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Rochais F, Kelly RG. Fibroblast growth factor 10. Differentiation 2024; 139:100741. [PMID: 38040515 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is a major morphoregulatory factor that plays essential signaling roles during vertebrate multiorgan development and homeostasis. FGF10 is predominantly expressed in mesenchymal cells and signals though FGFR2b in adjacent epithelia to regulate branching morphogenesis, stem cell fate, tissue differentiation and proliferation, in addition to autocrine roles. Genetic loss of function analyses have revealed critical requirements for FGF10 signaling during limb, lung, digestive system, ectodermal, nervous system, craniofacial and cardiac development. Heterozygous FGF10 mutations have been identified in human genetic syndromes associated with craniofacial anomalies, including lacrimal and salivary gland aplasia. Elevated Fgf10 expression is associated with poor prognosis in a range of cancers. In addition to developmental and disease roles, FGF10 regulates homeostasis and repair of diverse adult tissues and has been identified as a target for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France.
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2
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Peng D, Jackson D, Palicha B, Kernfeld E, Laughner N, Shoemaker A, Celniker SE, Loganathan R, Cahan P, Andrew DJ. Organogenetic transcriptomes of the Drosophila embryo at single cell resolution. Development 2024; 151:dev202097. [PMID: 38174902 PMCID: PMC10820837 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
To gain insight into the transcription programs activated during the formation of Drosophila larval structures, we carried out single cell RNA sequencing during two periods of Drosophila embryogenesis: stages 10-12, when most organs are first specified and initiate morphological and physiological specialization; and stages 13-16, when organs achieve their final mature architectures and begin to function. Our data confirm previous findings with regards to functional specialization of some organs - the salivary gland and trachea - and clarify the embryonic functions of another - the plasmatocytes. We also identify two early developmental trajectories in germ cells and uncover a potential role for proteolysis during germline stem cell specialization. We identify the likely cell type of origin for key components of the Drosophila matrisome and several commonly used Drosophila embryonic cell culture lines. Finally, we compare our findings with other recent related studies and with other modalities for identifying tissue-specific gene expression patterns. These data provide a useful community resource for identifying many new players in tissue-specific morphogenesis and functional specialization of developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dorian Jackson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bianca Palicha
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eric Kernfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathaniel Laughner
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ashleigh Shoemaker
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susan E. Celniker
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah J. Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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3
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Tilston-Lunel AM, Varelas X. Polarity in respiratory development, homeostasis and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:285-315. [PMID: 37100521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is composed of a multitude of cells that organize to form complex branched airways that end in alveoli, which respectively function to guide air flow and mediate gas exchange with the bloodstream. The organization of the respiratory sytem relies on distinct forms of cell polarity, which guide lung morphogenesis and patterning in development and provide homeostatic barrier protection from microbes and toxins. The stability of lung alveoli, the luminal secretion of surfactants and mucus in the airways, and the coordinated motion of multiciliated cells that generate proximal fluid flow, are all critical functions regulated by cell polarity, with defects in polarity contributing to respiratory disease etiology. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of cell polarity in lung development and homeostasis, highlighting key roles for polarity in alveolar and airway epithelial function and outlining relationships with microbial infections and diseases, such as cancer.
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Plexin-B2 orchestrates collective stem cell dynamics via actomyosin contractility, cytoskeletal tension and adhesion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6019. [PMID: 34650052 PMCID: PMC8517024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, molecular mechanisms that orchestrate biomechanical dynamics across cells remain unclear. Here, we show a role of guidance receptor Plexin-B2 in organizing actomyosin network and adhesion complexes during multicellular development of human embryonic stem cells and neuroprogenitor cells. Plexin-B2 manipulations affect actomyosin contractility, leading to changes in cell stiffness and cytoskeletal tension, as well as cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. We have delineated the functional domains of Plexin-B2, RAP1/2 effectors, and the signaling association with ERK1/2, calcium activation, and YAP mechanosensor, thus providing a mechanistic link between Plexin-B2-mediated cytoskeletal tension and stem cell physiology. Plexin-B2-deficient stem cells exhibit premature lineage commitment, and a balanced level of Plexin-B2 activity is critical for maintaining cytoarchitectural integrity of the developing neuroepithelium, as modeled in cerebral organoids. Our studies thus establish a significant function of Plexin-B2 in orchestrating cytoskeletal tension and cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion, therefore solidifying the importance of collective cell mechanics in governing stem cell physiology and tissue morphogenesis.
