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Wuitchik DM, Aichelman HE, Atherton KF, Brown CM, Chen X, DiRoberts L, Pelose GE, Tramonte CA, Davies SW. Photosymbiosis reduces the environmental stress response under a heat challenge in a facultatively symbiotic coral. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15484. [PMID: 38969663 PMCID: PMC11226616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis between corals and dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae is sensitive to environmental stress. The oxidative bleaching hypothesis posits that extreme temperatures lead to accumulation of photobiont-derived reactive oxygen species ROS, which exacerbates the coral environmental stress response (ESR). To understand how photosymbiosis modulates coral ESRs, these responses must be explored in hosts in and out of symbiosis. We leveraged the facultatively symbiotic coral Astrangia poculata, which offers an opportunity to uncouple the ESR across its two symbiotic phenotypes (brown, white). Colonies of both symbiotic phenotypes were exposed to three temperature treatments for 15 days: (i) control (static 18 °C), (ii) heat challenge (increasing from 18 to 30 °C), and (iii) cold challenge (decreasing from 18 to 4 °C) after which host gene expression was profiled. Cold challenged corals elicited widespread differential expression, however, there were no differences between symbiotic phenotypes. In contrast, brown colonies exhibited greater gene expression plasticity under heat challenge, including enrichment of cell cycle pathways involved in controlling photobiont growth. While this plasticity was greater, the genes driving this plasticity were not associated with an amplified environmental stress response (ESR) and instead showed patterns of a dampened ESR under heat challenge. This provides nuance to the oxidative bleaching hypothesis and suggests that, at least during the early onset of bleaching, photobionts reduce the host's ESR under elevated temperatures in A. poculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wuitchik
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - H E Aichelman
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K F Atherton
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C M Brown
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L DiRoberts
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G E Pelose
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C A Tramonte
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S W Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Silva MM, Campos TA, Cavalcanti IMF, Oliveira IS, Pérez CD, Silva RADA, Wanderley MSO, Santos NPS. Proteomic characterization and biological activities of the mucus produced by the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200325. [PMID: 38055606 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucus, produced by Palythoa caribaeorum has been popularly reported due to healing, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. However, biochemical and pharmacological properties of this mucus remains unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to study its proteome profile by 2DE electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF. Furthermore, it was evaluated the cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of the mucus and from its protein extract (PE). Proteomics study identified14 proteins including proteins involved in the process of tissue regeneration and death of tumor cells. The PE exhibited cell viability below 50% in the MCF-7 and S-180 strains. It showed IC50 of 6.9 μg/mL for the J774 lineage, and also, favored the cellular growth of fibroblasts. Furthermore, PE revealed activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC of 250 μg/mL). These findings revealed the mucus produced by Palythoa caribaeorum with biological activities, offering alternative therapies for the treatment of cancer and as a potential antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marllyn M Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Núcleo de Biologia, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiers A Campos
- Centro Tecnológico do Nordeste, Av. Prof. Luís Freire, 1, Cidade Universitária, 50740-545 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Isabella M F Cavalcanti
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Núcleo de Biologia, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Instituto Keizo-Asami (iLIKA), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Idjane S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Núcleo de Biologia, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Daniel Pérez
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Núcleo de Biologia, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Roberto Afonso DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Instituto Keizo-Asami (iLIKA), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcela S O Wanderley
- Universidade de Pernambuco, Campus Santo Amaro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Arnóbio Marques, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Noemia P S Santos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Núcleo de Biologia, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
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3
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Carrión PJA, Desai N, Brennan JJ, Fifer JE, Siggers T, Davies SW, Gilmore TD. Starvation decreases immunity and immune regulatory factor NF-κB in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:698. [PMID: 37420095 PMCID: PMC10329013 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of proper nutrition has important consequences for the physiology of all organisms, and nutritional status can affect immunity, based on many studies in terrestrial animals. Here we show a positive correlation between nutrition and immunity in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Gene expression profiling of adult anemones shows downregulation of genes involved in nutrient metabolism, cellular respiration, and immunity in starved animals. Starved adult anemones also have reduced protein levels and activity of immunity transcription factor NF-κB. Starved juvenile anemones have increased sensitivity to bacterial infection and also have lower NF-κB protein levels, as compared to fed controls. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) is used to identify significantly correlated gene networks that were downregulated with starvation. These experiments demonstrate a correlation between nutrition and immunity in an early diverged marine metazoan, and the results have implications for the survival of marine organisms as they encounter changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niharika Desai
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joseph J Brennan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Pfizer, Inc., 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James E Fifer
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Trevor Siggers
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sarah W Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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4
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Nicastro KR, Pearson GA, Ramos X, Pearson V, McQuaid CD, Zardi GI. Transcriptome wide analyses reveal intraspecific diversity in thermal stress responses of a dominant habitat-forming species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5645. [PMID: 37024658 PMCID: PMC10079687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of climate change on biodiversity has stimulated the need to understand environmental stress responses, particularly for ecosystem engineers whose responses to climate affect large numbers of associated organisms. Distinct species differ substantially in their resilience to thermal stress but there are also within-species variations in thermal tolerance for which the molecular mechanisms underpinning such variation remain largely unclear. Intertidal mussels are well-known for their role as ecosystem engineers. First, we exposed two genetic lineages of the intertidal mussel Perna perna to heat stress treatments in air and water. Next, we ran a high throughput RNA sequencing experiment to identify differences in gene expression between the thermally resilient eastern lineage and the thermally sensitive western lineage. We highlight different thermal tolerances that concord with their distributional ranges. Critically, we also identified lineage-specific patterns of gene expression under heat stress and revealed intraspecific differences in the underlying transcriptional pathways in response to warmer temperatures that are potentially linked to the within-species differences in thermal tolerance. Beyond the species, we show how unravelling within-species variability in mechanistic responses to heat stress promotes a better understanding of global evolutionary trajectories of the species as a whole in response to changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy R Nicastro
- CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- CCMAR-CIMAR - Associated Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Gareth A Pearson
- CCMAR-CIMAR - Associated Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Xana Ramos
- CCMAR-CIMAR - Associated Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vasco Pearson
- CCMAR-CIMAR - Associated Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Mathematics, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christopher D McQuaid
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Gerardo I Zardi
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
- UNICAEN, Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, UMR 8067 BOREA (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, IRD-207), Normandie Université, CS 14032, 14000, Caen, France.
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5
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Restoration and coral adaptation delay, but do not prevent, climate-driven reef framework erosion of an inshore site in the Florida Keys. Sci Rep 2023; 13:258. [PMID: 36604530 PMCID: PMC9816163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For reef framework to persist, calcium carbonate production by corals and other calcifiers needs to outpace loss due to physical, chemical, and biological erosion. This balance is both delicate and dynamic and is currently threatened by the effects of ocean warming and acidification. Although the protection and recovery of ecosystem functions are at the center of most restoration and conservation programs, decision makers are limited by the lack of predictive tools to forecast habitat persistence under different emission scenarios. To address this, we developed a modelling approach, based on carbonate budgets, that ties species-specific responses to site-specific global change using the latest generation of climate models projections (CMIP6). We applied this model to Cheeca Rocks, an outlier in the Florida Keys in terms of high coral cover, and explored the outcomes of restoration targets scheduled in the coming 20 years at this site by the Mission: Iconic Reefs restoration initiative. Additionally, we examined the potential effects of coral thermal adaptation by increasing the bleaching threshold by 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2˚C. Regardless of coral adaptative capacity or restoration, net carbonate production at Cheeca Rocks declines heavily once the threshold for the onset of annual severe bleaching is reached. The switch from net accretion to net erosion, however, is significantly delayed by mitigation and adaptation. The maintenance of framework accretion until 2100 and beyond is possible under a decreased emission scenario coupled with thermal adaptation above 0.5˚C. Although restoration initiatives increase reef accretion estimates, Cheeca Rocks will only be able to keep pace with future sea-level rise in a world where anthropogenic CO2 emissions are reduced. Present results, however, attest to the potential of restoration interventions combined with increases in coral thermal tolerance to delay the onset of mass bleaching mortalities, possibly in time for a low-carbon economy to be implemented and complementary mitigation measures to become effective.
