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Yuan C, Zeng Y, Yan X, Luo J, Zeng L, Man YB, Lan B, Kang Y. AhR agonists screening and identification in indoor dust based on non-target chemical analysis by GC-Q-TOFMS and biological effect evaluation referring to ToxCast/Tox21 database. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142108. [PMID: 38657698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies reported the concentration of agonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in indoor dust by target chemical analysis or the biological effects of activating the AhR by indoor extracts, but the major AhR agonists identification in indoor dust were rarely researched. In the present study, the indoor dust samples were collected for 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) assay and both non-targeted and targeted chemical analysis for AhR agonists by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Coupled with non-targeted analysis and toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast)/Tox21 database, 104 ToxCast chemicals were screened to be able to induce EROD response. The combination of targeted chemical analyses and biological effects evaluation indicated that PAHs, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Cypermethrin might be the important AhR-agonists in different indoor dust and mainly contributed in 1.84%-97.56 % (median: 26.62%) of total observed biological effects through comparing toxic equivalency quotient derived from chemical analysis with biological equivalences derived from bioassay. DBP and cypermethrin seldom reported in the analysis of AhR agonists should raise great concern. In addition, the present results in experiment of synthetic solution of 4 selected AhR-agonists pointed out that some unidentified AhR agonists existed in indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoli Yuan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), And Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingyan Lan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Ham D, Ha M, Park H, Hong YC, Kim Y, Ha E, Bae S. Association of postnatal exposure to mixture of bisphenol A, Di-n-butyl phthalate and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with Children's IQ at 5 Years of age: Mothers and Children's environmental health (MOCEH) study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140626. [PMID: 37939933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood is important for neurodevelopment, and exposure to endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates in this period may cause neurodevelopmental disorders and delays. The present study examined the association between exposure to mixtures of BPA and three metabolites of phthalates in early childhood and IQ at 5 years of age. The Mother and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study is a prospective birth cohort study conducted in Korea with 1751 pregnant women enrolled from 2006 to 2010. After excluding those without relevant data, 47 children were included in the final analysis. We measured children's urinary concentrations of metabolites of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (Bisphenol A, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-butyl) phthalate) at ages of 24 and 36 months. We evaluated the children's IQ with the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Test at the age of 5 years. After adjusting for potential confounders, a multiple linear regression was conducted to examine the associations between individual endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the IQ of the children. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression and quantile-based g-computation were used to assess the association between IQ at age 5 and exposure to mixtures of BPA and phthalates. In the single-chemical analyses, mono-(2-ethyl-5-butyl) phthalate exposure at 36 months was adversely associated with children's IQ (β = -4.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): -9.22, -0.64). In the WQS regression and quantile-based g-computation analyses, exposure to the mixture of BPA and phthalates was associated with lower IQ [β = -9.13 (P-value = 0.05) and β = -9.18 (P-value = 0.05), respectively]. The largest contributor to the overall association was exposure to mono-(2-ethyl-5-butyl) phthalate at 36 months. In the present study, postnatal exposure to mixtures of BPA and three metabolites of phthalates was associated with decreased IQ of children at age 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Ham
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Fogliano C, Motta CM, Acloque H, Avallone B, Carotenuto R. Water contamination by delorazepam induces epigenetic defects in the embryos of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165300. [PMID: 37414173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Delorazepam, a derivative of diazepam, is a psychotropic drug belonging to the benzodiazepine class. Used as a nervous-system inhibitor, it treats anxiety, insomnia, and epilepsy, but is also associated with misuse and abuse. Nowadays benzodiazepines are considered emerging pollutants: conventional wastewater treatment plants indeed are unable to eliminate these compounds. Consequently, they persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in non-target aquatic organisms with consequences still not fully clear. To collect more information, we investigated the possible epigenetic activity of delorazepam, at three concentrations (1, 5 and 10 μg/L) using Xenopus laevis embryos as a model. Analyses demonstrated a significant increase in genomic DNA methylation and differential methylation of the promoters of some early developmental genes (otx2, sox3, sox9, pax6, rax1, foxf1, and myod1). Moreover, studies on gene expression highlighted an unbalancing in apoptosis/proliferation pathways and an aberrant expression of DNA-repair genes. Results are alarming considering the growing trend of benzodiazepine concentrations in superficial waters, especially after the peak occurred as a consequence of the pandemic COVID-19, and the fact that benzodiazepine GABA-A receptors are highly conserved and present in all aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fogliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Motta
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Hervé Acloque
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bice Avallone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Yedji RS, Sohm B, Salnot V, Guillonneau F, Cossu-Leguille C, Battaglia E. First Identification of a Large Set of Serine Hydrolases by Activity-Based Protein Profiling in Dibutyl Phthalate-Exposed Zebrafish Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416060. [PMID: 36555700 PMCID: PMC9786740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the involvement of several serine hydrolases (SHs) in the metabolism of xenobiotics such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), no study has focused on mapping this enzyme class in zebrafish, a model organism frequently used in ecotoxicology. Here, we survey and identify active SHs in zebrafish larvae and search for biological markers of SH type after exposure to DBP. Zebrafish were exposed to 0, 5, and 100 µg/L DBP from 4 to 120 h post-fertilization. A significant decrease in vitellogenin expression level of about 2-fold compared to the control was found in larvae exposed to 100 µg/L DBP for 120 h. The first comprehensive profiling of active SHs in zebrafish proteome was achieved with an activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) approach. Among 49 SHs identified with high confidence, one was the carboxypeptidase ctsa overexpressed in larvae exposed to 100 µg/L DBP for 120 h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a carboxypeptidase has been identified as deregulated following exposure to DBP. The overall results indicate that targeted proteomics approaches, such as ABPP, can, therefore, be an asset for understanding the mechanism of action related to xenobiotics in ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue S. Yedji
- LIEC, UMR7360, Campus Bridoux, Université de Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Bénédicte Sohm
- LIEC, UMR7360, Campus Bridoux, Université de Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Virginie Salnot
- Plateforme Protéomique 3P5, Inserm U1016-Institut Cochin, MICUSPC, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - François Guillonneau
- Plateforme Protéomique 3P5, Inserm U1016-Institut Cochin, MICUSPC, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Protéomique Clinique, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, CRCI2NA-UMR INSERM 1307/CNRS 6075, team03, 15, rue André Boquel, 49055 Angers, France
| | | | - Eric Battaglia
- LIEC, UMR7360, Campus Bridoux, Université de Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France
- Correspondence:
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Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay: Investigation of the potential effects of five chemicals on the hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis of Xenopus laevis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105241. [PMID: 35940297 PMCID: PMC10389063 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (2-EHHB), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-OP), 4-nonylphenol-branched (4-NP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were evaluated using a 21-day Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA). Xenopus laevis larvae were exposed nominally to each chemical at 3.6, 10.9, 33.0, and 100 μg/L, except 4-NP concentrations were 1.8, 5.5, 16.5 and 50 μg/L. Endpoints included mortality, developmental stage, hind limb length (HLL), snout-vent length (SVL), body weight (BW), and thyroid histopathology. BBP and 4-OP accelerated development compared to controls at the mean measured concentration of 3.5 and 39.8 μg/L, respectively. An increase in developmental stage frequency distribution was observed for 4-OP at 39.8 and 103 µg/L, BBP at all concentrations and DBP at 143 µg/L. Normalized HLL was increased on study day (SD) 21 for all tested substances except 4-NP. Histopathology revealed accelerated development and mild thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy at all BBP concentrations, but moderate severity at 105 μg/L. Increased BW occurred for all chemicals except 4-OP. Increased SVL was observed for 4-NP, BBP and DBP on SD 21. There was insufficient evidence that 4-NP and 2-EHHB affected the hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis, however, BBP, DBP and 4-OP showed potential effects on amphibian metamorphosis and thyroid activity, albeit through different lines of evidence.
