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Ra YE, Bang YJ. Balancing Act of the Intestinal Antimicrobial Proteins on Gut Microbiota and Health. J Microbiol 2024; 62:167-179. [PMID: 38630349 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The human gut houses a diverse and dynamic microbiome critical for digestion, metabolism, and immune development, exerting profound effects on human health. However, these microorganisms pose a potential threat by breaching the gut barrier, entering host tissues, and triggering infections, uncontrolled inflammation, and even sepsis. The intestinal epithelial cells form the primary defense, acting as a frontline barrier against microbial invasion. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), produced by these cells, serve as innate immune effectors that regulate the gut microbiome by directly killing or inhibiting microbes. Abnormal AMP production, whether insufficient or excessive, can disturb the microbiome equilibrium, contributing to various intestinal diseases. This review delves into the complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota and sheds light on the role of AMPs in governing host-microbiota interactions. We discuss the function and mechanisms of action of AMPs, their regulation by the gut microbiota, microbial evasion strategies, and the consequences of AMP dysregulation in disease. Understanding these complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota is crucial for developing strategies to enhance immune responses and combat infections within the gut microbiota. Ongoing research continues to uncover novel aspects of this intricate relationship, deepening our understanding of the factors shaping gut health. This knowledge has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic interventions, offering enhanced treatments for a wide range of gut-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Ra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Bang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yamazaki F, Kobayashi K, Mochizuki J, Sashihara T. Interleukin-22 enhanced the mucosal barrier and inhibited the invasion of Salmonella enterica in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnae006. [PMID: 38268488 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cell (hiPSC-SIEC) monolayers are useful in vitro models for evaluating the gut mucosal barrier; however, their reactivity to cytokines, which are closely related to the regulation of mucosal barrier function, remains unclear. Interleukin (IL)-22 is a cytokine that contributes to regulate the mucosal barrier in the intestinal epithelia. Using microarray and gene set enrichment analysis, we found that hiPSC-SIEC monolayers activate the immune response and enhance the mucosal barrier in response to IL-22. Moreover, hiPSC-SIEC monolayers induced the gene expression of antimicrobials, including the regenerating islet-derived protein 3 family. Furthermore, IL-22 stimulation upregulated Mucin 2 secretion and gene expression of an enzyme that modifies sugar chains, suggesting alteration of the state of the mucus layer of hiPSC-SIEC monolayers. To evaluate its physiological significance, we measured the protective activity against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica infection in hiPSC-SIEC monolayers and found that prestimulation with IL-22 reduced the number of viable intracellular bacteria. Collectively, these results suggest that hiPSC-SIEC monolayers enhance the mucosal barrier and inhibit infection by pathogenic bacteria in response to IL-22, as previously reported. These results can contribute to the further application of hiPSC-SIECs in evaluating mucosal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Yamazaki
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kobayashi
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Junko Mochizuki
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sashihara
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
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3
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Martinez-Lomeli J, Deol P, Deans JR, Jiang T, Ruegger P, Borneman J, Sladek FM. Impact of various high fat diets on gene expression and the microbiome across the mouse intestines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22758. [PMID: 38151490 PMCID: PMC10752901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High fat diets (HFDs) have been linked to several diseases including obesity, diabetes, fatty liver, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer. In this study, we examined the impact on intestinal gene expression of three isocaloric HFDs that differed only in their fatty acid composition-coconut oil (saturated fats), conventional soybean oil (polyunsaturated fats) and a genetically modified soybean oil (monounsaturated fats). Four functionally distinct segments of the mouse intestinal tract were analyzed using RNA-seq-duodenum, jejunum, terminal ileum and proximal colon. We found considerable dysregulation of genes in multiple tissues with the different diets, including those encoding nuclear receptors and genes involved in xenobiotic and drug metabolism, epithelial barrier function, IBD and colon cancer as well as genes associated with the microbiome and COVID-19. Network analysis shows that genes involved in metabolism tend to be upregulated by the HFDs while genes related to the immune system are downregulated; neurotransmitter signaling was also dysregulated by the HFDs. Genomic sequencing also revealed a microbiome altered by the HFDs. This study highlights the potential impact of different HFDs on gut health with implications for the organism as a whole and will serve as a reference for gene expression along the length of the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Martinez-Lomeli
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Poonamjot Deol
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Deans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Paul Ruegger
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - James Borneman
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Frances M Sladek
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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4
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Martinez-Lomeli J, Deol P, Deans JR, Jiang T, Ruegger P, Borneman J, Sladek FM. Impact of Various High Fat Diets on Gene Expression and the Microbiome Across the Mouse Intestines. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3401763. [PMID: 37886485 PMCID: PMC10602159 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3401763/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
High fat diets (HFDs) have been linked to several diseases including obesity, diabetes, fatty liver, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer. In this study, we examined the impact on intestinal gene expression of three isocaloric HFDs that differed only in their fatty acid composition - coconut oil (saturated fats), conventional soybean oil (polyunsaturated fats) and a genetically modified soybean oil (monounsaturated fats). Four functionally distinct segments of the mouse intestinal tract were analyzed using RNA-seq - duodenum, jejunum, terminal ileum and proximal colon. We found considerable dysregulation of genes in multiple tissues with the different diets, including those encoding nuclear receptors and genes involved in xenobiotic and drug metabolism, epithelial barrier function, IBD and colon cancer as well as genes associated with the microbiome and COVID-19. Network analysis shows that genes involved in metabolism tend to be upregulated by the HFDs while genes related to the immune system are downregulated; neurotransmitter signaling was also dysregulated by the HFDs. Genomic sequencing also revealed a microbiome altered by the HFDs. This study highlights the potential impact of different HFDs on gut health with implications for the organism as a whole and will serve as a reference for gene expression along the length of the intestines.
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5
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Zhang L, Yan J, Zhang C, Feng S, Zhan Z, Bao Y, Zhang S, Chao G. Improving intestinal inflammaging to delay aging? A new perspective. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 214:111841. [PMID: 37393959 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Greying population is becoming an increasingly critical issue for social development. In advanced aging context, organismal multiple tissues and organs experience a progressive deterioration, initially presenting with functional decline, followed by structural disruption and eventually organ failure. The aging of the gut is one of the key links. Decreased gut function leads to reduced nutrient absorption and can perturb systemic metabolic rates. The degeneration of the intestinal structure causes the migration of harmful components such as pathogens and toxins, inducing pathophysiological changes in other organs through the "brain-gut axis" and "liver-gut axis". There is no accepted singular underlying mechanism of aged gut. While the inflamm-aging theory was first proposed in 2000, the mutual promotion of chronic inflammation and aging has attracted much attention. Numerous studies have established that gut microbiome composition, gut immune function, and gut barrier integrity are involved in the formation of inflammaging in the aging gut. Remarkably, inflammaging additionally drives the development of aging-like phenotypes, such as microbiota dysbiosis and impaired intestinal barrier, via a broad array of inflammatory mediators. Here we demonstrate the mechanisms of inflammaging in the gut and explore whether aging-like phenotypes in the gut can be negated by improving gut inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Junbin Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, The Xin Hua Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Endoscopic Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuyan Feng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zheli Zhan
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yang Bao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, The Xin Hua Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Guanqun Chao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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6
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Sah P, Zenewicz LA. Modulation of innate lymphoid cells by enteric bacterial pathogens. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219072. [PMID: 37483638 PMCID: PMC10358831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are key regulators of tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity to infections. ILCs rapidly respond to environmental cues such as cytokines, microbiota and invading pathogens which regulate their function and phenotype. Even though ILCs are rare cells, they are enriched at barrier surfaces such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and they are often critical to the host's immune response to eliminate pathogens. On the other side of host-pathogen interactions, pathogenic bacteria also have the means to modulate these immune responses. Manipulation or evasion of the immune cells is often to the pathogen's benefit and/or to the detriment of competing microbiota. In some instances, specific bacterial virulence factors or toxins have been implicated in how the pathogen modulates immunity. In this review, we discuss the recent progress made towards understanding the role of non-cytotoxic ILCs during enteric bacterial infections, how these pathogens can modulate the immune response, and the implications these have on developing new therapies to combat infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren A. Zenewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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7