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6
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Ma D, Ding Q, Guo Z, Xu C, Liang P, Zhao Z, Song S, Zheng HL. The genome of a mangrove plant, Avicennia marina, provides insights into adaptation to coastal intertidal habitats. PLANTA 2022; 256:6. [PMID: 35678934 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication, gene family and lineage-specific genes analysis based on high-quality genome reveal the adaptation mechanisms of Avicennia marina to coastal intertidal habitats. Mangrove plants grow in a complex habitat of coastal intertidal zones with high salinity, hypoxia, etc. Therefore, it is an interesting question how mangroves adapt to the unique intertidal environment. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome of the Avicennia marina, a typical true mangrove with a size of 480.43 Mb, contig N50 of 11.33 Mb and 30,956 annotated protein-coding genes. We identified 621 Avicennia-specific genes that are mainly related to flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis, auxin homeostasis and response to abiotic stimulus. We found that A. marina underwent a novel specific whole-genome duplication, which is in line with a brief era of global warming that occurred during the paleocene-eocene maximum. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses outline the distinct evolution and sophisticated regulations of A. marina adaptation to the intertidal environments, including expansion of photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation gene families, unique genes and pathways for antibacterial, detoxifying antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging. In addition, we also analyzed salt gland secretion-related genes, and those involved in the red bark-related flavonoid biosynthesis, while significant expansions of key genes such as NHX, 4CL, CHS and CHI. High-quality genomes in future investigations will facilitate the understand of evolution of mangrove and improve breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongna Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Qiansu Ding
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zejun Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Pingping Liang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zhizhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Shiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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7
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Fallet M, Montagnani C, Petton B, Dantan L, de Lorgeril J, Comarmond S, Chaparro C, Toulza E, Boitard S, Escoubas JM, Vergnes A, Le Grand J, Bulla I, Gueguen Y, Vidal-Dupiol J, Grunau C, Mitta G, Cosseau C. Early life microbial exposures shape the Crassostrea gigas immune system for lifelong and intergenerational disease protection. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:85. [PMID: 35659369 PMCID: PMC9167547 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of organisms with their surrounding microbial communities influences many biological processes, a notable example of which is the shaping of the immune system in early life. In the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, the role of the environmental microbial community on immune system maturation - and, importantly, protection from infectious disease - is still an open question. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that early life microbial exposure durably improves oyster survival when challenged with the pathogen causing Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), both in the exposed generation and in the subsequent one. Combining microbiota, transcriptomic, genetic, and epigenetic analyses, we show that the microbial exposure induced changes in epigenetic marks and a reprogramming of immune gene expression leading to long-term and intergenerational immune protection against POMS. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that this protection likely extends to additional pathogens and may prove to be an important new strategy for safeguarding oyster aquaculture efforts from infectious disease. tag the videobyte/videoabstract in this section Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Fallet
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, UBO CNRS IRD, LEMAR UMR 6539, Argenton, France
| | - Luc Dantan
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, ENTROPIE, F-98800, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Sébastien Comarmond
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Simon Boitard
- CBGP, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Ingo Bulla
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- MARBEC, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Sète, France
| | - Jérémie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Écosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Labex Corail, Centre Ifremer du Pacifique, BP 49, 98725, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Céline Cosseau
- IHPE, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
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8
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Reyes-Giler CL, Benson BE, Levy M, Chen X, Pires A, Pechenik JA, Davies SW. The Marine Gastropod Crepidula fornicata Remains Resilient to Ocean Acidification Across Two Life History Stages. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702864. [PMID: 34512378 PMCID: PMC8424201 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 reduces seawater pH causing ocean acidification (OA). Understanding how resilient marine organisms respond to OA may help predict how community dynamics will shift as CO2 continues rising. The common slipper shell snail Crepidula fornicata is a marine gastropod native to eastern North America that has been a successful invader along the western European coastline and elsewhere. It has also been previously shown to be resilient to global change stressors. To examine the mechanisms underlying C. fornicata’s resilience to OA, we conducted two controlled laboratory experiments. First, we examined several phenotypes and genome-wide gene expression of C. fornicata in response to pH treatments (7.5, 7.6, and 8.0) throughout the larval stage and then tested how conditions experienced as larvae influenced juvenile stages (i.e., carry-over effects). Second, we examined genome-wide gene expression patterns of C. fornicata larvae in response to acute (4, 10, 24, and 48 h) pH treatment (7.5 and 8.0). Both C. fornicata larvae and juveniles exhibited resilience to OA and their gene expression responses highlight the role of transcriptome plasticity in this resilience. Larvae did not exhibit reduced growth under OA until they were at least 8 days old. These phenotypic effects were preceded by broad transcriptomic changes, which likely served as an acclimation mechanism for combating reduced pH conditions frequently experienced in littoral zones. Larvae reared in reduced pH conditions also took longer to become competent to metamorphose. In addition, while juvenile sizes at metamorphosis reflected larval rearing pH conditions, no carry-over effects on juvenile growth rates were observed. Transcriptomic analyses suggest increased metabolism under OA, which may indicate compensation in reduced pH environments. Transcriptomic analyses through time suggest that these energetic burdens experienced under OA eventually dissipate, allowing C. fornicata to reduce metabolic demands and acclimate to reduced pH. Carry-over effects from larval OA conditions were observed in juveniles; however, these effects were larger for more severe OA conditions and larvae reared in those conditions also demonstrated less transcriptome elasticity. This study highlights the importance of assessing the effects of OA across life history stages and demonstrates how transcriptomic plasticity may allow highly resilient organisms, like C. fornicata, to acclimate to reduced pH environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke E Benson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Morgan Levy
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthony Pires
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, United States
| | - Jan A Pechenik
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Sarah W Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Wuitchik DM, Almanzar A, Benson BE, Brennan S, Chavez JD, Liesegang MB, Reavis JL, Reyes CL, Schniedewind MK, Trumble IF, Davies SW. Title: Characterizing environmental stress responses of aposymbiotic Astrangia poculata to divergent thermal challenges. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5064-5079. [PMID: 34379848 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change threatens corals globally and both high and low temperatures are known to induce coral bleaching. However, coral stress responses across wide thermal breadths remain understudied. Disentangling the role of symbiosis on the stress response in obligately symbiotic corals is challenging because this response is inherently coupled with nutritional stress. Here, we leverage aposymbiotic colonies of the facultatively symbiotic coral, Astrangia poculata, which lives naturally with and without its algal symbionts, to examine how broad thermal challenges influence coral hosts in the absence of symbiosis. A. poculata were collected from their northern range limit and thermally challenged in two independent 16-day common garden experiments (heat and cold challenge) and behavioral responses to food stimuli and genome-wide gene expression profiling (TagSeq) were performed. Both thermal challenges elicited significant reductions in polyp extension. However, there were five times as many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under cold challenge compared to heat challenge. Despite an overall stronger response to cold challenge, there was significant overlap in DEGs between thermal challenges. We contrasted these responses to a previously identified module of genes associated with the environmental stress response (ESR) in tropical reef-building corals. Cold challenged corals exhibited a pattern consistent with more severe stressors while the heat challenge response was consistent with lower intensity stressors. Given that these responses were observed in aposymbiotic colonies, many genes previously implicated in ESRs in tropical symbiotic species may represent the coral host's stress response in or out of symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wuitchik
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Almanzar
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B E Benson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Brennan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J D Chavez
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M B Liesegang
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J L Reavis
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C L Reyes
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - I F Trumble
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S W Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Selmoni O, Lecellier G, Magalon H, Vigliola L, Oury N, Benzoni F, Peignon C, Joost S, Berteaux-Lecellier V. Seascape genomics reveals candidate molecular targets of heat stress adaptation in three coral species. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1892-1906. [PMID: 33619812 PMCID: PMC8252710 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous heat waves are causing a major decline of hard corals around the world and threatening the persistence of coral reefs. There are, however, reefs that have been exposed to recurrent thermal stress over the years and whose corals appear to have been tolerant against heat. One of the mechanisms that could explain this phenomenon is local adaptation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly known. In this work, we applied a seascape genomics approach to study heat stress adaptation in three coral species of New Caledonia (southwestern Pacific) and to uncover the molecular actors potentially involved. We used remote sensing data to characterize the environmental trends across the reef system, and sampled corals living at the most contrasted sites. These samples underwent next generation sequencing to reveal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), frequencies of which were associated with heat stress gradients. As these SNPs might underpin an adaptive role, we characterized the functional roles of the genes located in their genomic region. In each of the studied species, we found heat stress-associated SNPs located in proximity of genes involved in pathways well known to contribute to the cellular responses against heat, such as protein folding, oxidative stress homeostasis, inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, and DNA damage-repair. In some cases, the same candidate molecular targets of heat stress adaptation recurred among species. Together, these results underline the relevance and the power of the seascape genomics approach for the discovery of adaptive traits that could allow corals to persist across wider thermal ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Selmoni
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,UMR250/9220, ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-Ifremer-UNC-UR, Labex CORAIL, Nouméa, France
| | - Gaël Lecellier
- UMR250/9220, ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-Ifremer-UNC-UR, Labex CORAIL, Nouméa, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Versailles, France
| | - Hélène Magalon
- UMR250/9220, ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-Ifremer-UNC-UR, Labex CORAIL, St Denis de la Réunion, France