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Bereketoglu C, Pradhan A. Plasticizers: negative impacts on the thyroid hormone system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38912-38927. [PMID: 35303231 PMCID: PMC9119869 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to understand the impacts of plasticizers on the thyroid system of animals and humans. The thyroid gland is one of the earliest endocrine glands that appear during embryogenesis. The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones (TH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) that are important in the regulation of body homeostasis. TH plays critical roles in regulating different physiological functions, including metabolism, cell growth, circadian rhythm, and nervous system development. Alteration in thyroid function can lead to different medical problems. In recent years, thyroid-related medical problems have increased and this could be due to rising environmental pollutants. Plasticizers are one such group of a pollutant that impacts thyroid function. Plasticizers are man-made chemicals used in a wide range of products, such as children's toys, food packaging items, building materials, medical devices, cosmetics, and ink. The increased use of plasticizers has resulted in their detection in the environment, animals, and humans. Studies indicated that plasticizers could alter thyroid function in both animals and humans at different levels. Several studies demonstrated a positive and/or negative correlation between plasticizers and serum T4 and T3 levels. Plasticizers could also change the expression of various TH-related genes and proteins, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and transporters. Histological analyses demonstrated thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to several plasticizers. In conclusion, plasticizers could disrupt TH homeostasis and the mechanisms of toxicity could be diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhun Bereketoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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Cathey AL, Watkins DJ, Rosario ZY, Vélez C, Mukherjee B, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Meeker JD. Biomarkers of Exposure to Phthalate Mixtures and Adverse Birth Outcomes in a Puerto Rico Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:37009. [PMID: 35333099 PMCID: PMC8953418 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to complex mixtures of phthalate chemicals from a range of consumer products. Previous studies have reported significant associations between individual phthalate metabolites and pregnancy outcomes, but mixtures research is limited. OBJECTIVES We used the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats longitudinal pregnancy cohort to investigate associations between phthalate metabolite mixtures and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS Women (n=462 carrying females, n=540 carrying males) provided up to three urine samples throughout gestation (median 18, 22, and 26 wk), which were analyzed for 13 phthalate metabolites. Pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth (PTB), spontaneous PTB, small and large for gestational age (SGA, LGA), birth weight z-score, and gestational age at delivery were abstracted from medical records. Environmental risk scores (ERS) were calculated as a weighted linear combination of the phthalates from ridge regression and adaptive elastic net, which are variable selection methods to handle correlated predictors. Birth outcomes were regressed on continuous ERS. We assessed gestational average and visit-specific ERS and stratified all analyses by fetal sex. Finally, we used Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to explore nonlinear associations and interactions between metabolites. RESULTS Differences in metabolite weights from ridge and elastic net were apparent between birth outcomes and between fetal sexes. An interquartile range increase in gestational average phthalate ERS was associated with increased odds of PTB [male odds ratio (OR)=1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 2.27; female OR=1.91; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.98], spontaneous PTB (male OR=2.32; 95% CI: 1.46, 3.68; female OR=2.00; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.82), and reduced gestational age at birth (male β=-0.39 wk, 95% CI: -0.62, -0.15; female β=-0.29 wk, 95% CI: -0.52, -0.05). Analyses by study visit suggested that exposure at ∼22 wk (range 20-24 wk) was driving those associations. Bivariate plots from BKMR analysis revealed some nonlinear associations and metabolite interactions that were different between fetal sexes. DISCUSSION These results suggest that exposure to phthalate mixtures was associated with increased risk of early delivery and highlight the need to study mixtures by fetal sex. We also identified various metabolites displaying nonlinear relationships with measures of birth weight. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zaira Y Rosario
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Carmen Vélez
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - José F Cordero
- College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Donat-Vargas C, Perez-Carrascosa F, Gomez-Peña C, Mustieles V, Salcedo-Bellido I, Frederiksen H, Åkesson A, Arrebola JP. Associations of serum phthalate metabolites with thyroid hormones in GraMo cohort, Southern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117606. [PMID: 34426375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The general population is continuously exposed to phthalates via various consumer products. Epidemiological research relating phthalate exposure to thyroid function during non-developmental periods is limited. This study aimed to investigate the associations between specific serum phthalate metabolites and indicators of thyroid function in adults. We measured 10 serum phthalate metabolites and thyroid hormones - total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - in a subsample of 207 adults from the GraMo cohort. This subsample was made up of men and women (in equal proportions) of middle age (49 ± 17 years) and from Southern Spain (province of Granada). Data on age, sex, body mass index, residence area, tobacco use, alcohol consumption and attained education were obtained from a questionnaire. Phthalate metabolites were log-transformed and categorized into tertiles. Cross-sectional associations of each metabolite with thyroid hormones were analyzed using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. The mixture effect of metabolite phthalates was assessed using weighted quantile sum regression. After multivariable-adjustment, the following phthalate metabolites were significantly associated with TT3 in a dose-response manner: MMP (β = 0.90: 95% confidence interval 0.68,1.12), MEP (β = 0.67: 0.44, 0.90), MiBP (β = 0.49: 0.21, 0.77), MiDP (β = 0.27: 0.03, 0.52), MBzP (β = 0.51: 0.28, 0.73), MEHP (β = -0.59: -0.82, -0.35) and MiNP (β = -0.43: -0.71, -0.14), when comparing highest vs. lowest exposed. The sum of all metabolites was also linked to FT4 levels. No significant associations were observed for TSH except for MiNP. Although phthalate metabolites with different molecular weight showed opposite associations, overall metabolite concentrations seem to associate with increased TT3 and FT4 serum levels. The cross-sectional nature of this analysis limits causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- IMDEA-Food Institute. CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Carrascosa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Mustieles
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain.