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5
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Murine allele and transgene symbols: ensuring unique, concise, and informative nomenclature. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:108-119. [PMID: 34389871 PMCID: PMC8913455 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In addition to naturally occurring sequence variation and spontaneous mutations, a wide array of technologies exist for modifying the mouse genome. Standardized nomenclature, including allele, transgene, and other mutation nomenclature, as well as persistent unique identifiers (PUID) are critical for effective scientific communication, comparison of results, and integration of data into knowledgebases such as Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI), Alliance for Genome Resources, and International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR). As well as being the authoritative source for mouse gene, allele, and strain nomenclature, MGI integrates published and unpublished genomic, phenotypic, and expression data while linking to other online resources for a complete view of the mouse as a valuable model organism. The International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice has developed allele nomenclature rules and guidelines that take into account the number of genes impacted, the method of allele generation, and the nature of the sequence alteration. To capture details that cannot be included in allele symbols, MGI has further developed allele to gene relationships using sequence ontology (SO) definitions for mutations that provide links between alleles and the genes affected. MGI is also using (HGVS) variant nomenclature for variants associated with alleles that will enhance searching for mutations and will improve cross-species comparison. With the ability to assign unique and informative symbols as well as to link alleles with more than one gene, allele and transgene nomenclature rules and guidelines provide an unambiguous way to represent alterations in the mouse genome and facilitate data integration among multiple resources such the Alliance of Genome Resources and International Mouse Strain Resource.
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6
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Limoni G, Niquille M. Semaphorins and Plexins in central nervous system patterning: the key to it all? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 66:224-232. [PMID: 33513538 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins and Plexins constitute one of the largest family of guidance molecules and receptors involved in setting critical biological steps for central nervous system development. The role of these molecules in axonal development has been extensively characterized but Semaphorins and Plexins are also involved in a variety of other developmental processes, spanning from cell polarization to migration, laminar segregation and neuronal maturation. In this review, we aim to gather discoveries carried in the field of neurodevelopment over the last decade, during which Semaphorin/Plexin complexes have emerged as key regulators of neurogenesis, neural cell migration and adult gliogenesis. As well, we report mechanisms that brought a better understanding of axonal midline crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Limoni
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
| | - Mathieu Niquille
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
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7
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Lecoquierre F, Brehin A, Coutant S, Coursimault J, Bazin A, Finck W, Benoist G, Begorre M, Beneteau C, Cailliez D, Chenal P, De Jong M, Degré S, Devisme L, Francannet C, Gérard B, Jeanne C, Joubert M, Journel H, Laurichesse Delmas H, Layet V, Liquier A, Mangione R, Patrier S, Pelluard F, Petit F, Tillouche N, Ravenswaaij‐Arts C, Frebourg T, Saugier‐Veber P, Gruchy N, Nicolas G, Gerard M. Exome sequencing identifies the first genetic determinants of sirenomelia in humans. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:926-933. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Lecoquierre
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie UnivUNIROUENInserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital Rouen France
| | - Anne‐Claire Brehin
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie UnivUNIROUENInserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital Rouen France
- Department of FoetopathologyCHU Rouen Rouen France
| | - Sophie Coutant
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie UnivUNIROUENInserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital Rouen France
| | - Juliette Coursimault
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie UnivUNIROUENInserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital Rouen France
| | - Anne Bazin
- Département de Génétique et de Biologie SpécialiséeLaboratoire Cerba Saint Ouen l'Aumone France
| | - Wilfrid Finck
- Unité de Foetopathologie, Laboratoire d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiqueCHU Clermont Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Guillaume Benoist
- Service de gynécologie‐obstétrique et médecine de la reproductionCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Universite de Caen Normandie Caen Basse‐Normandie France
| | | | - Claire Beneteau
- Department of Clinical geneticsCHU Hôpital mère et enfant Nantes France
| | | | - Pierre Chenal
- Department of FoetopathologyHopital Monod Le Havre France
| | - Mirjam De Jong
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Christine Francannet
- Centre de référence des anomalies malformatives, Service de génétique médicaleCHU Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Centre d'Etude des Malformations Congénitales, CEMC‐AuvergneCHU Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Department of GeneticsCHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital CivilStrasbourg France
| | - Corinne Jeanne
- Department of Foetopathology, Centre François BaclesseCHU Côte de NacreCaen France
| | | | | | - Hélène Laurichesse Delmas
- Centre d'Etude des Malformations Congénitales, CEMC‐AuvergneCHU Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Unité de Médecine Fœtale, Service de gynécologie‐obstétriqueCHU Clermont‐FerrandClermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Valérie Layet
- Department of Clinical GeneticsHopital MonodLe Havre France
| | | | - Raphaele Mangione
- Departement of RadiologyPolyclinique Bordeaux Nord‐AquitaineBordeaux France
| | | | - Fanny Pelluard
- Service d'Anatomie‐Cytologie PathologiqueCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de BordeauxBordeaux France
- INSERM UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOnUniversité de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Florence Petit
- Clinique de Génétique “Guy Fontaine”—Centre de référence CLAD, Hôpital Jeanne de FlandreCHU LilleLille France
| | - Nadia Tillouche
- Pôle Femme‐Mère‐Nouveau‐néCentre Hospitalier de ValenciennesValenciennes France
| | - Conny Ravenswaaij‐Arts
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie UnivUNIROUENInserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital Rouen France
| | - Pascale Saugier‐Veber
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie UnivUNIROUENInserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital Rouen France
