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Non-Lethal Sequential Individual Monitoring of Viremia in Relation to DNA Vaccination in Fish-Example Using a Salmon Alphavirus DNA Vaccine in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020163. [PMID: 33671162 PMCID: PMC7922653 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, commercial testing for vaccine efficacy has relied on the mass infection of vaccinated and unvaccinated animals and the comparison of mortality prevalence and incidence. For some infection models where disease does not cause mortality this approach to testing vaccine efficacy is not useful. Additionally, in fish experimental studies on vaccine efficacy and immune response the norm is that several individuals are lethally sampled at sequential timepoints, and results are extrapolated to represent the kinetics of immune and disease parameters of an individual fish over the entire experimental infection period. In the present study we developed a new approach to vaccine testing for viremic viruses in fish by following the same individuals over the course of a DNA vaccination and experimental infection through repeated blood collection and analyses. Injectable DNA vaccines are particularly efficient against viral disease in fish. To date, two DNA vaccines have been authorised for use in fish farming, one in Canada against Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrotic virus and more recently one in Europe against Salmon Pancreatic Disease virus (SPDv) subtype 3. In the current study we engineered and used an experimental DNA vaccine against SPDv subtype 1. We measured viremia using a reporter cell line system and demonstrated that the viremia phase was completely extinguished following DNA vaccination. Differences in viremia infection kinetics between fish in the placebo group could be related to subsequent antibody levels in the individual fish, with higher antibody levels at terminal sampling in fish showing earlier viremia peaks. The results indicate that sequential non-lethal sampling can highlight associations between infection traits and immune responses measured at asynchronous timepoints and, can provide biological explanations for variation in data. Similar to results observed for the SPDv subtype 3 DNA vaccine, the SPDv subtype 1 DNA vaccine also induced an interferon type 1 response after vaccination and provided high protection against SPDv under laboratory conditions when fish were challenged at 7 weeks post-vaccination.
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A single lentivector DNA based immunization contains a late heterologous SIVmac251 mucosal challenge infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:3729-3739. [PMID: 32278522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Variety of conventional vaccine strategies tested against HIV-1 have failed to induce protection against HIV acquisition or durable control of viremia. Therefore, innovative strategies that can induce long lasting protective immunity against HIV chronic infection are needed. Recently, we developed an integration-defective HIV lentiDNA vaccine that undergoes a single cycle of replication in target cells in which most viral antigens are produced. A single immunization with such lentiDNA induced long-lasting T-cell and modest antibody responses in cynomolgus macaques. Here eighteen months after this single immunization, all animals were subjected to repeated low dose intra-rectal challenges with a heterologous pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. Although the viral set point in SIVmac-infected cynomolgus is commonly lower than that seen in Indian rhesus macaques, the vaccinated group of macaques displayed a two log reduction of peak of viremia followed by a progressive and sustained control of virus replication relative to control animals. This antiviral control correlated with antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with high capacity of recall responses comprising effector and central memory T cells but also memory T cell precursors. This is the first description of SIV control in NHP model infected at 18 months following a single immunization with a non-integrative single cycle lentiDNA HIV vaccine. While not delivering sterilizing immunity, our single immunization strategy with a single-cycle lentivector DNA vaccine appears to provide an interesting and safe vaccine platform that warrants further exploration.