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Bruno L, Evariste L, Houdeau E. Dysregulation along the gut microbiota-immune system axis after oral exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A possible environmental factor promoting obesity-related metabolic disorders. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121795. [PMID: 37187281 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Food additives are one major hallmark of ultra-processed food in the Western-diet, a food habit often associated with metabolic disorders. Among these additives, the whitener and opacifying agent titanium dioxide (TiO2) raises public health issues due to the ability of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to cross biological barriers and accumulate in different systemic organs like spleen, liver and pancreas. However before their systemic passage, the biocidal properties of TiO2 NPs may alter the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, which play a crucial role for the development and maintenance of immune functions. Once absorbed, TiO2 NPs may further interact with immune intestinal cells involved in gut microbiota regulation. Since obesity-related metabolic diseases such as diabetes are associated with alterations in the microbiota-immune system axis, this raises questions about the possible involvement of long-term exposure to food-grade TiO2 in the development or worsening of these diseases. The current purpose is to review the dysregulations along the gut microbiota-immune system axis after oral TiO2 exposure compared to those reported in obese or diabetic patients, and to highlight potential mechanisms by which foodborne TiO2 NPs may increase the susceptibility to develop obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamas Bruno
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Lauris Evariste
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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8
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Lamas B, Evariste L, Houdeau E. Interactions du dioxyde de titane alimentaire avec l’axe microbiote-système immunitaire : un nouvel acteur dans le développement de désordres métaboliques ? CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Ménard S, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Ehrhardt K, Yan J, Grassl GA, Wiedemann A. Cross-Talk Between the Intestinal Epithelium and Salmonella Typhimurium. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:906238. [PMID: 35733975 PMCID: PMC9207452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.906238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars are invasive gram-negative bacteria, causing a wide range of diseases from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever, representing a public health threat around the world. Salmonella gains access to the intestinal lumen after oral ingestion of contaminated food or water. The crucial initial step to establish infection is the interaction with the intestinal epithelium. Human-adapted serovars such as S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi disseminate to systemic organs and induce life-threatening disease known as typhoid fever, whereas broad-host serovars such as S. Typhimurium usually are limited to the intestine and responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. To overcome intestinal epithelial barrier, Salmonella developed mechanisms to induce cellular invasion, intracellular replication and to face host defence mechanisms. Depending on the serovar and the respective host organism, disease symptoms differ and are linked to the ability of the bacteria to manipulate the epithelial barrier for its own profit and cross the intestinal epithelium.This review will focus on S. Typhimurium (STm). To better understand STm pathogenesis, it is crucial to characterize the crosstalk between STm and the intestinal epithelium and decipher the mechanisms and epithelial cell types involved. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge on the molecular dialogue between STm and the various cell types constituting the intestinal epithelium with a focus on the mechanisms developed by STm to cross the intestinal epithelium and access to subepithelial or systemic sites and survive host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Ménard
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Katrin Ehrhardt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jin Yan
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Agnès Wiedemann,
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Kini A, Zhao B, Basic M, Roy U, Iljazovic A, Odak I, Ye Z, Riederer B, Di Stefano G, Römermann D, Koenecke C, Bleich A, Strowig T, Seidler U. Upregulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in slc26a3-/- mice with colonic dysbiosis and barrier defect. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2041943. [PMID: 35230892 PMCID: PMC8890434 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2041943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in SLC26A3 (DRA), an intestinal Cl-/HCO3- exchanger, result in congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD), marked by lifelong acidic diarrhea and a high risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Slc26a3-/- mice serve as a model to understand the pathophysiology of CLD and search for treatment options. This study investigates the microbiota changes in slc26a3-/- colon, the genotype-related causes for the observed microbiota alterations, its inflammatory potential, as well as the corresponding host responses. The luminal and the mucosa-adherent cecal and colonic microbiota of cohoused slc26a3-/- and wt littermates were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal microbiota transfer from cohoused slc26a3-/- and wt littermates to germ-free wt mice was performed to analyze the stability and the inflammatory potential of the communities.The cecal and colonic luminal and mucosa-adherent microbiota of slc26a3-/- mice was abnormal from an early age, with a loss of diversity, of short-chain fatty acid producers, and an increase of pathobionts. The transfer of slc26a3-/- microbiota did not result in intestinal inflammation and the microbial diversity in the recipient mice normalized over time. A strong increase in the expression of Il22, Reg3β/γ, Relmβ, and other proteins with antimicrobial functions was observed in slc26a3-/- colon from juvenile age, while the mucosal and systemic inflammatory signature was surprisingly mild. The dysbiotic microbiota, low mucosal pH, and mucus barrier defect in slc26a3-/- colon are accompanied by a stark upregulation of the expression of a panel of antimicrobial proteins. This may explain the low inflammatory burden in the gut of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bei Zhao
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Urmi Roy
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aida Iljazovic
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ivan Odak
- Institute of Immunology Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Till Strowig
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology,CONTACT Ursula Seidler Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Straße 1, D30625, Hannover.de, Germany
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Gut Microbiota Disruption in COVID-19 or Post-COVID Illness Association with severity biomarkers: A Possible Role of Pre / Pro-biotics in manipulating microflora. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 358:109898. [PMID: 35331679 PMCID: PMC8934739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a coronavirus-induced illness attributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, is thought to have first emerged on November 17, 2019. According to World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 has been linked to 379,223,560 documented occurrences and 5,693,245 fatalities globally as of 1st Feb 2022. Influenza A virus that has also been discovered diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort was found in the infected person, highlighting the need of monitoring them for gastro intestinal tract (GIT) symptoms regardless of whether the sickness is respiration related. The majority of the microbiome in the intestines is Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes are found in the lungs. Although most people overcome SARS-CoV-2 infections, many people continue to have symptoms months after the original sickness, called Long-COVID or Post COVID. The term "post-COVID-19 symptoms" refers to those that occur with or after COVID-19 and last for more than 12 weeks (long-COVID-19). The possible understanding of biological components such as inflammatory, immunological, metabolic activity biomarkers in peripheral blood is needed to evaluate the study. Therefore, this article aims to review the informative data that supports the idea underlying the disruption mechanisms of the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract in the acute COVID-19 or post-COVID-mediated elevation of severity biomarkers.
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12
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Age and sex effects across the blood proteome after ionizing radiation exposure can bias biomarker screening and risk assessment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7000. [PMID: 35487913 PMCID: PMC9055069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers of ionizing radiation (IR) exposure are a promising new tool in various disciplines: they can give necessary information for adaptive treatment planning in cancer radiotherapy, enable risk projection for radiation-induced survivorship diseases, or facilitate triage and intervention in radiation hazard events. However, radiation biomarker discovery has not yet resolved the most basic features of personalized medicine: age and sex. To overcome this critical bias in biomarker identification, we quantitated age and sex effects and assessed their relevance in the radiation response across the blood proteome. We used high-throughput mass spectrometry on blood plasma collected 24 h after 0.5 Gy total body irradiation (15 MV nominal photon energy) from male and female C57BL/6 N mice at juvenile (7-weeks-old) or adult (18-weeks-old) age. We also assessed sex and strain effects using juvenile male and female BALB/c nude mice. We showed that age and sex created significant effects in the proteomic response regarding both extent and functional quality of IR-induced responses. Furthermore, we found that age and sex effects appeared non-linear and were often end-point specific. Overall, age contributed more to differences in the proteomic response than sex, most notably in immune responses, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, sex effects were pronounced for DNA damage and repair pathways and associated cellular outcome (pro-survival vs. pro-apoptotic). Only one protein (AHSP) was identified as a potential general biomarker candidate across age and sex, while GMNN, REG3B, and SNCA indicated some response similarity across age. This low yield advocated that unisex or uniage biomarker screening approaches are not feasible. In conclusion, age- and sex-specific screening approaches should be implemented as standard protocol to ensure robustness and diagnostic power of biomarker candidates. Bias-free molecular biomarkers are a necessary progression towards personalized medicine and integral for advanced adaptive cancer radiotherapy and risk assessment.
