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Rawle DJ, Le TT, Dumenil T, Bishop C, Yan K, Nakayama E, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Widespread discrepancy in Nnt genotypes and genetic backgrounds complicates granzyme A and other knockout mouse studies. eLife 2022; 11:e70207. [PMID: 35119362 PMCID: PMC8816380 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GZMA) is a serine protease secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes, with Gzma-/- mouse studies having informed our understanding of GZMA's physiological function. We show herein that Gzma-/- mice have a mixed C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N genetic background and retain the full-length nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene, whereas Nnt is truncated in C57BL/6J mice. Chikungunya viral arthritis was substantially ameliorated in Gzma-/- mice; however, the presence of Nnt and the C57BL/6N background, rather than loss of GZMA expression, was responsible for this phenotype. A new CRISPR active site mutant C57BL/6J GzmaS211A mouse provided the first insights into GZMA's bioactivity free of background issues, with circulating proteolytically active GZMA promoting immune-stimulating and pro-inflammatory signatures. Remarkably, k-mer mining of the Sequence Read Archive illustrated that ≈27% of Run Accessions and ≈38% of BioProjects listing C57BL/6J as the mouse strain had Nnt sequencing reads inconsistent with a C57BL/6J genetic background. Nnt and C57BL/6N background issues have clearly complicated our understanding of GZMA and may similarly have influenced studies across a broad range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of ExcellenceBrisbaneAustralia
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Millan AJ, Elizaldi SR, Lee EM, Aceves JO, Murugesh D, Loots GG, Manilay JO. Sostdc1 Regulates NK Cell Maturation and Cytotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2296-2306. [PMID: 30814306 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate-like lymphocytes that eliminate virally infected and cancerous cells, but the mechanisms that control NK cell development and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We identified roles for sclerostin domain-containing-1 (Sostdc1) in NK cell development and function. Sostdc1-knockout (Sostdc1 -/-) mice display a progressive accumulation of transitional NK cells (tNKs) (CD27+CD11b+) with age, indicating a partial developmental block. The NK cell Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 -/- mice is also changed. Lower frequencies of Sostdc1 -/- splenic tNKs express inhibitory Ly49G2 receptors, but higher frequencies express activating Ly49H and Ly49D receptors. However, the frequencies of Ly49I+, G2+, H+, and D+ populations were universally decreased at the most mature (CD27-CD11b+) stage. We hypothesized that the Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 -/- mice would correlate with NK killing ability and observed that Sostdc1-/- NK cells are hyporesponsive against MHC class I-deficient cell targets in vitro and in vivo, despite higher CD107a surface levels and similar IFN-γ expression to controls. Consistent with Sostdc1's known role in Wnt signaling regulation, Tcf7 and Lef1 levels were higher in Sostdc1 -/- NK cells. Expression of the NK development gene Id2 was decreased in Sostdc1-/- immature NK and tNK cells, but Eomes and Tbx21 expression was unaffected. Reciprocal bone marrow transplant experiments showed that Sostdc1 regulates NK cell maturation and expression of Ly49 receptors in a cell-extrinsic fashion from both nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic sources. Taken together, these data support a role for Sostdc1 in the regulation of NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity, and identify potential NK cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Millan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Sonny R Elizaldi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Eric M Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Jeffrey O Aceves
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Jennifer O Manilay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
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IL-15 cis Presentation Is Required for Optimal NK Cell Activation in Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Inflammatory Conditions. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1235-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Larena M, Regner M, Lobigs M. Cytolytic effector pathways and IFN-γ help protect against Japanese encephalitis. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Larena
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
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