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Gestational Phthalate Exposure and Preschool Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2021; 5:e161. [PMID: 34414345 PMCID: PMC8367074 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Prenatal phthalate exposure has been linked to altered neurobehavioral development in both animal models and epidemiologic studies, but whether or not these associations translate to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders is unclear. We used a nested case-cohort study design to assess whether maternal urinary concentrations of 12 phthalate metabolites at 17 weeks gestation were associated with criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) classified among 3-year-old children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Between 2007 and 2011, 260 children in this substudy were classified with ADHD using a standardized, on-site clinical assessment; they were compared with 549 population-based controls. We modeled phthalate levels both linearly and by quintiles in logistic regression models adjusted for relevant covariates and tested for interaction by child sex. Children of mothers in the highest quintile of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (∑DiNP) metabolite levels had 1.70 times the odds of being classified with ADHD compared with those in the lowest quintile (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03 to 2.82). In linear models, there was a trend with the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP); each natural log-unit increase in concentration was associated with 1.22 times the odds of ADHD (95% CI = 0.99 to 1.52). In boys, but not girls, mono-n-butyl phthalate exposure was associated with increased odds of ADHD (odds ratio [OR] 1.42; 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.88). Additional adjustment for correlated phthalate metabolites attenuated estimates. These results suggest gestational phthalate exposure may impact the behavior of children as young as 3 years.
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Effects of Subacute Exposure of Dibutyl Phthalate on the Homeostatic Model Assessment, Thyroid Function, and Redox Status in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5521516. [PMID: 34395617 PMCID: PMC8357475 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5521516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate is an endocrine disruptor used in a wide range of industrial and agriculture applications. The present study focuses on elucidating the effect of subacute exposure (4-weeks) of DBP on insulin and its sensitivity indexes, oxidative status, thyroid function, energy metabolites, serum biochemistry, and anthropometry in rats. A total of 64 rats were divided into 4 treatment groups as mg DBP/Kg body weight per day: (a) 0 mg/Kg (control), (b) 10 mg/Kg (DBP-10), (c) 50 mg/Kg (DBP-50), and (d) 100 mg/Kg (DBP-100). The rats in each treatment (n = 16) were further divided into male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) rats for studying treatment and gender interactions. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed on the 21st day. Anthropometry, nutritional determinants, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), thyroid hormones, energy metabolites, and oxidative status were studied during the experimental period. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data (p < 0.05). Tukey's posthoc test was used for pair-wise comparisons. DBP increased body weight gain and feed efficiency in an inverted nonmonotonic U-shaped fashion. Hyperglycemia and increased blood glucose area under the curve were observed in DBP-100 at 120 minutes in IPGTT. The HOMA also showed a linear monotonic contrast. Thyroxin decreased significantly in the DBP-100 rats, whereas malondialdehyde, nonesterified fatty acids, and beta hydroxyl butyrate were increased with the DBP treatments. In conclusion, DBP could be attributed to the development of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in rats. Further investigations into the lipid peroxidation pathways can improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in metabolic disruption.
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Huang PC, Kuo PL, Chang WH, Shih SF, Chang WT, Lee CC. Prenatal Phthalates Exposure and Cord Thyroid Hormones: A Birth Cohort Study in Southern Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084323. [PMID: 33921744 PMCID: PMC8074059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of thyroid hormones in the early stages of gestation plays a crucial role in the outcome of a pregnancy. Furthermore, thyroid hormones are fundamental for the fetal development of all organs, including endocrine hormone changes in uterus. Endocrine disrupting chemicals have been shown to have an effect on thyroid hormone homeostasis in newborns, which affects their later development. Few studies have proposed how phthalates could alter thyroid function through several mechanisms and the possible effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis of phthalates on pregnant women. However, the effects of cord blood phthalates and prenatal phthalate exposure on thyroid hormones in newborns remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aim to follow up on our previous established subjects and determine the correlation between phthalate exposure and thyroid hormones in pregnant women and newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 61 pregnant women from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a medical hospital in southern Taiwan and followed up. High performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to analyze urine samples for five phthalate metabolites. Serum levels of thyroid hormones were analyzed using electrochemoluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) method. We used Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients to evaluate the correlation between each phthalate metabolites in serum and the thyroid hormone levels in fetus and parturient. Finally, multiple logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between hormones and their corresponding phthalate metabolites in cord blood. RESULTS High MBP in cord blood was correlated with negative cord serum TSH in newborns (r = -0.25, p < 0.06). By using multiple linear regression after adjusting for potential confounders (gestational and maternal age), cord serum MBP levels showed a negative association with cord serum TSH (β = 0.217, p < 0.05), cord serum T4 (β = 1.71, p < 0.05) and cord serum T4 × TSH (β = 42.8, p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION We found that levels of cord serum TSH and T4 in newborns was significantly negatively associated with cord serum MBP levels after adjusting for significant covariate. The fall in TSH in newborns may potentially be delaying their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (W.-T.C.)
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Shih
- Department of Health Administration, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (W.-T.C.)