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13
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Zindl CL, Witte SJ, Laufer VA, Gao M, Yue Z, Janowski KM, Cai B, Frey BF, Silberger DJ, Harbour SN, Singer JR, Turner H, Lund FE, Vallance BA, Rosenberg AF, Schoeb TR, Chen JY, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. A nonredundant role for T cell-derived interleukin 22 in antibacterial defense of colonic crypts. Immunity 2022; 55:494-511.e11. [PMID: 35263568 PMCID: PMC9126440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is central to immune defense at barrier sites. We examined the contributions of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and T cell-derived IL-22 during Citrobacter rodentium (C.r) infection using mice that both report Il22 expression and allow lineage-specific deletion. ILC-derived IL-22 activated STAT3 in C.r-colonized surface intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but only temporally restrained bacterial growth. T cell-derived IL-22 induced a more robust and extensive activation of STAT3 in IECs, including IECs lining colonic crypts, and T cell-specific deficiency of IL-22 led to pathogen invasion of the crypts and increased mortality. This reflected a requirement for T cell-derived IL-22 for the expression of a host-protective transcriptomic program that included AMPs, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, and mucin-related molecules, and it restricted IFNγ-induced proinflammatory genes. Our findings demonstrate spatiotemporal differences in the production and action of IL-22 by ILCs and T cells during infection and reveal an indispensable role for IL-22-producing T cells in the protection of the intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vincent A Laufer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karen M Janowski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Blake F Frey
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Singer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Henrietta Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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14
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Ijssennagger N, van Rooijen KS, Magnúsdóttir S, Ramos Pittol JM, Willemsen ECL, de Zoete MR, Baars MJD, Stege PB, Colliva C, Pellicciari R, Youssef SA, de Bruin A, Vercoulen Y, Kuipers F, van Mil SWC. Ablation of liver Fxr results in an increased colonic mucus barrier in mice. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100344. [PMID: 34604725 PMCID: PMC8463863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The interorgan crosstalk between the liver and the intestine has been the focus of intense research. Key in this crosstalk are bile acids, which are secreted from the liver into the intestine, interact with the microbiome, and upon absorption reach back to the liver. The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is involved in the gut-to-liver axis. However, liver-to-gut communication and the roles of bile acids and Fxr remain elusive. Herein, we aim to get a better understanding of Fxr-mediated liver-to-gut communication, particularly in colon functioning. Methods Fxr floxed/floxed mice were crossed with cre-expressing mice to yield Fxr ablation in the intestine (Fxr-intKO), liver (Fxr-livKO), or total body (Fxr-totKO). The effects on colonic gene expression (RNA sequencing), the microbiome (16S sequencing), and mucus barrier function by ex vivo imaging were analysed. Results Despite relatively small changes in biliary bile acid concentration and composition, more genes were differentially expressed in the colons of Fxr-livKO mice than in those of Fxr-intKO and Fxr-totKO mice (3272, 731, and 1824, respectively). The colons of Fxr-livKO showed increased expression of antimicrobial genes, Toll-like receptors, inflammasome-related genes and genes belonging to the ‘Mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis’ pathway. Fxr-livKO mice have a microbiome profile favourable for the protective capacity of the mucus barrier. The thickness of the inner sterile mucus layer was increased and colitis symptoms reduced in Fxr-livKO mice. Conclusions Targeting of FXR is at the forefront in the battle against metabolic diseases. We show that ablation of Fxr in the liver greatly impacts colonic gene expression and increased the colonic mucus barrier. Increasing the mucus barrier is of utmost importance to battle intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and we show that this might be done by antagonising FXR in the liver. Lay summary This study shows that the communication of the liver to the intestine is crucial for intestinal health. Bile acids are key players in this liver-to-gut communication, and when Fxr, the master regulator of bile acid homoeostasis, is ablated in the liver, colonic gene expression is largely affected, and the protective capacity of the mucus barrier is increased. Fxr ablation in the mouse liver has a major impact on colonic gene expression. Fxr signalling is induced in the colons of liver Fxr knockout (Fxr-livKO) mice. In Fxr-livKO colons, expression of antimicrobial and mucus genes is increased. Microbiome of Fxr-livKO mice is indicative of enhanced mucus barrier function. Fxr-livKO mice have an increased mucus barrier.
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Key Words
- BAs, bile acids
- Colon
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Farnesoid X receptor
- Fgfr4, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
- Fxr, farnesoid X receptor
- Fxr-intKO, intestine-specific Fxr knockout
- Fxr-livKO, liver-specific Fxr knockout
- Fxr-totKO, whole body Fxr knockout
- GO, Gene Ontology
- Gut microbiome
- HID, high-iron diamine
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- Intestine-specific Fxr-KO mouse
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- Liver-specific Fxr-KO mouse
- Liver–gut axis
- Mucus layer
- RT qPCR, real-time quantitative PCR
- fpkm, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje Ijssennagger
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel S van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanía Magnúsdóttir
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José M Ramos Pittol
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ellen C L Willemsen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J D Baars
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B Stege
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sameh A Youssef
- Non-Clinical Safety, Department of Pathology, Janssen Pharmaceutica Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Vercoulen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Lamas B, Hernandez-Galan L, Galipeau HJ, Constante M, Clarizio A, Jury J, Breyner NM, Caminero A, Rueda G, Hayes CL, McCarville JL, Bermudez Brito M, Planchais J, Rolhion N, Murray JA, Langella P, Loonen LMP, Wells JM, Bercik P, Sokol H, Verdu EF. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is decreased in celiac disease leading to intestinal inflammation. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/566/eaba0624. [PMID: 33087499 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of tryptophan by the gut microbiota into derivatives that activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) contributes to intestinal homeostasis. Many chronic inflammatory conditions, including celiac disease involving a loss of tolerance to dietary gluten, are influenced by cues from the gut microbiota. We investigated whether AhR ligand production by the gut microbiota could influence gluten immunopathology in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice expressing DQ8, a celiac disease susceptibility gene. NOD/DQ8 mice, exposed or not exposed to gluten, were subjected to three interventions directed at enhancing AhR pathway activation. These included a high-tryptophan diet, gavage with Lactobacillus reuteri that produces AhR ligands or treatment with an AhR agonist. We investigated intestinal permeability, gut microbiota composition determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, AhR pathway activation in intestinal contents, and small intestinal pathology and inflammatory markers. In NOD/DQ8 mice, a high-tryptophan diet modulated gut microbiota composition and enhanced AhR ligand production. AhR pathway activation by an enriched tryptophan diet, treatment with the AhR ligand producer L. reuteri, or pharmacological stimulation using 6-formylindolo (3,2-b) carbazole (Ficz) decreased immunopathology in NOD/DQ8 mice exposed to gluten. We then determined AhR ligand production by the fecal microbiota and AhR activation in patients with active celiac disease compared to nonceliac control individuals. Patients with active celiac disease demonstrated reduced AhR ligand production and lower intestinal AhR pathway activation. These results highlight gut microbiota-dependent modulation of the AhR pathway in celiac disease and suggest a new therapeutic strategy for treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leticia Hernandez-Galan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Constante
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Clarizio
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jury
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia M Breyner
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Caminero
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaston Rueda
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina L Hayes
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin L McCarville
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam Bermudez Brito
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julien Planchais
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Rolhion
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroenterologie, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Philippe Langella
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Linda M P Loonen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harry Sokol
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroenterologie, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Establishing causality in Salmonella-microbiota-host interaction: The use of gnotobiotic mouse models and synthetic microbial communities. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151484. [PMID: 33756190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization resistance (CR), the ability to block infections by potentially harmful microbes, is a fundamental function of host-associated microbial communities and highly conserved between animals and humans. Environmental factors such as antibiotics and diet can disturb microbial community composition and thereby predispose to opportunistic infections. The most prominent is Clostridioides difficile, the causative agent of diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. In addition, the risk to succumb to infections with genuine human enteric pathogens like nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is also increased by a low-diverse, diet or antibiotic-disrupted microbiota. Despite extensive microbial community profiling efforts, only a limited set of microorganisms have been causally linked with protection against enteric pathogens. Furthermore, it remains a challenge to predict colonization resistance from complex microbiome signatures due to context-dependent action of microorganisms. In the past decade, the study of NTS infection has led to the description of several fundamental principles of microbiota-host-pathogen interaction. In this review, I will give an overview on the current state of knowledge in this field and outline experimental approaches to gain functional insight to the role of specific microbes, functions and metabolites in Salmonella-microbiota-host interaction. In particular, I will highlight the value of mouse infection models, which, in combination with culture collections, synthetic communities and gnotobiotic models have become essential tools to screen for protective members of the microbiota and establishing causal relationship and mechanisms in infection research.
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17
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The potential role of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in gastric cancer: a nationwide matched cohort study. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:292-301. [PMID: 33130973 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research is to explore the association between nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) and subsequent gastric cancer. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study by analyzing hospitalization dataset from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Patients aged 20 years and older with NTS (n = 9 097) admitted between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012, were enrolled and followed up until December 31, 2013. The primary outcome was the incidence of gastric cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the risk of malignancy, accounting for the competing risk of death. In addition, we conducted a sensitivity analysis by propensity score matching and exclusion of malignancy within 1 year observation to minimize measurable confounding and protopathic bias. Negative controls were applied to examine the presence of possible unmeasured confounders in the study. RESULTS The study included 18 194 patients (9097 in each NTS and non-NTS group). The median follow-up time was 7 years. The incidence density rate of gastric cancer was 0.72 per 1000 person-years for the NTS group and 0.40 per 1000 person-years for the non-NTS group. The NTS group had a modestly higher risk of gastric cancer (aHR, 2.02; 95% CI 1.18-3.45) than the non-NTS group. The sensitivity analyses revealed consistent results. CONCLUSIONS Patients with NTS are associated with increased risk of subsequent gastric cancer compared with non-NTS patients. Future research is needed to examine whether NTS is parallel, reactive or causative to gastric cancer.
