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Bourais I, Elmarrkechy S, Taha D, Mourabit Y, Bouyahya A, El Yadini M, Machich O, El Hajjaji S, El Boury H, Dakka N, Iba N. A Review on Medicinal Uses, Nutritional Value, and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic, and Anticancer Potential Related to Bioactive Compounds of J. regia. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2094401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhame Bourais
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Salma Elmarrkechy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Douae Taha
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modelling Materials, Nanomaterials Water and Environment–CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yassine Mourabit
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modelling Materials, Nanomaterials Water and Environment–CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meryem El Yadini
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modelling Materials, Nanomaterials Water and Environment–CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Omar Machich
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Souad El Hajjaji
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modelling Materials, Nanomaterials Water and Environment–CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Houria El Boury
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naima Iba
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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Farhan M, Rizvi A. Understanding the Prooxidant Action of Plant Polyphenols in the Cellular Microenvironment of Malignant Cells: Role of Copper and Therapeutic Implications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:929853. [PMID: 35795551 PMCID: PMC9251333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.929853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant derived polyphenolic compounds are considered critical components of human nutrition and have shown chemotherapeutic effects against a number of malignancies. Several studies have confirmed the ability of polyphenols to induce apoptosis and regression of tumours in animal models. However, the mechanism through which polyphenols modulate their malignant cell selective anticancer effects has not been clearly established. While it is believed that the antioxidant properties of these molecules may contribute to lowering the risk of cancer induction by causing oxidative damage to DNA, it could not be held responsible for chemotherapeutic properties and apoptosis induction. It is a well known fact that cellular copper increases within the malignant cell and in serum of patients harboring malignancies. This phenomenon is independent of the cellular origin of malignancies. Based on our own observations and those of others; over the last 30 years our laboratory has shown that cellular copper reacts with plant derived polyphenolic compounds, by a Fenton like reaction, which generates reactive oxygen species and leads to genomic DNA damage. This damage then causes an apoptosis like cell death of malignant cells, while sparing normal cells. This communication reviews our work in this area and lays the basis for understanding how plant derived polyphenols can behave as prooxidants (and not antioxidants) within the microenvironment of a malignancy (elevated copper levels) and gives rationale for their preferential cytotoxicity towards malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mohd Farhan,
| | - Asim Rizvi
- Department of Kulliyat, Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Role of Dietary Antioxidants in p53-Mediated Cancer Chemoprevention and Tumor Suppression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9924328. [PMID: 34257824 PMCID: PMC8257365 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9924328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises through a complex interplay between genetic, behavioral, metabolic, and environmental factors that combined trigger cellular changes that over time promote malignancy. In terms of cancer prevention, behavioral interventions such as diet can promote genetic programs that may facilitate tumor suppression; and one of the key tumor suppressors responsible for initiating such programs is p53. The p53 protein is activated by various cellular events such as DNA damage, hypoxia, heat shock, and overexpression of oncogenes. Due to its role in cell fate decisions after DNA damage, regulatory pathways controlled by p53 help to maintain genome stability and thus “guard the genome” against mutations that cause cancer. Dietary intake of flavonoids, a C15 group of polyphenols, is known to inhibit cancer progression and assist DNA repair through p53-mediated mechanisms in human cells via their antioxidant activities. For example, quercetin arrests human cervical cancer cell growth by blocking the G2/M phase cell cycle and inducing mitochondrial apoptosis through a p53-dependent mechanism. Other polyphenols such as resveratrol upregulate p53 expression in several cancer cell lines by promoting p53 stability, which in colon cancer cells results in the activation of p53-mediated apoptosis. Finally, among vitamins, folic acid seems to play an important role in the chemoprevention of gastric carcinogenesis by enhancing gastric epithelial apoptosis in patients with premalignant lesions by significantly increased expression of p53. In this review, we discuss the role of these and other dietary antioxidants in p53-mediated cell signaling in relation to cancer chemoprevention and tumor suppression in normal and cancer cells.
