Magnan
- Centre de recherche sur les interactions bassins versants - écosystèmes aquatiques (RIVE), and Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
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11
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Qvarnström A, Ålund M, McFarlane SE, Sirkiä PM. Climate adaptation and speciation: particular focus on reproductive barriers in Ficedula flycatchers. Evol Appl 2015; 9:119-34. [PMID: 27087843 PMCID: PMC4780377 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate adaptation is surprisingly rarely reported as a cause for the build‐up of reproductive isolation between diverging populations. In this review, we summarize evidence for effects of climate adaptation on pre‐ and postzygotic isolation between emerging species with a particular focus on pied (Ficedula hypoleuca) and collared (Ficedula albicollis) flycatchers as a model for research on speciation. Effects of climate adaptation on prezygotic isolation or extrinsic selection against hybrids have been documented in several taxa, but the combined action of climate adaptation and sexual selection is particularly well explored in Ficedula flycatchers. There is a general lack of evidence for divergent climate adaptation causing intrinsic postzygotic isolation. However, we argue that the profound effects of divergence in climate adaptation on the whole biochemical machinery of organisms and hence many underlying genes should increase the likelihood of genetic incompatibilities arising as side effects. Fast temperature‐dependent co‐evolution between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes may be particularly likely to lead to hybrid sterility. Thus, how climate adaptation relates to reproductive isolation is best explored in relation to fast‐evolving barriers to gene flow, while more research on later stages of divergence is needed to achieve a complete understanding of climate‐driven speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Qvarnström
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Murielle Ålund
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - S Eryn McFarlane
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Päivi M Sirkiä
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden; Finnish Museum of Natural History Zoology Unit University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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12
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Senay C, Boisclair D, Peres-Neto PR. Habitat-based polymorphism is common in stream fishes. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:219-27. [PMID: 25041645 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Morphological differences (size and shape) across habitats are common in lake fish where differences relate to two dominant contrasting habitats: the pelagic and littoral habitat. Repeated occurrence of littoral and pelagic morphs across multiple populations of several lake fish species has been considered as important evidence that polymorphism is adaptive in these systems. It has been suggested that these habitat-based polymorphic differences are due to the temporal stability of the differences between littoral and pelagic habitats. Although streams are spatially heterogeneous, they are also more temporally dynamic than lakes and it is still an open question whether streams provide the environmental conditions that promote habitat-based polymorphism. We tested whether fish from riffle, run and pool habitats, respectively, differed consistently in their morphology. Our test compared patterns of morphological variation (size and shape) in 10 fish species from the three stream habitat types in 36 separate streams distributed across three watersheds. For most species, body size and shape (after controlling for body size) differed across riffle, run and pool habitats. Unlike many lake species, the nature of these differences was not consistent across species, possibly because these species use these habitat types in different ways. Our results suggest that habitat-based polymorphism is an important feature also in stream fishes despite the fact that streams are temporally variable in contrast to lake systems. Future research is required to assess whether the patterns of habitat-based polymorphism encountered in streams have a genetic basis or they are simply the result of within generation phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Senay
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.,Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Boisclair
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pedro R Peres-Neto
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.,Canada Research Chair in Spatial Modelling and Biodiversity, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada
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Effects of lake warming on behavioural thermoregulatory tactics in a cold-water stenothermic fish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92514. [PMID: 24663489 PMCID: PMC3963910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite some evidence of within-population phenotypic variation in fish thermal behaviour, the occurrence of alternative tactics of this behaviour is rarely explicitly considered when studying natural populations. Brook charr provide an example of within-population variability in behavioural thermoregulation as revealed by a recent study on a lacustrine population of this species. The objectives of the present study were (i) to determine the influence of natural variability in the lake's thermal profiles on the expression of thermoregulatory tactics, and (ii) to determine the vertical and horizontal movements of individuals at different periods of the day to better understand the spatio-temporal behaviour associated with each thermoregulatory tactic. During summer 2010, 30 adult brook charr were equipped with thermo-sensitive radio transmitters to monitor their selected temperatures and daily movements. These individuals exhibited the same four behavioural thermoregulatory tactics observed in 2003 and 2005, but the expression of two of these was weaker in 2010. This result was associated with lake warming, which constrained the expression of two thermoregulatory tactics: brook charr significantly decreased their selected temperatures and daily movements when the mean daily epilimnion temperature was above 22.4°C. This study shows for the first time that the expression of behavioural thermoregulatory tactics is related to the lake's thermal regime and that the tactics are plastic through time.
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14
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Behavioural responses to thermal conditions affect seasonal mass change in a heat-sensitive northern ungulate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65972. [PMID: 23776584 PMCID: PMC3679019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Empirical tests that link temperature-mediated changes in behaviour (activity and resource selection) to individual fitness or condition are currently lacking for endotherms yet may be critical to understanding the effect of climate change on population dynamics. Moose (Alces alces) are thought to suffer from heat stress in all seasons so provide a good biological model to test whether exposure to non-optimal ambient temperatures influence seasonal changes in body mass. Seasonal mass change is an important fitness correlate of large herbivores and affects reproductive success of female moose. Methodology/Principal Findings Using GPS-collared adult female moose from two populations in southern Norway we quantified individual differences in seasonal activity budget and resource selection patterns as a function of seasonal temperatures thought to induce heat stress in moose. Individual body mass was recorded in early and late winter, and autumn to calculate seasonal mass changes (n = 52 over winter, n = 47 over summer). We found large individual differences in temperature-dependent resource selection patterns as well as within and between season variability in thermoregulatory strategies. As expected, individuals using an optimal strategy, selecting young successional forest (foraging habitat) at low ambient temperatures and mature coniferous forest (thermal shelter) during thermally stressful conditions, lost less mass in winter and gained more mass in summer. Conclusions/Significance This study provides evidence that behavioural responses to temperature have important consequences for seasonal mass change in moose living in the south of their distribution in Norway, and may be a contributing factor to recently observed declines in moose demographic performance. Although the mechanisms that underlie the observed temperature mediated habitat-fitness relationship remain to be tested, physiological state and individual variation in thermal tolerance are likely contributory factors. Climate-related effects on animal behaviour, and subsequently fitness, are expected to intensify as global warming continues.
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Reiser S, Temming A, Eckhardt A, Herrmann JP. Automation and critical evaluation of an annular chamber for aquatic ectotherm temperature preference experiments. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reiser
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science; University of Hamburg; Olbersweg 24 22767 Hamburg Germany
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology; Palmaille 9 22767 Hamburg Germany
| | - Axel Temming
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science; University of Hamburg; Olbersweg 24 22767 Hamburg Germany
| | - André Eckhardt
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science; University of Hamburg; Olbersweg 24 22767 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Herrmann
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science; University of Hamburg; Olbersweg 24 22767 Hamburg Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- I Keller
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
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