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18
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Hopkins EGD, Frankel G. Overview of the Effect of Citrobacter rodentium Infection on Host Metabolism and the Microbiota. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:399-418. [PMID: 33704766 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural enteric mouse pathogen that models human intestinal diseases, such as pathogenic E. coli infections, ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer. Upon reaching the monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the gut, a complex web of interactions between the host, the pathogen, and the microbiota ensues. A number of studies revealed surprisingly rapid changes in IEC bioenergetics upon infection, involving a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, leading to mucosal oxygenation and subsequent changes in microbiota composition. Microbiome studies have revealed a bloom in Enterobacteriaceae during C. rodentium infection in both resistant (i.e., C57BL/6) and susceptible (i.e., C3H/HeN) strains of mice concomitant with a depletion of butyrate-producing Clostridia. The emerging understanding that dysbiosis of cholesterol metabolism is induced by enteric infection further confirms the pivotal role immunometabolism plays in disease outcome. Inversely, the host and microbiota also impact upon the progression of infection, from the susceptibility of the distal colon to C. rodentium colonization to clearance of the pathogen, both via opsonization from the host adaptive immune system and out competition by the resident microbiota. Further complicating this compendium of interactions, C. rodentium exploits microbiota metabolites to fine-tune virulence gene expression and promote colonization. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the myriad of pathogen-host-microbiota interactions that occur during the progression of C. rodentium infection in mice and the broader implications of these findings on our understanding of enteric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve G D Hopkins
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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19
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Bajic D, Niemann A, Hillmer AK, Mejias-Luque R, Bluemel S, Docampo M, Funk MC, Tonin E, Boutros M, Schnabl B, Busch DH, Miki T, Schmid RM, van den Brink MRM, Gerhard M, Stein-Thoeringer CK. Gut Microbiota-Derived Propionate Regulates the Expression of Reg3 Mucosal Lectins and Ameliorates Experimental Colitis in Mice. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1462-1472. [PMID: 32227170 PMCID: PMC8921751 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Regenerating islet-derived protein type 3 [Reg3] lectins are antimicrobial peptides at mucosal surfaces of the gut, whose expression is regulated by pathogenic gut microbes via interleukin-22- or Toll-like receptor signalling. In addition to antimicrobial effects, tissue protection is hypothesized, but has been poorly investigated in the gut. METHODS We applied antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbations, gnotobiotic approaches and a dextran-sodium sulfate [DSS] colitis model to assess microbial Reg3 regulation in the intestines and its role in colitis. We also used an intestinal organoid model to investigate this axis in vitro. RESULTS First, we studied whether gut commensals are involved in Reg3 expression in mice, and found that antibiotic-mediated reduction of Clostridia downregulated intestinal Reg3B. A loss in Clostridia was accompanied by a significant reduction of short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs], and knock-out [KO] mice for SCFA receptors GPR43 and GPR109 expressed less intestinal Reg3B/-G. Propionate was found to induce Reg3 in intestinal organoids and in gnotobiotic mice colonized with a defined, SCFA-producing microbiota. Investigating the role of Reg3B as a protective factor in colitis, we found that Reg3B-KO mice display increased inflammation and less crypt proliferation in the DSS colitis model. Propionate decreased colitis and increased proliferation. Treatment of organoids exposed to DSS with Reg3B or propionate reversed the chemical injury with a loss of expression of the stem-cell marker Lgr5 and Olfm4. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Clostridia can regulate Reg3-associated epithelial homeostasis through propionate signalling. We also provide evidence that the Reg3-propionate axis may be an important mediator of gut epithelial regeneration in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Bajic
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Niemann
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Hillmer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejias-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sena Bluemel
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, San Diego, USA
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Docampo
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, New York, USA
| | - Maja C Funk
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Tonin
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, San Diego, USA
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Miki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph K Stein-Thoeringer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division Microbiome and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Kreuzer M, Hardt WD. How Food Affects Colonization Resistance Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:787-813. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020420-013457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Food has a major impact on all aspects of health. Recent data suggest that food composition can also affect susceptibility to infections by enteropathogenic bacteria. Here, we discuss how food may alter the microbiota as well as mucosal defenses and how this can affect infection. Salmonella Typhimurium diarrhea serves as a paradigm, and complementary evidence comes from other pathogens. We discuss the effects of food composition on colonization resistance, host defenses, and the infection process as well as the merits and limitations of mouse models and experimental foods, which are available to decipher the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kreuzer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Mastrogamvraki N, Zaravinos A. Signatures of co-deregulated genes and their transcriptional regulators in colorectal cancer. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2020; 6:23. [PMID: 32737302 PMCID: PMC7395738 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The deregulated genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) vary significantly across different studies. Thus, a systems biology approach is needed to identify the co-deregulated genes (co-DEGs), explore their molecular networks, and spot the major hub proteins within these networks. We reanalyzed 19 GEO gene expression profiles to identify and annotate CRC versus normal signatures, single-gene perturbation, and single-drug perturbation signatures. We identified the co-DEGs across different studies, their upstream regulating kinases and transcription factors (TFs). Connectivity Map was used to identify likely repurposing drugs against CRC within each group. The functional changes of the co-upregulated genes in the first category were mainly associated with negative regulation of transforming growth factor β production and glomerular epithelial cell differentiation; whereas the co-downregulated genes were enriched in cotranslational protein targeting to the membrane. We identified 17 hub proteins across the co-upregulated genes and 18 hub proteins across the co-downregulated genes, composed of well-known TFs (MYC, TCF3, PML) and kinases (CSNK2A1, CDK1/4, MAPK14), and validated most of them using GEPIA2 and HPA, but also through two signature gene lists composed of the co-up and co-downregulated genes. We further identified a list of repurposing drugs that can potentially target the co-DEGs in CRC, including camptothecin, neostigmine bromide, emetine, remoxipride, cephaeline, thioridazine, and omeprazole. Similar analyses were performed in the co-DEG signatures in single-gene or drug perturbation experiments in CRC. MYC, PML, CDKs, CSNK2A1, and MAPKs were common hub proteins among all studies. Overall, we identified the critical genes in CRC and we propose repurposing drugs that could be used against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mastrogamvraki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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22
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Edwards JA, Tan N, Toussaint N, Ou P, Mueller C, Stanek A, Zinsou V, Roudnitsky S, Sagal M, Dresner L, Schwartzman A, Huan C. Role of regenerating islet-derived proteins in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2702-2714. [PMID: 32550748 PMCID: PMC7284176 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that affects millions of patients worldwide. It has a complex and multifactorial etiology leading to excessive exposure of intestinal epithelium to microbial antigens, inappropriate activation of the immune system and ultimately to the damage of intestinal tissues. Although numerous efforts have been made to improve the disease management, IBD remains persistently recurring and beyond cure. This is due largely to the gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD that hamper the development of timely diagnoses and effective treatment. However, some recent discoveries, including the beneficial effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on the inflamed intestine, have shed light on a self-protective mechanism in IBD. Regenerating islet-derived (REG/Reg) proteins are small secretory proteins which function as IL-22's downstream effectors. Mounting studies have demonstrated that IBD patients have significantly increased REG expressions in the injured intestine, but with undefined mechanisms and roles. The reported functions of REG/Reg proteins in intestinal homeostasis, such as those of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and tissue repair, lead us to discuss their potential mechanisms and clinical relevance in IBD in order to advance IBD research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi-Ann Edwards
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Nicholas Tan
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Nadlie Toussaint
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Peiqi Ou
- MCB program, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Cathy Mueller
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Albert Stanek
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Vladimir Zinsou
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Sean Roudnitsky
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Michelle Sagal
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Lisa Dresner
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Alexander Schwartzman
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Chongmin Huan
- Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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23
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Lamas B, Martins Breyner N, Houdeau E. Impacts of foodborne inorganic nanoparticles on the gut microbiota-immune axis: potential consequences for host health. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:19. [PMID: 32487227 PMCID: PMC7268708 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In food toxicology, there is growing interest in studying the impacts of foodborne nanoparticles (NPs, originating from food additives, food supplements or food packaging) on the intestinal microbiome due to the important and complex physiological roles of these microbial communities in host health. Biocidal activities, as described over recent years for most inorganic and metal NPs, could favour chronic changes in the composition and/or metabolic activities of commensal bacteria (namely, intestinal dysbiosis) with consequences on immune functions. Reciprocally, direct interactions of NPs with the immune system (e.g., inflammatory responses, adjuvant or immunosuppressive properties) may in turn have effects on the gut microbiota. Many chronic diseases in humans are associated with alterations along the microbiota-immune system axis, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity) or colorectal cancer (CRC). This raises the question of whether chronic dietary exposure to inorganic NPs may be viewed as a risk factor facilitating disease onset and/or progression. Deciphering the variety of effects along the microbiota-immune axis may aid the understanding of how daily exposure to inorganic NPs through various foodstuffs may potentially disturb the intricate dialogue between gut commensals and immunity, hence increasing the vulnerability of the host. In animal studies, dose levels and durations of oral treatment are key factors for mimicking exposure conditions to which humans are or may be exposed through the diet on a daily basis, and are needed for hazard identification and risk assessment of foodborne NPs. This review summarizes relevant studies to support the development of predictive toxicological models that account for the gut microbiota-immune axis. CONCLUSIONS The literature indicates that, in addition to evoking immune dysfunctions in the gut, inorganic NPs exhibit a moderate to extensive impact on intestinal microbiota composition and activity, highlighting a recurrent signature that favours colonization of the intestine by pathobionts at the expense of beneficial bacterial strains, as observed in IBD, CRC and obesity. Considering the long-term exposure via food, the effects of NPs on the gut microbiome should be considered in human health risk assessment, especially when a nanomaterial exhibits antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France.