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Huang X, Zhu Q, Huang X, Yang L, Song Y, Zhu P, Zhou P. In vivo electroporation in DNA-VLP prime-boost preferentially enhances HIV-1 envelope-specific IgG2a, neutralizing antibody and CD8 T cell responses. Vaccine 2017; 35:2042-2051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kuri-Cervantes L, Fourati S, Canderan G, Sekaly RP. Systems biology and the quest for correlates of protection to guide the development of an HIV vaccine. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:91-97. [PMID: 27392184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, a myriad of data has been generated regarding HIV/SIV evolution, immune evasion, immune response, and pathogenesis. Much of this data can be integrated and potentially used to generate a successful vaccine. Although individual approaches have begun to shed light on mechanisms involved in vaccine-conferred protection from infection, true correlates of protection have not yet been identified. The systems biology approach helps unify datasets generated using different techniques and broaden our understanding of HIV immunopathogenesis. Moreover, systems biology is a tool that can provide correlates of protection, which can be targeted for the production of a successful HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Glenda Canderan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Tjernlund A, Burgener A, Lindvall JM, Peng T, Zhu J, Öhrmalm L, Picker LJ, Broliden K, McElrath MJ, Corey L. In Situ Staining and Laser Capture Microdissection of Lymph Node Residing SIV Gag-Specific CD8+ T cells--A Tool to Interrogate a Functional Immune Response Ex Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149907. [PMID: 26986062 PMCID: PMC4795610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While a plethora of data describes the essential role of systemic CD8+ T cells in the control of SIV replication little is known about the local in situ CD8+ T cell immune responses against SIV at the intact tissue level, due to technical limitations. In situ staining, using GagCM9 Qdot 655 multimers, were here combined with laser capture microdissection to detect and collect SIV Gag CM9 specific CD8+ T cells in lymph node tissue from SIV infected rhesus macaques. CD8+ T cells from SIV infected and uninfected rhesus macaques were also collected and compared to the SIV GagCM9 specific CD8+ T cells. Illumina bead array and transcriptional analyses were used to assess the transcriptional profiles and the three different CD8+ T cell populations displayed unique transcriptional patterns. This pilot study demonstrates that rapid and specific immunostaining combined with laser capture microdissection in concert with transcriptional profiling may be used to elucidate phenotypic differences between CD8+ T cells in SIV infection. Such technologies may be useful to determine differences in functional activities of HIV/SIV specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Tjernlund
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Burgener
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Ave. Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jessica M. Lindvall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Peng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lars Öhrmalm
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Department of Pathology, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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6
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Chung HK, Pise-Masison CA, Muthiah A, Radonovich MF, Lee EM, Lee JK, Pal R. Transcription profiling of CD4⁺ T cells in rhesus macaques that infected with simian-human immunodeficiency virus and re-challenged with SIVmac251. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:263-74. [PMID: 26332118 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insights into the host factors that contribute to an effective antiviral immune response may be obtained by examining global gene expression in simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected non-human primates that exhibit different virological outcomes. METHODS Six chronically SHIV-infected macaques were rectally challenged with SIVmac251. Viral RNA and proviral DNA load in blood were measured. Gene expression profiles in CD4+ T cells were examined and compared between animals with different levels of infection following challenge. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Viral RNA was markedly controlled in four challenged animals, whereas two animals had persistent high viremia. Analysis of the gene expression profiles at early infection revealed gene expression signatures between protectors and non-protectors and identified potential protective biomarkers. Pathway analyses revealed that IFN pathway genes are down-regulated in protectors compared to unprotectors. This study suggests that high levels of expression of type 1 IFN-related genes may paradoxically promote virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia A Pise-Masison
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annamalai Muthiah
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitte Cancer Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael F Radonovich
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitte Cancer Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