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- UMR250/9220, ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-Ifremer-UNC-UR, Labex CORAIL, Nouméa, France
| | - Nicolas Oury
- UMR250/9220, ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-Ifremer-UNC-UR, Labex CORAIL, St Denis de la Réunion, France
| | - Francesca Benzoni
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christophe Peignon
- UMR250/9220, ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-Ifremer-UNC-UR, Labex CORAIL, Nouméa, France
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Kennedy A, Herman J, Rueppell O. Reproductive activation in honeybee ( Apis mellifera) workers protects against abiotic and biotic stress. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190737. [PMID: 33678021 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Social insect reproductives exhibit exceptional longevity instead of the classic trade-off between somatic maintenance and reproduction. Even normally sterile workers experience a significant increase in life expectancy when they assume a reproductive role. The mechanisms that enable the positive relation between the antagonistic demands of reproduction and somatic maintenance are unclear. To isolate the effect of reproductive activation, honeybee workers were induced to activate their ovaries. These reproductively activated workers were compared to controls for survival and gene expression patterns after exposure to Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus or the oxidative stressor paraquat. Reproductive activation increased survival, indicating better immunity and oxidative stress resistance. After qPCR analysis confirmed our experimental treatments at the physiological level, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that paraquat treatment significantly changed the expression of 1277 genes in the control workers but only two genes in reproductively activated workers, indicating that reproductive activation preemptively protects against oxidative stress. Significant overlap between genes that were upregulated by reproductive activation and in response to paraquat included prominent members of signalling pathways and anti-oxidants known to affect ageing. Thus, while our results confirm a central role of vitellogenin, they also point to other mechanisms to explain the molecular basis of the lack of a cost of reproduction and the exceptional longevity of social insect reproductives. Thus, socially induced reproductive activation preemptively protects honeybee workers against stressors, explaining their longevity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Kennedy
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 321 McIver Street, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA
| | - Jacob Herman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 321 McIver Street, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, 321 McIver Street, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA
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12
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Prada C, Hellberg ME. Speciation-by-depth on coral reefs: Sympatric divergence with gene flow or cryptic transient isolation? J Evol Biol 2021; 34:128-137. [PMID: 33140895 PMCID: PMC7894305 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of many sister species in the sea overlap geographically but are partitioned along depth gradients. The genetic changes leading to depth segregation may evolve in geographic isolation as a prerequisite to coexistence or may emerge during primary divergence leading to new species. These alternatives can now be distinguished via the power endowed by the thousands of scorable loci provided by second-generation sequence data. Here, we revisit the case of two depth-segregated, genetically isolated ecotypes of the nominal Caribbean candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa. Previous analyses based on a handful of markers could not distinguish between models of genetic exchange after a period of isolation (consistent with secondary contact) and divergence with gene flow (consistent with primary divergence). Analyses of the history of isolation, genetic exchange and population size based on 15,640 new SNP markers derived from RNAseq data best support models where divergence began 800K BP and include epochs of divergence with gene flow, but with an intermediate period of transient isolation. Results also supported the previous conclusion that recent exchange between the ecotypes occurs asymmetrically from the Shallow lineage to the Deep. Parallel analyses of data from two other corals with depth-segregated populations (Agaricia fragilis and Pocillopora damicornis) suggest divergence leading to depth-segregated populations may begin with a period of symmetric exchange, but that an epoch of population isolation precedes more complete isolation marked by asymmetric introgression. Thus, while divergence-with-gene flow may account for much of the differentiation that separates closely related, depth-segregated species, it remains to be seen whether any critical steps in the speciation process only occur when populations are isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Prada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
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13
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Gómez‐Corrales M, Prada C. Cryptic lineages respond differently to coral bleaching. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4265-4273. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Gómez‐Corrales
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston RI USA
| | - Carlos Prada
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston RI USA
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14
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Studivan MS, Voss JD. Transcriptomic plasticity of mesophotic corals among natural populations and transplants of
Montastraea cavernosa
in the Gulf of Mexico and Belize. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2399-2415. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Studivan
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute Florida Atlantic University Fort Pierce FL USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Miami FL USA
| | - Joshua D. Voss
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute Florida Atlantic University Fort Pierce FL USA
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15
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Lou F, Zhang Y, Song N, Ji D, Gao T. Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Insights into Phylogeny and Positively Selected Genes of Sillago Species. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040633. [PMID: 32272562 PMCID: PMC7222750 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sillago species lives in the demersal environments and face multiple stressors, such as localized oxygen depletion, sulfide accumulation, and high turbidity. In this study, we performed transcriptome analyses of seven Sillago species to provide insights into the phylogeny and positively selected genes of this species. After de novo assembly, 82,024, 58,102, 63,807, 85,990, 102,185, 69,748, and 102,903 unigenes were generated from S. japonica, S. aeolus, S. sp.1, S. sihama, S. sp.2, S. parvisquamis, and S. sinica, respectively. Furthermore, 140 shared orthologous exon markers were identified and then applied to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the seven Sillago species. The reconstructed phylogenetic structure was significantly congruent with the prevailing morphological and molecular biological view of Sillago species relationships. In addition, a total of 44 genes were identified to be positively selected, and these genes were potential participants in the stress response, material (carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid) and energy metabolism, growth and differentiation, embryogenesis, visual sense, and other biological processes. We suspected that these genes possibly allowed Sillago species to increase their ecological adaptation to multiple environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Lou
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Fishery College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China; (Y.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Na Song
- Fishery College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China; (Y.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Dongping Ji
- Agricultural Machinery Service Center, Fangchenggang 538000, Guangxi, China;
| | - Tianxiang Gao
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-580-2089-333
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16
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A Sustained Immune Response Supports Long-Term Antiviral Immune Priming in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02777-19. [PMID: 32156821 PMCID: PMC7064767 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02777-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, innate immune priming has been evidenced in many invertebrate phyla. If mechanistic models have been proposed, molecular studies aiming to substantiate these models have remained scarce. We reveal here the transcriptional signature associated with immune priming in the oyster Crassostrea gigas Oysters were fully protected against Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a major oyster pathogen, after priming with poly(I·C), which mimics viral double-stranded RNA. Global analysis through RNA sequencing of oyster and viral genes after immune priming and viral infection revealed that poly(I·C) induces a strong antiviral response that impairs OsHV-1 replication. Protection is based on a sustained upregulation of immune genes, notably genes involved in the interferon pathway and apoptosis, which control subsequent viral infection. This persistent antiviral alert state remains active over 4 months and supports antiviral protection in the long term. This acquired resistance mechanism reinforces the molecular foundations of the sustained response model of immune priming. It further opens the way to applications (pseudovaccination) to cope with a recurrent disease that causes dramatic economic losses in the shellfish farming industry worldwide.IMPORTANCE In the last decade, important discoveries have shown that resistance to reinfection can be achieved without a functional adaptive immune system, introducing the concept of innate immune memory in invertebrates. However, this field has been constrained by the limited number of molecular mechanisms evidenced to support these phenomena. Taking advantage of an invertebrate species, the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in which we evidenced one of the longest and most effective periods of protection against viral infection observed in an invertebrate, we provide the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of antiviral innate immune priming. We show that priming with poly(I·C) induced a massive upregulation of immune-related genes, which control subsequent viral infection, and it was maintained for over 4 months after priming. This acquired resistant mechanism reinforces the molecular foundations of the sustained response model of immune priming. It opens the way to pseudovaccination to prevent the recurrent diseases that currently afflict economically or ecologically important invertebrates.
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17
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Doonan LB, Hartigan A, Okamura B, Long PF. Stress-Free Evolution: The Nrf-Coordinated Oxidative Stress Response in Early Diverging Metazoans. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:799-810. [PMID: 31120488 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress from ultraviolet radiation, elevated temperatures or metal toxicity can lead to reactive oxygen species in cells, leading to oxidative DNA damage, premature aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activates many cytoprotective proteins within the nucleus to maintain homeostasis during oxidative stress. In vertebrates, Nrf2 levels are regulated by the Kelch-family protein Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) in the absence of stress according to a canonical redox control pathway. Little, however, is known about the redox control pathway used in early diverging metazoans. Our study examines the presence of known oxidative stress regulatory elements within non-bilaterian metazoans including free living and parasitic cnidarians, ctenophores, placozoans, and sponges. Cnidarians, with their pivotal position as the sister phylum to bilaterians, play an important role in understanding the evolutionary history of response to oxidative stress. Through comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis our results show that Nrf homologs evolved early in metazoans, whereas Keap1 appeared later in the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians. However, key Nrf-Keap1 interacting domains are not conserved within the cnidarian lineage, suggesting this important pathway evolved with the radiation of bilaterians. Several known downstream Nrf targets are present in cnidarians suggesting that cnidarian Nrf plays an important role in oxidative stress response even in the absence of Keap1. Comparative analyses of key oxidative stress sensing and response proteins in early diverging metazoans thus provide important insights into the molecular basis of how these lineages interact with their environment and suggest a shared evolutionary history of regulatory pathways. Exploration of these pathways may prove important for the study of cancer therapeutics and broader research in oxidative stress, senescence, and the functional responses of early diverging metazoans to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam B Doonan