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To KKW, Cho WCS. Flavonoids Overcome Drug Resistance to Cancer Chemotherapy by Epigenetically Modulating Multiple Mechanisms. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:289-305. [PMID: 33535954 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210203111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is the major reason accounting for the treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy. Dysregulation of the epigenetic machineries is known to induce chemoresistance. It was reported that numerous genes encoding the key mediators in cancer proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and drug efflux are dysregulated in resistant cancer cells by aberrant DNA methylation. The imbalance of various enzymes catalyzing histone post-translational modifications is also known to alter chromatin configuration and regulate multiple drug resistance genes. Alteration in miRNA signature in cancer cells also gives rise to chemoresistance. Flavonoids are a large group of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds ubiquitously found in plants, fruits, vegetables and traditional herbs. There has been increasing research interest in the health-promoting effects of flavonoids. Flavonoids were shown to directly kill or re-sensitize resistant cancer cells to conventional anticancer drugs by epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current findings of the circumvention of drug resistance by flavonoids through correcting the aberrant epigenetic regulation of multiple resistance mechanisms. More investigations including the evaluation of synergistic anticancer activity, dosing sequence effect, toxicity in normal cells, and animal studies, are warranted to establish the full potential of the combination of flavonoids with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of cancer with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Philips N, Richardson R, Siomyk H, Bynum D, Gonzalez S. “Skin cancer, polyphenols, and oxidative stress” or Counteraction of oxidative stress, inflammation, signal transduction pathways, and extracellular matrix remodeling that mediate skin carcinogenesis by polyphenols. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Sauter ER. Cancer prevention and treatment using combination therapy with natural compounds. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:265-285. [PMID: 32154753 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1738218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Naturally occurring compounds play an essential role in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. There are more than 100 plant and animal based natural compounds currently in clinical use.Areas covered: 1) The importance of natural products combinations in the prevention and treatment of cancer, 2) the need to maximize efficacy while minimizing side effects when using natural product combinations, and 3) specifics related to plant and animal derived natural products, as well as agents derived from natural products. Therapies using natural compounds that have been investigated, their rationale, mechanism of action and findings are reviewed. When the data warrant it, combined interventions that appear to increase efficacy (compared with monotherapy) while minimizing toxicity have been highlighted. Pubmed was used to search for relevant publications.Expert opinion: Combination therapy with natural compounds has the potential to be more effective than single agent therapy. Similar to pharmacologic agents, the goal is to maximize efficacy while mimimizing potential side effects. There is an increasing research focus on the development of agents derived from natural products, with notable successes already achieved from the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Sauter
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Nutraceutical Boom in Cancer: Inside the Labyrinth of Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061936. [PMID: 32178382 PMCID: PMC7139678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, epidemiological studies have shown that food is a very powerful means for maintaining a state of well-being and for health prevention. Many degenerative, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases are related to nutrition and the nutrient-organism interaction could define the balance between health and disease. Nutrients and dietary components influence epigenetic phenomena and modify drugs response; therefore, these food-host interactions can influence the individual predisposition to disease and its potential therapeutic response. Do nutraceuticals have positive or negative effects during chemotherapy? The use of nutraceutical supplements in cancer patients is a controversial debate without a definitive conclusion to date. During cancer treatment, patients take nutraceuticals to alleviate drug toxicity and improve long-term results. Some nutraceuticals may potentiate the effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy by inducing cell growth arrest, cell differentiation, and alteration of the redox state of cells, but in some cases, high levels of them may interfere with the effectiveness of chemotherapy, making cancer cells less reactive to chemotherapy. In this review, we highlighted the emerging opinions and data on the pros and cons on the use of nutraceutical supplements during chemotherapy.
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Lingzhi Z, Meirong L, Xiaobing F. Biological approaches for hypertrophic scars. Int Wound J 2019; 17:405-418. [PMID: 31860941 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is usually the pathological consequence of skin trauma. And hypertrophic scars (HSs) frequently occur in people after being injured deeply. HSs are unusually considered as the result of tissue contraction and excessive extracellular matrix component deposition. Myofibroblasts, as the effector cells, mainly differentiated from fibroblasts, play the crucial role in the pathophysiology of HSs. A number of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines involved in the process of HS occurrence. Currently, with in-depth exploration and clinical research of HSs, various creative and effective treatments budded. In here, we summarize the progress in the molecular mechanism of HSs, and review the available biotherapeutic methods for their pathophysiological characteristics. Additionally, we further prospected that the comprehensive therapy may be more suitable for HS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lingzhi
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Meirong
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, China
| | - Fu Xiaobing
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Polyphenols: Major regulators of key components of DNA damage response in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 82:102679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Retraction: Resveratrol and Black Tea Polyphenol Combination Synergistically Suppress Mouse Skin Tumors Growth by Inhibition of Activated MAPKs and p53. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215980. [PMID: 31002738 PMCID: PMC6474622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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Anti-cancer effects of polyphenols via targeting p53 signaling pathway: updates and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 38:107385. [PMID: 31004736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer effects of polyphenols are ascribed to several signaling pathways including the tumor suppressor gene tumor protein 53 (p53). Expression of endogenous p53 is silent in various types of cancers. A number of polyphenols from a wide variety of dietary sources could upregulate p53 expression in several cancer cell lines through distinct mechanisms of action. The aim of this review is to focus the significance of p53 signaling pathways and to provide molecular intuitions of dietary polyphenols in chemoprevention by monitoring p53 expression that have a prominent role in tumor suppression.