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Arrode-Brusés G, Moussa M, Baccard-Longere M, Villinger F, Chebloune Y. Long-term central and effector SHIV-specific memory T cell responses elicited after a single immunization with a novel lentivector DNA vaccine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110883. [PMID: 25337803 PMCID: PMC4206452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of HIV acquisition and replication requires long lasting and effective immunity. Given the state of HIV vaccine development, innovative vectors and immunization strategies are urgently needed to generate safe and efficacious HIV vaccines. Here, we developed a novel lentivirus-based DNA vector that does not integrate in the host genome and undergoes a single-cycle of replication. Viral proteins are constitutively expressed under the control of Tat-independent LTR promoter from goat lentivirus. We immunized six macaques once only with CAL-SHIV-IN- DNA using combined intramuscular and intradermal injections plus electroporation. Antigen-specific T cell responses were monitored for 47 weeks post-immunization (PI). PBMCs were assessed directly ex vivo or after 6 and 12 days of in vitro culture using antigenic and/or homeostatic proliferation. IFN-γ ELISPOT was used to measure immediate cytokine secretion from antigen specific effector cells and from memory precursors with high proliferative capacity (PHPC). The memory phenotype and functions (proliferation, cytokine expression, lytic content) of specific T cells were tested using multiparametric FACS-based assays. All immunized macaques developed lasting peripheral CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses mainly against Gag and Nef antigens. During the primary expansion phase, immediate effector cells as well as increasing numbers of proliferating cells with limited effector functions were detected which expressed markers of effector (EM) and central (CM) memory phenotypes. These responses contracted but then reemerged later in absence of antigen boost. Strong PHPC responses comprising vaccine-specific CM and EM T cells that readily expanded and acquired immediate effector functions were detected at 40/47 weeks PI. Altogether, our study demonstrated that a single immunization with a replication-limited DNA vaccine elicited persistent vaccine-specific CM and EM CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with immediate and readily inducible effector functions, in the absence of ongoing antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha Moussa
- INRA, ANRS, Université Joseph Fourier, PAVAL Lab./Nanobio 2, UJF Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Monique Baccard-Longere
- Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - François Villinger
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yahia Chebloune
- INRA, ANRS, Université Joseph Fourier, PAVAL Lab./Nanobio 2, UJF Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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Climent N, Munier S, Piqué N, García F, Pavot V, Primard C, Casanova V, Gatell JM, Verrier B, Gallart T. Loading dendritic cells with PLA-p24 nanoparticles or MVA expressing HIV genes induces HIV-1-specific T cell responses. Vaccine 2014; 32:6266-76. [PMID: 25240755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since recent data suggest that nanoparticles and modified vaccinia ankara (MVA) vectors could play a pivotal role in HIV-1 therapeutics and vaccine design, in an ex vivo model of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), we compared two different loading strategies with HIV-1 vaccine vehicles, either viral or synthetic derived. We used polylactic acid (PLA) colloidal biodegradable particles, coated with HIV Gag antigens (p24), and MVA expressing Gag (rMVA-gag and rMVA-gag/trans membrane) or Tat, Nef and Rev genes (rMVA tat+rev and rMVA nef). PLA-p24 captured by MDDCs from HIV-1 individuals induced a slight degree of MDDC maturation, cytokine and chemokine secretion and migration towards a gradient of CCL19 chemokine and highly increased HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation compared with p24 alone. After complete maturation induction of PLA-p24-pulsed MDDCs, maximal migration towards a gradient of CCL19 chemokine and induction of HIV-specific T-cell proliferation (two-fold higher for CD4(+) than CD8(+)) and cytokine secretion (IFN-γ and IL-2) in the co-culture were observed. Upon exposure to MVA-gag, MDDCs produced cytokines and chemokines and maintained their capacity to migrate to a gradient of CCL19. MDDCs infected with MVA-gag and MVA-gag trans-membrane were able to induce HIV-specific CD8(+) proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α. We conclude that both HIV antigens loading strategies (PLA-p24 nanoparticles or MVA expressing HIV genes) induce HIV-1-specific T-cell responses, which are able to kill autologous gag-expressing cells. Thus, they are plausible candidates for the development of anti-HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Climent
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Séverine Munier
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Núria Piqué
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases and AIDS Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent Pavot
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Charlotte Primard
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Victor Casanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Gatell
- AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases and AIDS Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Teresa Gallart
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain
