1
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Bryden N, Atalla SW, Kelley M, Holmes LR, Branca RT. Enhanced 129 Xe T 1 relaxation in whole blood and in the presence of SPIONs at low magnetic field strengths. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:21-33. [PMID: 36797796 PMCID: PMC10963042 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the T1 of 129 Xe and 1 H and to measure the relaxation of 129 Xe in blood at low and high magnetic field strengths. METHODS 129 Xe and 1 H T1 relaxometry was performed at low- and high-field strengths in samples containing different SPION concentrations, while imaging was used to compare the contrast obtainable in these two field regimes. In vivo experiments at variable field strengths were performed to determine the depolarization of 129 Xe in blood and the feasibility of in vivo dissolved-phase spectroscopy and imaging at low field. RESULTS The SPION relaxivity was substantially greater at low field for 1 H, increasing from 0.92 ± 0.06 mM s-1 at 11.7T to 31.5 ± 1.8 mM s-1 at 0.6 mT, and for 129 Xe, which increased from 0.13 ± 0.03 mM s-1 at 11.7T to 7.32 ± 0.71 mM s-1 at 2.1 mT. The additional MR signal loss increased from 0.7% at 9.4T to 20.6 ± 4.2% at 0.6 mT for 1 H and from -0.7 ± 3.4% at 9.4T to 12.7 ± 3.5% at 2.1 mT for 129 Xe. Blood was found to depolarize 129 Xe below 3T in a manner inversely proportional to the field strength. In vitro studies at 2.1 mT suggest 129 Xe relaxation times below 5 s in blood dilutions as low as 0.4% volume. CONCLUSION SPIONs longitudinal relaxivity increases at low field both for 1 H and 129 Xe. The depolarization of xenon in blood, which is found to increase below 3T, effectively prevents in vivo dissolved-phase spectroscopy and imaging at low-field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bryden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sebastian W Atalla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michele Kelley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leah R Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Preclinical MRI Using Hyperpolarized 129Xe. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238338. [PMID: 36500430 PMCID: PMC9738892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Although critical for development of novel therapies, understanding altered lung function in disease models is challenging because the transport and diffusion of gases over short distances, on which proper function relies, is not readily visualized. In this review we summarize progress introducing hyperpolarized 129Xe imaging as a method to follow these processes in vivo. The work is organized in sections highlighting methods to observe the gas replacement effects of breathing (Gas Dynamics during the Breathing Cycle) and gas diffusion throughout the parenchymal airspaces (3). We then describe the spectral signatures indicative of gas dissolution and uptake (4), and how these features can be used to follow the gas as it enters the tissue and capillary bed, is taken up by hemoglobin in the red blood cells (5), re-enters the gas phase prior to exhalation (6), or is carried via the vasculature to other organs and body structures (7). We conclude with a discussion of practical imaging and spectroscopy techniques that deliver quantifiable metrics despite the small size, rapid motion and decay of signal and coherence characteristic of the magnetically inhomogeneous lung in preclinical models (8).
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3
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Huang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wei L, Zhang X, Jin C, Yang J, Li Z, Liang S. The current status and trend of the functional magnetic resonance combined with stimulation in animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:963175. [PMID: 36213733 PMCID: PMC9540855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.963175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a non-radiative, non-invasive imaging technique, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has excellent effects on studying the activation of blood oxygen levels and functional connectivity of the brain in human and animal models. Compared with resting-state fMRI, fMRI combined with stimulation could be used to assess the activation of specific brain regions and the connectivity of specific pathways and achieve better signal capture with a clear purpose and more significant results. Various fMRI methods and specific stimulation paradigms have been proposed to investigate brain activation in a specific state, such as electrical, mechanical, visual, olfactory, and direct brain stimulation. In this review, the studies on animal brain activation using fMRI combined with different stimulation methods were retrieved. The instruments, experimental parameters, anesthesia, and animal models in different stimulation conditions were summarized. The findings would provide a reference for studies on estimating specific brain activation using fMRI combined with stimulation.
