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Ciobanu DZ, Liessi N, Tomati V, Capurro V, Bertozzi SM, Summa M, Bertorelli R, Loberto N, Dobi D, Aureli M, Nobbio L, Bandiera T, Pedemonte N, Bassi R, Armirotti A. Tezacaftor is a direct inhibitor of sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase enzyme (DEGS). J Cyst Fibros 2024:S1569-1993(24)00067-5. [PMID: 38789319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated that 48 h exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells, obtained from both CF (F508del homozygous) and non-CF subjects, to the triple drug combination Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ETI) results in a CFTR genotype-independent modulation of the de novo synthethic pathway of sphingolipids, with an accumulation of dihydroceramides (dHCer). Since dHCer are converted into ceramides (Cer) by the action of a delta-4 sphingolipid desaturase (DEGS) enzyme, we aimed to better understand this off-target effect of ETI (i.e., not related to CFTR rescue) METHODS: hBE cells, both F508del and wild-type, were cultured to create fully differentiated bronchial epithelia. We analyzed Cer and dHCer using an LC-MS based method previously developed by our lab. DEGS expression levels in differentiated hBE cells lysates were quantified by western blot analysis. RESULTS We demonstrated that 1) dHCer accumulate in hBE with time following prolonged ETI exposure, that 2) similar inhibition occurs in wild-type primary human hepatocytes and that 3) this does not result in an alteration of DEGS expression. We then proved that 4) ETI is a direct inhibitor of DEGS, that 5) Tezacaftor is the molecule responsible for this effect, that 6) the inhibition is concentration dependent. Finally, after repeated oral administration of ETI to naïve, non-CF, mice, we observed a slight accumulation of dHCer in the brain. CONCLUSIONS We believe that further investigations on Tezacaftor should be envisaged, particularly for the use of ETI during pregnancy, breastfeeding and in the early stages of development. DEGS dysfunction and dHCer accumulation causes impairment in the development of the nervous system, due to a derangement in myelin formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinu Zinovie Ciobanu
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Nara Liessi
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomati
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Valeria Capurro
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Sine Mandrup Bertozzi
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Translational Pharmacology Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Dorina Dobi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucilla Nobbio
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pedemonte
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
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Filipi T, Matusova Z, Abaffy P, Vanatko O, Tureckova J, Benesova S, Kubiskova M, Kirdajova D, Zahumensky J, Valihrach L, Anderova M. Cortical glia in SOD1(G93A) mice are subtly affected by ALS-like pathology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6538. [PMID: 37085528 PMCID: PMC10121704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of glia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is undeniable. Their disease-related activity has been extensively studied in the spinal cord, but only partly in the brain. We present herein a comprehensive study of glia in the cortex of SOD1(G93A) mice-a widely used model of ALS. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immunohistochemistry, we inspected astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, in four stages of the disease, respecting the factor of sex. We report minimal changes of glia throughout the disease progression and regardless of sex. Pseudobulk and single-cell analyses revealed subtle disease-related transcriptional alterations at the end-stage in microglia and oligodendrocytes, which were supported by immunohistochemistry. Therefore, our data support the hypothesis that the SOD1(G93A) mouse cortex does not recapitulate the disease in patients, and we recommend the use of a different model for future studies of the cortical ALS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Filipi
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Matusova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Vanatko
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Benesova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kubiskova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Zahumensky
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Mohammadshirazi A, Apicella R, Zylberberg BA, Mazzone GL, Taccola G. Suprapontine Structures Modulate Brainstem and Spinal Networks. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01321-z. [PMID: 36732488 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several spinal motor output and essential rhythmic behaviors are controlled by supraspinal structures, although their contribution to neuronal networks for respiration and locomotion at birth still requires better characterization. As preparations of isolated brainstem and spinal networks only focus on local circuitry, we introduced the in vitro central nervous system (CNS) from neonatal rodents to simultaneously record a stable respiratory rhythm from both cervical and lumbar ventral roots (VRs).Electrical pulses supplied to multiple sites of brainstem evoked distinct VR responses with staggered onset in the rostro-caudal direction. Stimulation of ventrolateral medulla (VLM) resulted in higher events from homolateral VRs. Stimulating a lumbar dorsal root (DR) elicited responses even from cervical VRs, albeit small and delayed, confirming functional ascending pathways. Oximetric assessments detected optimal oxygen levels on brainstem and cortical surfaces, and histological analysis of internal brain structures indicated preserved neuron viability without astrogliosis. Serial ablations showed precollicular decerebration reducing respiratory burst duration and frequency and diminishing the area of lumbar DR and VR potentials elicited by DR stimulation, while pontobulbar transection increased the frequency and duration of respiratory bursts. Keeping legs attached allows for expressing a respiratory rhythm during hindlimb stimulation. Trains of pulses evoked episodes of fictive locomotion (FL) when delivered to VLM or to a DR, the latter with a slightly better FL than in isolated cords.In summary, suprapontine centers regulate spontaneous respiratory rhythms, as well as electrically evoked reflexes and spinal network activity. The current approach contributes to clarifying modulatory brain influences on the brainstem and spinal microcircuits during development. Novel preparation of the entire isolated CNS from newborn rats unveils suprapontine modulation on brainstem and spinal networks. Preparation views (A) with and without legs attached (B). Successful fictive respiration occurs with fast dissection from P0-P2 rats (C). Decerebration speeds up respiratory rhythm (D) and reduces spinal reflexes derived from both ventral and dorsal lumbar roots (E).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Mohammadshirazi
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.,Applied Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Lab, Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione (IMFR), Via Gervasutta 48, Udine, UD, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Apicella
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.,Applied Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Lab, Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione (IMFR), Via Gervasutta 48, Udine, UD, Italy
| | - Benjamín A Zylberberg
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT)-CONICET - Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT)-CONICET - Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giuliano Taccola
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy. .,Applied Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Lab, Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione (IMFR), Via Gervasutta 48, Udine, UD, Italy.