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Palermo RE, Tisoncik-Go J, Korth MJ, Katze MG. Old world monkeys and new age science: the evolution of nonhuman primate systems virology. ILAR J 2014; 54:166-80. [PMID: 24174440 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) biomedical models are critical to our understanding of human health and disease, yet we are still in the early stages of developing sufficient tools to support primate genomic research that allow us to better understand the basis of phenotypic traits in NHP models of disease. A mere 7 years ago, the limited NHP transcriptome profiling that was being performed was done using complementary DNA arrays based on human genome sequences, and the lack of NHP genomic information and immunologic reagents precluded the use of NHPs in functional genomic studies. Since then, significant strides have been made in developing genomics capabilities for NHP research, from the rhesus macaque genome sequencing project to the construction of the first macaque-specific high-density oligonucleotide microarray, paving the way for further resource development and additional primate sequencing projects. Complete published draft genome sequences are now available for the chimpanzee ( Chimpanzee Sequencing Analysis Consortium 2005), bonobo ( Prufer et al. 2012), gorilla ( Scally et al. 2012), and baboon ( Ensembl.org 2013), along with the recently completed draft genomes for the cynomolgus macaque and Chinese rhesus macaque. Against this backdrop of both expanding sequence data and the early application of sequence-derived DNA microarrays tools, we will contextualize the development of these community resources and their application to infectious disease research through a literature review of NHP models of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and models of respiratory virus infection. In particular, we will review the use of -omics approaches in studies of simian immunodeficiency virus and respiratory virus pathogenesis and vaccine development, emphasizing the acute and innate responses and the relationship of these to the course of disease and to the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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Felber BK, Valentin A, Rosati M, Bergamaschi C, Pavlakis GN. HIV DNA Vaccine: Stepwise Improvements Make a Difference. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:354-79. [PMID: 26344623 PMCID: PMC4494255 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient DNA delivery methods and low expression of plasmid DNA have been major obstacles for the use of plasmid DNA as vaccine for HIV/AIDS. This review describes successful efforts to improve DNA vaccine methodology over the past ~30 years. DNA vaccination, either alone or in combination with other methods, has the potential to be a rapid, safe, and effective vaccine platform against AIDS. Recent clinical trials suggest the feasibility of its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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11
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Kulkarni V, Rosati M, Jalah R, Ganneru B, Alicea C, Yu L, Guan Y, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, King AD, Valentin A, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. DNA vaccination by intradermal electroporation induces long-lasting immune responses in rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:329-40. [PMID: 24810337 PMCID: PMC4176517 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A desirable HIV vaccine should induce protective long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses. METHODS Macaques were immunized by env DNA, selected from a panel of recently transmitted SIVmac251 Env using intradermal electroporation as vaccine delivery method and magnitude, breadth and longevity of humoral and cellular immune responses. RESULTS The macaques developed high, long-lasting humoral immune responses with neutralizing capacity against homologous and heterologous Env. The avidity of the antibody responses was also preserved over 1-year follow-up. Analysis of cellular immune responses demonstrated induction of Env-specific memory T cells harboring granzyme B, albeit their overall levels were low. Similar to the humoral responses, the cellular immunity was persistent over the ~1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION These data show that vaccination by this intradermal DNA delivery regimen is able to induce potent and durable immune responses in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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12
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Co-Administration of Molecular Adjuvants Expressing NF-Kappa B Subunit p65/RelA or Type-1 Transactivator T-bet Enhance Antigen Specific DNA Vaccine-Induced Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:196-215. [PMID: 26344618 PMCID: PMC4494262 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccine-induced immunity can be enhanced by the co-delivery of synthetic gene-encoding molecular adjuvants. Many of these adjuvants have included cytokines, chemokines or co-stimulatory molecules that have been demonstrated to enhance vaccine-induced immunity by increasing the magnitude or type of immune responses and/or protective efficacy. In this way, through the use of adjuvants, immune responses can be highly customizable and functionally tailored for optimal efficacy against pathogen specific (i.e., infectious agent) or non-pathogen (i.e., cancer) antigens. In the novel study presented here, we examined the use of cellular transcription factors as molecular adjuvants. Specifically the co-delivery of (a) RelA, a subunit of the NF-κB transcription complex or (b) T-bet, a Th1-specific T box transcription factor, along with a prototypical DNA vaccine expressing HIV-1 proteins was evaluated. As well, all of the vaccines and adjuvants were administered to mice using in vivo electroporation (EP), a technology demonstrated to dramatically increase plasmid DNA transfection and subsequent transgene expression with concomitant enhancement of vaccine induced immune responses. As such, this study demonstrated that co-delivery of either adjuvant resulted in enhanced T and B cell responses, specifically characterized by increased T cell numbers, IFN-γ production, as well as enhanced antibody responses. This study demonstrates the use of cellular transcription factors as adjuvants for enhancing DNA vaccine-induced immunity.