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Fadel M, Kassab K, Youssef T, El-Kholy AI. One-step synthesis of phyto-polymer coated gold nanospheres as a delivery system to enhance resveratrol cytotoxicity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:937-945. [PMID: 30734589 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1579828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a simple method for one-step synthesis of highly stable nontoxic polymer-coated gold nanospheres for use in drug delivery, focuses on the ability of chloroauric acid (HAu Cl4 ) to induce polyphenols polymerization, puts up an easy procedure for loading hydrophobic drugs onto gold nanoparticles with ultra-high loading efficiency and studies the cytotoxicity of free and gold nanoparticles-loaded resveratrol. Gold nanospheres were synthesized simply by direct reaction between resveratrol itself and HAu Cl4 in aqueous medium. Synthesized gold nanospheres exhibited high stability in both aqueous and ethanolic solutions. UV-visible spectrum showed that the synthesized gold nanospheres have maximum absorption at 532 nm. TEM imaging, mass and FT-IR spectrometry revealed the presence of a distinct polymeric shell around each nanoparticle. Resveratrol, as a chemopreventive agent, was loaded onto the synthesized gold nanospheres with an ultra-high loading capacity (11.6% w/w). Free resveratrol, free gold nanospheres, and resveratrol-loaded gold nanospheres were examined for cytotoxicity on HepG2 cell line where cytotoxicity of loaded resveratrol was dramatically enhanced to reach about nine folds as that of free resveratrol at the same concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Fadel
- a Pharmaceutical Technology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES) , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Kawser Kassab
- b Photobiology and Cell Photosensitization Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza , Egypt
| | - Tareq Youssef
- c Photochemistry and Photobiology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES) , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Abdullah I El-Kholy
- a Pharmaceutical Technology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES) , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Chakraborty K, Dey A, Bhattacharyya A, Dasgupta SC. Anti-fibrotic effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract in experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Tissue Cell 2019; 56:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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A Prospective Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of the Efficacy Using Centella Cream for Scar Improvement. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9525624. [PMID: 30310413 PMCID: PMC6166374 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9525624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica extract in cream, a preparation for the prevention of scar development of the split-thickness skin graft (STSG) donor site. Methods A prospective randomized, double-blind control study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Centella cream in 30 patients who underwent a STSG operation. Both Centella cream and placebo were applied equally to the donor site at least 2 weeks after epithelialization was completed. A scar assessment using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was taken at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Results Of the original 30 patients, 23 patients completed evaluation. There were significant differences in pigmentation parameter of VSS and comparative total VSS scores between 4 and 12 weeks in Centella cream group. Conclusion The effect of Centella cream on scar development of a STSG operation may be attainable in terms of better pigmentation. By means of objective measurements and longer follow-up times, Centella cream may prove to be an alternative product for hypertrophic scar amelioration.