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Tran NT, Muccini AM, Hale N, Tolcos M, Snow RJ, Walker DW, Ellery SJ. Creatine in the fetal brain: A regional investigation of acute global hypoxia and creatine supplementation in a translational fetal sheep model. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1154772. [PMID: 37066075 PMCID: PMC10097948 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1154772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine supplementation during pregnancy is a promising prophylactic treatment for perinatal hypoxic brain injury. Previously, in near-term sheep we have shown that fetal creatine supplementation reduces cerebral metabolic and oxidative stress induced by acute global hypoxia. This study investigated the effects of acute hypoxia with or without fetal creatine supplementation on neuropathology in multiple brain regions. Methods Near-term fetal sheep were administered continuous intravenous infusion of either creatine (6 mg kg-1 h-1) or isovolumetric saline from 122 to 134 days gestational age (dGA; term is approx. 145 dGA). At 131 dGA, global hypoxia was induced by a 10 min umbilical cord occlusion (UCO). Fetuses were then recovered for 72 h at which time (134 dGA) cerebral tissue was collected for either RT-qPCR or immunohistochemistry analyses. Results UCO resulted in mild injury to the cortical gray matter, thalamus and hippocampus, with increased cell death and astrogliosis and downregulation of genes involved in regulating injury responses, vasculature development and mitochondrial integrity. Creatine supplementation reduced astrogliosis within the corpus callosum but did not ameliorate any other gene expression or histopathological changes induced by hypoxia. Of importance, effects of creatine supplementation on gene expression irrespective of hypoxia, including increased expression of anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and pro-inflammatory (e.g., MPO, TNFa, IL-6, IL-1β) genes, particularly in the gray matter, hippocampus, and striatum were identified. Creatine treatment also effected oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination in white matter regions. Conclusion While supplementation did not rescue mild neuropathology caused by UCO, creatine did result in gene expression changes that may influence in utero cerebral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi T. Tran
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nhi T. Tran,
| | - Anna M. Muccini
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadia Hale
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod J. Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W. Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stacey J. Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Seillier C, Lesept F, Toutirais O, Potzeha F, Blanc M, Vivien D. Targeting NMDA Receptors at the Neurovascular Unit: Past and Future Treatments for Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810336. [PMID: 36142247 PMCID: PMC9499580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitatory neurotransmission of the central nervous system (CNS) mainly involves glutamate and its receptors, especially N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs). These receptors have been extensively described on neurons and, more recently, also on other cell types. Nowadays, the study of their differential expression and function is taking a growing place in preclinical and clinical research. The diversity of NMDAR subtypes and their signaling pathways give rise to pleiotropic functions such as brain development, neuronal plasticity, maturation along with excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier integrity, and inflammation. NMDARs have thus emerged as key targets for the treatment of neurological disorders. By their large extracellular regions and complex intracellular structures, NMDARs are modulated by a variety of endogenous and pharmacological compounds. Here, we will present an overview of NMDAR functions on neurons and other important cell types involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative, neurovascular, mental, autoimmune, and neurodevelopmental diseases. We will then discuss past and future development of NMDAR targeting drugs, including innovative and promising new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Seillier
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- Lys Therapeutics, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Olivier Toutirais
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility (HLA), Caen University Hospital, CHU, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Fanny Potzeha
- Lys Therapeutics, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Manuel Blanc
- Lys Therapeutics, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen University Hospital, CHU, 14000 Caen, France
- Correspondence:
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Ramsteijn AS, Verkaik-Schakel RN, Houwing DJ, Plösch T, Olivier JDA. Perinatal exposure to fluoxetine and maternal adversity affect myelin-related gene expression and epigenetic regulation in the corticolimbic circuit of juvenile rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1620-1632. [PMID: 35102259 PMCID: PMC9283398 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many pregnant women experience symptoms of depression, and are often treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, such as fluoxetine. In utero exposure to SSRIs and maternal depressive symptoms is associated with sex-specific effects on the brain and behavior. However, knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these sex differences is limited. In addition, most animal research into developmental SSRI exposure neglects the influence of maternal adversity. Therefore, we used a rat model relevant to depression to investigate the molecular effects of perinatal fluoxetine exposure in male and female juvenile offspring. We performed RNA sequencing and targeted DNA methylation analyses on the prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala; key regions of the corticolimbic circuit. Perinatal fluoxetine enhanced myelin-related gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, while inhibiting it in the basolateral amygdala. SSRI exposure and maternal adversity interacted to affect expression of genes such as myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag) and myelin basic protein (Mbp). We speculate that altered myelination reflects altered brain maturation. In addition, these effects are stronger in males than in females, resembling known behavioral outcomes. Finally, Mag and Mbp expression correlated with DNA methylation, highlighting epigenetic regulation as a potential mechanism for developmental fluoxetine-induced changes in myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouschka S. Ramsteijn
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ,grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Present Address: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rikst Nynke Verkaik-Schakel
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Houwing