| | - Natalia Martins Breyner
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France.
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24
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Blyth GAD, Connors L, Fodor C, Cobo ER. The Network of Colonic Host Defense Peptides as an Innate Immune Defense Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:965. [PMID: 32508838 PMCID: PMC7251035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides, abundantly secreted by colonic epithelial cells and leukocytes, are proposed to be critical components of an innate immune response in the colon against enteropathogenic bacteria, including Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium difficile, and attaching and effacing Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium. These short cationic peptides are bactericidal against both Gram-positive and -negative enteric pathogens, but may also exert killing effects on intestinal luminal microbiota. Simultaneously, these peptides modulate numerous cellular responses crucial for gut defenses, including leukocyte chemotaxis and migration, wound healing, cytokine production, cell proliferation, and pathogen sensing. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of expression, mechanisms of action and microbicidal and immunomodulatory functions of major colonic host defense peptides, namely cathelicidins, β-defensins, and members of the Regenerating islet-derived protein III (RegIII) and Resistin-like molecule (RELM) families. In a theoretical framework where these peptides work synergistically, aspects of pathogenesis of infectious colitis reviewed herein uncover roles of host defense peptides aimed to promote epithelial defenses and prevent pathogen colonization, mediated through a combination of direct antimicrobial function and fine-tuning of host immune response and inflammation. This interactive host defense peptide network may decode how the intestinal immune system functions to quickly clear infections, restore homeostasis and avoid damaging inflammation associated with pathogen persistence during infectious colitis. This information is of interest in development of host defense peptides (either alone or in combination with reduced doses of antibiotics) as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory therapeutics for controlling infectious colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A D Blyth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liam Connors
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cristina Fodor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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25
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Immune-Microbiota Interplay and Colonization Resistance in Infection. Mol Cell 2020; 78:597-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Sato M, Inaba A, Iwatsuki K, Saito Y, Tadaishi M, Shimizu M, Kobayashi-Hattori K. Identification of Reg3β-producing cells using IL-22-stimulated enteroids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:594-597. [PMID: 31760857 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1695575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reg3β, a lectin, displays antibacterial activity. This study investigated Reg3β-expressing cells using IL-22-stimulated enteroids. IL-22 stimulation elevated the mRNA and protein levels of Reg3β. IL-22 also increased the mRNA levels of CD133 (a transit-amplifying cell marker) and lysozyme (a Paneth cell marker). Immunohistochemistry showed partial colocalization of Reg3β- and lysozyme-positive cells, suggesting that Paneth cells are one of Reg3β-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Sato
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Inaba
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Tadaishi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi-Hattori
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Kim SW, Kim S, Son M, Cheon JH, Park YS. Melatonin controls microbiota in colitis by goblet cell differentiation and antimicrobial peptide production through Toll-like receptor 4 signalling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2232. [PMID: 32042047 PMCID: PMC7010660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis has long been postulated to be associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although evidence supporting the anti-colitic effects of melatonin have been accumulating, it is not clear how melatonin affects the microbiota. Herein, we investigated the effects of melatonin on the microbiome in colitis and identified involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signalling in the effects. Melatonin improved dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and reverted microbial dysbiosis in wild-type (WT) mice but not in TLR4 knockout (KO) mice. Induction of goblet cells was observed with melatonin administration, which was accompanied by suppression of Il1b and Il17a and induction of melatonin receptor and Reg3β, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against Gram-negative bacteria. In vitro, melatonin treatment of HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells promotes mucin and wound healing and inhibits growth of Escherichia coli. Herein, we showed that melatonin significantly increases goblet cells, Reg3β, and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes by suppressing Gram-negative bacteria through TLR4 signalling. Our study suggests that sensing of bacteria through TLR4 and regulation of bacteria through altered goblet cells and AMPs is involved in the anti-colitic effects of melatonin. Melatonin may have use in therapeutics for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijeong Son
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sook Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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28
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Kobayashi K, Honme Y, Sashihara T. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 2038 and Streptococcus thermophilus 1131 Induce the Expression of the REG3 Family in the Small Intestine of Mice via the Stimulation of Dendritic Cells and Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2998. [PMID: 31817820 PMCID: PMC6950248 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence clarifies that intestinal barrier function, for example, by the mucus layer, antimicrobial peptides, immune systems, and epithelial tight junctions, plays crucial roles in maintaining our health. We reported previously that yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 2038 and Streptococcus thermophilus 1131 induced the gene expression of the regenerating family member 3 (REG3) family, which encodes antimicrobial peptides in the small intestine, although it was unclear how the yogurt activated the intestinal cells related to it. Here, we evaluated the cytokine production from the intestinal immune cells stimulated by these strains in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the mechanism for the induction of the REG3 family by the yogurt. The results showed that stimulation by both strains induced interleukin (IL)-23 production from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and IL-22 production from small intestinal lamina propria (LP) cells. In addition, oral administration of these strains to mice increased IL-23p19+ LPDCs and IL-22+ type 3 innate lymphoid cells and induced the expression of Reg3g in small intestinal tissue. Moreover, we showed that the activities for the induction of IL-23 by DCs were strain dependent on L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus and that S. thermophilus 1131, which is the predominant species in the yogurt, exhibited relatively higher activity compared to the other strains of S. thermophilus. Our findings suggested that these yogurt starter strains, L. bulgaricus 2038 and S. thermophilus 1131, have the potential to maintain and improve intestinal barrier function by stimulating immune cells in the LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Kobayashi
- Applied Microbiology Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan;
| | - Yoshiko Honme
- Basic Microbiology Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan;
| | - Toshihiro Sashihara
- Applied Microbiology Research Department, Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan;
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29
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Kumar A, Allison A, Henry M, Scales A, Fouladkhah AC. Development of Salmonellosis as Affected by Bioactive Food Compounds. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090364. [PMID: 31540475 PMCID: PMC6780870 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Salmonella serovars are the leading cause of foodborne hospitalizations and deaths in Americans, extensively prevalent worldwide, and pose a considerable financial burden on public health infrastructure and private manufacturing. While a comprehensive review is lacking for delineating the role of dietary components on prevention of Salmonellosis, evidence for the role of diet for preventing the infection and management of Salmonellosis symptoms is increasing. The current study is an evaluation of preclinical and clinical studies and their underlying mechanisms to elaborate the efficacy of bioactive dietary components for augmenting the prevention of Salmonella infection. Studies investigating dietary components such as fibers, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and probiotics exhibited efficacy of dietary compounds against Salmonellosis through manipulation of host bile acids, mucin, epithelial barrier, innate and adaptive immunity and gut microbiota as well as impacting the cellular signaling cascades of the pathogen. Pre-clinical studies investigating synergism and/or antagonistic activities of various bioactive compounds, additional randomized clinical trials, if not curtailed by lack of equipoise and ethical concerns, and well-planned epidemiological studies could augment the development of a validated and evidence-based guideline for mitigating the public health burden of human Salmonellosis through dietary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Abimbola Allison
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Monica Henry
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Anita Scales
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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30