| | - Nicolas Gruchy
- Department of Genetics, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized MedicineCaen University HospitalCaen France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie UnivUNIROUENInserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital Rouen France
| | - Marion Gerard
- Department of Genetics, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized MedicineCaen University HospitalCaen France
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8
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Tomberg K, Westrick RJ, Kotnik EN, Cleuren AC, Siemieniak DR, Zhu G, Saunders TL, Ginsburg D. Whole exome sequencing of ENU-induced thrombosis modifier mutations in the mouse. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007658. [PMID: 30188893 PMCID: PMC6143275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Factor V Leiden (FVL) gene variant is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for venous thrombosis, only 10% of FVL carriers will experience such an event in their lifetime. To identify potential FVL modifier genes contributing to this incomplete penetrance, we took advantage of a perinatal synthetic lethal thrombosis phenotype in mice homozygous for FVL (F5L/L) and haploinsufficient for tissue factor pathway inhibitor (Tfpi+/-) to perform a sensitized dominant ENU mutagenesis screen. Linkage analysis conducted in the 3 largest pedigrees generated from the surviving F5L/L Tfpi+/- mice ('rescues') using ENU-induced coding variants as genetic markers was unsuccessful in identifying major suppressor loci. Whole exome sequencing was applied to DNA from 107 rescue mice to identify candidate genes enriched for ENU mutations. A total of 3,481 potentially deleterious candidate ENU variants were identified in 2,984 genes. After correcting for gene size and multiple testing, Arl6ip5 was identified as the most enriched gene, though not reaching genome-wide significance. Evaluation of CRISPR/Cas9 induced loss of function in the top 6 genes failed to demonstrate a clear rescue phenotype. However, a maternally inherited (not ENU-induced) de novo mutation (Plcb4R335Q) exhibited significant co-segregation with the rescue phenotype (p = 0.003) in the corresponding pedigree. Thrombosis suppression by heterozygous Plcb4 loss of function was confirmed through analysis of an independent, CRISPR/Cas9-induced Plcb4 mutation (p = 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kärt Tomberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Randal J. Westrick
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Data Science and Big Data Analysis, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Emilee N. Kotnik
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Audrey C. Cleuren
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David R Siemieniak
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guojing Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Transgenic Animal Model Core Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Ginsburg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Milgrom-Hoffman M, Humbert PO. Regulation of cellular and PCP signalling by the Scribble polarity module. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:33-45. [PMID: 29154823 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first identification of the Scribble polarity module proteins as a new class of tumour suppressors that regulate both cell polarity and proliferation, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered a broader role for Scribble, Dlg and Lgl in the control of fundamental cellular functions and their signalling pathways. Here, we review these findings as well as discuss more specifically the role of the Scribble module in PCP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Milgrom-Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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10
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Mašek J, Andersson ER. The developmental biology of genetic Notch disorders. Development 2017; 144:1743-1763. [PMID: 28512196 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates a vast array of crucial developmental processes. It is therefore not surprising that mutations in genes encoding Notch receptors or ligands lead to a variety of congenital disorders in humans. For example, loss of function of Notch results in Adams-Oliver syndrome, Alagille syndrome, spondylocostal dysostosis and congenital heart disorders, while Notch gain of function results in Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, serpentine fibula polycystic kidney syndrome, infantile myofibromatosis and lateral meningocele syndrome. Furthermore, structure-abrogating mutations in NOTCH3 result in CADASIL. Here, we discuss these human congenital disorders in the context of known roles for Notch signaling during development. Drawing on recent analyses by the exome aggregation consortium (EXAC) and on recent studies of Notch signaling in model organisms, we further highlight additional Notch receptors or ligands that are likely to be involved in human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mašek
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
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11
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Krebs MP, Collin GB, Hicks WL, Yu M, Charette JR, Shi LY, Wang J, Naggert JK, Peachey NS, Nishina PM. Mouse models of human ocular disease for translational research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183837. [PMID: 28859131 PMCID: PMC5578669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models provide a valuable tool for exploring pathogenic mechanisms underlying inherited human disease. Here, we describe seven mouse models identified through the Translational Vision Research Models (TVRM) program, each carrying a new allele of a gene previously linked to retinal developmental and/or degenerative disease. The mutations include four alleles of three genes linked to human nonsyndromic ocular diseases (Aipl1tvrm119, Aipl1tvrm127, Rpgrip1tvrm111, RhoTvrm334) and three alleles of genes associated with human syndromic diseases that exhibit ocular phentoypes (Alms1tvrm102, Clcn2nmf289, Fkrptvrm53). Phenotypic characterization of each model is provided in the context of existing literature, in some cases refining our current understanding of specific disease attributes. These murine models, on fixed genetic backgrounds, are available for distribution upon request and may be useful for understanding the function of the gene in the retina, the pathological mechanisms induced by its disruption, and for testing experimental approaches to treat the corresponding human ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gayle B. Collin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Wanda L. Hicks
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Minzhong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Lan Ying Shi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jieping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Neal S. Peachey
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
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12