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Present Address: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelien D. A. Olivier
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hines JH. Evolutionary Origins of the Oligodendrocyte Cell Type and Adaptive Myelination. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:757360. [PMID: 34924932 PMCID: PMC8672417 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.757360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are multifunctional central nervous system (CNS) glia that are essential for neural function in gnathostomes. The evolutionary origins and specializations of the oligodendrocyte cell type are among the many remaining mysteries in glial biology and neuroscience. The role of oligodendrocytes as CNS myelinating glia is well established, but recent studies demonstrate that oligodendrocytes also participate in several myelin-independent aspects of CNS development, function, and maintenance. Furthermore, many recent studies have collectively advanced our understanding of myelin plasticity, and it is now clear that experience-dependent adaptations to myelination are an additional form of neural plasticity. These observations beg the questions of when and for which functions the ancestral oligodendrocyte cell type emerged, when primitive oligodendrocytes evolved new functionalities, and the genetic changes responsible for these evolutionary innovations. Here, I review recent findings and propose working models addressing the origins and evolution of the oligodendrocyte cell type and adaptive myelination. The core gene regulatory network (GRN) specifying the oligodendrocyte cell type is also reviewed as a means to probe the existence of oligodendrocytes in basal vertebrates and chordate invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H. Hines
- Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, United States
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Chamberlain KA, Huang N, Xie Y, LiCausi F, Li S, Li Y, Sheng ZH. Oligodendrocytes enhance axonal energy metabolism by deacetylation of mitochondrial proteins through transcellular delivery of SIRT2. Neuron 2021; 109:3456-3472.e8. [PMID: 34506725 PMCID: PMC8571020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons require mechanisms to maintain ATP homeostasis in axons, which are highly vulnerable to bioenergetic failure. Here, we elucidate a transcellular signaling mechanism by which oligodendrocytes support axonal energy metabolism via transcellular delivery of NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT2. SIRT2 is undetectable in neurons but enriched in oligodendrocytes and released within exosomes. By deleting sirt2, knocking down SIRT2, or blocking exosome release, we demonstrate that transcellular delivery of SIRT2 is critical for axonal energy enhancement. Mass spectrometry and acetylation analyses indicate that neurons treated with oligodendrocyte-conditioned media from WT, but not sirt2-knockout, mice exhibit strong deacetylation of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocases 1 and 2 (ANT1/2). In vivo delivery of SIRT2-filled exosomes into myelinated axons rescues mitochondrial integrity in sirt2-knockout mouse spinal cords. Thus, our study reveals an oligodendrocyte-to-axon delivery of SIRT2, which enhances ATP production by deacetylating mitochondrial proteins, providing a target for boosting axonal bioenergetic metabolism in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Chamberlain
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Yuxiang Xie
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Francesca LiCausi
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Sunan Li
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 1B-1014, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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Tapia-Bustos A, Lespay-Rebolledo C, Vío V, Pérez-Lobos R, Casanova-Ortiz E, Ezquer F, Herrera-Marschitz M, Morales P. Neonatal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Improves Myelination Impaired by Global Perinatal Asphyxia in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063275. [PMID: 33806988 PMCID: PMC8004671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of perinatal asphyxia (PA) on oligodendrocyte (OL), neuroinflammation, and cell viability was evaluated in telencephalon of rats at postnatal day (P)1, 7, and 14, a period characterized by a spur of neuronal networking, evaluating the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-treatment. The issue was investigated with a rat model of global PA, mimicking a clinical risk occurring under labor. PA was induced by immersing fetus-containing uterine horns into a water bath for 21 min (AS), using sibling-caesarean-delivered fetuses (CS) as controls. Two hours after delivery, AS and CS neonates were injected with either 5 μL of vehicle (10% plasma) or 5 × 104 MSCs into the lateral ventricle. Samples were assayed for myelin-basic protein (MBP) levels; Olig-1/Olig-2 transcriptional factors; Gglial phenotype; neuroinflammation, and delayed cell death. The main effects were observed at P7, including: (i) A decrease of MBP-immunoreactivity in external capsule, corpus callosum, cingulum, but not in fimbriae of hippocampus; (ii) an increase of Olig-1-mRNA levels; (iii) an increase of IL-6-mRNA, but not in protein levels; (iv) an increase in cell death, including OLs; and (v) MSCs treatment prevented the effect of PA on myelination, OLs number, and cell death. The present findings show that PA induces regional- and developmental-dependent changes on myelination and OLs maturation. Neonatal MSCs treatment improves survival of mature OLs and myelination in telencephalic white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tapia-Bustos
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.T.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (V.V.); (R.P.-L.); (E.C.-O.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370149, Chile
| | - Carolyne Lespay-Rebolledo
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.T.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (V.V.); (R.P.-L.); (E.C.-O.)
| | - Valentina Vío
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.T.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (V.V.); (R.P.-L.); (E.C.-O.)
| | - Ronald Pérez-Lobos
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.T.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (V.V.); (R.P.-L.); (E.C.-O.)
| | - Emmanuel Casanova-Ortiz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.T.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (V.V.); (R.P.-L.); (E.C.-O.)
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago 7710162, Chile;
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.T.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (V.V.); (R.P.-L.); (E.C.-O.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.-M.); (P.M.); Tel.: +56-229786788 (M.H.-M. & P.M.)
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (A.T.-B.); (C.L.-R.); (V.V.); (R.P.-L.); (E.C.-O.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Correspondence: (M.H.-M.); (P.M.); Tel.: +56-229786788 (M.H.-M. & P.M.)