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Abstract
Vaccines to prevent HIV remain desperately needed, but a number of challenges, including retroviral integration, establishment of anatomic reservoir sites, high sequence diversity, and heavy envelope glycosylation. have precluded development of a highly effective vaccine. DNA vaccines have been utilized as candidate HIV vaccines because of their ability to generate cellular and humoral immune responses, the lack of anti-vector response allowing for repeat administration, and their ability to prime the response to viral-vectored vaccines. Because the HIV epidemic has disproportionately affected the developing world, the favorable thermostability profile and relative ease and low cost of manufacture of DNA vaccines offer additional advantages. In vivo electroporation (EP) has been utilized to improve immune responses to DNA vaccines as candidate HIV-1 vaccines in standalone or prime-boost regimens with both proteins and viral-vectored vaccines in several animal models and, more recently, in human clinical trials. This chapter describes the preclinical and clinical development of candidate DNA vaccines for HIV-1 delivered by EP, including challenges to bringing this technology to the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Department of Retrovirology, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Obeng-Adjei N, Hutnick NA, Yan J, Chu JS, Myles DJF, Morrow MP, Sardesai NY, Weiner DB. DNA vaccine cocktail expressing genotype A and C HBV surface and consensus core antigens generates robust cytotoxic and antibody responses in mice and Rhesus macaques. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:652-62. [PMID: 24310062 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are well over a quarter of a billion chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers across the globe. Most carriers are at high risk for development of liver cirrhosis and subsequent progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. It is therefore imperative to develop new approaches for immunotherapy against this infection. Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to different HBV antigens are believed to be important for reducing viral load and clearing HBV-infected cells from the liver. Some of the major challenges facing current vaccine candidates have been their inability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity to multiple antigenic targets and the induction of potent immune responses against the major genotypes of HBV. In this study, highly optimized synthetic DNA plasmids against the HBV consensus core (HBc) and surface (HBs) antigens genotypes A and C were developed and evaluated for their immune potential. These plasmids, which encode the most prevalent genotypes of the virus, were observed to individually induce binding antibodies to HBs antigens and drove robust cell-mediated immunity in animal models. Similar responses to both HBc and HBs antigens were observed when mice and non-human primates were inoculated with the HBc-HBs cocktails. In addition to the cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities exhibited by the immunized mice, the vaccine-induced responses were broadly distributed across multiple antigenic epitopes. These elements are believed to be important to develop an effective therapeutic vaccine. These data support further evaluation of multivalent synthetic plasmids as therapeutic HBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Obeng-Adjei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N A Hutnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Yan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA
| | - J S Chu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D J F Myles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M P Morrow
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA
| | | | - D B Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Kulkarni V, Rosati M, Valentin A, Jalah R, Alicea C, Yu L, Guan Y, Shen X, Tomaras GD, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Irene C, Prattipati R, Pinter A, Sullivan SM, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Vaccination with Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIV DNA induces long-lasting humoral immune responses able to reduce SIVmac251 Viremia. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2069-80. [PMID: 23820294 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIV DNA vaccines in mice and macaques. Vaccination of mice with Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIV gag DNA induced higher humoral immune responses than administration of unadjuvanted DNA, whereas similar levels of cellular immunity were elicited. Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIVmac251 gag and env DNA immunization of rhesus macaques was used to examine magnitude, durability, and efficacy of humoral immunity. Vaccinated macaques elicited potent neutralizing antibodies able to cross-neutralize the heterologous SIVsmE660 Env. We found remarkable durability of Gag and Env humoral responses, sustained during ~2 y of follow-up. The Env-specific antibody responses induced by Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted env DNA vaccination disseminated into mucosal tissues, as demonstrated by their presence in saliva, including responses to the V1-V2 region, and rectal fluids. The efficacy of the immune responses was evaluated upon intrarectal challenge with low repeated dose SIVmac251. Although 2 of the 3 vaccinees became infected, these animals showed significantly lower peak virus loads and lower chronic viremia than non-immunized infected controls. Thus, Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted DNA is a promising vaccine approach for inducing potent immune responses able to control the highly pathogenic SIVmac251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmela Irene
- Public Health Research Institute; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
| | - Rajasekhar Prattipati
- Public Health Research Institute; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
| | | | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
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16
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Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions provide a fascinating example of two or more active genomes directly exerting mutual influence upon each other. These encounters can lead to multiple outcomes from symbiotic homeostasis to mutual annihilation, undergo multiple cycles of latency and lysogeny, and lead to coevolution of the interacting genomes. Such systems pose numerous challenges but also some advantages to modeling, especially in terms of functional, mathematical genome representations. The main challenges for the modeling process start with the conceptual definition of a genome for instance in the case of host-integrated viral genomes. Furthermore, hardly understood influences of the activity of either genome on the other(s) via direct and indirect mechanisms amplify the needs for a coherent description of genome activity. Finally, genetic and local environmental heterogeneities in both the host's cellular and the pathogen populations need to be considered in multiscale modeling efforts. We will review here two prominent examples of host-pathogen interactions at the genome level, discuss the current modeling efforts and their shortcomings, and explore novel ideas of representing active genomes which promise being particularly adapted to dealing with the modeling challenges posed by host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt G Benecke
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, 35 route de Chartres, 91440, Bures sur Yvette, France.