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Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Rao MR, Li T, Agostino M, Wild JM, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging of the brain: Achievements and future challenges. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:83-105. [PMID: 35253919 PMCID: PMC9314594 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) brain MRI is a promising imaging modality currently under extensive development. HP 129 Xe is nontoxic, capable of dissolving in pulmonary blood, and is extremely sensitive to the local environment. After dissolution in the pulmonary blood, HP 129 Xe travels with the blood flow to the brain and can be used for functional imaging such as perfusion imaging, hemodynamic response detection, and blood-brain barrier permeability assessment. HP 129 Xe MRI imaging of the brain has been performed in animals, healthy human subjects, and in patients with Alzheimer's disease and stroke. In this review, the overall progress in the field of HP 129 Xe brain imaging is discussed, along with various imaging approaches and pulse sequences used to optimize HP 129 Xe brain MRI. In addition, current challenges and limitations of HP 129 Xe brain imaging are discussed, as well as possible methods for their mitigation. Finally, potential pathways for further development are also discussed. HP 129 Xe MRI of the brain has the potential to become a valuable novel perfusion imaging technique and has the potential to be used in the clinical setting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhwesha R Rao
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tao Li
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Agostino
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Perron S, Ouriadov A, Wawrzyn K, Hickling S, Fox MS, Serrai H, Santyr G. Application of a 2D frequency encoding sectoral approach to hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI at low field. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 336:107159. [PMID: 35183921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI is a non-invasive and radiation risk free lung imaging method, which can directly measure the business unit of the lung where gas exchange occurs: the alveoli and acinar ducts (lung function). Currently, three imaging approaches have been demonstrated to be useful for hyperpolarized 129Xe MR in lungs: Fast Gradient Recalled Echo (FGRE), Radial Projection Reconstruction (PR), and spiral/cones. Typically, non-Cartesian acquisitions such as PR and spiral/cones require specific data post-processing, such as interpolating, regridding, and density-weighting procedures for image reconstruction, which often leads to smoothing effects and resolution degradation. On the other hand, Cartesian methods such as FGRE are not short-echo time (TE) methods; they suffer from imaging gradient-induced diffusion-weighting of the k-space center, and employ a significant number of radio-frequency (RF) pulses. Due to the non-renewable magnetization of the hyperpolarized media, the use of a large number of RF pulses (FGRE/PR) required for full k-space coverage is a significant limitation, especially for low field (<0.5 T) hyperpolarized gas MRI. We demonstrate an ultra-fast, purely frequency-encoded, Cartesian pulse sequence called Frequency-Encoding Sectoral (FES), which takes advantage of the long T2* of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas at low field strength (0.074 T). In contrast to PR/FGRE, it uses a much smaller number of RF pulses, and consequently maximizes image Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) while shortening acquisition time. Additionally, FES does not suffer from non-uniform T2* decay leading to image blurring; a common issue with interleaved spirals/cones. The Cartesian k-space coverage of the proposed FES method does not require specific k-space data post-processing, unlike PR/FGRE and spiral/cones methods. Proton scans were used to compare the FES sequence to both FGRE and Phase Encoding Sectoral, in terms of their SNR values and imaging efficiency estimates. Using FES, proton and hyperpolarized 129Xe images were acquired from a custom hollow acrylic phantom (0.04L) and two normal rats (129Xe only), utilizing both single-breath and multiple-breath schemes. For the 129Xe phantom images, the apparent diffusion coefficient, T1, and T2* relaxation maps were acquired and generated. Blurring due to the T2* decay and B0 field variation were simulated to estimate dependence of the image resolution on the duration of the data acquisition windows (i.e. sector length), and temperature-induced resonance frequency shift from the low field magnet hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Perron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexei Ouriadov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Krzysztof Wawrzyn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Matthew S Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hacene Serrai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giles Santyr
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Friedlander Y, Zanette B, Lindenmaier A, Li D, Kadlecek S, Santyr G, Kassner A. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI of the rat brain with chemical shift saturation recovery and spiral-IDEAL readout. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1971-1979. [PMID: 34841605 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of 129 Xe chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR) combined with spiral-IDEAL imaging for simultaneous measurement of the time-course of red blood cell (RBC) and brain tissue signals in the rat brain. METHODS Images of both the RBC and brain tissue 129 Xe signals from the brains of five rats were obtained using interleaved spiral-IDEAL imaging following chemical shift saturation pulses applied at multiple CSSR delay times, τ. A linear fit of the signals to τ was used to calculate the slope of the signal for both RBC and brain tissue compartments on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Gas transfer was evaluated by measuring the ratio of the whole brain tissue-to-RBC signal intensities as a function of τ. To investigate the relationship between the CSSR images and gas transfer in the brain, the experiments were repeated during hypercapnic ventilation. RESULTS Hypercapnia, affected the ratio of the tissue-to-RBC signal intensity (p = 0.026), consistent with an increase in gas transfer. CONCLUSION CSSR with spiral-IDEAL imaging is feasible for acquisition of 129 Xe RBC and brain tissue time-course images in the rat brain. Differences in the time-course of the signal intensity ratios are consistent with gas transfer changes expected under hypercapnic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonni Friedlander
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Zanette
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Lindenmaier
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Li
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giles Santyr
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Kassner