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10
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Mancino DN, Leicaj ML, Lima A, Roig P, Guennoun R, Schumacher M, De Nicola AF, Garay LI. Developmental expression of genes involved in progesterone synthesis, metabolism and action during the post-natal cerebellar myelination. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 207:105820. [PMID: 33465418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone is involved in dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis and maturation of cerebellar Purkinge cells, major sites of steroid synthesis in the brain. To study a possible time-relationship between myelination, neurosteroidogenesis and steroid receptors during development of the postnatal mouse cerebellum, we determined at postnatal days 5 (P5),18 (P18) and 35 (P35) the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), components of the steroidogenic pathway, levels of endogenous steroids and progesterone's classical and non-classical receptors. In parallel with myelin increased expression during development, P18 and P35 mice showed higher levels of cerebellar progesterone and its reduced derivatives, higher expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and 5α-reductase mRNA vs. P5 mice. Other steroids such as corticosterone and its reduced derivatives and 3β-androstanodiol (ADIOL) showed a peak increase at P18 compared to P5. Progesterone membrane receptors and binding proteins (PGRMC1, mPRα, mPRβ, mPRγ, and Sigma1 receptors) mRNAs levels increased during development while that of classical progesterone receptors (PR) remained invariable. PRKO mice showed similar MBP levels than wild type. Thus, these data suggests that progesterone and its neuroactive metabolites may play a role in postnatal cerebellar myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Nj Mancino
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Luz Leicaj
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paulina Roig
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris Saclay, University Paris Sud, 94276 Le kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris Saclay, University Paris Sud, 94276 Le kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Human Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura I Garay
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Human Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Enright HA, Lam D, Sebastian A, Sales AP, Cadena J, Hum NR, Osburn JJ, Peters SKG, Petkus B, Soscia DA, Kulp KS, Loots GG, Wheeler EK, Fischer NO. Functional and transcriptional characterization of complex neuronal co-cultures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11007. [PMID: 32620908 PMCID: PMC7335084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-on-a-chip systems are designed to simulate brain activity using traditional in vitro cell culture on an engineered platform. It is a noninvasive tool to screen new drugs, evaluate toxicants, and elucidate disease mechanisms. However, successful recapitulation of brain function on these systems is dependent on the complexity of the cell culture. In this study, we increased cellular complexity of traditional (simple) neuronal cultures by co-culturing with astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (complex culture). We evaluated and compared neuronal activity (e.g., network formation and maturation), cellular composition in long-term culture, and the transcriptome of the two cultures. Compared to simple cultures, neurons from complex co-cultures exhibited earlier synapse and network development and maturation, which was supported by localized synaptophysin expression, up-regulation of genes involved in mature neuronal processes, and synchronized neural network activity. Also, mature oligodendrocytes and reactive astrocytes were only detected in complex cultures upon transcriptomic analysis of age-matched cultures. Functionally, the GABA antagonist bicuculline had a greater influence on bursting activity in complex versus simple cultures. Collectively, the cellular complexity of brain-on-a-chip systems intrinsically develops cell type-specific phenotypes relevant to the brain while accelerating the maturation of neuronal networks, important features underdeveloped in traditional cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Enright
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - Doris Lam
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Aimy Sebastian
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Ana Paula Sales
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jose Cadena
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hum
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,University of California, Merced, School of Natural Sciences, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Joanne J Osburn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Sandra K G Peters
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Petkus
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - David A Soscia
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kristen S Kulp
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,University of California, Merced, School of Natural Sciences, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Wheeler
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
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12
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Oligodendrogenesis and Myelin Formation in the Forebrain Require Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha. Neuroscience 2020; 436:11-26. [PMID: 32278722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) principally mediates growth factor signals in oligodendroglial progenitors and is involved in oligodendrogenesis and myelinogenesis in the developing spinal cord. However, the role of PDGFRα in the developing forebrain remains relatively unknown. We established a conditional knockout mouse for the Pdgfra gene (N-PRα-KO) using a Nestin promoter/enhancer-driven Cre recombinase and examined forebrain development. The expression of PDGFRα was efficiently suppressed in the Olig2+ cells in N-PRα-KO mice. In these mice, Olig2+ cells were slightly decreased during embryonic periods. The decrease was particularly striking during the postnatal period. The commitment of Pdgfra-inactivated Olig2+ cells to Sox10+ oligodendroglial-lineage was largely suppressed. Surviving Olig2+ cells and Sox10+ cells were distributed widely in the N-PRα-KO mouse brain, similarly to those in control mice until the early neonatal period. After that, these cells were drastically depleted in the forebrain during the second postnatal week. The brains of N-PRα-KO mice were severely hypomyelinated, and these mice died on approximately P17 with motor disturbances. Disturbed axonal fibers and extensively aberrant vascular formations appeared in the postnatal N-PRα-KO mouse brains. After the defective PDGFRα signal in the forebrain, these phenotypes were clearly different from those in the spinal cord that showed defective populations expansion and migration of oligodendroglial lineage and premature myelination, as previously described. In contrast, areas of severe hypomyelination were common to both anatomical sites. PDGFRα was critically involved in the myelination of the forebrain and may differently regulate oligodendroglial lineage between the forebrain and spinal cord.
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13
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Oberoi R, Chu T, Mellen N, Jagadapillai R, Ouyang H, Devlin LA, Cai J. Diverse changes in myelin protein expression in rat brain after perinatal methadone exposure. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2019-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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White matter DNA methylation profiling reveals deregulation of HIP1, LMAN2, MOBP, and other loci in multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:135-156. [PMID: 31535203 PMCID: PMC6942018 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal late-onset neurodegenerative disease. Although presenting with distinct pathological hallmarks, which in MSA consist of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) containing fibrillar α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes, both MSA and Parkinson’s disease are α-synucleinopathies. Pathologically, MSA can be categorized into striatonigral degeneration (SND), olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) or mixed subtypes. Despite extensive research, the regional vulnerability of the brain to MSA pathology remains poorly understood. Genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors have been proposed to explain which brain regions are affected by MSA, and to what extent. Here, we explored for the first time epigenetic changes in post-mortem brain tissue from MSA cases. We conducted a case–control study, and profiled DNA methylation in white mater from three brain regions characterized by severe-to-mild GCIs burden in the MSA mixed subtype (cerebellum, frontal lobe and occipital lobe). Our genome-wide approach using Illumina MethylationEPIC arrays and a powerful cross-region analysis identified 157 CpG sites and 79 genomic regions where DNA methylation was significantly altered in the MSA mixed-subtype cases. HIP1, LMAN2 and MOBP were amongst the most differentially methylated loci. We replicated these findings in an independent cohort and further demonstrated that DNA methylation profiles were perturbed in MSA mixed subtype, and also to variable degrees in the other pathological subtypes (OPCA and SND). Finally, our co-methylation network analysis revealed several molecular signatures (modules) significantly associated with MSA (disease status and pathological subtypes), and with neurodegeneration in the cerebellum. Importantly, the co-methylation module having the strongest association with MSA included a CpG in SNCA, the gene encoding α-synuclein. Altogether, our results provide the first evidence for DNA methylation changes contributing to the molecular processes altered in MSA, some of which are shared with other neurodegenerative diseases, and highlight potential novel routes for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