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17
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Major LD, Partridge TS, Gardner J, Kent SJ, de Rose R, Suhrbier A, Schroder WA. Induction of SerpinB2 and Th1/Th2 modulation by SerpinB2 during lentiviral infections in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57343. [PMID: 23460840 PMCID: PMC3583835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SerpinB2, also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2, is a major product of activated monocytes/macrophages and is often strongly induced during infection and inflammation; however, its physiological function remains somewhat elusive. Herein we show that SerpinB2 is induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following infection of pigtail macaques with CCR5-utilizing (macrophage-tropic) SIVmac239, but not the rapidly pathogenic CXCR4-utilizing (T cell-tropic) SHIVmn229. To investigate the role of SerpinB2 in lentiviral infections, SerpinB2(-/-) mice were infected with EcoHIV, a chimeric HIV in which HIV gp120 has been replaced with gp80 from ecotropic murine leukemia virus. EcoHIV infected SerpinB2(-/-) mice produced significantly lower anti-gag IgG1 antibody titres than infected SerpinB2(+/+) mice, and showed slightly delayed clearance of EcoHIV. Analyses of published microarray studies showed significantly higher levels of SerpinB2 mRNA in monocytes from HIV-1 infected patients when compared with uninfected controls, as well as a significant negative correlation between SerpinB2 and T-bet mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data illustrate that SerpinB2 can be induced by lentiviral infection in vivo and support the emerging notion that a physiological role of SerpinB2 is modulation of Th1/Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D. Major
- Department of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas S. Partridge
- Department of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joy Gardner
- Department of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert de Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Department of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne A. Schroder
- Department of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Kurupati R, Tuyishime S, Kossenkov AV, Sazanovich M, Haut LH, Lasaro MO, Ratcliffe SJ, Bosinger SE, Carnathan DG, Lewis M, Showe LC, Silvestri G, Ertl HCJ. Correlates of relative resistance against low-dose rectal simian immunodeficiency virus challenges in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vaccinated rhesus macaques. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:437-48. [PMID: 23271702 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0612287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and protection from repeated low-dose intrarectal SIVmac251 challenge in two groups of vaccinated RMs. Animals were immunized with live SIVmac239, which had been attenuated by a deletion of the nef sequence, or they were vaccinated twice with an E1-deleted AdHu5, expressing SIVmac239gag. The vaccinated animals and a cohort of unvaccinated control animals were then challenged 10 times in weekly intervals with low doses of SIVmac251 given rectally. Our results confirm previous studies showing that whereas SIVΔnef provides some degree of protection against viral acquisition after repeated low-dose rectal SIVmac251 challenges, vaccination with an AdHu5gag vaccine designed to induce only antiviral T cell responses is ineffective. As immunological analyses of prechallenge, vaccine-induced T and B cell responses failed to reveal correlates of protection that distinguished the more susceptible from the more resistant vaccinated animals, we carried out RNA-Seq studies of paired pre- and postvaccination samples to identify transcriptional patterns that correlated with the differences in response. We show that gene expression signatures associated with the delayed SIV infection seen in some AdHu5gag recipients were largely present in prevaccination samples of those animals. In contrast, the responding SIVΔnef-immunized animals showed a predominance of vaccine-induced changes, thus enabling us to define inherited and vaccine-induced gene expression signatures and their associated pathways that may play a role in preventing SIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kurupati