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Waldschmitt N, Kitamoto S, Secher T, Zacharioudaki V, Boulard O, Floquet E, Delacre M, Lamas B, Pham HP, Six A, Richard ML, Dagorn JC, Eberl G, Langella P, Chatel JM, Ryffel B, Iovanna JL, Poulin LF, Sokol H, Kamada N, Chamaillard M. The regenerating family member 3 β instigates IL-17A-mediated neutrophil recruitment downstream of NOD1/2 signalling for controlling colonisation resistance independently of microbiota community structure. Gut 2019; 68:1190-1199. [PMID: 30279238 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of the Crohn's disease predisposing NOD2 gene results in an intestinal microenvironment conducive for colonisation by attaching-and-effacing enteropathogens. However, it remains elusive whether it relies on the intracellular recruitment of the serine-threonine kinase RIPK2 by NOD2, a step that is required for its activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. DESIGN Colonisation resistance was evaluated in wild type and mutant mice, as well as in ex-germ-free (ex-GF) mice which were colonised either with faeces from Ripk2-deficient mice or with bacteria with similar preferences for carbohydrates to those acquired by the pathogen. The severity of the mucosal pathology was quantified at several time points postinfection by using a previously established scoring. The community resilience in response to infection was evaluated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. The control of pathogen virulence was evaluated by monitoring the secretion of Citrobacter-specific antibody response in the faeces. RESULTS Primary infection was similarly outcompeted in ex-GF Ripk2-deficient and control mice, demonstrating that the susceptibility to infection resulting from RIPK2 deficiency cannot be solely attributed to specific microbiota community structures. In contrast, delayed clearance of Citrobacter rodentium and exacerbated histopathology were preceded by a weakened propensity of intestinal macrophages to afford innate lymphoid cell activation. This tissue protection unexpectedly required the regenerating family member 3β by instigating interleukin (IL) 17A-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the intestine and subsequent phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. CONCLUSIONS These results unveil a previously unrecognised mechanism that efficiently protects from colonisation by diarrhoeagenic bacteria early in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Waldschmitt
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sho Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas Secher
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Vassiliki Zacharioudaki
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Boulard
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Floquet
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Lamas
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), SorbonneUniversités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, PSL ResearchUniversity, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Paris, France.,Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hang-Phuong Pham
- ILTOO Pharma, iPEPS ICM, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Department of Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS959, Paris, France
| | - Mathias L Richard
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Charles Dagorn
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR 7258 and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Juan Lucio Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR 7258 and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel F Poulin
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), SorbonneUniversités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, PSL ResearchUniversity, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Paris, France.,Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
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31
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Abstract
C-type lectins of the Reg3 family belong to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which function as a barrier to protect body surfaces against microorganisms. Reg3 mainly expressed throughout the small intestine modulate host defense process via bactericidal activity. A wide range of studies indicate that Reg3 family plays an important role in the physical segregation of microbiota from host as well as the immune response induced by enteric pathogens. In this review, we review a growing literature on the potential metabolic functions of Reg3 proteins and their potential to act as important gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Randy J. Seeley, PhD, Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. E-mail:
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32
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Pathogen Colonization Resistance in the Gut and Its Manipulation for Improved Health. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1300-1310. [PMID: 31100210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammals have coevolved with a large community of symbiotic, commensal, and some potentially pathogenic microbes. The trillions of bacteria and hundreds of species in our guts form a relatively stable community that resists invasion by outsiders, including pathogens. This powerful protective force is referred to as colonization resistance. We discuss the variety of proposed or demonstrated mechanisms that can mediate colonization resistance and some potential ways to manipulate them for improved human health. Instances in which certain bacterial pathogens can overcome colonization resistance are also discussed.
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33
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The Interplay between Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and the Intestinal Mucosa during Oral Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7. [PMID: 30953432 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0004-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection results in a dynamic interplay between the pathogen and its host. The underlying interactions are multilayered, and the cellular responses are modulated by the local environment. The intestine is a particularly interesting tissue regarding host-pathogen interaction. It is densely colonized by commensal microbes and a portal of entry for ingested pathogens. This necessitates constant monitoring of microbial stimuli in order to maintain homeostasis during encounters with benign microbiota and to trigger immune defenses in response to bacterial pathogens. Homeostasis is maintained by physical barriers (the mucus layer and epithelium), chemical defenses (antimicrobial peptides), and innate immune responses (NLRC4 inflammasome), which keep the bacteria from reaching the sterile lamina propria. Intestinal pathogens represent potent experimental tools to probe these barriers and decipher how pathogens can circumvent them. The streptomycin mouse model of oral Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection provides a well-characterized, robust experimental system for such studies. Strikingly, each stage of the gut tissue infection poses a different set of challenges to the pathogen and requires tight control of virulence factor expression, host response modulation, and cooperation between phenotypic subpopulations. Therefore, successful infection of the intestinal tissue relies on a delicate and dynamic balance between responses of the pathogen and its host. These mechanisms can be deciphered to their full extent only in realistic in vivo infection models.
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34
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Yang H, Yu HB, Bhinder G, Ryz NR, Lee J, Yang H, Fotovati A, Gibson DL, Turvey SE, Reid GS, Vallance BA. TLR9 limits enteric antimicrobial responses and promotes microbiota-based colonisation resistance during Citrobacter rodentium infection. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13026. [PMID: 30893495 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express an array of toll-like receptors to detect and respond to microbial pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC). These clinically important attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens infect the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, causing inflammation as well as severe diarrheal disease. Because EPEC and EHEC are human-specific, the related murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium has been widely used to define how hosts defend against A/E pathogens. This study explored the role of TLR9, a receptor that recognises unmethylated CpG dinucleotides present in bacterial DNA, in promoting host defence against C. rodentium. Infected Tlr9-/- mice suffered exaggerated intestinal damage and carried significantly higher (10-100 fold) pathogen burdens in their intestinal tissues as compared with wild type (WT) mice. C. rodentium infection also induced increased antimicrobial responses, as well as hyperactivation of NF-κB signalling in the intestines of Tlr9-/- mice. These changes were associated with accelerated depletion of the intestinal microbiota in Tlr9-/- mice as compared with WT mice. Notably, antibiotic-based depletion of the gut microbiota in WT mice prior to infection increased their susceptibility to the levels seen in Tlr9-/- mice. Our results therefore indicate that TLR9 signalling suppresses intestinal antimicrobial responses, thereby promoting microbiota-mediated colonisation resistance against C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong B Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha R Ryz
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abbas Fotovati
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregor S Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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35
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Agus A, Sokol H. [Tryptophan and metabolic syndrome, a new challenge for health]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:213-215. [PMID: 30931904 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Agus
- Institut Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Institut Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France. - Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, F-75012 Paris, France
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36
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Chung LK, Raffatellu M. G.I. pros: Antimicrobial defense in the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 88:129-137. [PMID: 29432952 PMCID: PMC6087682 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex environment in which the host immune system interacts with a diverse array of microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Here we focus on the mechanisms by which intestinal antimicrobial peptides regulate microbial communities during dysbiosis and infection. We also discuss classes of bacterial peptides that contribute to reducing enteric pathogen outgrowth. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawton K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0704, United States
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0704, United States; Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla CA, United States.