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Birchall JR, Irwin RK, Chowdhury MRH, Nikolaou P, Goodson BM, Barlow MJ, Shcherbakov A, Chekmenev EY. Automated Low-Cost In Situ IR and NMR Spectroscopy Characterization of Clinical-Scale 129Xe Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3883-3888. [PMID: 33591160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present on the utility of in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic techniques for automated advanced analysis of the 129Xe hyperpolarization process during spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). The developed software protocol, written in the MATLAB programming language, facilitates detailed characterization of hyperpolarized contrast agent production efficiency based on determination of key performance indicators, including the maximum achievable 129Xe polarization, steady-state Rb-129Xe spin-exchange and 129Xe polarization build-up rates, 129Xe spin-relaxation rates, and estimates of steady-state Rb electron polarization. Mapping the dynamics of 129Xe polarization and relaxation as a function of SEOP temperature enables systematic optimization of the batch-mode SEOP process. The automated analysis of a typical experimental data set, encompassing ∼300 raw NMR and NIR spectra combined across six different SEOP temperatures, can be performed in under 5 min on a laptop computer. The protocol is designed to be robust in operation on any batch-mode SEOP hyperpolarizer device. In particular, we demonstrate the implementation of a combination of low-cost NIR and low-frequency NMR spectrometers (∼$1,100 and ∼$300 respectively, ca. 2020) for use in the described protocols. The demonstrated methodology will aid in the characterization of NMR hyperpolarization hardware in the context of SEOP and other hyperpolarization techniques for more robust and less expensive clinical production of HP 129Xe and other contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Md Raduanul H Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | | | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Shcherbakov
- Smart-A, Perm, Perm Region 614000, Russia.,Custom Medical Systems (CMS) LTD, Nicosia 2312, Cyprus
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow 119991, Russia
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8
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Marshall H, Stewart NJ, Chan HF, Rao M, Norquay G, Wild JM. In vivo methods and applications of xenon-129 magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 122:42-62. [PMID: 33632417 PMCID: PMC7933823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised gas lung MRI using xenon-129 can provide detailed 3D images of the ventilated lung airspaces, and can be applied to quantify lung microstructure and detailed aspects of lung function such as gas exchange. It is sensitive to functional and structural changes in early lung disease and can be used in longitudinal studies of disease progression and therapy response. The ability of 129Xe to dissolve into the blood stream and its chemical shift sensitivity to its local environment allow monitoring of gas exchange in the lungs, perfusion of the brain and kidneys, and blood oxygenation. This article reviews the methods and applications of in vivo129Xe MR in humans, with a focus on the physics of polarisation by optical pumping, radiofrequency coil and pulse sequence design, and the in vivo applications of 129Xe MRI and MRS to examine lung ventilation, microstructure and gas exchange, blood oxygenation, and perfusion of the brain and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Marshall
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Stewart
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ho-Fung Chan
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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9
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Yu Q, Huang S, Xu TT, Wang YC, Ju S. Measuring Brown Fat Using MRI and Implications in the Metabolic Syndrome. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 54:1377-1392. [PMID: 33047448 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is presently becoming a global health concern. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the potential for managing the risk factors of metabolic syndrome by adjusting plasma lipids and glucose. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive and radiation-free imaging modality for BAT research and clinical applications in both animals and humans. In the past decade, MRI technologies for detecting and characterizing BAT have developed rapidly, with progress in MRI sequencing and the emerging understanding of BAT. In this review, we focus on the main MRI methods for BAT including currently used imaging techniques and new methods and their implications for the symptoms and complications of metabolic syndrome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Molecular Sensing with Host Systems for Hyperpolarized 129Xe. Molecules 2020; 25:E4627. [PMID: 33050669 PMCID: PMC7587211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized noble gases have been used early on in applications for sensitivity enhanced NMR. 129Xe has been explored for various applications because it can be used beyond the gas-driven examination of void spaces. Its solubility in aqueous solutions and its affinity for hydrophobic binding pockets allows "functionalization" through combination with host structures that bind one or multiple gas atoms. Moreover, the transient nature of gas binding in such hosts allows the combination with another signal enhancement technique, namely chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Different systems have been investigated for implementing various types of so-called Xe biosensors where the gas binds to a targeted host to address molecular markers or to sense biophysical parameters. This review summarizes developments in biosensor design and synthesis for achieving molecular sensing with NMR at unprecedented sensitivity. Aspects regarding Xe exchange kinetics and chemical engineering of various classes of hosts for an efficient build-up of the CEST effect will also be discussed as well as the cavity design of host molecules to identify a pool of bound Xe. The concept is presented in the broader context of reporter design with insights from other modalities that are helpful for advancing the field of Xe biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
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11
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Birchall JR, Nikolaou P, Coffey AM, Kidd BE, Murphy M, Molway M, Bales LB, Goodson BM, Irwin RK, Barlow MJ, Chekmenev EY. Batch-Mode Clinical-Scale Optical Hyperpolarization of Xenon-129 Using an Aluminum Jacket with Rapid Temperature Ramping. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4309-4316. [PMID: 32073251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We present spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) using a third-generation (GEN-3) automated batch-mode clinical-scale 129Xe hyperpolarizer utilizing continuous high-power (∼170 W) pump laser irradiation and a novel aluminum jacket design for rapid temperature ramping of xenon-rich gas mixtures (up to 2 atm partial pressure). The aluminum jacket design is capable of heating SEOP cells from ambient temperature (typically 25 °C) to 70 °C (temperature of the SEOP process) in 4 min, and perform cooling of the cell to the temperature at which the hyperpolarized gas mixture can be released from the hyperpolarizer (with negligible amounts of Rb metal leaving the cell) in approximately 4 min, substantially faster (by a factor of 6) than previous hyperpolarizer designs relying on air heat exchange. These reductions in temperature cycling time will likely be highly advantageous for the overall increase of production rates of batch-mode (i.e., stopped-flow) 129Xe hyperpolarizers, which is particularly beneficial for clinical applications. The additional advantage of the presented design is significantly improved thermal management of the SEOP cell. Accompanying the heating jacket design and performance, we also evaluate the repeatability of SEOP experiments conducted using this new architecture, and present typically achievable hyperpolarization levels exceeding 40% at exponential build-up rates on the order of 0.1 min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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12