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Greenwald SH, Charette JR, Staniszewska M, Shi LY, Brown SDM, Stone L, Liu Q, Hicks WL, Collin GB, Bowl MR, Krebs MP, Nishina PM, Pierce EA. Mouse Models of NMNAT1-Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA9) Recapitulate Key Features of the Human Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1925-1938. [PMID: 27207593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1) enzyme is essential for regenerating the nuclear pool of NAD(+) in all nucleated cells in the body, and mounting evidence also suggests that it has a separate role in neuroprotection. Recently, mutations in the NMNAT1 gene were associated with Leber congenital amaurosis, a severe retinal degenerative disease that causes blindness during infancy. Availability of a reliable mammalian model of NMNAT1-Leber congenital amaurosis would assist in determining the mechanisms through which disruptions in NMNAT1 lead to retinal cell degeneration and would provide a resource for testing treatment options. To this end, we identified two separate N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-generated mouse lines that harbor either a p.V9M or a p.D243G mutation. Both mouse models recapitulate key aspects of the human disease and confirm the pathogenicity of mutant NMNAT1. Homozygous Nmnat1 mutant mice develop a rapidly progressing chorioretinal disease that begins with photoreceptor degeneration and includes attenuation of the retinal vasculature, optic atrophy, and retinal pigment epithelium loss. Retinal function deteriorates in both mouse lines, and, in the more rapidly progressing homozygous Nmnat1(V9M) mutant mice, the electroretinogram becomes undetectable and the pupillary light response weakens. These mouse models offer an opportunity for investigating the cellular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, evaluating potential therapies for NMNAT1-Leber congenital amaurosis, and conducting in situ studies on NMNAT1 function and NAD(+) metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Greenwald
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Magdalena Staniszewska
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Steve D M Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Stone
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Qin Liu
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Michael R Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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13
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Daviaud N, Chen K, Huang Y, Friedel RH, Zou H. Impaired cortical neurogenesis in plexin-B1 and -B2 double deletion mutant. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:882-99. [PMID: 26579598 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cortical expansion is tightly controlled by fine-tuning of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in a region-specific manner. How extrinsic cues interface with cell-intrinsic programs to balance proliferative versus neurogenic decisions remains an unsolved question. We examined the function of Semaphorin receptors Plexin-B1 and -B2 in corticogenesis by generating double mutants, whereby Plexin-B2 was conditionally ablated in the developing brain in a Plexin-B1 null mutant background. Absence of both Plexin-Bs resulted in cortical thinning, particularly in the caudomedial cortex. Plexin-B1/B2 double, but not single, mutants exhibited a reduced neural progenitor pool, attributable to decreased proliferation and an altered division mode favoring cell cycle exit. This resulted in deficient production of neurons throughout the neurogenic period, proportionally affecting all cortical laminae. Consistent with the in vivo data, cultured neural progenitors lacking both Plexin-B1 and -B2 displayed decreased proliferative capacity and increased spontaneous differentiation. Our study therefore defines a novel function of Plexin-B1 and -B2 in transmitting extrinsic signals to maintain proliferative and undifferentiated states of neural progenitors. As single mutants displayed no apparent cortical defects, we conclude that Plexin-B1 and -B2 play redundant or compensatory roles during forebrain development to ensure proper neuronal production and neocortical expansion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 882-899, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Daviaud
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029
| | - Karen Chen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029
| | - Yong Huang
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029.,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029.,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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Kuroyanagi M, Katayama T, Imai T, Yamamoto Y, Chisada SI, Yoshiura Y, Ushijima T, Matsushita T, Fujita M, Nozawa A, Suzuki Y, Kikuchi K, Okamoto H. New approach for fish breeding by chemical mutagenesis: establishment of TILLING method in fugu (Takifugu rubripes) with ENU mutagenesis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:786. [PMID: 24225309 PMCID: PMC3830513 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In fish breeding, it is essential to discover and generate fish exhibiting an effective phenotype for the aquaculture industry, but screening for natural mutants by only depending on natural spontaneous mutations is limited. Presently, reverse genetics has become an important tool to generate mutants, which exhibit the phenotype caused by inactivation of a gene. TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions INGenomes) is a reverse genetics strategy that combines random chemical mutagenesis with high-throughput discovery technologies for screening the induced mutations in target genes. Although the chemical mutagenesis has been used widely in a variety of model species and also genetic breeding of microorganisms and crops, the application of the mutagenesis in fish breeding has been only rarely reported. Results In this study, we developed the TILLING method in fugu with ENU mutagenesis and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to detect base pair changes in target sequences. Fugu males were treated 3 times at weekly intervals with various ENU concentrations, and then the collected sperm after the treatment was used to fertilize normal female for generating the mutagenized population (F1). The fertilization and the hatching ratios were similar to those of the control and did not reveal a dose dependency of ENU. Genomic DNA from the harvested F1 offspring was used for the HRM analysis. To obtain a fish exhibiting a useful phenotype (e.g. high meat production and rapid growth), fugu myostatin (Mstn) gene was examined as a target gene, because it has been clarified that the mstn deficient medaka exhibited double-muscle phenotype in common with MSTN knockout mice and bovine MSTN mutant. As a result, ten types of ENU-induced mutations were identified including a nonsense mutation in the investigated region with HRM analysis. In addition, the average mutation frequency in fugu Mstn gene was 1 mutant per 297 kb, which is similar to values calculated for zebrafish and medaka TILLING libraries. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the TILLING method in fugu was established. We anticipate that this TILLING approach can be used to generate a wide range of mutant alleles, and be applicable to many farmed fish that can be chemically mutagenized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2971-4 Bentenjima, Maisaka, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-0214, Japan.