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Paul F Long
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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18
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Popovic I, Riginos C. Comparative genomics reveals divergent thermal selection in warm‐ and cold‐tolerant marine mussels. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:519-535. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Popovic
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
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19
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Dyachkova MS, Chekalin EV, Danilenko VN. Positive Selection in Bifidobacterium Genes Drives Species-Specific Host-Bacteria Communication. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2374. [PMID: 31681231 PMCID: PMC6803598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are commensal microorganisms that inhabit a wide range of hosts, including insects, birds and mammals. The mechanisms responsible for the adaptation of bifidobacteria to various hosts during the evolutionary process remain poorly understood. Previously, we reported that the species-specific PFNA gene cluster is present in the genomes of various species of the Bifidobacterium genus. The cluster contains signal transduction and adhesion genes that are presumably involved in the communication between bifidobacteria and their hosts. The genes in the PFNA cluster show high sequence divergence between bifidobacterial species, which may be indicative of rapid evolution that drives species-specific adaptation to the host organism. We used the maximum likelihood approach to detect positive selection in the PFNA genes. We tested for both pervasive and episodic positive selection to identify codons that experienced adaptive evolution in all and individual branches of the Bifidobacterium phylogenetic tree, respectively. Our results provide evidence that episodic positive selection has played an important role in the divergence process and molecular evolution of sequences of the species-specific PFNA genes in most bifidobacterial species. Moreover, we found the signatures of pervasive positive selection in the molecular evolution of the tgm gene in all branches of the Bifidobacterium phylogenetic tree. These results are consistent with the suggested role of PFNA gene cluster in the process of specific adaptation of bifidobacterial species to various hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Dyachkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Chekalin
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery N Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Guzman C, Atrigenio M, Shinzato C, Aliño P, Conaco C. Warm seawater temperature promotes substrate colonization by the blue coral, Heliopora coerulea. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7785. [PMID: 31579631 PMCID: PMC6768060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heliopora coerulea, the blue coral, is a reef building octocoral that is reported to have a higher optimum temperature for growth compared to most scleractinian corals. This octocoral has been observed to grow over both live and dead scleractinians and to dominate certain reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. The molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of H. coerulea to tolerate warmer seawater temperatures and to effectively compete for space on the substrate remain to be elucidated. Methods In this study, we subjected H. coerulea colonies to various temperatures for up to 3 weeks. The growth and photosynthetic efficiency rates of the coral colonies were measured. We then conducted pairwise comparisons of gene expression among the different coral tissue regions to identify genes and pathways that are expressed under different temperature conditions. Results A horizontal growth rate of 1.13 ± 0.25 mm per week was observed for corals subjected to 28 or 31 °C. This growth rate was significantly higher compared to corals exposed at 26 °C. This new growth was characterized by the extension of whitish tissue at the edges of the colony and was enriched for a matrix metallopeptidase, a calcium and integrin binding protein, and other transcripts with unknown function. Tissues at the growth margin and the adjacent calcified encrusting region were enriched for transcripts related to proline and riboflavin metabolism, nitrogen utilization, and organic cation transport. The calcified digitate regions, on the other hand, were enriched for transcripts encoding proteins involved in cell-matrix adhesion, translation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, photosynthesis, and ion transport. Functions related to lipid biosynthesis, extracellular matrix formation, cell migration, and oxidation-reduction processes were enriched at the growth margin in corals subjected for 3 weeks to 28 or 31 °C relative to corals at 26 °C. In the digitate region of the coral, transcripts encoding proteins that protect against oxidative stress, modify cell membrane composition, and mediate intercellular signaling pathways were enriched after just 24 h of exposure to 31 °C compared to corals at 28 °C. The overall downregulation of gene expression observed after 3 weeks of sustained exposure to 31 °C is likely compensated by symbiont metabolism. Discussion These findings reveal that the different regions of H. coerulea have variable gene expression profiles and responses to temperature variation. Under warmer conditions, the blue coral invests cellular resources toward extracellular matrix formation and cellular migration at the colony margins, which may promote rapid tissue growth and extension. This mechanism enables the coral to colonize adjacent reef substrates and successfully overgrow slower growing scleractinian corals that may already be more vulnerable to warming ocean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Guzman
- Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.,Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Michael Atrigenio
- Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Chuya Shinzato
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Porfirio Aliño
- Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Cecilia Conaco
- Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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21
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Arendsee Z, Li J, Singh U, Bhandary P, Seetharam A, Wurtele ES. fagin: synteny-based phylostratigraphy and finer classification of young genes. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:440. [PMID: 31455236 PMCID: PMC6712868 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With every new genome that is sequenced, thousands of species-specific genes (orphans) are found, some originating from ultra-rapid mutations of existing genes, many others originating de novo from non-genic regions of the genome. If some of these genes survive across speciations, then extant organisms will contain a patchwork of genes whose ancestors first appeared at different times. Standard phylostratigraphy, the technique of partitioning genes by their age, is based solely on protein similarity algorithms. However, this approach relies on negative evidence ─ a failure to detect a homolog of a query gene. An alternative approach is to limit the search for homologs to syntenic regions. Then, genes can be positively identified as de novo orphans by tracing them to non-coding sequences in related species. RESULTS We have developed a synteny-based pipeline in the R framework. Fagin determines the genomic context of each query gene in a focal species compared to homologous sequence in target species. We tested the fagin pipeline on two focal species, Arabidopsis thaliana (plus four target species in Brassicaseae) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (plus six target species in Saccharomyces). Using microsynteny maps, fagin classified the homology relationship of each query gene against each target genome into three main classes, and further subclasses: AAic (has a coding syntenic homolog), NTic (has a non-coding syntenic homolog), and Unknown (has no detected syntenic homolog). fagin inferred over half the "Unknown" A. thaliana query genes, and about 20% for S. cerevisiae, as lacking a syntenic homolog because of local indels or scrambled synteny. CONCLUSIONS fagin augments standard phylostratigraphy, and extends synteny-based phylostratigraphy with an automated, customizable, and detailed contextual analysis. By comparing synteny-based phylostrata to standard phylostrata, fagin systematically identifies those orphans and lineage-specific genes that are well-supported to have originated de novo. Analyzing within-species genomes should distinguish orphan genes that may have originated through rapid divergence from de novo orphans. Fagin also delineates whether a gene has no syntenic homolog because of technical or biological reasons. These analyses indicate that some orphans may be associated with regions of high genomic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebulun Arendsee
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Urminder Singh
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhandary
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Arun Seetharam
- Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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22
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Yan H, Shi Q, Yu K, Tao S, Yang H, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhao M. Regional coral growth responses to seawater warming in the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:595-605. [PMID: 30909037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seawater temperature is one of the main environmental factors controlling coral skeleton growth. Sustained seawater warming is regarded as a major threat to coral growth and reef development. Coral reefs are widespread in the South China Sea (SCS), where the history and future of coral growth are of great concern. We integrated 99 linear extension rate series of the coral Porites from 12 locations at three regions in SCS, which include the Hainan Island (HN), the Xisha Islands (XS), and the Huangyan Island-Nansha Islands (HY-NS), and explored the regional responses of coral growth to sustained seawater warming. The sea surface temperature (SST) rose linearly by 0.47 °C, 0.71 °C, and 0.76 °C at HN, XS, and HY-HN, respectively, between 1900 and 2014. During this period, coral growth increased linearly by ~21.0% and ~0.7% at HN and XS, while HY-NS saw a decline of ~2.8% in coral growth. Moreover, interdecadal variations were found for both SST and coral growth. A nonlinear response relationship was revealed between coral growth and SST, with a thermal optimum of ~27.5 °C for Porites, which is responsible for the regional difference in the long-term trend in coral growth in SCS. In recent decades, reductions in coral growth have occurred in SCS, especially at HN, with the largest fall of ~15.1% over the past century, which is attributed mainly to intensifying human impacts instead of seawater warming. A preliminary estimate presents regional-different coral growths in SCS by the end of 21st century, with declines of ~8.9-16.3% under the atmospheric CO2 emission scenario (RCP 8.5), implying that the overall downturn of coral growth will be inevitable under the future sustained seawater warming in SCS. The mitigation of global warming is essential to maintain coral growth and coral reef ecosystems in SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shichen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Meixia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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Cheng J, Hui M, Sha Z. Transcriptomic analysis reveals insights into deep-sea adaptations of the dominant species, Shinkaia crosnieri (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura), inhabiting both hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:388. [PMID: 31103028 PMCID: PMC6525460 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are typical deep-sea chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems that allow high abundance of specialized macro-benthos. To gather knowledge about the genetic basis of adaptation to these extreme environments, species shared between different habitats, especially for the dominant species, are of particular interest. The galatheid squat lobster, Shinkaia crosnieri Baba and Williams, 1998, is one of the few dominant species inhabiting both deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. In this study, we performed transcriptome analyses of S. crosnieri collected from the Iheya North hydrothermal vent (HV) and a cold seep in the South China Sea (CS) to provide insights into how this species has evolved to thrive in different deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. Results We analyzed 5347 orthologs between HV and CS to identify genes under positive selection through the maximum likelihood approach. A total of 82 genes were identified to be positively selected and covered diverse functional categories, potentially indicating their importance for S. crosnieri to cope with environmental heterogeneity between deep-sea vents and seeps. Among 39,806 annotated unigenes, a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between HV and CS, including 339 and 206 genes significantly up-regulated in HV and CS, respectively. Most of the DEGs associated with stress response and immunity were up-regulated in HV, possibly allowing S. crosnieri to increase its capability to manage more environmental stresses in the hydrothermal vents. Conclusions We provide the first comprehensive transcriptomic resource for the deep-sea squat lobster, S. crosnieri, inhabiting both hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. A number of stress response and immune-related genes were positively selected and/or differentially expressed, potentially indicating their important roles for S. crosnieri to thrive in both deep-sea vents and cold seeps. Our results indicated that genetic adaptation of S. crosnieri to different deep-sea chemosynthetic environments might be mediated by adaptive evolution of functional genes related to stress response and immunity, and alterations in their gene expression that lead to different stress resistance. However, further work is required to test these proposed hypotheses. All results can constitute important baseline data for further studies towards elucidating the adaptive mechanisms in deep-sea crustaceans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5753-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Cheng