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S. Fox M, V. Ouriadov A. High Resolution 3He Pulmonary MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Antonacci MA, Zhang L, Burant A, McCallister D, Branca RT. Simple and robust referencing system enables identification of dissolved-phase xenon spectral frequencies. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:431-441. [PMID: 29266425 PMCID: PMC5910273 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of macroscopic susceptibility gradients on the gas-phase referenced dissolved-phase 129 Xe (DPXe) chemical shift (CS) and to establish the robustness of a water-based referencing system for in vivo DPXe spectra. METHODS Frequency shifts induced by spatially varying magnetic susceptibility are calculated by finite-element analysis for the human head and chest. Their effect on traditional gas-phase referenced DPXe CS is then assessed theoretically and experimentally. A water-based referencing system for the DPXe resonances that uses the local water protons as reference is proposed and demonstrated in vivo in rats. RESULTS Across the human brain, macroscopic susceptibility gradients can induce an apparent variation in the DPXe CS of up to 2.5 ppm. An additional frequency shift as large as 6.5 ppm can exist between DPXe and gas-phase resonances. By using nearby water protons as reference for the DPXe CS, the effect of macroscopic susceptibility gradients is eliminated and consistent CS values are obtained in vivo, regardless of shimming conditions, region of interest analyzed, animal orientation, or lung inflation. Combining in vitro and in vivo spectroscopic measurements finally enables confident assignment of some of the DPXe peaks observed in vivo. CONCLUSION To use hyperpolarized xenon as a biological probe in tissues, the DPXe CS in specific organs/tissues must be reliably measured. When the gas-phase is used as reference, variable CS values are obtained for DPXe resonances. Reliable peak assignments in DPXe spectra can be obtained by using local water protons as reference. Magn Reson Med 80:431-441, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alex Burant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Drew McCallister
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rosa T. Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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14
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Grigor’ev GY, Nabiev SS. Production and Applications of Spin-Polarized Isotopes of Noble Gases. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793118030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Ruppert K, Amzajerdian F, Hamedani H, Xin Y, Loza L, Achekzai T, Duncan IF, Profka H, Siddiqui S, Pourfathi M, Cereda MF, Kadlecek S, Rizi RR. Rapid assessment of pulmonary gas transport with hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI using a 3D radial double golden-means acquisition with variable flip angles. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2439-2448. [PMID: 29682792 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3D radial double golden-means acquisition with variable flip angles to monitor pulmonary gas transport in a single breath hold with hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI. METHODS Hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI scans with interleaved gas-phase and dissolved-phase excitations were performed using a 3D radial double golden-means acquisition in mechanically ventilated rabbits. The flip angle was either held fixed at 15 ° or 5 °, or it was varied linearly in ascending or descending order between 5 ° and 15 ° over a sampling interval of 1000 spokes. Dissolved-phase and gas-phase images were reconstructed at high resolution (32 × 32 × 32 matrix size) using all 1000 spokes, or at low resolution (22 × 22 × 22 matrix size) using 400 spokes at a time in a sliding-window fashion. Based on these sliding-window images, relative change maps were obtained using the highest mean flip angle as the reference, and aggregated pixel-based changes were tracked. RESULTS Although the signal intensities in the dissolve-phase maps were mostly constant in the fixed flip-angle acquisitions, they varied significantly as a function of average flip angle in the variable flip-angle acquisitions. The latter trend reflects the underlying changes in observed dissolve-phase magnetization distribution due to pulmonary gas uptake and transport. CONCLUSION 3D radial double golden-means acquisitions with variable flip angles provide a robust means for rapidly assessing lung function during a single breath hold, thereby constituting a particularly valuable tool for imaging uncooperative or pediatric patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ruppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Faraz Amzajerdian
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hooman Hamedani
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luis Loza
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tahmina Achekzai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian F Duncan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harrilla Profka
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarmad Siddiqui
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mehrdad Pourfathi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maurizio F Cereda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rahim R Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Chahal S, Prete BRJ, Wade A, Hane FT, Albert MS. Brain Imaging Using Hyperpolarized 129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Methods Enzymol 2018; 603:305-320. [PMID: 29673533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a novel iteration of traditional MRI that relies on detecting the spins of 1H. Since 129Xe is a gaseous signal source, it can be used for lung imaging. Additionally, 129Xe dissolves in the blood stream and can therefore be detectable in the brain parenchyma and vasculature. In this work, we provide detailed information on the protocols that we have developed to image 129Xe within the brains of both rodents and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alanna Wade
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Francis T Hane
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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17
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Rao MR, Stewart NJ, Griffiths PD, Norquay G, Wild JM. Imaging Human Brain Perfusion with Inhaled Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR Imaging. Radiology 2018; 286:659-665. [PMID: 28858563 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017162881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of directly imaging perfusion of human brain tissue by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with inhaled hyperpolarized xenon 129 (129Xe). Materials and Methods In vivo imaging with 129Xe was performed in three healthy participants. The combination of a high-yield spin-exchange optical pumping 129Xe polarizer, custom-built radiofrequency coils, and an optimized gradient-echo MR imaging protocol was used to achieve signal sensitivity sufficient to directly image hyperpolarized 129Xe dissolved in the human brain. Conventional T1-weighted proton (hydrogen 1 [1H]) images and perfusion images by using arterial spin labeling were obtained for comparison. Results Images of 129Xe uptake were obtained with a signal-to-noise ratio of 31 ± 9 and demonstrated structural similarities to the gray matter distribution on conventional T1-weighted 1H images and to perfusion images from arterial spin labeling. Conclusion Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR imaging is an injection-free means of imaging the perfusion of cerebral tissue. The proposed method images the uptake of inhaled xenon gas to the extravascular brain tissue compartment across the intact blood-brain barrier. This level of sensitivity is not readily available with contemporary MR imaging methods. ©RSNA, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhwesha R Rao
- From the Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, C Floor, Sheffield S10 2JF, England (M.R.R., N.J.S., P.D.G., G.N., J.M.W.)