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15
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New approach for fish breeding by chemical mutagenesis: establishment of TILLING method in fugu (Takifugu rubripes) with ENU mutagenesis. BMC Genomics 2013. [PMID: 24225309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-786.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In fish breeding, it is essential to discover and generate fish exhibiting an effective phenotype for the aquaculture industry, but screening for natural mutants by only depending on natural spontaneous mutations is limited. Presently, reverse genetics has become an important tool to generate mutants, which exhibit the phenotype caused by inactivation of a gene. TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is a reverse genetics strategy that combines random chemical mutagenesis with high-throughput discovery technologies for screening the induced mutations in target genes. Although the chemical mutagenesis has been used widely in a variety of model species and also genetic breeding of microorganisms and crops, the application of the mutagenesis in fish breeding has been only rarely reported. RESULTS In this study, we developed the TILLING method in fugu with ENU mutagenesis and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to detect base pair changes in target sequences. Fugu males were treated 3 times at weekly intervals with various ENU concentrations, and then the collected sperm after the treatment was used to fertilize normal female for generating the mutagenized population (F1). The fertilization and the hatching ratios were similar to those of the control and did not reveal a dose dependency of ENU. Genomic DNA from the harvested F1 offspring was used for the HRM analysis. To obtain a fish exhibiting a useful phenotype (e.g. high meat production and rapid growth), fugu myostatin (Mstn) gene was examined as a target gene, because it has been clarified that the mstn deficient medaka exhibited double-muscle phenotype in common with MSTN knockout mice and bovine MSTN mutant. As a result, ten types of ENU-induced mutations were identified including a nonsense mutation in the investigated region with HRM analysis. In addition, the average mutation frequency in fugu Mstn gene was 1 mutant per 297 kb, which is similar to values calculated for zebrafish and medaka TILLING libraries. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the TILLING method in fugu was established. We anticipate that this TILLING approach can be used to generate a wide range of mutant alleles, and be applicable to many farmed fish that can be chemically mutagenized.
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16
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Lin H, Miller ML, Granas DM, Dutcher SK. Whole genome sequencing identifies a deletion in protein phosphatase 2A that affects its stability and localization in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003841. [PMID: 24086163 PMCID: PMC3784568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing is a powerful tool in the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions/deletions (indels) among mutant strains, which simplifies forward genetics approaches. However, identification of the causative mutation among a large number of non-causative SNPs in a mutant strain remains a big challenge. In the unicellular biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we generated a SNP/indel library that contains over 2 million polymorphisms from four wild-type strains, one highly polymorphic strain that is frequently used in meiotic mapping, ten mutant strains that have flagellar assembly or motility defects, and one mutant strain, imp3, which has a mating defect. A comparison of polymorphisms in the imp3 strain and the other 15 strains allowed us to identify a deletion of the last three amino acids, Y313F314L315, in a protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2A3) in the imp3 strain. Introduction of a wild-type HA-tagged PP2A3 rescues the mutant phenotype, but mutant HA-PP2A3 at Y313 or L315 fail to rescue. Our immunoprecipitation results indicate that the Y313, L315, or YFLΔ mutations do not affect the binding of PP2A3 to the scaffold subunit, PP2A-2r. In contrast, the Y313, L315, or YFLΔ mutations affect both the stability and the localization of PP2A3. The PP2A3 protein is less abundant in these mutants and fails to accumulate in the basal body area as observed in transformants with either wild-type HA-PP2A3 or a HA-PP2A3 with a V310T change. The accumulation of HA-PP2A3 in the basal body region disappears in mated dikaryons, which suggests that the localization of PP2A3 may be essential to the mating process. Overall, our results demonstrate that the terminal YFL tail of PP2A3 is important in the regulation on Chlamydomonas mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Lin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Miller
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David M. Granas
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Genomic Sciences and System Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Genome-wide ENU mutagenesis in combination with high density SNP analysis and exome sequencing provides rapid identification of novel mouse models of developmental disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55429. [PMID: 23469164 PMCID: PMC3585849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice harbouring gene mutations that cause phenotypic abnormalities during organogenesis are invaluable tools for linking gene function to normal development and human disorders. To generate mouse models harbouring novel alleles that are involved in organogenesis we conducted a phenotype-driven, genome-wide mutagenesis screen in mice using the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ENU was injected into male C57BL/6 mice and the mutations transmitted through the germ-line. ENU-induced mutations were bred to homozygosity and G3 embryos screened at embryonic day (E) 13.5 and E18.5 for abnormalities in limb and craniofacial structures, skin, blood, vasculature, lungs, gut, kidneys, ureters and gonads. From 52 pedigrees screened 15 were detected with anomalies in one or more of the structures/organs screened. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based linkage analysis in conjunction with candidate gene or next-generation sequencing (NGS) we identified novel recessive alleles for Fras1, Ift140 and Lig1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study we have generated mouse models in which the anomalies closely mimic those seen in human disorders. The association between novel mutant alleles and phenotypes will lead to a better understanding of gene function in normal development and establish how their dysfunction causes human anomalies and disease.