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15
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Yang G, Shcheglovitov A. Probing disrupted neurodevelopment in autism using human stem cell-derived neurons and organoids: An outlook into future diagnostics and drug development. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:6-33. [PMID: 31398277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction, repetitive or restrictive behaviors, and problems with speech. According to a recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in 68 children in the US is diagnosed with ASDs. Although ASD-related diagnostics and the knowledge of ASD-associated genetic abnormalities have improved in recent years, our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways disrupted in ASD remains very limited. As a result, no specific therapies or medications are available for individuals with ASDs. In this review, we describe the neurodevelopmental processes that are likely affected in the brains of individuals with ASDs and discuss how patient-specific stem cell-derived neurons and organoids can be used for investigating these processes at the cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we propose a discovery pipeline to be used in the future for identifying the cellular and molecular deficits and developing novel personalized therapies for individuals with idiopathic ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alex Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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16
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Abstract
Maturation of neuronal circuits requires selective elimination of synaptic connections. Although neuron-intrinsic mechanisms are important in this process, it is increasingly recognized that glial cells also play a critical role. Without proper functioning of these cells, the number, morphology, and function of synaptic contacts are profoundly altered, resulting in abnormal connectivity and behavioral abnormalities. In addition to their role in synaptic refinement, glial cells have also been implicated in pathological synapse loss and dysfunction following injury or nervous system degeneration in adults. Although mechanisms regulating glia-mediated synaptic elimination are still being uncovered, it is clear this complex process involves many cues that promote and inhibit the removal of specific synaptic connections. Gaining a greater understanding of these signals and the contribution of different cell types will not only provide insight into this critical biological event but also be instrumental in advancing knowledge of brain development and neural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Wilton
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lasse Dissing-Olesen
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Lee FHF, Lai TKY, Su P, Liu F. Altered cortical Cytoarchitecture in the Fmr1 knockout mouse. Mol Brain 2019; 12:56. [PMID: 31200759 PMCID: PMC6570929 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene and subsequent loss of its protein product, fragile X retardation protein (FMRP). One of the most robust neuropathological findings in post-mortem human FXS and Fmr1 KO mice is the abnormal increase in dendritic spine densities, with the majority of spines showing an elongated immature morphology. However, the exact mechanisms of how FMRP can regulate dendritic spine development are still unclear. Abnormal dendritic spines can result from disturbances of multiple factors during neurodevelopment, such as alterations in neuron numbers, position and glial cells. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive histological analysis of the cerebral cortex in Fmr1 KO mice. They displayed significantly fewer neuron and PV-interneuron numbers, along with altered cortical lamination patterns. In terms of glial cells, Fmr1 KO mice exhibited an increase in Olig2-oligodendrocytes, which corresponded to the abnormally higher myelin expression in the corpus callosum. Iba1-microglia were significantly reduced but GFAP-astrocyte numbers and intensity were elevated. Using primary astrocytes derived from KO mice, we further demonstrated the presence of astrogliosis characterized by an increase in GFAP expression and astrocyte hypertrophy. Our findings provide important information on the cortical architecture of Fmr1 KO mice, and insights towards possible mechanisms associated with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie H F Lee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Terence K Y Lai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ping Su
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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18
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Lee H, Thacker S, Sarn N, Dutta R, Eng C. Constitutional mislocalization of Pten drives precocious maturation in oligodendrocytes and aberrant myelination in model of autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:13. [PMID: 30664625 PMCID: PMC6341090 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong genetic association between germline PTEN mutation and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), making Pten-mutant models exemplary for the study of ASD pathophysiology. We developed the Ptenm3m4 mouse, where Pten is largely restricted from the nucleus, which recapitulates patient-like, autism-related phenotypes: behavioral changes, macrocephaly, and white matter abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage differentiation and functional changes in myelination to the white matter phenotype. OL lineage differentiation and myelination in Ptenm3m4 mice was studied using immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analyses. We also used primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to determine the effect of the Ptenm3m4 mutation on OPC proliferation, migration and maturation. Finally, we assessed the myelinating competency of mutant OLs via co-culture with wildtype dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. The in vivo analyses of Ptenm3m4/m3m4 murine brains showed deficits in proteolipid protein (Plp) trafficking in myelinating OLs. Despite the increased expression of myelin proteins in the brain, myelin deposition was observed to be abnormal, often occurring adjacent to, rather than around axons. Mutant primary OPCs showed enhanced proliferation and migration. Furthermore, mutant OPCs matured precociously, exhibiting aberrant myelination in vitro. Mutant OPCs, when co-cultured with wildtype DRG neurons, showed an inability to properly ensheath axons. Our findings provide evidence that the Ptenm3m4 mutation disrupts the differentiation and myelination programs of developing OLs. OL dysfunction in the Ptenm3m4 model explains the leukodystrophy phenotype, a feature commonly associated with autism, and highlights the growing importance of glial dysfunction in autism pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunpil Lee
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Stetson Thacker
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA ,0000 0004 0435 0569grid.254293.bCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Nicholas Sarn
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA ,0000 0001 2164 3847grid.67105.35Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- 0000 0004 0435 0569grid.254293.bCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ,0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA. .,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA. .,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA.