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Min Hui
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China. .,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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24
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Jain A, Perisa D, Fliedner F, von Haeseler A, Ebersberger I. The Evolutionary Traceability of a Protein. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:531-545. [PMID: 30649284 PMCID: PMC6394115 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthologs document the evolution of genes and metabolic capacities encoded in extant and ancient genomes. However, the similarity between orthologs decays with time, and ultimately it becomes insufficient to infer common ancestry. This leaves ancient gene set reconstructions incomplete and distorted to an unknown extent. Here we introduce the “evolutionary traceability” as a measure that quantifies, for each protein, the evolutionary distance beyond which the sensitivity of the ortholog search becomes limiting. Using yeast, we show that genes that were thought to date back to the last universal common ancestor are of high traceability. Their functions mostly involve catalysis, ion transport, and ribonucleoprotein complex assembly. In turn, the fraction of yeast genes whose traceability is not sufficient to infer their presence in last universal common ancestor is enriched for regulatory functions. Computing the traceabilities of genes that have been experimentally characterized as being essential for a self-replicating cell reveals that many of the genes that lack orthologs outside bacteria have low traceability. This leaves open whether their orthologs in the eukaryotic and archaeal domains have been overlooked. Looking at the example of REC8, a protein essential for chromosome cohesion, we demonstrate how a traceability-informed adjustment of the search sensitivity identifies hitherto missed orthologs in the fast-evolving microsporidia. Taken together, the evolutionary traceability helps to differentiate between true absence and nondetection of orthologs, and thus improves our understanding about the evolutionary conservation of functional protein networks. “protTrace,” a software tool for computing evolutionary traceability, is freely available at https://github.com/BIONF/protTrace.git; last accessed February 10, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Jain
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik Perisa
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Fliedner
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arndt von Haeseler
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Donner SD, Carilli J. Resilience of Central Pacific reefs subject to frequent heat stress and human disturbance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3484. [PMID: 30837608 PMCID: PMC6401028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent occurrences of coral bleaching and associated coral mortality over recent decades have raised concerns about the survival of coral reefs in a warming planet. The El Niño-influenced coral reefs in the central Gilbert Islands of the Republic of Kiribati, which experience years with prolonged heat stress more frequently than 99% of the world's reefs, may serve as a natural model for coral community response to frequent heat stress. Here we use nine years of survey data (2004-2012) and a suite of remote sensing variables from sites along gradients of climate variability and human disturbance in the region to evaluate the drivers of coral community response to, and recovery from, multiple heat stress events. The results indicate that the extent of bleaching was limited during the 2009-2010 El Niño event, in contrast to a similar 2004-2005 event, and was correlated with incoming light and historical temperature variability, rather than heat stress. Spatial and temporal patterns in benthic cover suggest growing resistance to bleaching-level heat stress among coral communities subject to high inter-annual temperature variability and local disturbance, due to the spread of "weedy" and temperature-tolerant species (e.g., Porites rus) and the cloudy conditions in the region during El Niño events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Donner
- Department of Geography, 1984 West Mall University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Jessica Carilli
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
- Energy and Environmental Sciences, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, 53475 Strothe Rd, San Diego, CA, 92152, USA
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26
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Helmkampf M, Bellinger MR, Frazier M, Takabayashi M. Symbiont type and environmental factors affect transcriptome-wide gene expression in the coral Montipora capitata. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:378-392. [PMID: 30680121 PMCID: PMC6341978 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals may harbor genetically distinct lineages of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium, which have been shown to affect important colony properties, including growth rates and resilience against environmental stress. However, the molecular processes underlying these differences are not well understood. In this study, we used whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to assess gene expression differences between 27 samples of the coral Montipora capitata predominantly hosting two different Symbiodinium types in clades C and D. The samples were further characterized by their origin from two field sites on Hawai'i Island with contrasting environmental conditions. We found that transcriptome-wide gene expression profiles clearly separated by field site first, and symbiont clade second. With 273 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 1.3% of all host transcripts), symbiont clade had a measurable effect on host gene expression, but the effect of field site proved almost an order of magnitude higher (1,957 DEGs, 9.6%). According to SNP analysis, we found moderate evidence for host genetic differentiation between field sites (F ST = 0.046) and among corals harboring alternative symbiont clades (F ST = 0.036), suggesting that site-related gene expression differences are likely due to a combination of local adaptation and acclimatization to environmental factors. The correlation between host gene expression and symbiont clade may be due to several factors, including host genotype or microhabitat selecting for alternative clades, host physiology responding to different symbionts, or direct modulation of host gene expression by Symbiodinium. However, the magnitude of these effects at the level of transcription was unexpectedly small considering the contribution of symbiont type to holobiont phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Helmkampf
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Hawaiʻi at HiloHiloHawaii
| | - M. Renee Bellinger
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Hawaiʻi at HiloHiloHawaii
| | - Monika Frazier
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Hawaiʻi at HiloHiloHawaii
| | - Misaki Takabayashi
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Hawaiʻi at HiloHiloHawaii
- Okinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOnna-son, OkinawaJapan
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27
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Trost N, Rempel E, Ermakova O, Tamirisa S, Pârcălăbescu L, Boutros M, Lohmann JU, Lohmann I. WEADE: A workflow for enrichment analysis and data exploration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204016. [PMID: 30265728 PMCID: PMC6161842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data analysis based on enrichment of Gene Ontology terms has become an important step in exploring large gene or protein expression datasets and several stand-alone or web tools exist for that purpose. However, a comprehensive and consistent analysis downstream of the enrichment calculation is missing so far. With WEADE we present a free web application that offers an integrated workflow for the exploration of genomic data combining enrichment analysis with a versatile set of tools to directly compare and intersect experiments or candidate gene lists of any size or origin including cross-species data. Lastly, WEADE supports the graphical representation of output data in the form of functional interaction networks based on prior knowledge, allowing users to go from plain expression data to functionally relevant candidate sub-lists in an interactive and consistent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Trost
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Ermakova
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jan U. Lohmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Lohmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Johnson BR. Taxonomically Restricted Genes Are Fundamental to Biology and Evolution. Front Genet 2018; 9:407. [PMID: 30294344 PMCID: PMC6158316 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes limited to particular clades, taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs), are common in all sequenced genomes. TRGs have recently become associated with the evolution of novelty, as numerous studies across the tree of life have now linked expression of TRGs with novel phenotypes. However, TRGs that underlie ancient lineage specific traits have been largely omitted from discussions of the general importance of TRGs. Here it is argued that when all TRGs are considered, it is apparent that TRGs are fundamental to biology and evolution and likely play many complementary roles to the better understood toolkit genes. Genes underlying photosynthesis and skeletons, for example, are examples of commonplace fundamental TRGs. Essentially, although basic cell biology has a highly conserved genetic basis across the tree of life, most major clades also have lineage specific traits central to their biology and these traits are often based on TRGs. In short, toolkit genes underlie what is conserved across organisms, while TRGs define in many cases what is unique. An appreciation of the importance of TRGs will improve our understanding of evolution by triggering the study of neglected topics in which TRGs are of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Johnson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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29
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Eicosanoid Diversity of Stony Corals. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010010. [PMID: 29301345 PMCID: PMC5793058 DOI: 10.3390/md16010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are well-established lipid mediators in plants and animals. In mammals, arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids control inflammation, fever, blood coagulation, pain perception and labor, and, accordingly, are used as drugs, while lipoxygenases (LOX), as well as cyclooxygenases (COX) serve as therapeutic targets for drug development. In soft corals, eicosanoids are synthesized on demand from AA by LOX, COX, and catalase-related allene oxide synthase-lipoxygenase (cAOS-LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase-lipoxygenase (cHPL-LOX) fusion proteins. Reef-building stony corals are used as model organisms for the stress-related genomic studies of corals. Yet, the eicosanoid synthesis capability and AA-derived lipid mediator profiles of stony corals have not been determined. In the current study, the genomic and transcriptomic data about stony coral LOXs, AOS-LOXs, and COXs were analyzed and the eicosanoid profiles and AA metabolites of three stony corals, Acropora millepora, A. cervicornis, and Galaxea fascicularis, were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with MS-MS and a radiometric detector. Our results confirm that the active LOX and AOS-LOX pathways are present in Acropora sp., which correspond to the genomic/sequence data reported earlier. In addition, LOX, AOS-LOX, and COX products were detected in the closely related species G. fascicularis. In conclusion, the functional 8R-LOX and/or AOS-LOX pathways are abundant among corals, while COXs are restricted to certain soft and stony coral lineages.