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37
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Cheng HY, Ning MX, Chen DK, Ma WT. Interactions Between the Gut Microbiota and the Host Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:607. [PMID: 30984184 PMCID: PMC6449424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by over a trillion microbes that comprise the "gut microbiota," a microbial community which has co-evolved with the host to form a mutually beneficial relationship. Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota participates in immune system maturation and also plays a central role in host defense against pathogens. Here we review some of the mechanisms employed by the gut microbiota to boost the innate immune response against pathogens present on epithelial mucosal surfaces. Antimicrobial peptide secretion, inflammasome activation and induction of host IL-22, IL-17, and IL-10 production are the most commonly observed strategies employed by the gut microbiota for host anti-pathogen defense. Taken together, the body of evidence suggests that the host gut microbiota can elicit innate immunity against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Cheng
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Meng-Xia Ning
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - De-Kun Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
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38
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Zha L, Garrett S, Sun J. Salmonella Infection in Chronic Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancer. Diseases 2019; 7:E28. [PMID: 30857369 PMCID: PMC6473780 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella not only causes acute infections, but can also cause patients to become chronic "asymptomatic" carriers. Salmonella has been verified as a pathogenic factor that contributes to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes the acute and chronic Salmonella infection and describes the current research progress of Salmonella infection contributing to inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Furthermore, this review explores the underlying biological mechanism of the host signaling pathways manipulated by Salmonella effector molecules. Using experimental animal models, researchers have shown that Salmonella infection is related to host biological processes, such as host cell transformation, stem cell maintenance, and changes of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future directions in studying Salmonella infection and its association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Shari Garrett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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39
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Spiga L, Winter SE. Using Enteric Pathogens to Probe the Gut Microbiota. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:243-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Vonaesch P, Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ. Pathogens, microbiome and the host: emergence of the ecological Koch's postulates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:273-292. [PMID: 29325027 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though tremendous progress has been made in the last decades to elucidate the mechanisms of intestinal homeostasis, dysbiosis and disease, we are only at the beginning of understanding the complexity of the gut ecosystem and the underlying interaction networks. We are also only starting to unravel the mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to overcome the barriers imposed by the microbiota and host to exploit the system to their own benefit. Recent work in these domains clearly indicates that the 'traditional Koch's postulates', which state that a given pathogen leads to a distinct disease, are not valid for all 'infectious' diseases, but that a more complete and complex interpretation of Koch's postulates is needed in order to understand and explain them. This review summarises the current understanding of what defines a healthy gut ecosystem and highlights recent progress in uncovering the interplay between the host, its microbiota and invading intestinal pathogens. Based on these recent findings, we propose a new interpretation of Koch's postulates that we term 'ecological Koch's postulates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Mark Anderson
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
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41
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Lamas B, Michel ML, Waldschmitt N, Pham HP, Zacharioudaki V, Dupraz L, Delacre M, Natividad JM, Costa GD, Planchais J, Sovran B, Bridonneau C, Six A, Langella P, Richard ML, Chamaillard M, Sokol H. Card9 mediates susceptibility to intestinal pathogens through microbiota modulation and control of bacterial virulence. Gut 2018; 67:1836-1844. [PMID: 28790160 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In association with innate and adaptive immunity, the microbiota controls the colonisation resistance against intestinal pathogens. Caspase recruitment domain 9 (CARD9), a key innate immunity gene, is required to shape a normal gut microbiota. Card9-/- mice are more susceptible to the enteric mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium that mimics human infections with enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Here, we examined how CARD9 controls C. rodentium infection susceptibility through microbiota-dependent and microbiota-independent mechanisms. DESIGN C. rodentium infection was assessed in conventional and germ-free (GF) wild-type (WT) and Card9-/- mice. To explore the impact of Card9-/-microbiota in infection susceptibility, GF WT mice were colonised with WT (WT→GF) or Card9-/- (Card9-/- →GF) microbiota before C. rodentium infection. Microbiota composition was determined by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Inflammation severity was determined by histology score and lipocalin level. Microbiota-host immune system interactions were assessed by quantitative PCR analysis. RESULTS CARD9 controls pathogen virulence in a microbiota-independent manner by supporting a specific humoral response. Higher susceptibility to C. rodentium-induced colitis was observed in Card9-/- →GF mice. The microbiota of Card9-/- mice failed to outcompete the monosaccharide-consuming C. rodentium, worsening the infection severity. A polysaccharide-enriched diet counteracted the ecological advantage of C. rodentium and the defective pathogen-specific antibody response in Card9-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS CARD9 modulates the susceptibility to intestinal infection by controlling the pathogen virulence in a microbiota-dependent and microbiota-independent manner. Genetic susceptibility to intestinal pathogens can be overridden by diet intervention that restores humoural immunity and a competing microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- Sorbonne University - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France.,Avenir Team Gut Microbiota and Immunity, Equipe de Recherche Labélisée (ERL) 1157, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France.,Laboratoire de BioMolécules (LBM), Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, Paris, France.,Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Marie-Laure Michel
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM U1019, Team 11, Equipe FRM, INSERM, Lille, France
| | | | - Vassiliki Zacharioudaki
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM U1019, Team 11, Equipe FRM, INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Louise Dupraz
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM U1019, Team 11, Equipe FRM, INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Jane M Natividad
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Gregory Da Costa
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Julien Planchais
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Bruno Sovran
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Chantal Bridonneau
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Department of Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS959, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Mathias L Richard
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM U1019, Team 11, Equipe FRM, INSERM, Lille, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne University - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France.,Avenir Team Gut Microbiota and Immunity, Equipe de Recherche Labélisée (ERL) 1157, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France.,Laboratoire de BioMolécules (LBM), Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, Paris, France.,Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, UPMC, Paris, France
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42
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Lamas B, Natividad JM, Sokol H. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and intestinal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1024-1038. [PMID: 29626198 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix-(bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, which are associated with cellular responses to environmental stimuli, such as xenobiotics and oxygen levels. Unlike other members of bHLH, AhR is the only bHLH transcription factor that is known to be ligand activated. Early AhR studies focused on understanding the role of AhR in mediating the toxicity and carcinogenesis properties of the prototypic ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In recent years, however, it has become apparent that, in addition to its toxicological involvement, AhR is highly receptive to a wide array of endogenous and exogenous ligands, and that its activation leads to a myriad of key host physiological functions. In this study, we review the current understanding of the functions of AhR in the mucosal immune system with a focus on its role in intestinal barrier function and intestinal immune cells, as well as in intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- Laboratoire de biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75005, France.,Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, 78350, France
| | - Jane M Natividad
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, 78350, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Laboratoire de biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, F-75005, France. .,Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, 78350, France.
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Bluemel S, Wang L, Martino C, Lee S, Wang Y, Williams B, Horvath A, Stadlbauer V, Zengler K, Schnabl B. The Role of Intestinal C-type Regenerating Islet Derived-3 Lectins for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:393-406. [PMID: 29619418 PMCID: PMC5880191 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type regenerating islet derived-3 (Reg3) lectins defend against pathogens and keep commensal bacteria at a distance. Deficiency of Reg3g and Reg3b facilitates alcohol-induced bacterial translocation and alcoholic liver disease. Intestinal Reg3g is down-regulated in animal models of diet-induced obesity, but the functional consequences for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Reg3 lectins in NASH. NASH was induced by a Western-style fast-food diet in mice deficient for Reg3g or Reg3b and in transgenic mice overexpressing Reg3g in intestinal epithelial cells (Reg3gTg). Glucose tolerance was assessed after 18 weeks and insulin resistance after 19 weeks of feeding. After 20 weeks, mice were assessed for features of the metabolic syndrome. Obesity was not different in genetically modified mice compared with their respective wild-type littermates. Glucose intolerance, liver injury, hepatic inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, and bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and to the liver were not different in Reg3g-deficient mice compared with wild-type littermates. Plasma endotoxin levels were higher in Reg3g-deficient mice. Reg3b deficiency protected against glucose intolerance, but liver disease, bacterial translocation, and plasma endotoxin levels were similar to wild-type littermates. Absence of either REG3G or REG3B protein in the ileum was not compensated for by up-regulation of the respective other REG3 protein. Transgenic Reg3g mice also developed liver injury, steatosis, and fibrosis similar to their wild-type littermates. Conclusion: In contrast to alcoholic liver disease, loss of intestinal Reg3 lectins is not sufficient to aggravate diet-induced obesity and NASH. This supports a multi-hit pathogenesis in NASH. Only glucose metabolism is affected by Reg3b deficiency. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:393-406).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Lirui Wang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
- Department of MedicineVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCA
| | - Cameron Martino
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Host‐Microbe Systems and TherapeuticsSan DiegoCA
| | - Suhan Lee
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
- Department of MedicineVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCA
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Angela Horvath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- Center of Biomarker Research in MedicineGrazAustria
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Host‐Microbe Systems and TherapeuticsSan DiegoCA
- Center for Microbiome InnovationUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA
- Department of MedicineVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCA
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Darnaud M, Dos Santos A, Gonzalez P, Augui S, Lacoste C, Desterke C, De Hertogh G, Valentino E, Braun E, Zheng J, Boisgard R, Neut C, Dubuquoy L, Chiappini F, Samuel D, Lepage P, Guerrieri F, Doré J, Bréchot C, Moniaux N, Faivre J. Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1009-1023.e14. [PMID: 29133078 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Paneth cell dysfunction causes deficiencies in intestinal C-type lectins and antimicrobial peptides, which leads to dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, alters the mucosal barrier, and promotes development of inflammatory bowel diseases. We investigated whether transgenic (TG) expression of the human regenerating family member 3 alpha gene (REG3A) alters the fecal microbiota and affects development of colitis in mice. METHODS We performed studies with C57BL/6 mice that express human regenerating family member 3 alpha (hREG3A) in hepatocytes, via the albumin gene promoter. In these mice, hREG3A travels via the bile to the intestinal lumen. Some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. Feces were collected from mice and the composition of the microbiota was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The fecal microbiome was also analyzed from mice that express only 1 copy of human REG3A transgene but were fed feces from control mice (not expressing hREG3A) as newborns. Mice expressing hREG3A were monitored for DSS-induced colitis after cohousing or feeding feces from control mice. Colitis was induced in another set of control and hREG3A-TG mice by administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; some mice were given intrarectal injections of the hREG3A protein. Colon tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry to detect mucin 2, as well as by 16S ribosomal RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, transcriptional analyses, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We measured levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial cultures and fecal microbiota using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and flow cytometry. RESULTS The fecal microbiota of mice that express hREG3A had a significant shift in composition, compared with control mice, with enrichment of Clostridiales (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae) and depletion of Bacteroidetes (Prevotellaceae); the TG mice developed less-severe colitis following administration of DSS than control mice, associated with preserved gut barrier integrity and reduced bacterial translocation, epithelial inflammation, and oxidative damage. A similar shift in the composition of the fecal microbiota occurred after a few months in TG mice heterozygous for REG3A that harbored a wild-type maternal microbiota at birth; these mice developed less-severe forms of colitis following DSS administration. Cohoused and germ-free mice fed feces from REG3A-TG mice and given DSS developed less-severe forms of colitis and had reduced lipopolysaccharide activation of the toll-like receptor 4 and increased survival times compared with mice not fed feces from REG3A-TG mice. REG3A TG mice developed only mild colonic inflammation after exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, compared with control mice. Control mice given intrarectal hREG3A and exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid showed less colon damage and inflammation than mice not given intrarectal hREG3A. Fecal samples from REG3A-TG mice had lower levels of ROS than feces from control mice during DSS administration. Addition of hREG3A to bacterial cultures reduced levels of ROS and increased survival of oxygen-sensitive commensal bacteria (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia intestinalis). CONCLUSIONS Mice with hepatocytes that express hREG3A, which travels to the intestinal lumen, are less sensitive to colitis than control mice. We found hREG3A to alter the colonic microbiota by decreasing levels of ROS. Fecal microbiota from REG3A-TG mice protect non-TG mice from induction of colitis. These findings indicate a role for reduction of oxidative stress in preserving the gut microbiota and its ability to prevent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Darnaud
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Dos Santos
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrick Gonzalez
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sandrine Augui
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Claire Lacoste
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Unit of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emma Valentino
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emilie Braun
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jinzi Zheng
- CEA, DSV, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; INSERM, U1023, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Raphael Boisgard
- CEA, DSV, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; INSERM, U1023, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Christel Neut
- LIRIC-U995, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Franck Chiappini
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Roma, Italy
| | - Joel Doré
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christian Bréchot
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Moniaux
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jamila Faivre
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pôle de Biologie Médicale, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Villejuif, France.