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-274-4412
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Henderson AL, Colaiácovo MP. Exposure to phthalates: germline dysfunction and aneuploidy. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:610-619. [PMID: 33583068 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies continue to reveal the enduring impact of exposures to environmental chemicals on human physiology, including our reproductive health. Phthalates, a well characterized class of endocrine disrupting chemicals and commonly utilized plasticizers, are among one of the many toxicants ubiquitously present in our environment. Phthalate exposure has been linked to increases in the rate of human aneuploidy, a phenomenon that is detected in 0.3% of livebirths resulting in genetic disorders including trisomy 21, approximately 4% of stillbirths, and over 35% of miscarriages. Here we review recent epidemiological and experimental studies that have examined the role that phthalates play in germline dysfunction, including increases in apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and impaired genomic integrity, resulting in aneuploidy. We will further discuss subject variability, as it relates to diet and polymorphisms, and the sexual dimorphic effects of phthalate exposure, as it relates to sex-specific targets. Lastly, we discuss some of the conserved effects of phthalate exposure across humans, mammalian models and nonmammalian model organisms, highlighting the importance of using model organisms to our advantage for chemical risk assessment and unveiling potential mechanisms that underlie phthalate-induced reproductive health issues across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana L Henderson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Baken KA, Lambrechts N, Remy S, Mustieles V, Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Neophytou CM, Olea N, Schoeters G. A strategy to validate a selection of human effect biomarkers using adverse outcome pathways: Proof of concept for phthalates and reproductive effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:235-256. [PMID: 31146096 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring measures the concentrations of environmental chemicals or their metabolites in body fluids or tissues. Complementing exposure biomarkers with mechanistically based effect biomarkers may further elucidate causal pathways between chemical exposure and adverse health outcomes. We combined information on effect biomarkers previously implemented in human observational studies with mechanisms of action reported in experimental studies and with information from published Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs), focusing on adverse reproductive effects of phthalate exposure. Phthalates constitute a group of chemicals that are ubiquitous in consumer products and have been related to a wide range of adverse health effects. As a result of a comprehensive literature search, we present an overview of effect biomarkers for reproductive toxicity that are substantiated by mechanistic information. The activation of several receptors, such as PPARα, PPARγ, and GR, may initiate events leading to impaired male and female fertility as well as other adverse effects of phthalate exposure. Therefore, these receptors appear as promising targets for the development of novel effect biomarkers. The proposed strategy connects the fields of epidemiology and toxicology and may strengthen the weight of evidence in observational studies that link chemical exposures to health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Baken
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Lambrechts
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Christiana M Neophytou
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicolas Olea
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Cathey AL, Watkins D, Rosario ZY, Vélez C, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Meeker JD. Associations of Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements With CRH and Other Hormones Among Pregnant Women in Puerto Rico. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1127-1149. [PMID: 31093596 PMCID: PMC6510018 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that may be associated with adverse birth outcomes. Dysregulation of maternal endocrine homeostasis could be a possible biological pathway between phthalates and birth outcomes. OBJECTIVE Examine associations between 19 maternal urinary phthalate or phthalate replacement metabolites and 9 serum hormones measured over two time points during pregnancy. DESIGN Longitudinal study conducted in the PROTECT pregnancy cohort. SETTING Puerto Rico. PATIENTS Six hundred seventy-seven women in the first trimester of pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES SERUM CRH, estriol, SHBG, progesterone, TSH, total T3, free T4, total T4, and testosterone. RESULTS T3 was significantly associated with most metabolites. CRH was inversely associated with mono carboxyisononyl phthalate [MCNP; percent change (%Δ), -4.08; 95% CI, -7.24, -0.804], mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP; %Δ, -5.25; 95% CI, -8.26, -2.14), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP; %Δ, -18.4; 95% CI, -30.4, -4.37), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP; %Δ, -13.4; 95% CI, -22.7, -2.92), and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP; %Δ, -12.7; 95% CI, -22.2, -2.20). Positive associations were found between numerous phthalate metabolites and free T4, T4, and the T3/T4 ratio. Testosterone was positively associated with mono hydroxybutyl phthalate (MHBP; %Δ, 4.71; 95% CI, 0.27, 9.35) and inversely associated with monoethyl phthalate (MEP; %Δ, -14.5; 95% CI, -24.3, -3.42), and relationships with MCNP and mono carboxyisooctyl phthalate (MCOP) were significantly modified by study visit. Finally, an inverse association was found between mono-2-ethyl-5-hydrohexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP), a terephthalate metabolite, and progesterone at visit 3 only (%Δ, -13.1; 95% CI, -22.3, -2.75). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that exposure to phthalates may differentially impact the maternal endocrine system at different points during pregnancy, and that exposures to phthalate replacement chemicals may be particularly important to consider in future human health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Deborah Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zaira Y Rosario
- Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carmen Vélez
- Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - José F Cordero
- College of Public Health, Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Thambirajah AA, Koide EM, Imbery JJ, Helbing CC. Contaminant and Environmental Influences on Thyroid Hormone Action in Amphibian Metamorphosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:276. [PMID: 31156547 PMCID: PMC6530347 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic and terrestrial environments are increasingly contaminated by anthropogenic sources that include pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial and agricultural chemicals (i. e., pesticides). Many of these substances have the potential to disrupt endocrine function, yet their effect on thyroid hormone (TH) action has garnered relatively little attention. Anuran postembryonic metamorphosis is strictly dependent on TH and perturbation of this process can serve as a sensitive barometer for the detection and mechanistic elucidation of TH disrupting activities of chemical contaminants and their complex mixtures. The ecological threats posed by these contaminants are further exacerbated by changing environmental conditions such as temperature, photoperiod, pond drying, food restriction, and ultraviolet radiation. We review the current knowledge of several chemical and environmental factors that disrupt TH-dependent metamorphosis in amphibian tadpoles as assessed by morphological, thyroid histology, behavioral, and molecular endpoints. Although the molecular mechanisms for TH disruption have yet to be determined for many chemical and environmental factors, several affect TH synthesis, transport or metabolism with subsequent downstream effects. As molecular dysfunction typically precedes phenotypic or histological pathologies, sensitive assays that detect changes in transcript, protein, or metabolite abundance are indispensable for the timely detection of TH disruption. The emergence and application of 'omics techniques-genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics-on metamorphosing tadpoles are powerful emerging assets for the rapid, proxy assessment of toxicant or environmental damage for all vertebrates including humans. Moreover, these highly informative 'omics techniques will complement morphological, behavioral, and histological assessments, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of how TH-dependent signal disruption is propagated by environmental contaminants and factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caren C. Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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16
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Arancio AL, Cole KD, Dominguez AR, Cohenour ER, Kadie J, Maloney WC, Cilliers C, Schuh SM. Bisphenol A, Bisphenol AF, di-n-butyl phthalate, and 17β-estradiol have shared and unique dose-dependent effects on early embryo cleavage divisions and development in Xenopus laevis. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 84:65-74. [PMID: 30579998 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol AF (BPAF), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are widespread compounds used in the production of plastics. We used Xenopus laevis to compare their effects on early embryo cell division and development. Directly after in vitro fertilizations, embryos were exposed to BPA, BPAF, DBP, or 17β-estradiol (E2) for up to 96 h. BPA (1-50 μM) and BPAF (0.003-25 μM) caused disrupted cleavage divisions, slowed cytokinesis, and cellular dissociation within 1-6 h. Flexures of the spinal cord, shorter body axis/tail, craniofacial malformations, and significant mortality occurred with environmentally relevant doses of BPAF (LC50 = 0.013 μM). DBP (10-200 μM) showed similar effects, but with severe ventral edema. There were both shared and unique effects of all compounds, with BPAF having the greatest potency and toxicity (BPAF > BPA > estradiol > DBP). These findings underscore the pleiotropic effects of widespread toxicants on early development and highlight the need for better toxicological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Arancio
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States
| | - Kyla D Cole
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States
| | - Anyssa R Dominguez
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States
| | - Emry R Cohenour
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States
| | - Julia Kadie
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States
| | - William C Maloney
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States
| | - Chane Cilliers
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States
| | - Sonya M Schuh
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Saint Mary's College of California, United States.