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18
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Plexin-B2 regulates the proliferation and migration of neuroblasts in the postnatal and adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16892-905. [PMID: 23175841 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0344-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postnatal forebrain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) contains a pool of undifferentiated cells, which proliferate and migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb and differentiate into granule cells and periglomerular cells. Plexin-B2 is a semaphorin receptor previously known to act on neuronal proliferation in the embryonic brain and neuronal migration in the cerebellum. We show here that, in the postnatal and adult CNS, Plexin-B2 is expressed in the subventricular zone lining the telencephalic ventricles and in the rostral migratory stream. We analyzed Plxnb2(-/-) mice and found that there is a marked reduction in the proliferation of SVZ cells in the mutant. Plexin-B2 expression is downregulated in the olfactory bulb as interneurons initiate radial migration. BrdU labeling and GFP electroporation into postnatal SVZ, in addition to time-lapse videomicroscopy, revealed that neuroblasts deficient for Plexin-B2 migrate faster than control ones and leave the RMS more rapidly. Overall, these results show that Plexin-B2 plays a role in postnatal neurogenesis and in the migration of SVZ-derived neuroblasts.
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19
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Bull KR, Rimmer AJ, Siggs OM, Miosge LA, Roots CM, Enders A, Bertram EM, Crockford TL, Whittle B, Potter PK, Simon MM, Mallon AM, Brown SDM, Beutler B, Goodnow CC, Lunter G, Cornall RJ. Unlocking the bottleneck in forward genetics using whole-genome sequencing and identity by descent to isolate causative mutations. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003219. [PMID: 23382690 PMCID: PMC3561070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetics screens with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) provide a powerful way to illuminate gene function and generate mouse models of human disease; however, the identification of causative mutations remains a limiting step. Current strategies depend on conventional mapping, so the propagation of affected mice requires non-lethal screens; accurate tracking of phenotypes through pedigrees is complex and uncertain; out-crossing can introduce unexpected modifiers; and Sanger sequencing of candidate genes is inefficient. Here we show how these problems can be efficiently overcome using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to detect the ENU mutations and then identify regions that are identical by descent (IBD) in multiple affected mice. In this strategy, we use a modification of the Lander-Green algorithm to isolate causative recessive and dominant mutations, even at low coverage, on a pure strain background. Analysis of the IBD regions also allows us to calculate the ENU mutation rate (1.54 mutations per Mb) and to model future strategies for genetic screens in mice. The introduction of this approach will accelerate the discovery of causal variants, permit broader and more informative lethal screens to be used, reduce animal costs, and herald a new era for ENU mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Bull
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Rimmer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Owen M. Siggs
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Miosge
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carla M. Roots
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Edward M. Bertram
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tanya L. Crockford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce Beutler
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gerton Lunter
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Cornall
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Sucic S, Koban F, El-Kasaby A, Kudlacek O, Stockner T, Sitte HH, Freissmuth M. Switching the clientele: a lysine residing in the C terminus of the serotonin transporter specifies its preference for the coat protein complex II component SEC24C. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5330-41. [PMID: 23288844 PMCID: PMC3581386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) maintains serotonergic neurotransmission via rapid reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft. SERT relies exclusively on the coat protein complex II component SEC24C for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export. The closely related transporters for noradrenaline and dopamine depend on SEC24D. Here, we show that discrimination between SEC24C and SEC24D is specified by the residue at position +2 downstream from the ER export motif (607RI608 in SERT). Substituting Lys610 with tyrosine, the corresponding residue found in the noradrenaline and dopamine transporters, switched the SEC24 isoform preference: SERT-K610Y relied solely on SEC24D to reach the cell surface. This analysis was extended to other SLC6 (solute carrier 6) transporter family members: siRNA-dependent depletion of SEC24C, but not of SEC24D, reduced surface levels of the glycine transporter-1a, the betaine/GABA transporter and the GABA transporter-4. Experiments with dominant negative versions of SEC24C and SEC24D recapitulated these findings. We also verified that the presence of two ER export motifs (in concatemers of SERT and GABA transporter-1) supported recruitment of both SEC24C and SEC24D. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to document a change in SEC24 specificity by mutation of a single residue in the client protein. Our observations allowed for deducing a rule for SLC6 family members: a hydrophobic residue (Tyr or Val) in the +2 position specifies interaction with SEC24D, and a hydrophilic residue (Lys, Asn, or Gln) recruits SEC24C. Variations in SEC24C are linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. The present findings provide a mechanistic explanation. Variations in SEC24C may translate into distinct surface levels of neurotransmitter transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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The Scribble-Dlg-Lgl polarity module in development and cancer: from flies to man. Essays Biochem 2012; 53:141-68. [PMID: 22928514 DOI: 10.1042/bse0530141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Scribble, Par and Crumbs modules were originally identified in the vinegar (fruit) fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as being critical regulators of apico-basal cell polarity. In the present chapter we focus on the Scribble polarity module, composed of Scribble, discs large and lethal giant larvae. Since the discovery of the role of the Scribble polarity module in apico-basal cell polarity, these proteins have also been recognized as having important roles in other forms of polarity, as well as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell signalling and vesicular trafficking. In addition to these physiological roles, an important role for polarity proteins in cancer progression has also been uncovered, with loss of polarity and tissue architecture being strongly correlated with metastatic disease.