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30
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Kenkel CD, Moya A, Strahl J, Humphrey C, Bay LK. Functional genomic analysis of corals from natural CO 2 -seeps reveals core molecular responses involved in acclimatization to ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:158-171. [PMID: 28727232 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the potential for acclimatization or adaptation of corals to ocean acidification and even less about the molecular mechanisms underpinning these processes. Here, we examine global gene expression patterns in corals and their intracellular algal symbionts from two replicate population pairs in Papua New Guinea that have undergone long-term acclimatization to natural variation in pCO2 . In the coral host, only 61 genes were differentially expressed in response to pCO2 environment, but the pattern of change was highly consistent between replicate populations, likely reflecting the core expression homeostasis response to ocean acidification. Functional annotations highlight lipid metabolism and a change in the stress response capacity of corals as key parts of this process. Specifically, constitutive downregulation of molecular chaperones was observed, which may impact response to combined climate change-related stressors. Elevated CO2 has been hypothesized to benefit photosynthetic organisms but expression changes of in hospite Symbiodinium in response to acidification were greater and less consistent among reef populations. This population-specific response suggests hosts may need to adapt not only to an acidified environment, but also to changes in their Symbiodinium populations that may not be consistent among environments, adding another challenging dimension to the physiological process of coping with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly D Kenkel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aurelie Moya
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Julia Strahl
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Craig Humphrey
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Line K Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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31
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Voolstra CR, Li Y, Liew YJ, Baumgarten S, Zoccola D, Flot JF, Tambutté S, Allemand D, Aranda M. Comparative analysis of the genomes of Stylophora pistillata and Acropora digitifera provides evidence for extensive differences between species of corals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17583. [PMID: 29242500 PMCID: PMC5730576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stony corals form the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. Their phylogeny is characterized by a deep evolutionary divergence that separates corals into a robust and complex clade dating back to at least 245 mya. However, the genomic consequences and clade-specific evolution remain unexplored. In this study we have produced the genome of a robust coral, Stylophora pistillata, and compared it to the available genome of a complex coral, Acropora digitifera. We conducted a fine-scale gene-based analysis focusing on ortholog groups. Among the core set of conserved proteins, we found an emphasis on processes related to the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Genes associated with the algal symbiosis were also independently expanded in both species, but both corals diverged on the identity of ortholog groups expanded, and we found uneven expansions in genes associated with innate immunity and stress response. Our analyses demonstrate that coral genomes can be surprisingly disparate. Future analyses incorporating more genomic data should be able to determine whether the patterns elucidated here are not only characteristic of the differences between S. pistillata and A. digitifera but also representative of corals from the robust and complex clade at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yong Li
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Jin Liew
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian Baumgarten
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Jean-François Flot
- Université libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Denis Allemand
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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32
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Sproles AE, Kirk NL, Kitchen SA, Oakley CA, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Davy SK. Phylogenetic characterization of transporter proteins in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 120:307-320. [PMID: 29233707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic exchange between cnidarians and their symbiotic dinoflagellates is central to maintaining their mutualistic relationship. Sugars are translocated to the host, while ammonium and nitrate are utilized by the dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.). We investigated membrane protein sequences of each partner to identify potential transporter proteins that move sugars into cnidarian cells and nitrogen products into Symbiodinium cells. We examined the facilitated glucose transporters (GLUT), sodium/glucose cotransporters (SGLT), and aquaporin (AQP) channels in the cnidarian host as mechanisms for sugar uptake, and the ammonium and high-affinity nitrate transporters (AMT and NRT2, respectively) in the algal symbiont as mechanisms for nitrogen uptake. Homologous protein sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis and tertiary structure deductions. In cnidarians, we identified putative glucose transporters of the GLUT family and glycerol transporting AQP proteins, as well as sodium monocarboxylate transporters and sodium myo-inositol cotransporters homologous to SGLT proteins. We hypothesize that cnidarians use GLUT proteins as the primary mechanism for glucose uptake, while glycerol moves into cells by passive diffusion. We also identified putative AMT proteins in several Symbiodinium clades and putative NRT2 proteins only in a single clade. We further observed an upregulation of expressed putative AMT proteins in Symbiodinium, which may have emerged as an adaptation to conditions experienced inside the host cell. This study is the first to identify transporter sequences from a diversity of cnidarian species and Symbiodinium clades, which will be useful for future experimental analyses of the host-symbiont proteome and the nutritional exchange of Symbiodinium cells in hospite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Sproles
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Nathan L Kirk
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sheila A Kitchen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
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33
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Chen C, Watanabe HK, Feng D, Zhang Y, Chiu JM, Qian PY, Qiu JW. Adaptation and evolution of deep-sea scale worms (Annelida: Polynoidae): insights from transcriptome comparison with a shallow-water species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46205. [PMID: 28397791 PMCID: PMC5387418 DOI: 10.1038/srep46205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polynoid scale worms (Polynoidae, Annelida) invaded deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems approximately 60 million years ago, but little is known about their genetic adaptation to the extreme deep-sea environment. In this study, we reported the first two transcriptomes of deep-sea polynoids (Branchipolynoe pettiboneae, Lepidonotopodium sp.) and compared them with the transcriptome of a shallow-water polynoid (Harmothoe imbricata). We determined codon and amino acid usage, positive selected genes, highly expressed genes and putative duplicated genes. Transcriptome assembly produced 98,806 to 225,709 contigs in the three species. There were more positively charged amino acids (i.e., histidine and arginine) and less negatively charged amino acids (i.e., aspartic acid and glutamic acid) in the deep-sea species. There were 120 genes showing clear evidence of positive selection. Among the 10% most highly expressed genes, there were more hemoglobin genes with high expression levels in both deep-sea species. The duplicated genes related to DNA recombination and metabolism, and gene expression were only enriched in deep-sea species. Deep-sea scale worms adopted two strategies of adaptation to hypoxia in the chemosynthesis-based habitats (i.e., rapid evolution of tetra-domain hemoglobin in Branchipolynoe or high expression of single-domain hemoglobin in Lepidonotopodium sp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jin Sun
- Division of Life Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Hiromi K. Watanabe
- Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Dong Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jill M.Y. Chiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Prada C, Hanna B, Budd AF, Woodley CM, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Iglesias-Prieto R, Pandolfi JM, Levitan D, Johnson KG, Knowlton N, Kitano H, DeGiorgio M, Medina M. Empty Niches after Extinctions Increase Population Sizes of Modern Corals. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3190-3194. [PMID: 27866895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Large environmental fluctuations often cause mass extinctions, extirpating species and transforming communities [1, 2]. While the effects on community structure are evident in the fossil record, demographic consequences for populations of individual species are harder to evaluate because fossils reveal relative, but not absolute, abundances. However, genomic analyses of living species that have survived a mass extinction event offer the potential for understanding the demographic effects of such environmental fluctuations on extant species. Here, we show how environmental variation since the Pliocene has shaped demographic changes in extant corals of the genus Orbicella, major extant reef builders in the Caribbean that today are endangered. We use genomic approaches to estimate previously unknown current and past population sizes over the last 3 million years. Populations of all three Orbicella declined around 2-1 million years ago, coincident with the extinction of at least 50% of Caribbean coral species. The estimated changes in population size are consistent across the three species despite their ecological differences. Subsequently, two shallow-water specialists expanded their population sizes at least 2-fold, over a time that overlaps with the disappearance of their sister competitor species O. nancyi (the organ-pipe Orbicella). Our study suggests that populations of Orbicella species are capable of rebounding from reductions in population size under suitable conditions and that the effective population size of modern corals provides rich standing genetic variation for corals to adapt to climate change. For conservation genetics, our study suggests the need to evaluate genetic variation under appropriate demographic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Prada
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521, USA.
| | - Bishoy Hanna
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ann F Budd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, 115 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cheryl M Woodley
- CCEHBR, Hollings Marine Laboratory, NCCOS, National Ocean Service, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Roberto Iglesias-Prieto
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA; Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Prol. Av. Niños Héroes, Puerto Morelos C.P. 77580, Q. Roo, Cancún, Mexico
| | - John M Pandolfi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Don Levitan
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Kenneth G Johnson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10(th) and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20560-0163, USA
| | - Hiroaki Kitano
- The Systems Biology Institute, Falcon Building 5F, Shirokanedai, Minato, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Michael DeGiorgio
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10(th) and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20560-0163, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521, USA.
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Jiang SY, Ramachandran S. Expansion Mechanisms and Evolutionary History on Genes Encoding DNA Glycosylases and Their Involvement in Stress and Hormone Signaling. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1165-84. [PMID: 27026054 PMCID: PMC4860697 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA glycosylases catalyze the release of methylated bases. They play vital roles in the base excision repair pathway and might also function in DNA demethylation. At least three families of DNA glycosylases have been identified, which included 3′-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (MDG) I, MDG II, and HhH-GPD (Helix–hairpin–Helix and Glycine/Proline/aspartate (D)). However, little is known on their genome-wide identification, expansion, and evolutionary history as well as their expression profiling and biological functions. In this study, we have genome-widely identified and evolutionarily characterized these family members. Generally, a genome encodes only one MDG II gene in most of organisms. No MDG I or MDG II gene was detected in green algae. However, HhH-GPD genes were detectable in all available organisms. The ancestor species contain small size of MDG I and HhH-GPD families. These two families were mainly expanded through the whole-genome duplication and segmental duplication. They were evolutionarily conserved and were generally under purifying selection. However, we have detected recent positive selection among the Oryza genus, which might play roles in species divergence. Further investigation showed that expression divergence played important roles in gene survival after expansion. All of these family genes were expressed in most of developmental stages and tissues in rice plants. High ratios of family genes were downregulated by drought and fungus pathogen as well as abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) treatments, suggesting a negative regulation in response to drought stress and pathogen infection through ABA- and/or JA-dependent hormone signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ye Jiang
- Genome Structural Biology Group, Temasek Life Science Laboratory, The National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Genome Structural Biology Group, Temasek Life Science Laboratory, The National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ainsworth TD, Heron SF, Ortiz JC, Mumby PJ, Grech A, Ogawa D, Eakin CM, Leggat W. Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Great Barrier Reef. Science 2016; 352:338-42. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Strader ME, Aglyamova GV, Matz MV. Red fluorescence in coral larvae is associated with a diapause‐like state. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:559-69. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie E. Strader
- Department of Integrative Biology The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station C0930 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Galina V. Aglyamova
- Department of Integrative Biology The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station C0930 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Mikhail V. Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station C0930 Austin TX 78712 USA
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Dixon GB, Davies SW, Aglyamova GA, Meyer E, Bay LK, Matz MV. CORAL REEFS. Genomic determinants of coral heat tolerance across latitudes. Science 2015; 348:1460-2. [PMID: 26113720 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As global warming continues, reef-building corals could avoid local population declines through "genetic rescue" involving exchange of heat-tolerant genotypes across latitudes, but only if latitudinal variation in thermal tolerance is heritable. Here, we show an up-to-10-fold increase in odds of survival of coral larvae under heat stress when their parents come from a warmer lower-latitude location. Elevated thermal tolerance was associated with heritable differences in expression of oxidative, extracellular, transport, and mitochondrial functions that indicated a lack of prior stress. Moreover, two genomic regions strongly responded to selection for thermal tolerance in interlatitudinal crosses. These results demonstrate that variation in coral thermal tolerance across latitudes has a strong genetic basis and could serve as raw material for natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Groves B Dixon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205 W. 24th Street C0990, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sarah W Davies
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205 W. 24th Street C0990, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Galina A Aglyamova
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205 W. 24th Street C0990, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eli Meyer
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3106 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Line K Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia.