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Chen B, Hu X, Zhen X, Hu GX. Effects of dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with their metabolites on CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C19*1 activities in vitro. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:195-201. [PMID: 30099291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to assess the effect of phthalates on the activities of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in vitro. In this study, recombinant CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C19*1 microsomes were used to investigate the effects of phthalates and their metabolites on corresponding enzyme activities in vitro. 2-100 μM substrate of enzyme was incubated with series concentration of phthalates for 30 min at 37 °C. The metabolic products were detected using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods. The results showed dibutyl phthalate (DBP) significantly inhibited CYP2C9*1 with an activity inhibition rate of 67.3% and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.63 μmol L-1, but its metabolite monobutyl phthalate (MBP) had no significant effect. On the other hand, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) had no effect on CYP2C9*1, but its metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) significantly inhibited the enzyme activity with an activity inhibition rate of 90.6% and IC50 of 6.37 μmol L-1. With regards to CYP2C19*1, DBP completely inhibited the enzyme activity with an activity inhibition rate of 100% and IC50 of 2.63 μmol L-1, but its metabolite MBP had no effect on it. DEHP and MEHP also inhibited the activity of CYP2C19*1. Further investigation showed MEHP was a competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9*1 (Ki = 7.063 μmol L-1), and DBP was a competitive inhibitor of CYP2C19*1 (Ki = 7.013 μmol L-1) against their substrates, both phthalates were non-competitive inhibitors of the cofactor NADPH. Our results suggested that DBP, DEHP, and their metabolites exhibited significant inhibitory effects toward either CYP2C9*1 or CYP2C19*1. These findings provided valuable information for a potentially toxic mechanism of DEHP and DBP on endocrine disruption and a useful guidance for safe and effective usage of drugs in patients with long-term DEHP and DBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Yuan B, Wu W, Chen M, Gu H, Tang Q, Guo D, Chen T, Chen Y, Lu C, Song L, Xia Y, Chen D, Rehan VK, Sha J, Wang X. From the Cover: Metabolomics Reveals a Role of Betaine in Prenatal DBP Exposure-Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Failure of Spermatogenesis in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:356-366. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Huang PC, Tsai CH, Chen CC, Wu MT, Chen ML, Wang SL, Chen BH, Lee CC, Jaakkola JJK, Wu WC, Chen MK, Hsiung CA, Group R. Intellectual evaluation of children exposed to phthalate-tainted products after the 2011 Taiwan phthalate episode. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:158-166. [PMID: 28342962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phthalate exposure may reduce intellectual development in young children. In 2011, numerous Taiwanese children had been reported to have consumed phthalate-tainted products. We investigated the effects of phthalate exposure on the intellectual development of these children after the 2011 Taiwan di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) episode. METHODS We recruited 204 children, aged 3-12 y, from 3 hospitals in Taiwan between 2012 and 2013. First-morning urine samples were collected for analyzing 5 phthalate metabolites. We applied a Bayesian model to estimate the past DEHP exposure (estDEHPADD) of each participant before the 2011 DEHP episode. Demographic information, consumption of phthalate-tainted products, and maternal education, of each participant were obtained using a questionnaire. We used the Wechsler intelligence evaluation tools for assessing the children's and maternal intelligence quotient. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The median levels of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono-n-butyl phthalate, and mono-iso-butyl phthalate in the children were 9.97, 45.8, 32.2, 46.2, and 24.3μg/g creatinine, respectively. Using the aforementioned urinary phthalate metabolites, we found that the children's verbal comprehension index (N =98) was significantly negatively associated with urinary log10 MEOHP (β, -11.92; SE, 5.33; 95%CI, -22.52~ -1.33; P=0.028) and log10 ΣDBP metabolites (β, -10.95; SE, 4.93; 95%CI, -20.74~ -1.16; P=0.029) after adjustment for age, gender, maternal IQ and education, passive smoking, estDEHPADD, active and passive smoking during pregnancy. Through a tolerable daily intake-based approach, we only found a significant negative association between past estimate DEHPADD and VIQ≥3-<6 in preschool children whereas no correlation was observed between current DEHP exposure and IQ≥3-<6 score with/ without estimate DEHPADD adjustment. It revealed that the effect of past high-DEHP exposure on verbal-related neurodevelopment of younger child are more sensitive. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to DEHP and DnBP affects intellectual development in preschool and school-aged children, particularly their language learning or expression ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substance, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Wen-Chiu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Min-Kung Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Rapit Group
- Members of the Risk Assessment of Phthalate Incident in Taiwan (RAPIT) Group
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Park C, Choi W, Hwang M, Lee Y, Kim S, Yu S, Lee I, Paek D, Choi K. Associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A levels, and serum thyroid hormones among the Korean adult population - Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2012-2014. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:950-957. [PMID: 28153396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been used extensively in many consumer products, resulting in widespread exposure in the general population. Studies have suggested associations between exposure to phthalates and BPA, and serum thyroid hormone levels, but confirmation on larger human populations is warranted. METHODS Data obtained from nationally representative Korean adults (n=6003) recruited for the second round of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), 2012-2014, were employed. Three di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, along with benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites, and BPA were measured in subjects' urine. Thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in serum. The associations between urinary phthalates or BPA and thyroid hormone levels were determined. RESULTS Urinary phthalate metabolites were generally associated with lowered total T4 or T3, or increased TSH levels in serum. Interquartile range (IQR) increases of mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) were associated with a 3.7% increase of TSH, and a 1.7% decrease of total T4 levels, respectively. When grouped by sex, urinary MEHHP levels were inversely associated with T4 only among males. Among females, mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) levels were inversely associated with TSH and T3, respectively. In addition, negative association between BPA and TSH was observed. CONCLUSIONS Several phthalates and BPA exposures were associated with altered circulatory thyroid hormone levels among general Korean adult population. Considering the importance of thyroid hormones, public health implications of such alteration warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choonghee Park
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Wookhee Choi
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Moonyoung Hwang
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Suejin Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seungdo Yu
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Domyung Paek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Weng TI, Chen MH, Lien GW, Chen PS, Lin JCC, Fang CC, Chen PC. Effects of Gender on the Association of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites with Thyroid Hormones in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020123. [PMID: 28146055 PMCID: PMC5334677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are considered endocrine disruptors. Our study assessed the gender-specific effects of phthalate exposure on thyroid function in children. In total, 189 Taiwanese children were enrolled in the study. One-spot urine and blood samples were collected for analyzing 12 phthalate metabolites in urine and thyroid hormones. The association between urinary phthalate metabolites and serum thyroid hormones was determined using a generalized linear model with a log link function; the children were categorized into groups for analysis according to the 33rd and 66th percentiles. The data were stratified according to gender and adjusted for a priori defined covariates. In girls, a positive association existed between urinary di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate) and free thyroxine (T4). In boys, urinary dibutyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites (mono-i-butyl phthalate and mono-n-butyl phthalate) were positively associated with free triiodothyronine (T3). After categorizing each exposure into three groups, urinary DEHP metabolites were positively associated with free T3 levels in boys. Our results suggested that DEHP is associated with free T4 in girls and that DBP is associated with free T3 in boys. Higher DEHP metabolite concentrations exerted larger effects on free T3 in boys. These results reveal the gender-specific relationships between phthalate metabolites and thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-I Weng