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Richie TL, Charoenvit Y, Wang R, Epstein JE, Hedstrom RC, Kumar S, Luke TC, Freilich DA, Aguiar JC, Sacci JB, Sedegah M, Nosek RA, De La Vega P, Berzins MP, Majam VF, Abot EN, Ganeshan H, Richie NO, Banania JG, Baraceros MFB, Geter TG, Mere R, Bebris L, Limbach K, Hickey BW, Lanar DE, Ng J, Shi M, Hobart PM, Norman JA, Soisson LA, Hollingdale MR, Rogers WO, Doolan DL, Hoffman SL. Clinical trial in healthy malaria-naïve adults to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and efficacy of MuStDO5, a five-gene, sporozoite/hepatic stage Plasmodium falciparum DNA vaccine combined with escalating dose human GM-CSF DNA. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1564-84. [PMID: 23151451 PMCID: PMC3601132 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When introduced in the 1990s, immunization with DNA plasmids was considered potentially revolutionary for vaccine development, particularly for vaccines intended to induce protective CD8 T cell responses against multiple antigens. We conducted, in 1997−1998, the first clinical trial in healthy humans of a DNA vaccine, a single plasmid encoding Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), as an initial step toward developing a multi-antigen malaria vaccine targeting the liver stages of the parasite. As the next step, we conducted in 2000–2001 a clinical trial of a five-plasmid mixture called MuStDO5 encoding pre-erythrocytic antigens PfCSP, PfSSP2/TRAP, PfEXP1, PfLSA1 and PfLSA3. Thirty-two, malaria-naïve, adult volunteers were enrolled sequentially into four cohorts receiving a mixture of 500 μg of each plasmid plus escalating doses (0, 20, 100 or 500 μg) of a sixth plasmid encoding human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF). Three doses of each formulation were administered intramuscularly by needle-less jet injection at 0, 4 and 8 weeks, and each cohort had controlled human malaria infection administered by five mosquito bites 18 d later. The vaccine was safe and well-tolerated, inducing moderate antigen-specific, MHC-restricted T cell interferon-γ responses but no antibodies. Although no volunteers were protected, T cell responses were boosted post malaria challenge. This trial demonstrated the MuStDO5 DNA and hGM-CSF plasmids to be safe and modestly immunogenic for T cell responses. It also laid the foundation for priming with DNA plasmids and boosting with recombinant viruses, an approach known for nearly 15 y to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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20
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Yin J, Dai A, Arango T, Kasinathan RS, Greenberg RM, Boyer JD. IL-4 and IFN-γ induced by human immunodeficiency virus vaccine in a schistosome infection model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1555-63. [PMID: 23151453 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-infection of HIV and helminth parasites, such as Schistosoma spp, has increased in sub-Saharan Africa. Many HIV vaccine candidate studies have been completed or are in ongoing clinical trials, but it is not clear how HIV vaccines might affect the course of schistosome infections. In this study, we immunized S. mansoni-infected mice with an efficient DNA vaccine that included HIV gag. Using this model, we found that Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, were highly induced after schistosome infection. Treatment of infected mice with the HIV DNA vaccine resulted in a significant attenuation of this rise in IL-13 expression and an increase in expression of the Th1 cytokine, TNF-α. However, vaccine administration did not significantly influence the expression of IL-4, or IFN-γ, and did not affect T cell proliferative capacity. Interestingly, the IL-4 (+) IFN-γ (+) phenotype appears in schistosome-infected mice that received HIV vaccination, and is associated with the expression of transcription factors GATA3 (+) T-bet (+) in these mice. These studies indicate that DNA vaccination can have an impact on ongoing chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
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21
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Yin J, Vahey MT, Dai A, Lewis MG, Arango T, Yalley-Ogunro J, Greenhouse J, Mendoza K, Khan A, Sardesai NY, Weiss W, Komisar J, Boyer JD. Plasmodium inui infection reduces the efficacy of a simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine in a rhesus macaque model through alteration of the vaccine-induced immune response. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:523-33. [PMID: 22693228 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria are co-endemic in many areas. We evaluated the effects of Plasmodium inui infection on the performance of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA vaccine. Rhesus macaques were infected with P. inui by transfusion of whole blood from a persistently infected animal. Animals with and animals without P. inui infection were then vaccinated 4 times with an SIV DNA vaccine encoding SIVgag, SIVpol, and SIVenv. Animals were subsequently challenged with thirty 50% rhesus monkey infectious doses of SIVmac251 6 weeks after the last vaccination. P. inui-infected immunized animals showed a significantly higher viral load than animals without P. inui infection (P = .010, by the Wilcoxon rank sum test). The higher viral loads in the P. inui-infected animals