| | - Mikhail V Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205 W. 24th Street C0990, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Evans TG. Considerations for the use of transcriptomics in identifying the ‘genes that matter’ for environmental adaptation. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1925-35. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful approach for exploring physiological responses to the environment. However, like any other experimental approach, transcriptomics has its limitations. Transcriptomics has been criticized as an inappropriate method to identify genes with large impacts on adaptive responses to the environment because: (1) genes with large impacts on fitness are rare; (2) a large change in gene expression does not necessarily equate to a large effect on fitness; and (3) protein activity is most relevant to fitness, and mRNA abundance is an unreliable indicator of protein activity. In this review, these criticisms are re-evaluated in the context of recent systems-level experiments that provide new insight into the relationship between gene expression and fitness during environmental stress. In general, these criticisms remain valid today, and indicate that exclusively using transcriptomics to screen for genes that underlie environmental adaptation will overlook constitutively expressed regulatory genes that play major roles in setting tolerance limits. Standard practices in transcriptomic data analysis pipelines may also be limiting insight by prioritizing highly differentially expressed and conserved genes over those genes that undergo moderate fold-changes and cannot be annotated. While these data certainly do not undermine the continued and widespread use of transcriptomics within environmental physiology, they do highlight the types of research questions for which transcriptomics is best suited and the need for more gene functional analyses. Such information is pertinent at a time when transcriptomics has become increasingly tractable and many researchers may be contemplating integrating transcriptomics into their research programs.
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Wright RM, Aglyamova GV, Meyer E, Matz MV. Gene expression associated with white syndromes in a reef building coral, Acropora hyacinthus. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:371. [PMID: 25956907 PMCID: PMC4425862 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corals are capable of launching diverse immune defenses at the site of direct contact with pathogens, but the molecular mechanisms of this activity and the colony-wide effects of such stressors remain poorly understood. Here we compared gene expression profiles in eight healthy Acropora hyacinthus colonies against eight colonies exhibiting tissue loss commonly associated with white syndromes, all collected from a natural reef environment near Palau. Two types of tissues were sampled from diseased corals: visibly affected and apparently healthy. RESULTS Tag-based RNA-Seq followed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified groups of co-regulated differentially expressed genes between all health states (disease lesion, apparently healthy tissues of diseased colonies, and fully healthy). Differences between healthy and diseased tissues indicate activation of several innate immunity and tissue repair pathways accompanied by reduced calcification and the switch towards metabolic reliance on stored lipids. Unaffected parts of diseased colonies, although displaying a trend towards these changes, were not significantly different from fully healthy samples. Still, network analysis identified a group of genes, suggestive of altered immunity state, that were specifically up-regulated in unaffected parts of diseased colonies. CONCLUSIONS Similarity of fully healthy samples to apparently healthy parts of diseased colonies indicates that systemic effects of white syndromes on A. hyacinthus are weak, which implies that the coral colony is largely able to sustain its physiological performance despite disease. The genes specifically up-regulated in unaffected parts of diseased colonies, instead of being the consequence of disease, might be related to the originally higher susceptibility of these colonies to naturally occurring white syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Wright
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
| | - Galina V Aglyamova
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
| | - Eli Meyer
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
| | - Mikhail V Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
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41
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Gittins JR, D'Angelo C, Oswald F, Edwards RJ, Wiedenmann J. Fluorescent protein-mediated colour polymorphism in reef corals: multicopy genes extend the adaptation/acclimatization potential to variable light environments. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:453-65. [PMID: 25496144 PMCID: PMC4949654 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The genomic framework that enables corals to adjust to unfavourable conditions is crucial for coral reef survival in a rapidly changing climate. We have explored the striking intraspecific variability in the expression of coral pigments from the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family to elucidate the genomic basis for the plasticity of stress responses among reef corals. We show that multicopy genes can greatly increase the dynamic range over which corals can modulate transcript levels in response to the light environment. Using the red fluorescent protein amilFP597 in the coral Acropora millepora as a model, we demonstrate that its expression increases with light intensity, but both the minimal and maximal gene transcript levels vary markedly among colour morphs. The pigment concentration in the tissue of different morphs is strongly correlated with the number of gene copies with a particular promoter type. These findings indicate that colour polymorphism in reef corals can be caused by the environmentally regulated expression of multicopy genes. High-level expression of amilFP597 is correlated with reduced photodamage of zooxanthellae under acute light stress, supporting a photoprotective function of this pigment. The cluster of light-regulated pigment genes can enable corals to invest either in expensive high-level pigmentation, offering benefits under light stress, or to rely on low tissue pigment concentrations and use the conserved resources for other purposes, which is preferable in less light-exposed environments. The genomic framework described here allows corals to pursue different strategies to succeed in habitats with highly variable light stress levels. In summary, our results suggest that the intraspecific plasticity of reef corals' stress responses is larger than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Gittins
- Coral Reef Laboratory, Ocean and Earth ScienceNational Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonWaterfront CampusSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
| | - Cecilia D'Angelo
- Coral Reef Laboratory, Ocean and Earth ScienceNational Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonWaterfront CampusSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
| | - Franz Oswald
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Medical Center Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | - Richard J. Edwards
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Centre for Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield CampusSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield CampusSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Jörg Wiedenmann
- Coral Reef Laboratory, Ocean and Earth ScienceNational Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonWaterfront CampusSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield CampusSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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42
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Helmkampf M, Cash E, Gadau J. Evolution of the insect desaturase gene family with an emphasis on social Hymenoptera. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:456-71. [PMID: 25425561 PMCID: PMC4298175 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Desaturase genes are essential for biological processes, including lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and membrane fluidity regulation. Insect desaturases are particularly interesting for their role in chemical communication, and potential contribution to speciation, symbioses, and sociality. Here, we describe the acyl-CoA desaturase gene families of 15 insects, with a focus on social Hymenoptera. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the insect desaturases represent an ancient gene family characterized by eight subfamilies that differ strongly in their degree of conservation and frequency of gene gain and loss. Analyses of genomic organization showed that five of these subfamilies are represented in a highly microsyntenic region conserved across holometabolous insect taxa, indicating an ancestral expansion during early insect evolution. In three subfamilies, ants exhibit particularly large expansions of genes. Despite these expansions, however, selection analyses showed that desaturase genes in all insect lineages are predominantly undergoing strong purifying selection. Finally, for three expanded subfamilies, we show that ants exhibit variation in gene expression between species, and more importantly, between sexes and castes within species. This suggests functional differentiation of these genes and a role in the regulation of reproductive division of labor in ants. The dynamic pattern of gene gain and loss of acyl-CoA desaturases in ants may reflect changes in response to ecological diversification and an increased demand for chemical signal variability. This may provide an example of how gene family expansions can contribute to lineage-specific adaptations through structural and regulatory changes acting in concert to produce new adaptive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Gadau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
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43
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Arendsee ZW, Li L, Wurtele ES. Coming of age: orphan genes in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:698-708. [PMID: 25151064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sizable minorities of protein-coding genes from every sequenced eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome are unique to the species. These so-called ‘orphan genes’ may evolve de novo from non-coding sequence or be derived from older coding material. They are often associated with environmental stress responses and species-specific traits or regulatory patterns. However, difficulties in studying genes where comparative analysis is impossible, and a bias towards broadly conserved genes, have resulted in underappreciation of their importance. We review here the identification, possible origins, evolutionary trends, and functions of orphans with an emphasis on their role in plant biology. We exemplify several evolutionary trends with an analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana and present QQS as a model orphan gene.