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - Guang-Wen Lien
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - Pai-Shan Chen
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
| | - Jasper Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chung Fang
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health,Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
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22
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Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Martyniuk CJ, Loughery JR, Yargeau V, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Lethal and sublethal effects of phthalate diesters in Silurana tropicalis larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2511-2522. [PMID: 26924002 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are compounds used in polymers to increase their flexibility and are now ubiquitous in the environment as a result of widespread use. Because few studies have focused on the adverse effects of these chemicals in aquatic species, the present study aimed to determine the effects of phthalate diesters in amphibians. Western clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) tadpoles were acutely exposed to water spiked with monomethyl phthalate (MMP; 1.3-1595.5 mg/L), dimethyl phthalate (DMP; 0.03-924.0 mg/L), or dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP; 0.3-99.3 mg/L). Because few studies have addressed the toxicity of these specific phthalates in most organisms, the present study used higher concentrations of these chemicals to determine their toxicity pathways in amphibians and at the same time investigate a suite of genes known to be altered by the well-studied phthalates. Both DMP and DCHP increased larval mortality (9.1-924.0 mg/L DMP and 4.1-99.3 mg/L DCHP), increased frequency of malformations in tadpoles (0.1-34.1 mg/L DMP and 4.1-19.0 mg/L DCHP), and up-regulated cellular stress-related messenger-RNA (mRNA) levels (4.1 mg/L DCHP). To characterize the molecular toxicity pathway of these phthalates in tadpoles, transcriptome analysis was conducted using a custom microarray. Parametric analysis of gene set enrichment revealed important changes in the expression of genes related to drug metabolism and transport, liver metabolism, xenobiotic clearance, and xenobiotic metabolism after DMP and DCHP treatments, although these responses were less pronounced with MMP (the metabolite of DMP). The present study is one of the few studies that demonstrated complementarity between gene expression analysis and organismal effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2511-2522. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick and Canadian Rivers Institute, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Loughery
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick and Canadian Rivers Institute, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Wegner S, Browne P, Dix D. Identifying reference chemicals for thyroid bioactivity screening. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:402-413. [PMID: 27589887 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reference chemicals were selected based on thyroid bioactivity in 'Tier 1' screening assays used by the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. Active reference chemicals had significant effects on thyroid-responsive endpoints in the amphibian metamorphosis assay, and the male and female pubertal rat assays. In the absence of thyroid weight or histopathological effects, additional published studies providing mechanistic data on thyroid activity were required for active chemicals. Inactive reference chemicals had no significant effects on thyroid-responsive endpoints in Tier 1 assays, or in amphibian or rodent studies from several online databases. The 34 reference chemicals (29 active and five inactive) will be useful for performance-based validation of alternative, high throughput screening assays for thyroid bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Wegner
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States.
| | - Patience Browne
- Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - David Dix
- Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., United States
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24
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Huang PC, Tsai CH, Liang WY, Li SS, Huang HB, Kuo PL. Early Phthalates Exposure in Pregnant Women Is Associated with Alteration of Thyroid Hormones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159398. [PMID: 27455052 PMCID: PMC4959782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies revealed that phthalate exposure could alter thyroid hormones during the last trimester of pregnancy. However, thyroid hormones are crucial for fetal development during the first trimester. We aimed to clarify the effect of phthalate exposure on thyroid hormones during early pregnancy. Method We recruited 97 pregnant women who were offered an amniocentesis during the early trimester from an obstetrics clinic in southern Taiwan from 2013 to 2014. After signing an informed consent form, we collected amniotic fluid and urine samples from pregnant women to analyze 11 metabolites, including mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-butyl phthalate (MnBP), of 9 phthalates using liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. We collected blood samples from each subject to analyze serum thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4), free T4, and thyroid-binding globulin (TBG). Results Three phthalate metabolites were discovered to be >80% in the urine samples of the pregnant women: MEP (88%), MnBP (81%) and MECPP (86%). Median MnBP and MECPP levels in pregnant Taiwanese women were 21.5 and 17.6 μg/g-creatinine, respectively, that decreased after the 2011 Taiwan DEHP scandal. Results of principal component analysis suggested two major sources (DEHP and other phthalates) of phthalates exposure in pregnant women. After adjusting for age, gestational age, TBG, urinary creatinine, and other phthalate metabolites, we found a significantly negative association between urinary MnBP levels and serum T4 (β = –5.41; p-value = 0.012; n = 97) in pregnant women using Bonferroni correction. Conclusion We observed a potential change in the thyroid hormones of pregnant women during early pregnancy after DnBP exposure. Additional study is necessitated to clarify these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chih-Hsin Tsai
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yen Liang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Syuan Li
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
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25
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Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Influence of Lipophilicity on the Toxicity of Bisphenol A and Phthalates to Aquatic Organisms. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:4-10. [PMID: 27169527 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are among the most popular plasticizers used today and have been reported ubiquitously in surface water, ground water, and sediment. For aquatic organisms, BPA was the most toxic (96 h LC50s) to aquatic invertebrates (0.96-2.70 mg/L) and less toxic to fish (6.8-17.9 mg/L). The toxicity of BPA to amphibians differed among developmental stages, with embryos having an LC50 of 4.6-6.8 mg/L and juveniles 0.50-1.4 mg/L. The toxicity of phthalates is affected by aromatic ring substitution, alkyl chain length, and metabolism. The toxicity (96 h LC50s) of phthalates was similar to aquatic invertebrates (0.46-377 mg/L) and fish (0.48-121 mg/L). In general, the toxicity of phthalates appears to be highest around a log KOW of 6, which corresponds to the highest potential for bioconcentration and bioaccumulation. In conclusion, the lipophilicity of BPA and phthalates influence their toxicity to aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17 000, Stn Forces, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Sarah J Wallace
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17 000, Stn Forces, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17 000, Stn Forces, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada.