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19
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Carbofuran hampers oligodendrocytes development leading to impaired myelination in the hippocampus of rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:161-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Adebiyi OE, Olayemi FO, Olopade JO, Tan NH. Βeta-sitosterol enhances motor coordination, attenuates memory loss and demyelination in a vanadium-induced model of experimental neurotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 26:21-29. [PMID: 30551913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental discharge of vanadium causes cognitive and behavioral impairments in humans and animals via production of reactive oxygen species leading to lipid peroxidation and alteration in antioxidant defence system. The current study was carried out to investigate the cognitive-enhancing ability of β-sitosterol in vanadium-induced neurotoxicity. Forty eight mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups (A-D) with the following treatments: group A; distilled water, B; α-tocopherol + sodium metavanadate (NaO3V), C; β-sitosterol + NaO3V and D; only NaO3V. NaO3V was administered intraperitoneally while other treatments were administered through gavage for 7 consecutive days. Neurobehavioral parameters measuring cognition, locomotion, anxiety and grip strength were evaluated at day 8. Following sacrifice, brain levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, malonaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were measured. Immunohistochemical expression of Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) in the brain was also investigated. The results showed that deficits in spatial learning, locomotor efficiency, and motor coordination, induced by acute vanadium neurotoxicity were mitigated by beta-sitosterol. Significantly (α ≤ 0.05) decreased in vivo antioxidant enzyme activities, increased brain levels of MDA and H2O2, structural damage to myelin sheaths and decreased expression of MBP were also observed in the NaO3V group (D), however, co-administration of β-sitosterol reduced these pathologic features. It is concluded that β-sitosterol alleviates vanadium-induced neurotoxicity by enhancing cognition and improving motor co-ordination via its antioxidant and myelo-protective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide Elizabeth Adebiyi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | | | | | - Ning-Hua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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21
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Brandebura AN, Morehead M, Heller DT, Holcomb P, Kolson DR, Jones G, Mathers PH, Spirou GA. Glial Cell Expansion Coincides with Neural Circuit Formation in the Developing Auditory Brainstem. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:1097-1116. [PMID: 30136399 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuit formation involves maturation of neuronal, glial and vascular cells, as well as cell proliferation and cell death. A fundamental understanding of cellular mechanisms is enhanced by quantification of cell types during key events in synapse formation and pruning and possessing qualified genetic tools for cell type-specific manipulation. Acquiring this information in turn requires validated cell markers and genetic tools. We quantified changing proportions of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) during neural circuit development. Cell type-specific markers, light microscopy and 3D virtual reality software, the latter developed in our laboratory, were used to count cells within distinct cell populations at postnatal days (P)3 and P6, bracketing the period of nerve terminal growth and pruning in this system. These data revealed a change from roughly equal numbers of neurons and glia at P3 to a 1.5:1 ratio of glia to neurons at P6. PCNA and PH3 labeling revealed that proliferation of oligodendrocytes contributed to the increase in glial cell number during this timeframe. We next evaluated Cre driver lines for selectivity in labeling cell populations. En1-Cre was specific for MNTB neurons. PDGFRα-Cre and Aldh1L1-Cre, thought to be mostly specific for oligodendrocyte lineage cells and astrocytes, respectively, both labeled significant numbers of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes and are non-specific genetic tools in this neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Brandebura
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Graduate program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Morehead
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Daniel T Heller
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Paul Holcomb
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Douglas R Kolson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Garrett Jones
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Peter H Mathers
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - George A Spirou
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Department of Otolaryngology HNS, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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22
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Abstract
Neuron-glia antigen 2-expressing glial cells (NG2 glia) serve as oligodendrocyte progenitors during development and adulthood. However, recent studies have shown that these cells represent not only a transitional stage along the oligodendroglial lineage, but also constitute a specific cell type endowed with typical properties and functions. Namely, NG2 glia (or subsets of NG2 glia) establish physical and functional interactions with neurons and other central nervous system (CNS) cell types, that allow them to constantly monitor the surrounding neuropil. In addition to operating as sensors, NG2 glia have features that are expected for active modulators of neuronal activity, including the expression and release of a battery of neuromodulatory and neuroprotective factors. Consistently, cell ablation strategies targeting NG2 glia demonstrate that, beyond their role in myelination, these cells contribute to CNS homeostasis and development. In this review, we summarize and discuss the advancements achieved over recent years toward the understanding of such functions, and propose novel approaches for further investigations aimed at elucidating the multifaceted roles of NG2 glia.
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Developmental Changes in Oligodendrocyte Genesis, Myelination, and Associated Behavioral Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Intra-generational Protein Malnutrition. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:595-610. [PMID: 29752656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in oligodendrocyte development and resultant myelination deficits appear as a common denominator to all neurological diseases. An optimal in utero environment is obligatory for normal fetal brain development and later life brain functioning. Late embryonic and early postnatal brains from F1 rat born to protein malnourished mothers were studied through a combination of immunocytochemical and quantitative PCR assay for analyzing the relative expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to determine oligodendrocyte genesis, differentiation, maturation, and myelination. Myelin integrity and corpus callosum caliber was assessed by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, whereas grip strength test and open field activity monitoring for behavioral evaluation in F1 rats. We demonstrate that intra-generational protein deprivation results in drastically low PDGFRα+ oligodendrocyte precursor (OPC) population and significantly reduced expression of myelin protein genes resulting in poor pre-myelinating and mature myelinating oligodendrocyte number, hypo-myelination, and misaligned myelinated fibers. LFB staining and MOG immunolabeling precisely revealed long-term changes in corpus callosum (CC) caliber and demyelination lesions in LP brain supporting the behavioral and cognitive changes at early adolescence and adulthood following maternal protein malnutrition (PMN). Thus, intra-generational PMN negatively affects the oligodendrocyte development and maturation resulting in myelination impairments and associated with behavioral deficits typically mimicking clinical hallmarks of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results further strengthen and augment the hypothesis "Impaired gliogenesis is a big hit for neuropsychiatric phenotype."