| | - Neil J Stewart
- From the Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, C Floor, Sheffield S10 2JF, England (M.R.R., N.J.S., P.D.G., G.N., J.M.W.)
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- From the Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, C Floor, Sheffield S10 2JF, England (M.R.R., N.J.S., P.D.G., G.N., J.M.W.)
| | - Graham Norquay
- From the Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, C Floor, Sheffield S10 2JF, England (M.R.R., N.J.S., P.D.G., G.N., J.M.W.)
| | - Jim M Wild
- From the Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, C Floor, Sheffield S10 2JF, England (M.R.R., N.J.S., P.D.G., G.N., J.M.W.)
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18
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Salzillo TC, Hu J, Nguyen L, Whiting N, Lee J, Weygand J, Dutta P, Pudakalakatti S, Millward NZ, Gammon ST, Lang FF, Heimberger AB, Bhattacharya PK. Interrogating Metabolism in Brain Cancer. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2017; 24:687-703. [PMID: 27742110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews existing and emerging techniques of interrogating metabolism in brain cancer from well-established proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the promising hyperpolarized metabolic imaging and chemical exchange saturation transfer and emerging techniques of imaging inflammation. Some of these techniques are at an early stage of development and clinical trials are in progress in patients to establish the clinical efficacy. It is likely that in vivo metabolomics and metabolic imaging is the next frontier in brain cancer diagnosis and assessing therapeutic efficacy; with the combined knowledge of genomics and proteomics a complete understanding of tumorigenesis in brain might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Salzillo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jingzhe Hu
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas Whiting
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaehyuk Lee
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Weygand
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prasanta Dutta
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Niki Zacharias Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seth T Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Norquay G, Leung G, Stewart NJ, Wolber J, Wild JM. 129 Xe chemical shift in human blood and pulmonary blood oxygenation measurement in humans using hyperpolarized 129 Xe NMR. Magn Reson Med 2017; 77:1399-1408. [PMID: 27062652 PMCID: PMC5363245 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the dependency of the 129 Xe-red blood cell (RBC) chemical shift on blood oxygenation, and to use this relation for noninvasive measurement of pulmonary blood oxygenation in vivo with hyperpolarized 129 Xe NMR. METHODS Hyperpolarized 129 Xe was equilibrated with blood samples of varying oxygenation in vitro, and NMR was performed at 1.5 T and 3 T. Dynamic in vivo NMR during breath hold apnea was performed at 3 T on two healthy volunteers following inhalation of hyperpolarized 129 Xe. RESULTS The 129 Xe chemical shift in RBCs was found to increase nonlinearly with blood oxygenation at 1.5 T and 3 T. During breath hold apnea, the 129 Xe chemical shift in RBCs exhibited a periodic time modulation and showed a net decrease in chemical shift of ∼1 ppm over a 35 s breath hold, corresponding to a decrease of 7-10 % in RBC oxygenation. The 129 Xe-RBC signal amplitude showed a modulation with the same frequency as the 129 Xe-RBC chemical shift. CONCLUSION The feasibility of using the 129 Xe-RBC chemical shift to measure pulmonary blood oxygenation in vivo has been demonstrated. Correlation between 129 Xe-RBC signal and 129 Xe-RBC chemical shift modulations in the lung warrants further investigation, with the aim to better quantify temporal blood oxygenation changes in the cardiopulmonary vascular circuit. Magn Reson Med 77:1399-1408, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Norquay
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - General Leung
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Stewart
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Jan Wolber
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
- GE HealthcareAmershamBuckinghamshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Jim M. Wild
- Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
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20
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Mari E, Berthault P. 129Xe NMR-based sensors: biological applications and recent methods. Analyst 2017; 142:3298-3308. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular systems that target analytes of interest and host spin-hyperpolarized xenon lead to powerful 129Xe NMR-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mari
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université de Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
| | - P. Berthault
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université de Paris Saclay
- CEA Saclay
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22
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Hyperpolarization MRI: Preclinical Models and Potential Applications in Neuroradiology. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25:31-7. [PMID: 26848559 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is a novel technology that can dramatically increase signal to noise in magnetic resonance. The method is being applied to small injectable endogenous molecules, which can be used to monitor transient in vivo metabolic events, in real time. The emergence of hyperpolarized C-labeled probes, specifically C pyruvate, has enabled monitoring of core cellular metabolic events. Neuro-oncological applications have been demonstrated in preclinical models. Many more applications of this technology are envisioned, with transformative potential in magnetic resonance imaging.