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22
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Brown FC, Scott N, Rank G, Collinge JE, Vadolas J, Vickaryous N, Whitelaw N, Whitelaw E, Kile BT, Jane SM, Curtis DJ. ENU mutagenesis identifies the first mouse mutants reproducing human β-thalassemia at the genomic level. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 50:86-92. [PMID: 23040355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Forward genetic screens have been performed in many species to identify phenotypes in specific organ systems. We have undertaken a large-scale N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen to identify dominant mutations that perturb erythropoiesis in mice. Mutant mice that displayed an erythrocyte mean cell volume (MCV) greater than three standard deviations from the population mean were identified. Two of these lines, RBC13 and RBC14, displayed a hypochromic, microcytic anemia, accompanied by a marked reticulocytosis, splenomegaly and diminished red cell survival. Timed pregnancies from heterozygous intercrosses revealed that a quarter of the embryos displayed severe anemia and did not survive beyond embryonic day (E) 18.5, consistent with homozygous β-thalassemia. Genetic complementation studies with a β-thalassemia mouse line reproduced the embryonic lethality in compound heterozygotes and a genomic custom capture array and massively parallel sequencing of the β-globin locus identified the causative mutations. The RBC13 line displayed a nonsense mutation at codon 40 in exon 2 of the β-major gene, invoking parallels with the common β(0)39 thalassemia mutation seen in humans. The RBC14 line exhibited a mutation at the polyadenylation signal of the β-major gene, exactly replicating a human β-thalassemia mutation. The RBC13 and RBC14 lines are the first β-thalassemia mouse models that reproduce human β-thalassemia at the genomic level, and as such highlight the power of ENU mutagenesis screens in generating mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Brown
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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23
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Juriloff DM, Harris MJ. A consideration of the evidence that genetic defects in planar cell polarity contribute to the etiology of human neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:824-40. [PMID: 23024041 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A variety of human birth defects originate in failure of closure of the embryonic neural tube. The genetic cause of the most common nonsyndromic defects, spina bifida (SB) or anencephaly, is considered to be combinations of variants at multiple genes. The genes contributing to the etiology of neural tube closure defects (NTDs) are unknown. Mutations in planar cell polarity (PCP) genes in mice cause a variety of defects including the NTD, craniorachischisis, and sometimes SB or exencephaly (EX); they also demonstrate the role of digenic combinations of PCP mutants in NTDs. Recent studies have sought rare predicted-to-be-deleterious alterations (putative mutations) in coding sequence of PCP genes in human cases with various anomalies of the neural tube. This review summarizes the cumulative results of these studies according to a framework based on the embryopathogenesis of NTDs, and considers some of the insights from the approaches used and the limitations. Rare putative mutations in the PCP genes VANGL2, SCRIB, DACT1, and CELSR1 cumulatively contributed to over 20% of cases with craniorachischisis, a rare defect; no contributing variants were found for PRICKLE1 or PTK7. PCP rare putative mutations had a weaker role in myelomeningocele (SB), being found in approximately 6% of cases and cumulated across CELSR1, FUZ, FZD6, PRICKLE1, VANGL1, and VANGL2. These results demonstrate that PCP gene alterations contribute to the etiology of human NTDs. We recommend that future research should explore other types of PCP gene variant such as regulatory mutations and low frequency (1 to 5%) deleterious polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Juriloff
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
ENU mutagenesis is a forward genetics strategy in which random mutagenesis and phenotypic screening is used to identify genes based on the phenotype induced when they are mutated. A modifier screen is a type of screen in which mice with a pre-existing phenotype are utilized to identify mutations that can enhance or suppress this phenotype. This approach has the potential to uncover missing pathway members, reveal novel genetic interactions, and pinpoint new drug targets. Considerations when planning a suppressor screen include current knowledge, genomic footprint, penetrance, variance, robustness, latency of the starting phenotype, viability, fertility, genetic background and ENU tolerance of starting strain, screening assay, mouse numbers required, and mutation identification strategy. Practical advice on each of these is provided in this review. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:75-87 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Carpinelli
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Hearing Co-Operative Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burt
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Hearing Co-Operative Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Cancer and Hematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Abu-Daya A, Khokha MK, Zimmerman LB. The hitchhiker's guide to Xenopus genetics. Genesis 2012; 50:164-75. [PMID: 22344745 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A decade after the human genome sequence, most vertebrate gene functions remain poorly understood, limiting benefits to human health from rapidly advancing genomic technologies. Systematic in vivo functional analysis is ideally suited to the experimentally accessible Xenopus embryo, which combines embryological accessibility with a broad range of transgenic, biochemical, and gain-of-function assays. The diploid X. tropicalis adds loss-of-function genetics and enhanced genomics to this repertoire. In the last decade, diverse phenotypes have been recovered from genetic screens, mutations have been cloned, and reverse genetics in the form of TILLING and targeted gene editing have been established. Simple haploid genetics and gynogenesis and the very large number of embryos produced streamline screening and mapping. Improved genomic resources and the revolution in high-throughput sequencing are transforming mutation cloning and reverse genetic approaches. The combination of loss-of-function mutant backgrounds with the diverse array of conventional Xenopus assays offers a uniquely flexible platform for analysis of gene function in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Abu-Daya