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24
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Alexeev EE, Lönnerdal B, Griffin IJ. Effects of postnatal growth restriction and subsequent catch-up growth on neurodevelopment and glucose homeostasis in rats. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 26040642 PMCID: PMC4455975 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-015-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that poor growth of preterm infants is a risk factor for poor long-term development, while the effects of early postnatal growth restriction are not well known. We utilized a rat model to examine the consequences of different patterns of postnatal growth and hypothesized that early growth failure leads to impaired development and insulin resistance. Rat pups were separated at birth into normal (N, n = 10) or restricted intake (R, n = 16) litters. At d11, R pups were re-randomized into litters of 6 (R-6), 10 (R-10) or 16 (R-16) pups/dam. N pups remained in litters of 10 pups/dam (N-10). Memory and learning were examined through T-maze test. Insulin sensitivity was measured by i.p. insulin tolerance test and glucose tolerance test. Results By d10, N pups weighed 20 % more than R pups (p < 0.001). By d15, the R-6 group caught up to the N-10 group in weight, the R-10 group showed partial catch-up growth and the R-16 group showed no catch-up growth. All R groups showed poorer scores in developmental testing when compared with the N-10 group during T-Maze test (p < 0.05). Although R-16 were more insulin sensitive than R-6 and R-10, all R groups were more glucose tolerant than N-10. Conclusion In rats, differences in postnatal growth restriction leads to changes in development and in insulin sensitivity. These results may contribute to better elucidating the causes of poor developmental outcomes in human preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Alexeev
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ian J Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Proteoglycans in the central nervous system play integral roles as "traffic signals" for the direction of neurite outgrowth. This attribute of proteoglycans is a major factor in regeneration of the injured central nervous system. In this review, the structures of proteoglycans and the evidence suggesting their involvement in the response following spinal cord injury are presented. The review further describes the methods routinely used to determine the effect proteoglycans have on neurite outgrowth. The effects of proteoglycans on neurite outgrowth are not completely understood as there is disagreement on what component of the molecule is interacting with growing neurites and this ambiguity is chronicled in an historical context. Finally, the most recent findings suggesting possible receptors, interactions, and sulfation patterns that may be important in eliciting the effect of proteoglycans on neurite outgrowth are discussed. A greater understanding of the proteoglycan-neurite interaction is necessary for successfully promoting regeneration in the injured central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Beller
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Diane M Snow
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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26
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Torres LH, Annoni R, Balestrin NT, Coleto PL, Duro SO, Garcia RCT, Pacheco-Neto M, Mauad T, Camarini R, Britto LRG, Marcourakis T. Environmental tobacco smoke in the early postnatal period induces impairment in brain myelination. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2051-8. [PMID: 25182420 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, mainly in children. However, few studies focus on the brain development effects of ETS exposure. Myelination mainly occurs in the early years of life in humans and the first three postnatal weeks in rodents and is sensitive to xenobiotics exposure. This study investigated the effects of early postnatal ETS exposure on myelination. BALB/c mice were exposed to ETS generated from 3R4F reference research cigarettes from the third to the fourteenth days of life. The myelination of nerve fibers in the optic nerve by morphometric analysis and the levels of Olig1 and myelin basic protein (MBP) were evaluated in the cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon, and brainstem in infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. Infant mice exposed to ETS showed a decrease in the percentage of myelinated fibers in the optic nerve, compared with controls. ETS induced a decrease in Olig1 protein levels in the cerebellum and brainstem and an increase in MBP levels in the cerebellum at infant. It was also found a decrease in MBP levels in the telencephalon and brainstem at adolescence and in the cerebellum and diencephalon at adulthood. The present study demonstrates that exposure to ETS, in a critical phase of development, affects the percentage of myelinated fibers and myelin-specific proteins in infant mice. Although we did not observe differences in the morphological analysis in adolescence and adulthood, there was a decrease in MBP levels in distinctive brain regions suggesting a delayed effect in adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa H Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 580 Bl 13B, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Annoni
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia T Balestrin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 580 Bl 13B, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Priscila L Coleto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 580 Bl 13B, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Stephanie O Duro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 580 Bl 13B, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Raphael C T Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 580 Bl 13B, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maurílio Pacheco-Neto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R G Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 580 Bl 13B, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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27
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Tiwari SK, Agarwal S, Chauhan LKS, Mishra VN, Chaturvedi RK. Bisphenol-A impairs myelination potential during development in the hippocampus of the rat brain. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1395-416. [PMID: 25084756 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is the functional implication of oligodendrocytes (OLs), which is involved in insulation of axons and promoting rapid propagation of action potential in the brain. OLs are derived from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which proliferate, differentiate, and migrate throughout the central nervous system. Defects in myelination process lead to the onset of several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Exposure to synthetic xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) causes cognitive dysfunction, impairs hippocampal neurogenesis, and causes onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the effects of BPA on OPC proliferation, differentiation and myelination, and associated cellular and molecular mechanism(s) in the hippocampus of the rat brain are still largely unknown. We found that BPA significantly decreased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cell proliferation and number and size of oligospheres. We observed reduced co-localization of BrdU with myelination markers CNPase and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α), suggesting impaired proliferation and differentiation of OPCs by BPA in culture. We studied the effects of BPA exposure during prenatal and postnatal periods on cellular and molecular alteration(s) in the myelination process in the hippocampus region of the rat brain at postnatal day 21 and 90. BPA exposure both in vitro and in vivo altered proliferation and differentiation potential of OPCs and decreased the expression of genes and levels of proteins that are involved in myelination. Ultrastructural electron microscopy analysis revealed that BPA exposure caused decompaction of myelinated axons and altered g-ratio at both the developmental periods as compared to control. These results suggest that BPA exposure both during prenatal and postnatal periods alters myelination in the hippocampus of the rat brain leading to cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
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28
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Boda E, Buffo A. Beyond cell replacement: unresolved roles of NG2-expressing progenitors. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:122. [PMID: 24904264 PMCID: PMC4033196 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2-expressing parenchymal precursors (NG2+p) serve as primary source of myelinating oligodendrocytes in both the developing and adult Central Nervous System (CNS). However, their abundance, limited differentiation potential at adult stages along with stereotypic reaction to injury independent of the extent of myelin loss suggest that NG2+p exert functions additional to myelin production. In support of this view, NG2+p express a complex battery of molecules known to exert neuromodulatory and neuroprotective functions. Further, they establish intimate physical associations with the other CNS cell types, receive functional synaptic contacts and possess ion channels apt to constantly sense the electrical activity of surrounding neurons. These latter features could endow NG2+p with the capability to affect neuronal functions with potential homeostatic outcomes. Here we summarize and discuss current evidence favoring the view that NG2+p can participate in circuit formation, modulate neuronal activity and survival in the healthy and injured CNS, and propose perspectives for studies that may complete our understanding of NG2+p roles in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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29