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26
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Li Y, Hu Y, Dong C, Lu H, Zhang C, Hu Q, Li S, Qin H, Li Z, Wang Y. Vimentin-Mediated Steroidogenesis Induced by Phthalate Esters: Involvement of DNA Demethylation and Nuclear Factor κB. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146138. [PMID: 26745512 PMCID: PMC4706347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and its active metabolite, monobutyl phthalate (MBP) are the most common endocrine disrupting chemicals. Many studies indicate that high-doses of DBP and/or MBP exhibit toxicity on testicular function, however, little attention have been paid to the effects of low levels of DBP/MBP on steroidogenesis. As we all know, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is a key regulator involved in the steroidogenesis. Here we found that, in addition to StAR, MBP/DBP increased the steroidogenesis by a cytoskeletal protein, vimentin. Briefly, in murine adrenocortical tumor (Y1) and the mouse Leydig tumor (MLTC-1) cells, vimentin regulated the secretion of progesterone. When these two cells were exposure to MBP, the DNA demethylation in the vimentin promoter was observed. In addition, MBP also induced the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB, a transcriptional regulator of vimentin). These two processes improved the transcriptional elevation of vimentin. Knockdown of NF-κB/vimentin signaling blocked the DBP/MBP-induced steroidogenesis. These in vitro results were also confirmed via an in vivo model. By identifying a mechanism whereby DBP/MBP regulates vimentin, our results expand the understanding of the endocrine disrupting potential of phthalate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Congcong Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongchao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qi Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Heng Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yubang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:74-88. [PMID: 25448254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their versatility, robustness, and low production costs, plastics are used in a wide variety of applications. Plasticizers are mixed with polymers to increase flexibility of plastics. However, plasticizers are not covalently bound to plastics, and thus leach from products into the environment. Several studies have reported that two common plasticizers, bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, induce adverse health effects in vertebrates; however few studies have addressed their toxicity to non-mammalian species. The aim of this review is to compare the effects of plasticizers in animals, with a focus on aquatic species. In summary, we identified three main chains of events that occur in animals exposed to BPA and phthalates. Firstly, plasticizers affect development by altering both the thyroid hormone and growth hormone axes. Secondly, these chemicals interfere with reproduction by decreasing cholesterol transport through the mitochondrial membrane, leading to reduced steroidogenesis. Lastly, exposure to plasticizers leads to the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, the increase of fatty acid oxidation, and the reduction in the ability to cope with the augmented oxidative stress leading to reproductive organ malformations, reproductive defects, and decreased fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Sarah J Wallace
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
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28
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Mathieu-Denoncourt J, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Chronic exposures to monomethyl phthalate in Western clawed frogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:53-63. [PMID: 25662408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymer flexibility and elasticity is enhanced by plasticizers. However, plasticizers are often not covalently bound to plastics and thus can leach from products into the environment. Much research effort has focused on their effects in mammalian species, but data on aquatic species are scarce. In this study, Western clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) embryos were exposed to 1.3, 12.3, and 128.7mg/L monomethyl phthalate (MMP) until the juvenile stage (11weeks) and to 1.3mg/L MMP until the adult stage (51weeks). MMP decreased survival, hastened metamorphosis, and biased the sex ratio toward males (2M:1F) at the juvenile stage without altering the expression of a subset of thyroid hormone-, sex steroid-, cellular stress- or transcription regulation-related genes in the juvenile frog livers. At the adult stage, exposure to MMP did not have significant adverse health effects, except that females had larger interocular distance and the expression of the heat shock protein 70 was decreased by 60% in the adult liver. In conclusion, this study shows that MMP is unlikely to threaten amphibian populations as only concentrations four orders of magnitude higher than the reported environmental concentrations altered the animal physiology. This is the first complete investigation of the effects of phthalates in a frog species, encompassing the entire life cycle of the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
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29
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Misra S, Singh A, C H R, Sharma V, Reddy Mudiam MK, Ram KR. Identification of Drosophila-based endpoints for the assessment and understanding of xenobiotic-mediated male reproductive adversities. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:278-91. [PMID: 24973093 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Men are at risk of becoming completely infertile due to innumerable environmental chemicals and pollutants. These xenobiotics, hence, should be tested for their potential adverse effects on male fertility. However, the testing load, a monumental challenge for employing conventional animal models, compels the pursuit of alternative models. Towards this direction, we show here that Drosophila melanogaster, an invertebrate, with its well characterized/conserved male reproductive processes/proteome, recapitulates male reproductive toxicity phenotypes observed in mammals when exposed to a known reproductive toxicant, dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Analogous to mammals, exposure to DBP reduced fertility, sperm counts, seminal proteins, increased oxidative modification/damage in reproductive tract proteins and altered the activity of a hormone receptor (estrogen related receptor) in Drosophila males. In addition, we show here that DBP is metabolized to monobutyl phthalate (MBP) in exposed Drosophila males and that MBP is more toxic than DBP, as observed in higher organisms. These findings suggest Drosophila as a potential alternative to traditional animal models for the prescreening of chemicals for their reproductive adversities and also to gain mechanistic insights into chemical-mediated endocrine disruption and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Misra
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Ratnasekhar C H
- Analytical Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Vandana Sharma
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Analytical Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Kristipati Ravi Ram
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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30
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Weir SM, Wooten KJ, Smith PN, Salice CJ. Phthalate ester leachates in aquatic mesocosms: implications for ecotoxicity studies of endocrine disrupting compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 103:44-50. [PMID: 24309156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic mesocosm experiments have become common throughout the fields of ecology and ecotoxicology. Mesocosm containers are often composed of plastic materials as these are lighter and cheaper than steel cattle tanks. Plastics may contain phthalate esters which may leach from containers, potentially confounding experiments via toxicity or endocrine disruption. The objective of this experiment was to determine the extent to which plastic containers (="tanks") used for mesocosms leach phthalates, and if there are significant differences between tank types and phthalate profiles. We investigated four tank types: fiberglass, polyethylene, poly-vinyl chloride, and polyethylene tanks containing an established aquatic community. We measured six common phthalate esters in water samples collected from each tank every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. There was a significant effect of tank type, time, and time x type interactions on phthalate ester concentrations. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was the predominant congener measured in all samples. Fiberglass tanks had greater concentrations of dimethyl phthalate compared to other tank types (more than 600x larger concentration), but no other differences in phthalate profiles among tank types were evident. In addition, tanks with established communities had much higher concentrations of most phthalates at the 6 and 8 week timepoints. Our study confirms that mesocosm tanks of different materials leach phthalates starting immediately after they are filled and continuing for at least 8 weeks, but do so at different rates. Future ecotoxicity experiments should consider the potentially confounding effects of phthalates that may leach from tanks used in experimental mesocosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Weir