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Abstract
Metabolic imaging is a field of molecular imaging that focuses and targets changes in metabolic pathways for the evaluation of different clinical conditions. Targeting and quantifying metabolic changes noninvasively is a powerful approach to facilitate diagnosis and evaluate therapeutic response. This review addresses only techniques targeting metabolic pathways. Other molecular imaging strategies, such as affinity or receptor imaging or microenvironment-dependent methods are beyond the scope of this review. Here we describe the current state of the art in clinically translatable metabolic imaging modalities. Specifically, we focus on PET and MR spectroscopy, including conventional (1)H- and (13)C-MR spectroscopy at thermal equilibrium and hyperpolarized MRI. In this article, we first provide an overview of metabolic pathways that are altered in many pathologic conditions and the corresponding probes and techniques used to study those alterations. We then describe the application of metabolic imaging to several common diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiac ischemia, and infection or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Gialleonardo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY.
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24
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Jeong K, Netirojjanakul C, Munch HK, Sun J, Finbloom JA, Wemmer DE, Pines A, Francis MB. Targeted Molecular Imaging of Cancer Cells Using MS2-Based (129)Xe NMR. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1796-801. [PMID: 27454679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized targeted, selective, and highly sensitive (129)Xe NMR nanoscale biosensors using a spherical MS2 viral capsid, Cryptophane A molecules, and DNA aptamers. The biosensors showed strong binding specificity toward targeted lymphoma cells (Ramos line). Hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR signal contrast and hyper-CEST (129)Xe MRI image contrast indicated its promise as highly sensitive hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR nanoscale biosensor for future applications in cancer detection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Chawita Netirojjanakul
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Henrik K Munch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jinny Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Joel A Finbloom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - David E Wemmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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25
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Rao M, Stewart NJ, Norquay G, Griffiths PD, Wild JM. High resolution spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging of hyperpolarized (129) Xe dissolved in the human brain in vivo at 1.5 tesla. Magn Reson Med 2016; 75:2227-34. [PMID: 27080441 PMCID: PMC4950000 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Upon inhalation, xenon diffuses into the bloodstream and is transported to the brain, where it dissolves in various compartments of the brain. Although up to five chemically distinct peaks have been previously observed in 129Xe rat head spectra, to date only three peaks have been reported in the human head. This study demonstrates high resolution spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging (CSI) of 129Xe dissolved in the human head at 1.5 Tesla. Methods A 129Xe radiofrequency coil was built in‐house and 129Xe gas was polarized using spin‐exchange optical pumping. Following the inhalation of 129Xe gas, NMR spectroscopy was performed with spectral resolution of 0.033 ppm. Two‐dimensional CSI in all three anatomical planes was performed with spectral resolution of 2.1 ppm and voxel size 20 mm × 20 mm. Results Spectra of hyperpolarized 129Xe dissolved in the human head showed five distinct peaks at 188 ppm, 192 ppm, 196 ppm, 200 ppm, and 217 ppm. Assignment of these peaks was consistent with earlier studies. Conclusion High resolution spectroscopy and CSI of hyperpolarized 129Xe dissolved in the human head has been demonstrated. For the first time, five distinct NMR peaks have been observed in 129Xe spectra from the human head in vivo. Magn Reson Med 75:2227–2234, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhwesha Rao
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Stewart
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Norquay
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jim M Wild
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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26
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Fox MS, Gaudet JM, Foster PJ. Fluorine-19 MRI Contrast Agents for Cell Tracking and Lung Imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2016; 8:53-67. [PMID: 27042089 PMCID: PMC4807887 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F)-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging stand to revolutionize imaging-based research and clinical trials in several fields of medical intervention. First, their use in characterizing in vivo cell behavior may help bring cellular therapy closer to clinical acceptance. Second, their use in lung imaging provides novel noninvasive interrogation of the ventilated airspaces without the need for complicated, hard-to-distribute hardware. This article reviews the current state of 19F-based cell tracking and lung imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and describes the link between the methods across these fields and how they may mutually benefit from solutions to mutual problems encountered when imaging 19F-containing compounds, as well as hardware and software advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Fox
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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Li H, Zhang Z, Zhong J, Ruan W, Han Y, Sun X, Ye C, Zhou X. Oxygen-dependent hyperpolarized (129) Xe brain MR. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:220-225. [PMID: 26915791 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) (129) Xe MR offers unique advantages for brain functional imaging (fMRI) because of its extremely high sensitivity to different chemical environments and the total absence of background noise in biological tissues. However, its advancement and applications are currently plagued by issues of signal strength. Generally, xenon atoms found in the brain after inhalation are transferred from the lung via the bloodstream. The longitudinal relaxation time (T1 ) of HP (129) Xe is inversely proportional to the pulmonary oxygen concentration in the lung because oxygen molecules are paramagnetic. However, the T1 of (129) Xe is proportional to the pulmonary oxygen concentration in the blood, because the higher pulmonary oxygen concentration will result in a higher concentration of diamagnetic oxyhemoglobin. Accordingly, there should be an optimal pulmonary oxygen concentration for a given quantity of HP (129) Xe in the brain. In this study, the relationship between pulmonary oxygen concentration and HP (129) Xe signal in the brain was analyzed using a theoretical model and measured through in vivo experiments. The results from the theoretical model and experiments in rats are found to be in good agreement with each other. The optimal pulmonary oxygen concentration predicted by the theoretical model was 21%, and the in vivo experiments confirmed the presence of such an optimal ratio by reporting measurements between 25% and 35%. These findings are helpful for improving the (129) Xe signal in the brain and make the most of the limited spin polarization available for brain experiments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jianping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Weiwei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yeqing Han