were durable and were observed at all sampling time points across the study (P = .00245, by the Wilcoxon rank test). The P. inui-infected animals also had correspondingly lower CD4(+) cell counts. There were fewer vaccine-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the P. inui-infected animals, compared with uninfected animals. Of importance, P. inui infection seemed to decrease the number of CD8(+) cells that could proliferate or secrete interferon γ, although the number of CD8(+) cells capable of secreting tumor necrosis factor α following in vitro stimulation was increased. This study demonstrated that P. inui infection had an influence on the immune response to an SIV DNA vaccine and decreased the vaccine's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Ulmer JB, Mason PW, Geall A, Mandl CW. RNA-based vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30:4414-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Markelc B, Bellard E, Sersa G, Pelofy S, Teissie J, Coer A, Golzio M, Cemazar M. In vivo molecular imaging and histological analysis of changes induced by electric pulses used for plasmid DNA electrotransfer to the skin: a study in a dorsal window chamber in mice. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:545-54. [PMID: 22644389 PMCID: PMC3464392 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electropermeabilization/electroporation (EP) is a physical method that by application of electric pulses to cells increases cell membrane permeability and enables the introduction of molecules into the cells. One of the uses of EP in vivo is plasmid DNA electrotransfer to the skin for DNA vaccination. EP of tissues induces reduction of blood flow and, in combination with plasmid DNA, induction of an immune response. One of the EP protocols for plasmid DNA electrotransfer to the skin is a combination of high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) pulses. However, the effects of this pulse combination on skin-vessel blood flow are not known. Therefore, using intravital microscopy in a dorsal window chamber in mice and fluorescently labeled dextrans, the effects of one HV and eight LV pulses on skin vasculature were investigated. In addition, a detailed histological analysis was performed. Image analysis of fluorescence intensity changes demonstrated that EP induces a transient constriction and increased permeability of blood vessels as well as a “vascular lock.” Histological analysis revealed rounding up of endothelial cells and stacking up of erythrocytes at 1 h after EP. In addition, extravasation of erythrocytes and leukocyte infiltration accompanied by edema were determined up to 24 h after EP. In conclusion, our results show that blood flow modifying effects of EP in skin contribute to the infiltration of immune cells in the exposed area. When combined with plasmid DNA for vaccination, this could enable the initial and prolonged contact of immune cells with encoded therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bostjan Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Benecke A, Gale M, Katze MG. Dynamics of innate immunity are key to chronic immune activation in AIDS. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:79-85. [PMID: 22156845 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32834dde31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We propose here that the dynamics rather than the structure of cellular and viral networks play a determining role in chronic immune activation of HIV-infected individuals. A number of novel avenues of experimental analysis and modeling strategies are discussed to conclusively address these network dynamics in the future. RECENT FINDINGS Recent insights into the molecular dynamics of immune activation and its control following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural host primates has provided possible alternate interpretations of SIV and HIV pathogenesis. Concomitant with insights gained in other host-pathogen systems, as well as an increased understanding of innate immune activation mechanisms, these observations lead to a new model for the timing of innate HIV immune responses and a possible primordial role of this timing in programming chronic immune activation. SUMMARY Chronic immune activation is today considered the leading cause of AIDS in HIV-infected individuals. Systems biology has recently lent arguments for considering chronic immune activation a result of untimely innate immune responses by the host to the infection. Future strategies for the analysis, comprehension, and incorporation of the dynamic component of immune activation into HIV vaccination strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Benecke
- Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, Bures sur Yvette, VaccineResearch Institute, INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
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