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An Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Accelerate Clearance of Salmonella Infections in Poultry through Modifications to the Gut Microbiome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02526-17. [PMID: 29269490 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02526-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States every year. Salmonella-contaminated poultry products are one of the major sources of salmonellosis. Given the critical role of the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission, a manipulation of the chicken intestinal microenvironment could prevent animal colonization by the pathogen. In Salmonella, the global regulator gene fnr (fumarate nitrate reduction) regulates anaerobic metabolism and is essential for adapting to the gut environment. This study tested the hypothesis that an attenuated Fnr mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (attST) or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could improve resistance to wild-type Salmonella via modifications to the structure of the chicken gut microbiome. Intestinal samples from a total of 273 animals were collected weekly for 9 weeks to evaluate the impact of attST or prebiotic supplementation on microbial species of the cecum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We next analyzed changes to the gut microbiome induced by challenging the animals with a wild-type Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:r:- (Nalr) strain and determined the clearance rate of the virulent strain in the treated and control groups. Both GOS and the attenuated Salmonella strain modified the gut microbiome but elicited alterations of different taxonomic groups. The attST produced significant increases of Alistipes and undefined Lactobacillus, while GOS increased Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillus reuteri The microbiome structural changes induced by both treatments resulted in a faster clearance after a Salmonella challenge.IMPORTANCE With an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 individuals, salmonellosis has been deemed a nationally notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Earlier studies demonstrated that Salmonella is transmitted by a subset of animals (supershedders). The supershedder phenotype can be induced by antibiotics, ascertaining an essential role for the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota and modification of the intestinal microenvironment could assist in preventing animal colonization by the pathogen. Our study demonstrated that a manipulation of the chicken gut microbiota by the administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) can promote resistance to Salmonella colonization via increases of beneficial microorganisms that translate into a less hospitable gut microenvironment.
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Kapitan M, Niemiec MJ, Steimle A, Frick JS, Jacobsen ID. Fungi as Part of the Microbiota and Interactions with Intestinal Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 422:265-301. [PMID: 30062595 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiota consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi that build a highly complex network of interactions between each other and the host. While there are many examples for commensal bacterial influence on host health and immune modulation, little is known about the role of commensal fungi inside the gut community. Up until now, fungal research was concentrating on opportunistic diseases caused by fungal species, leaving the possible role of fungi as part of the microbiota largely unclear. Interestingly, fungal and bacterial abundance in the gut appear to be negatively correlated and disruption of the bacterial microbiota is a prerequisite for fungal overgrowth. The mechanisms behind bacterial colonization resistance are likely diverse, including direct antagonism as well as bacterial stimulation of host defense mechanisms. In this work, we will review the current knowledge of the development of the intestinal bacterial and fungal community, the influence of the microbiota on human health and disease, and the role of the opportunistic yeast C. albicans. We will furthermore discuss the possible benefits of commensal fungal colonization. Finally, we will summarize the recent findings on bacterial-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kapitan
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - M Joanna Niemiec
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Steimle
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia S Frick
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
In the inflamed gut, the bactericidal lectin RegIIIβ is massively produced by intestinal mucosa. RegIIIβ binds peptidoglycan and lipid A respectively, and thus can kill certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including the gut commensal microbiota and enteropathogenic bacteria. Considering the expression pattern and bactericidal activity, RegIIIβ is believed to be a host defense factor for protecting against the infection with enteropathogenic bacteria. However, it was poorly understood how RegIIIβ recognizes the target bacteria and kill them, and how RegIIIβ plays role(s) in infectious diarrhea. Therefore, our recent study has focused on RegIIIβ-target recognition, killing of Gram-negative bacteria, and host protective functions of RegIIIβ for infectious diarrhea inflicted by Salmonella Typhimurium. Here, we discuss novel insights into the protective role of RegIIIβ in infectious diarrhea, and propose avenues towards novel therapeutic interventions for Salmonella diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan,CONTACT Tsuyoshi Miki Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, 108–8641 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- The Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Anderson CJ, Kendall MM. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strategies for Host Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1983. [PMID: 29075247 PMCID: PMC5643478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens must sense and respond to newly encountered host environments to regulate the expression of critical virulence factors that allow for niche adaptation and successful colonization. Among bacterial pathogens, non-typhoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica, such as serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm), are a primary cause of foodborne illnesses that lead to hospitalizations and deaths worldwide. S. Tm causes acute inflammatory diarrhea that can progress to invasive systemic disease in susceptible patients. The gastrointestinal tract and intramacrophage environments are two critically important niches during S. Tm infection, and each presents unique challenges to limit S. Tm growth. The intestinal tract is home to billions of commensal microbes, termed the microbiota, which limits the amount of available nutrients for invading pathogens such as S. Tm. Therefore, S. Tm encodes strategies to manipulate the commensal population and side-step this nutritional competition. During subsequent stages of disease, S. Tm resists host immune cell mechanisms of killing. Host cells use antimicrobial peptides, acidification of vacuoles, and nutrient limitation to kill phagocytosed microbes, and yet S. Tm is able to subvert these defense systems. In this review, we discuss recently described molecular mechanisms that S. Tm uses to outcompete the resident microbiota within the gastrointestinal tract. S. Tm directly eliminates close competitors via bacterial cell-to-cell contact as well as by stimulating a host immune response to eliminate specific members of the microbiota. Additionally, S. Tm tightly regulates the expression of key virulence factors that enable S. Tm to withstand host immune defenses within macrophages. Additionally, we highlight the chemical and physical signals that S. Tm senses as cues to adapt to each of these environments. These strategies ultimately allow S. Tm to successfully adapt to these two disparate host environments. It is critical to better understand bacterial adaptation strategies because disruption of these pathways and mechanisms, especially those shared by multiple pathogens, may provide novel therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine,, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Melissa M Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine,, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Bierschenk D, Boucher D, Schroder K. Salmonella- induced inflammasome activation in humans. Mol Immunol 2017; 86:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Acurcio LB, Bastos RW, Sandes SHDC, Guimarães ACDC, Alves CG, Reis DCD, Wuyts S, Nunes ÁC, Cassali GD, Lebeer S, Souza MRD, Nicoli JR. Protective effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum B7 from Brazilian artisanal cheese on a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in BALB/c mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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