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xianping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chaohui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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28
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Jeong K, Slack CC, Vassiliou CC, Dao P, Gomes MD, Kennedy DJ, Truxal AE, Sperling LJ, Francis MB, Wemmer DE, Pines A. Investigation of DOTA-Metal Chelation Effects on the Chemical Shift of (129) Xe. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3573-7. [PMID: 26376768 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that xenon chemical shifts in cryptophane-cage sensors are affected when tethered chelators bind to metals. Here, we explore the xenon shifts in response to a wide range of metal ions binding to diastereomeric forms of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) linked to cryptophane-A. The shifts induced by the binding of Ca(2+) , Cu(2+) , Ce(3+) , Zn(2+) , Cd(2+) , Ni(2+) , Co(2+) , Cr(2+) , Fe(3+) , and Hg(2+) are distinct. In addition, the different responses of the diastereomers for the same metal ion indicate that shifts are affected by partial folding with a correlation between the expected coordination number of the metal in the DOTA complex and the chemical shift of (129) Xe. These sensors may be used to detect and quantify many important metal ions, and a better understanding of the basis for the induced shifts could enhance future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Clancy C Slack
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Christophoros C Vassiliou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Phuong Dao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Muller D Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Daniel J Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Ashley E Truxal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Lindsay J Sperling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Sata Clara, CA, 95053-0270, USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - David E Wemmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.,Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA. .,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Recent developments in NMR hyperpolarization have enabled a wide array of new in vivo molecular imaging modalities, ranging from functional imaging of the lungs to metabolic imaging of cancer. This Concept article explores selected advances in methods for the preparation and use of hyperpolarized contrast agents, many of which are already at or near the phase of their clinical validation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (United States)
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (United States)
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (United States)
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30
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Khan N, Riggle BA, Seward GK, Bai Y, Dmochowski IJ. Cryptophane-folate biosensor for (129)xe NMR. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:101-9. [PMID: 25438187 PMCID: PMC4306503 DOI: 10.1021/bc5005526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Folate-conjugated cryptophane was developed for targeting cryptophane to membrane-bound folate receptors that are overexpressed in many human cancers. The cryptophane biosensor was synthesized in 20 nonlinear steps, which included functionalization with folate recognition moiety, solubilizing peptide, and Cy3 fluorophore. Hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR studies confirmed xenon binding to the folate-conjugated cryptophane. Cellular internalization of biosensor was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantified by flow cytometry. Competitive blocking studies confirmed cryptophane endocytosis through a folate receptor-mediated pathway. Flow cytometry revealed 10-fold higher cellular internalization in KB cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors compared to HT-1080 cells with normal folate receptor expression. The biosensor was determined to be nontoxic in HT-1080 and KB cells by MTT assay at low micromolar concentrations typically used for hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat
S. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brittany A. Riggle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Garry K. Seward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yubin Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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31
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Schnurr M, Sydow K, Rose HM, Dathe M, Schröder L. Brain endothelial cell targeting via a peptide-functionalized liposomal carrier for xenon hyper-CEST MRI. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:40-5. [PMID: 24985966 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A nanoparticulate carrier system is used to efficiently deliver a contrast agent for highly sensitive xenon Hyper-CEST MRI. The carrier system not only improves the biocompatibility and solubility of the contrast agent, it also allows selective cell targeting as demonstrated by the discrimination of human brain capillary and aortic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schnurr
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Karl Sydow
- Peptide-Lipid Interaction; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Honor May Rose
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Margitta Dathe
- Peptide-Lipid Interaction; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
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32
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Detection of brown adipose tissue and thermogenic activity in mice by hyperpolarized xenon MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18001-6. [PMID: 25453088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403697111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human weight regulation has been constrained by the lack of a noninvasive tool for measuring this tissue and its function in vivo. Existing imaging modalities are nonspecific and intrinsically insensitive to the less active, lipid-rich BAT of obese subjects, the target population for BAT studies. We demonstrate noninvasive imaging of BAT in mice by hyperpolarized xenon gas MRI. We detect a greater than 15-fold increase in xenon uptake by BAT during stimulation of BAT thermogenesis, which enables us to acquire background-free maps of the tissue in both lean and obese mouse phenotypes. We also demonstrate in vivo MR thermometry of BAT by hyperpolarized xenon gas. Finally, we use the linear temperature dependence of the chemical shift of xenon dissolved in adipose tissue to directly measure BAT temperature and to track thermogenic activity in vivo.