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Jiang XY, Sun CF, Zhang QG, Zou SM. ENU-induced mutagenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by treating mature sperm. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26475. [PMID: 22022617 PMCID: PMC3195716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis is a useful approach for genetic improvement of plants, as well as for inducing functional mutants in animal models including mice and zebrafish. In the present study, mature sperm of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) were treated with a range of ENU concentrations for 45 min, and then wild-type eggs were fertilized. The results indicated that the proportion of embryos with morphological abnormalities at segmentation stage or dead fry at hatching stage increased with increasing ENU dose up to 10 mM. Choosing a dose that was mutagenic, but provided adequate numbers of viable fry, an F1 population was generated from 1 mM ENU-treated sperm for screening purposes. The ENU-treated F1 population showed large variations in growth during the first year. A few bigger mutants with morphologically normal were generated, as compared to the controls. Analysis of DNA from 15 F1 ENU-treated individuals for mutations in partial coding regions of igf-2a, igf-2b, mstn-1, mstn-2, fst-1and fst-2 loci revealed that most ENU-treated point mutations were GC to AT or AT to GC substitution, which led to nonsense, nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations. The average mutation rate at the examined loci was 0.41%. These results indicate that ENU treatment of mature sperm can efficiently induce point mutations in grass carp, which is a potentially useful approach for genetic improvement of these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Gen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ming Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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van de Ven C, Bialecka M, Neijts R, Young T, Rowland JE, Stringer EJ, Van Rooijen C, Meijlink F, Nóvoa A, Freund JN, Mallo M, Beck F, Deschamps J. Concerted involvement of Cdx/Hox genes and Wnt signaling in morphogenesis of the caudal neural tube and cloacal derivatives from the posterior growth zone. Development 2011; 138:3451-62. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.066118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Decrease in Cdx dosage in an allelic series of mouse Cdx mutants leads to progressively more severe posterior vertebral defects. These defects are corrected by posterior gain of function of the Wnt effector Lef1. Precocious expression of Hox paralogous 13 genes also induces vertebral axis truncation by antagonizing Cdx function. We report here that the phenotypic similarity also applies to patterning of the caudal neural tube and uro-rectal tracts in Cdx and Wnt3a mutants, and in embryos precociously expressing Hox13 genes. Cdx2 inactivation after placentation leads to posterior defects, including incomplete uro-rectal septation. Compound mutants carrying one active Cdx2 allele in the Cdx4-null background (Cdx2/4), transgenic embryos precociously expressing Hox13 genes and a novel Wnt3a hypomorph mutant all manifest a comparable phenotype with similar uro-rectal defects. Phenotype and transcriptome analysis in early Cdx mutants, genetic rescue experiments and gene expression studies lead us to propose that Cdx transcription factors act via Wnt signaling during the laying down of uro-rectal mesoderm, and that they are operative in an early phase of these events, at the site of tissue progenitors in the posterior growth zone of the embryo. Cdx and Wnt mutations and premature Hox13 expression also cause similar neural dysmorphology, including ectopic neural structures that sometimes lead to neural tube splitting at caudal axial levels. These findings involve the Cdx genes, canonical Wnt signaling and the temporal control of posterior Hox gene expression in posterior morphogenesis in the different embryonic germ layers. They shed a new light on the etiology of the caudal dysplasia or caudal regression range of human congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesca van de Ven
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Neijts
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teddy Young
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emma J. Stringer
- Biochemistry Department, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Carina Van Rooijen
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Meijlink
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Nóvoa
- Insituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jean-Noel Freund
- INSERM, U682, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, F-67200, France
| | - Moises Mallo
- Insituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Felix Beck
- Biochemistry Department, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jacqueline Deschamps
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yates LL, Dean CH. Planar polarity: A new player in both lung development and disease. Organogenesis 2011; 7:209-16. [PMID: 22030785 DOI: 10.4161/org.7.3.18462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical burden of both adult and neonatal lung disease worldwide is substantial; in the UK alone, respiratory disease kills one in four people. It is increasingly recognized that genes and pathways that regulate lung development, may be aberrantly activated in disease and/or reactivated as part of the lungs' intrinsic repair mechanisms. Investigating the genes and signaling pathways that regulate lung growth has led to significant insights into the pathogenesis of congenital and adult lung disease. Recently, the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway has been shown to be required for normal lung development, and data suggests that this signaling pathway is also involved in the pathogenesis of some lung diseases. In this review, we summarize current evidence indicating that the PCP pathway is required for both lung development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Yates
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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