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Box 41163, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
| | - Kimberly J Wooten
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Box 41163, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Philip N Smith
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Box 41163, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Christopher J Salice
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Box 41163, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
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31
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Wu W, Qin Y, Li Z, Dong J, Dai J, Lu C, Guo X, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Hang B, Sha J, Shen H, Xia Y, Hu Z, Wang X. Genome-wide microRNA expression profiling in idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia: significant up-regulation of miR-141, miR-429 and miR-7-1-3p. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:1827-36. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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32
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Wang H, Zhou Y, Tang C, He Y, Wu J, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese school children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56800. [PMID: 23437242 PMCID: PMC3577690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lab studies have suggested that ubiquitous phthalate exposures are related to obesity, but relevant epidemiological studies are scarce, especially for children. Objective To investigate the association of phthalate exposures with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in Chinese school children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in three primary and three middle schools randomly selected from Changning District of Shanghai City of China in 2011–2012. According to the physical examination data in October, 2011, 124 normal weight, 53 overweight, and 82 obese students 8–15 years of age were randomly chosen from these schools on the basis of BMI-based age- and sex-specific criterion. First morning urine was collected in January, 2012, and fourteen urine phthalate metabolites (free plus conjugated) were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the associations between naturally log-transformed urine phthalate metabolites and BMI or WC. Results The urine specific gravity-corrected concentrations of nine urine phthalate metabolites and five molar sums were positively associated with BMI or WC in Chinese school children after adjustment for age and sex. However, when other urine phthalate metabolites were included in the models together with age and sex as covariables, most of these significant associations disappeared except for mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP). Additionally, some associations showed sex- or age-specific differences. Conclusions Some phthalate exposures were associated with BMI or WC in Chinese school children. Given the cross-sectional nature of this study and lack of some important obesity-related covariables, further studies are needed to confirm the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anting Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingui Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Schug T, Abagyan R, Blumberg B, Collins T, Crews D, DeFur P, Dickerson S, Edwards T, Gore A, Guillette L, Hayes T, Heindel J, Moores A, Patisaul H, Tal T, Thayer K, Vandenberg L, Warner J, Watson C, Saal FV, Zoeller R, O’Brien K, Myers J. Designing Endocrine Disruption Out of the Next Generation of Chemicals. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2013; 15:181-198. [PMID: 25110461 PMCID: PMC4125359 DOI: 10.1039/c2gc35055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A central goal of green chemistry is to avoid hazard in the design of new chemicals. This objective is best achieved when information about a chemical's potential hazardous effects is obtained as early in the design process as feasible. Endocrine disruption is a type of hazard that to date has been inadequately addressed by both industrial and regulatory science. To aid chemists in avoiding this hazard, we propose an endocrine disruption testing protocol for use by chemists in the design of new chemicals. The Tiered Protocol for Endocrine Disruption (TiPED) has been created under the oversight of a scientific advisory committee composed of leading representatives from both green chemistry and the environmental health sciences. TiPED is conceived as a tool for new chemical design, thus it starts with a chemist theoretically at "the drawing board." It consists of five testing tiers ranging from broad in silico evaluation up through specific cell- and whole organism-based assays. To be effective at detecting endocrine disruption, a testing protocol must be able to measure potential hormone-like or hormone-inhibiting effects of chemicals, as well as the many possible interactions and signaling sequellae such chemicals may have with cell-based receptors. Accordingly, we have designed this protocol to broadly interrogate the endocrine system. The proposed protocol will not detect all possible mechanisms of endocrine disruption, because scientific understanding of these phenomena is advancing rapidly. To ensure that the protocol remains current, we have established a plan for incorporating new assays into the protocol as the science advances. In this paper we present the principles that should guide the science of testing new chemicals for endocrine disruption, as well as principles by which to evaluate individual assays for applicability, and laboratories for reliability. In a 'proof-of-principle' test, we ran 6 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that act via different endocrinological mechanisms through the protocol using published literature. Each was identified as endocrine active by one or more tiers. We believe that this voluntary testing protocol will be a dynamic tool to facilitate efficient and early identification of potentially problematic chemicals, while ultimately reducing the risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.T Schug
- Corresponding authors: T.T. Schug, . K.P. O’Brien, . J.P. Myers,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K.P. O’Brien
- Corresponding authors: T.T. Schug, . K.P. O’Brien, . J.P. Myers,
| | - J.P. Myers
- Corresponding authors: T.T. Schug, . K.P. O’Brien, . J.P. Myers,
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34
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Scholz S, Renner P, Belanger SE, Busquet F, Davi R, Demeneix BA, Denny JS, Léonard M, McMaster ME, Villeneuve DL, Embry MR. Alternatives to in vivo tests to detect endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in fish and amphibians--screening for estrogen, androgen and thyroid hormone disruption. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23190036 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.737762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption is considered a highly relevant hazard for environmental risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, biocides and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, screening tests with a focus on interference with estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone pathways in fish and amphibians have been developed. However, they use a large number of animals and short-term alternatives to animal tests would be advantageous. Therefore, the status of alternative assays for endocrine disruption in fish and frogs was assessed by a detailed literature analysis. The aim was to (i) determine the strengths and limitations of alternative assays and (ii) present conclusions regarding chemical specificity, sensitivity, and correlation with in vivo data. Data from 1995 to present were collected related to the detection/testing of estrogen-, androgen-, and thyroid-active chemicals in the following test systems: cell lines, primary cells, fish/frog embryos, yeast and cell-free systems. The review shows that the majority of alternative assays measure effects directly mediated by receptor binding or resulting from interference with hormone synthesis. Other mechanisms were rarely analysed. A database was established and used for a quantitative and comparative analysis. For example, a high correlation was observed between cell-free ligand binding and cell-based reporter cell assays, between fish and frog estrogenic data and between fish embryo tests and in vivo reproductive effects. It was concluded that there is a need for a more systematic study of the predictive capacity of alternative tests and ways to reduce inter- and intra-assay variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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