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33
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Couch MJ, Ball IK, Li T, Fox MS, Ouriadov AV, Biman B, Albert MS. Inert fluorinated gas MRI: a new pulmonary imaging modality. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:1525-1534. [PMID: 25066661 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 ((19)F) MRI of the lungs using inhaled inert fluorinated gases can potentially provide high quality images of the lungs that are similar in quality to those from hyperpolarized (HP) noble gas MRI. Inert fluorinated gases have the advantages of being nontoxic, abundant, and inexpensive compared with HP gases. Due to the high gyromagnetic ratio of (19)F, there is sufficient thermally polarized signal for imaging, and averaging within a single breath-hold is possible due to short longitudinal relaxation times. Therefore, the gases do not need to be hyperpolarized prior to their use in MRI. This eliminates the need for an expensive polarizer and expensive isotopes. Inert fluorinated gas MRI of the lungs has been previously demonstrated in animals, and more recently in healthy volunteers and patients with lung diseases. The ongoing improvements in image quality demonstrate the potential of (19)F MRI for visualizing the distribution of ventilation in human lungs and detecting functional biomarkers. In this brief review, the development of inert fluorinated gas MRI, current progress, and future prospects are discussed. The current state of HP noble gas MRI is also briefly discussed in order to provide context to the development of this new imaging modality. Overall, this may be a viable clinical imaging modality that can provide useful information for the diagnosis and management of chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Couch
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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34
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35
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Genetically encoded reporters for hyperpolarized xenon magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Chem 2014; 6:629-34. [PMID: 24950334 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables high-resolution non-invasive observation of the anatomy and function of intact organisms. However, previous MRI reporters of key biological processes tied to gene expression have been limited by the inherently low molecular sensitivity of conventional (1)H MRI. This limitation could be overcome through the use of hyperpolarized nuclei, such as in the noble gas xenon, but previous reporters acting on such nuclei have been synthetic. Here, we introduce the first genetically encoded reporters for hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI. These expressible reporters are based on gas vesicles (GVs), gas-binding protein nanostructures expressed by certain buoyant microorganisms. We show that GVs are capable of chemical exchange saturation transfer interactions with xenon, which enables chemically amplified GV detection at picomolar concentrations (a 100- to 10,000-fold improvement over comparable constructs for (1)H MRI). We demonstrate the use of GVs as heterologously expressed indicators of gene expression and chemically targeted exogenous labels in MRI experiments performed on living cells.
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36
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Nikolaou P, Coffey AM, Walkup LL, Gust BM, Whiting N, Newton H, Muradyan I, Dabaghyan M, Ranta K, Moroz GD, Rosen MS, Patz S, Barlow MJ, Chekmenev EY, Goodson BM. XeNA: an automated 'open-source' (129)Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical use. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:541-50. [PMID: 24631715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide a full report on the construction, components, and capabilities of our consortium's "open-source" large-scale (~1L/h) (129)Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical, pre-clinical, and materials NMR/MRI (Nikolaou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 14150 (2013)). The 'hyperpolarizer' is automated and built mostly of off-the-shelf components; moreover, it is designed to be cost-effective and installed in both research laboratories and clinical settings with materials costing less than $125,000. The device runs in the xenon-rich regime (up to 1800Torr Xe in 0.5L) in either stopped-flow or single-batch mode-making cryo-collection of the hyperpolarized gas unnecessary for many applications. In-cell (129)Xe nuclear spin polarization values of ~30%-90% have been measured for Xe loadings of ~300-1600Torr. Typical (129)Xe polarization build-up and T1 relaxation time constants were ~8.5min and ~1.9h respectively under our spin-exchange optical pumping conditions; such ratios, combined with near-unity Rb electron spin polarizations enabled by the high resonant laser power (up to ~200W), permit such high PXe values to be achieved despite the high in-cell Xe densities. Importantly, most of the polarization is maintained during efficient HP gas transfer to other containers, and ultra-long (129)Xe relaxation times (up to nearly 6h) were observed in Tedlar bags following transport to a clinical 3T scanner for MR spectroscopy and imaging as a prelude to in vivo experiments. The device has received FDA IND approval for a clinical study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects. The primary focus of this paper is on the technical/engineering development of the polarizer, with the explicit goals of facilitating the adaptation of design features and operative modes into other laboratories, and of spurring the further advancement of HP-gas MR applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL.
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, United States
| | - Laura L Walkup
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Brogan M Gust
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Nicholas Whiting
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hayley Newton
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Iga Muradyan
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mikayel Dabaghyan
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kaili Ranta
- Department of Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Gregory D Moroz
- Graduate School Central Research Shop, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Samuel Patz
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37205, United States
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL.
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37
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Lilburn DM, Pavlovskaya GE, Meersmann T. Perspectives of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI beyond 3He. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 229:173-86. [PMID: 23290627 PMCID: PMC3611600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies with hyperpolarized (hp) noble gases are at an exciting interface between physics, chemistry, materials science and biomedical sciences. This paper intends to provide a brief overview and outlook of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with hp noble gases other than hp (3)He. A particular focus are the many intriguing experiments with (129)Xe, some of which have already matured to useful MRI protocols, while others display high potential for future MRI applications. Quite naturally for MRI applications the major usage so far has been for biomedical research but perspectives for engineering and materials science studies are also provided. In addition, the prospects for surface sensitive contrast with hp (83)Kr MRI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Meersmann
- University of Nottingham, School of Clinical Sciences, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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