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44
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Bilewitch JP, Ekins M, Hooper J, Degnan SM. Molecular and morphological systematics of the Ellisellidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia): Parallel evolution in a globally distributed family of octocorals. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 73:106-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Karako-Lampert S, Zoccola D, Salmon-Divon M, Katzenellenbogen M, Tambutté S, Bertucci A, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Deleury E, Allemand D, Levy O. Transcriptome analysis of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88615. [PMID: 24551124 PMCID: PMC3923803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal architects of coral reefs are the scleractinian corals; these species are divided in two major clades referred to as “robust” and “complex” corals. Although the molecular diversity of the “complex” clade has received considerable attention, with several expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries and a complete genome sequence having been constructed, the “robust” corals have received far less attention, despite the fact that robust corals have been prominent focal points for ecological and physiological studies. Filling this gap affords important opportunities to extend these studies and to improve our understanding of the differences between the two major clades. Here, we present an EST library from Stylophora pistillata (Esper 1797) and systematically analyze the assembled transcripts compared to putative homologs from the complete proteomes of six well-characterized metazoans: Nematostella vectensis, Hydra magnipapillata, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Ciona intestinalis and Homo sapiens. Furthermore, comparative analyses of the Stylophora pistillata ESTs were performed against several Cnidaria from the Scleractinia, Actiniaria and Hydrozoa, as well as against other stony corals separately. Functional characterization of S. pistillata transcripts into KOG/COG categories and further description of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways showed that the assembled EST library provides sufficient data and coverage. These features of this new library suggest considerable opportunities for extending our understanding of the molecular and physiological behavior of “robust” corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Karako-Lampert
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
- * E-mail: (OL); (DZ)
| | | | - Mark Katzenellenbogen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Anthony Bertucci
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emeline Deleury
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Nice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Oren Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail: (OL); (DZ)
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46
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Logan CA, Dunne JP, Eakin CM, Donner SD. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:125-39. [PMID: 24038982 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming threatens to increase mass coral bleaching events, and several studies have projected the demise of tropical coral reefs this century. However, recent evidence indicates corals may be able to respond to thermal stress though adaptive processes (e.g., genetic adaptation, acclimatization, and symbiont shuffling). How these mechanisms might influence warming-induced bleaching remains largely unknown. This study compared how different adaptive processes could affect coral bleaching projections. We used the latest bias-corrected global sea surface temperature (SST) output from the NOAA/GFDL Earth System Model 2 (ESM2M) for the preindustrial period through 2100 to project coral bleaching trajectories. Initial results showed that, in the absence of adaptive processes, application of a preindustrial climatology to the NOAA Coral Reef Watch bleaching prediction method overpredicts the present-day bleaching frequency. This suggests that corals may have already responded adaptively to some warming over the industrial period. We then modified the prediction method so that the bleaching threshold either permanently increased in response to thermal history (e.g., simulating directional genetic selection) or temporarily increased for 2-10 years in response to a bleaching event (e.g., simulating symbiont shuffling). A bleaching threshold that changes relative to the preceding 60 years of thermal history reduced the frequency of mass bleaching events by 20-80% compared with the 'no adaptive response' prediction model by 2100, depending on the emissions scenario. When both types of adaptive responses were applied, up to 14% more reef cells avoided high-frequency bleaching by 2100. However, temporary increases in bleaching thresholds alone only delayed the occurrence of high-frequency bleaching by ca. 10 years in all but the lowest emissions scenario. Future research should test the rate and limit of different adaptive responses for coral species across latitudes and ocean basins to determine if and how much corals can respond to increasing thermal stress.
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Wissler L, Gadau J, Simola DF, Helmkampf M, Bornberg-Bauer E. Mechanisms and dynamics of orphan gene emergence in insect genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 5:439-55. [PMID: 23348040 PMCID: PMC3590893 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan genes are defined as genes that lack detectable similarity to genes in other species and therefore no clear signals of common descent (i.e., homology) can be inferred. Orphans are an enigmatic portion of the genome because their origin and function are mostly unknown and they typically make up 10% to 30% of all genes in a genome. Several case studies demonstrated that orphans can contribute to lineage-specific adaptation. Here, we study orphan genes by comparing 30 arthropod genomes, focusing in particular on seven recently sequenced ant genomes. This setup allows analyzing a major metazoan taxon and a comparison between social Hymenoptera (ants and bees) and nonsocial Diptera (flies and mosquitoes). First, we find that recently split lineages undergo accelerated genomic reorganization, including the rapid gain of many orphan genes. Second, between the two insect orders Hymenoptera and Diptera, orphan genes are more abundant and emerge more rapidly in Hymenoptera, in particular, in leaf-cutter ants. With respect to intragenomic localization, we find that ant orphan genes show little clustering, which suggests that orphan genes in ants are scattered uniformly over the genome and between nonorphan genes. Finally, our results indicate that the genetic mechanisms creating orphan genes—such as gene duplication, frame-shift fixation, creation of overlapping genes, horizontal gene transfer, and exaptation of transposable elements—act at different rates in insects, primates, and plants. In Formicidae, the majority of orphan genes has their origin in intergenic regions, pointing to a high rate of de novo gene formation or generalized gene loss, and support a recently proposed dynamic model of frequent gene birth and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Wissler
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Bay LK, Guérécheau A, Andreakis N, Ulstrup KE, Matz MV. Gene expression signatures of energetic acclimatisation in the reef building coral Acropora millepora. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61736. [PMID: 23671571 PMCID: PMC3650039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms by which natural populations cope with environmental stress is paramount to predict their persistence in the face of escalating anthropogenic impacts. Reef-building corals are increasingly exposed to local and global stressors that alter nutritional status causing reduced fitness and mortality, however, these responses can vary considerably across species and populations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compare the expression of 22 coral host genes in individuals from an inshore and an offshore reef location using quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) over the course of 26 days following translocation into a shaded, filtered seawater environment. Declines in lipid content and PSII activity of the algal endosymbionts (Symbiodinium ITS-1 type C2) over the course of the experiment indicated that heterotrophic uptake and photosynthesis were limited, creating nutritional deprivation conditions. Regulation of coral host genes involved in metabolism, CO2 transport and oxidative stress could be detected already after five days, whereas PSII activity took twice as long to respond. Opposing expression trajectories of Tgl, which releases fatty acids from the triacylglycerol storage, and Dgat1, which catalyses the formation of triglycerides, indicate that the decline in lipid content can be attributed, at least in part, by mobilisation of triacylglycerol stores. Corals from the inshore location had initially higher lipid content and showed consistently elevated expression levels of two genes involved in metabolism (aldehyde dehydrogenase) and calcification (carbonic anhydrase). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Coral host gene expression adjusts rapidly upon change in nutritional conditions, and therefore can serve as an early signature of imminent coral stress. Consistent gene expression differences between populations indicate that corals acclimatize and/or adapt to local environments. Our results set the stage for analysis of these processes in natural coral populations, to better understand the responses of coral communities to global climate change and to develop more efficient management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line K Bay
- Climate Change and Ocean Acidification Team, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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Sun J, Chen Q, Lun JCY, Xu J, Qiu JW. PcarnBase: development of a transcriptomic database for the brain coral Platygyra carnosus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:244-251. [PMID: 22875536 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to sequence the transcriptome and organize the sequence data into a searchable database for the brain coral Platygyra carnosus, a structure-forming dominant species along the coast of southern China. We collected healthy and tumorous coral tissues from two locations, extracted RNA from each tissue sample, pooled the RNA from all tissue samples, generated a cDNA library from the pooled samples, and conducted paired-end sequencing of the cDNA library using the Illumina platform to produce 59.6 M clean sequences with a read length of 90 bp. De novo assembly of the sequence data resulted in 162,468 unigenes with an average length of 606 bp (range, 201 to 23,923 bp). This is the largest transcriptome dataset for a species of coral whose genome has not been sequenced. A BLASTx search against the NCBI protein database showed that 55,355 of the unigenes matched at least a sequence with an E-value of < 0.00001; 59 % of the matched sequences are from Metazoa, 13 % are from Alveolata to which the symbiont Symbiodinium belongs, and 7 % are from bacteria. A database (PcarnBase) was constructed to provide easy access to the unigenes with attributes such as NCBI protein annotation, GO annotation, and KEGG pathway. It will facilitate functional genomic studies of P. carnosus, such as biomarker discovery for bleaching, tumor formation, and disease development at the gene or protein level, involvement of coral symbiotic algae in the host coral's stress responses, and genetic basis of stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Koester JA, Swanson WJ, Armbrust EV. Positive selection within a diatom species acts on putative protein interactions and transcriptional regulation. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 30:422-34. [PMID: 23097498 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are the most species-rich group of microalgae, and their contribution to marine primary production is important on a global scale. Diatoms can form dense blooms through rapid asexual reproduction; mutations acquired and propagated during blooms likely provide the genetic, and thus phenotypic, variability upon which natural selection may act. Positive selection was tested using genome and transcriptome-wide pair-wise comparisons of homologs in three genera of diatoms (Pseudo-nitzschia, Ditylum, and Thalassiosira) that represent decreasing phylogenetic distances. The signal of positive selection was greatest between two strains of Thalassiosira pseudonana. Further testing among seven strains of T. pseudonana yielded 809 candidate genes of positive selection, which are 7% of the protein-coding genes. Orphan genes and genes encoding protein-binding domains and transcriptional regulators were enriched within the set of positively selected genes relative to the genome as a whole. Positively selected genes were linked to the potential selective pressures of nutrient limitation and sea surface temperature based on analysis of gene expression profiles and identification of positively selected genes in subsets of strains from locations with similar environmental conditions. The identification of positively selected genes presents an opportunity to test new hypotheses in natural populations and the laboratory that integrate selected genotypes in T. pseudonana with their associated phenotypes and selective forces.
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