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Corty MM, Freeman MR. Cell biology in neuroscience: Architects in neural circuit design: glia control neuron numbers and connectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:395-405. [PMID: 24217617 PMCID: PMC3824021 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201306099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glia serve many important functions in the mature nervous system. In addition, these diverse cells have emerged as essential participants in nearly all aspects of neural development. Improved techniques to study neurons in the absence of glia, and to visualize and manipulate glia in vivo, have greatly expanded our knowledge of glial biology and neuron-glia interactions during development. Exciting studies in the last decade have begun to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which glia exert control over neuronal circuit formation. Recent findings illustrate the importance of glial cells in shaping the nervous system by controlling the number and connectivity of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Corty
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605
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30
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Abstract
The development process of myelination varies between region and species. Fully myelinated fibers are required if mammalian neural circuits are to function normally. Histology samples at staggered time points throughout the study were examined at days 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14, 17, 24, 37, and 44. We suggest that the development of myelin in the juvenile rodent brain can be conveniently separated into 3 phases. Evaluation of myelin basic protein-stained sections of the areas of brain that contain the elements of the developing limbic system over the sensitive period from postnatal day (PND) 14 to 34 may provide an insight into possible toxicity that may lead to cognition and learning issues in adults. We will hope to develop this notion further in the future. The precise chronology of the development of the blood-brain barrier in rats has yet to be established; thus, there is potential for significant exposure of the juvenile brain to chemicals that do not cross the blood-brain barrier in the adult. Thus, it is suggested that evaluation of myelin development should probably be extended to all new chemical entities intended for pediatric use, and not just those that are intended for central nervous system use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Downes
- Sequani Limited, Ledbury, Herefordshire, United Kingdom
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31
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Buffo A, Rossi F. Origin, lineage and function of cerebellar glia. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:42-63. [PMID: 23981535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glial cells of the cerebellum, and particularly astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are characterized by a remarkable phenotypic variety, in which highly peculiar morphological features are associated with specific functional features, unique among the glial cells of the entire CNS. Here, we provide a critical report about the present knowledge of the development of cerebellar glia, including lineage relationships between cerebellar neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the origins and the genesis of the repertoire of glial types, and the processes underlying their acquisition of mature morphological and functional traits. In parallel, we describe and discuss some fundamental roles played by specific categories of glial cells during cerebellar development. In particular, we propose that Bergmann glia exerts a crucial scaffolding activity that, together with the organizing function of Purkinje cells, is necessary to achieve the normal pattern of foliation and layering of the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, we discuss some of the functional tasks of cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes that are distinctive of cerebellar glia throughout the CNS. Notably, we report about the regulation of synaptic signalling in the molecular and granular layer mediated by Bergmann glia and parenchymal astrocytes, and the functional interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons. On the whole, this review provides an extensive overview of the available literature and some novel insights about the origin and differentiation of the variety of cerebellar glial cells and their function in the developing and mature cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Buffo
- Rita Levi-Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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32
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Shi M, Majumdar D, Gao Y, Brewer B, Goodwin CR, McLean JA, Li D, Webb DJ. Glia co-culture with neurons in microfluidic platforms promotes the formation and stabilization of synaptic contacts. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3008-21. [PMID: 23736663 PMCID: PMC3712871 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50249j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel microfluidic cell culture schemes, a vertically-layered set-up and a four chamber set-up, were developed for co-culturing central nervous system (CNS) neurons and glia. The cell chambers in these devices were separated by pressure-enabled valve barriers, which permitted us to control communication between the two cell types. The unique design of these devices facilitated the co-culture of glia with neurons in close proximity (∼50-100 μm), differential transfection of neuronal populations, and dynamic visualization of neuronal interactions, such as the development of synapses. With these co-culture devices, initial synaptic contact between neurons transfected with different fluorescent markers, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and mCherry-synaptophysin, was imaged using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The presence of glial cells had a profound influence on synapses by increasing the number and stability of synaptic contacts. Interestingly, as determined by liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, neuron-glia co-cultures produced elevated levels of soluble factors compared to that secreted by individual neuron or glia cultures, suggesting a potential mechanism by which neuron-glia interactions could modulate synaptic function. Collectively, these results show that communication between neurons and glia is critical for the formation and stability of synapses and point to the importance of developing neuron-glia co-culture systems such as the microfluidic platforms described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
| | - Devi Majumdar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
| | - Yandong Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
| | - Bryson Brewer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
| | - Cody R. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
| | - Donna J. Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235
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33
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Abstract
Postnatal cortical synaptic development is characterized by stages of exuberant growth, pruning, and stabilization during adulthood. How gene expression orchestrates these stages of synaptic development is poorly understood. Here we report that synaptic growth-related gene expression alone does not determine cortical synaptic density changes across the human lifespan, but instead, the dynamics of cortical synaptic density can be accurately simulated by a first-order kinetic model of synaptic growth and elimination that incorporates two separate gene expression patterns. Surprisingly, modeling of cortical synaptic density is optimized when genes related to oligodendrocytes are used to determine synaptic elimination rates. Expression of synaptic growth and oligodendrocyte genes varies regionally, resulting in different predictions of synaptic density among cortical regions that concur with previous regional data in humans. Our analysis suggests that modest rates of synaptic growth persist in adulthood, but that this is counterbalanced by increasing rates of synaptic elimination, resulting in stable synaptic number and ongoing synaptic turnover in the human adult cortex. Our approach provides a promising avenue for exploring how complex interactions among genes may contribute to neurobiological phenomena across the human lifespan.
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34
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Cao N, Yao ZX. Oligodendrocyte N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling: insights into its functions. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:845-56. [PMID: 23345133 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes facilitates rapid nerve conduction. Loss of oligodendrocytes and failure of myelination lead to nerve degeneration and numerous demyelinating white matter diseases. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are key regulators on neuron survival and functions, have been recently identified to express in oligodendrocytes, especially in the myelin sheath. NMDA receptor signaling in oligodendrocytes plays crucial roles in energy metabolism and myelination. In the present review, we highlight the subcellular location-specific impairment of excessive NMDA receptor signaling on oligodendrocyte energy metabolism in soma and myelin, and the mechanisms including Ca(2+) overload, acidotoxicity, mitochondria dysfunction, and impairment of respiratory chains. Conversely, physiological NMDA receptor signaling regulates differentiation and migration of oligodendrocytes. How can we use above knowledge to treat excitotoxic oligodendrocyte loss, congenital myelination deficiency, or postnatal demyelination? A thorough understanding of NMDA receptor signaling-mediated cellular events in oligodendrocytes at the pathophysiological level will no doubt aid in exploring effective therapeutic strategies for demyelinating white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Cao
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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