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Hou GR, Zeng K, Lan HM, Wang Q. Juglanin ameliorates UVB‑induced skin carcinogenesis via anti‑inflammatory and proapoptotic effects in vivo and in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:41-52. [PMID: 29620254 PMCID: PMC5979868 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces skin injury, and is associated with the development and formation of melanoma, which is a highly lethal form of skin cancer. Juglanin is a natural product, which is predominantly extracted from Polygonum aviculare, and is considered a functional component among its various compounds. Juglanin has been reported to exert marked protective effects in various diseases via the inhibition of inflammation and tumor cell growth. The present study aimed to explore the effects of juglanin on human skin cancer induced by UV and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism. In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis, western blot analysis, RT-qPCR analysis and flow cytometry assays were mainly used in vivo and/or in vitro. The results indicated that in mice, UVB exposure increased susceptibility to carcinogens, and accelerated disease pathogenesis. Conversely, juglanin was able to ameliorate this condition via inhibition of inflammation, suppression of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis via p38/c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) blockage, nuclear factor (NF)‑κB inactivation and caspase stimulation in vivo. In addition, in vitro, the present study demonstrated that treatment of UVB‑stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells with juglanin resulted in a dose‑dependent decrease in cell viability, as well as increased apoptosis via the upregulation of caspase expression and poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase cleavage. In addition, juglanin markedly attenuated p38/JNK signaling, inactivated the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B pathway and suppressed UVB‑induced NF‑κB activation. Taken together, these results indicated the possibility of applying juglanin in combination with UVB as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Rong Hou
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Mei Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Qian BJ, Tian CC, Ling XH, Yu LL, Ding FY, Huo JH, Zhu LC, Wen YL, Zhang JH, Jing P. miRNA-150-5p associate with antihypertensive effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate revealed by aorta miRNome analysis of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Life Sci 2018; 203:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chen H, Liu RH. Potential Mechanisms of Action of Dietary Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention by Targeting Cellular Signaling Transduction Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3260-3276. [PMID: 29498272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a severe health problem that significantly undermines life span and quality. Dietary approach helps provide preventive, nontoxic, and economical strategies against cancer. Increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are linked to reduced risk of cancer and other chronic diseases. The anticancer activities of plant-based foods are related to the actions of phytochemicals. One potential mechanism of action of anticancer phytochemicals is that they regulate cellular signal transduction pathways and hence affects cancer cell behaviors such as proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. Recent publications have reported phytochemicals to have anticancer activities through targeting a wide variety of cell signaling pathways at different levels, such as transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation, protein activation and intercellular messaging. In this review, we discuss major groups of phytochemicals and their regulation on cell signaling transduction against carcinogenesis via key participators, such as Nrf2, CYP450, MAPK, Akt, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, p53, NF-κB, and cancer-related miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Food Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853-7201 , United States
- Institute of Edible Fungi , Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science , Shanghai 201403 , China
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853-7201 , United States
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Polyphenols in Colorectal Cancer: Current State of Knowledge including Clinical Trials and Molecular Mechanism of Action. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4154185. [PMID: 29568751 PMCID: PMC5820674 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4154185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols have been reported to have wide spectrum of biological activities including major impact on initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer by modulating different signalling pathways. Colorectal cancer is the second most major cause of mortality and morbidity among females and the third among males. The objective of this review is to describe the activity of a variety of polyphenols in colorectal cancer in clinical trials, preclinical studies, and primary research. The molecular mechanisms of major polyphenols related to their beneficial effects on colorectal cancer are also addressed. Synthetic modifications and other future directions towards exploiting of natural polyphenols against colorectal cancer are discussed in the last section.
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Angiogenesis modulation by exogenous antioxidants. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:370-376. [PMID: 29472815 PMCID: PMC5820975 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.72804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-operation of the endogenous and exogenous defense system maintains redox homeostasis and is essential for health. The endogenous defense system includes enzymatic (e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase) and non-enzymatic, low molecular-weight scavengers (e.g. glutathione, ascorbic acid). Pathogenesis of many serious diseases (e.g. cancer, ischemic heart disease) includes oxidative stress which can disturb angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels sprouting from the existing one. Antioxidants, through reduction of oxidative stress and influence on neovascularization, may modulate progress and results of therapy in those diseases where such processes play an important role. Herein the impact of exogenous antioxidants on angiogenesis and factors modulating this process is presented. Most synthetic antioxidants whose activity has been described (namely N-acetylcysteine, pentoxifylline, synthetic analogue of curcumin, synthetic analogue of epigallocatechin-3 gallate [EGCG], tripertenoids) exert an inhibitory effect on neovascularization. A similar effect was also exhibited by several natural origin antioxidants (e.g. resveratrol, EGCG), which suggests that their application in therapy might normalize excessive angiogenesis. Some natural origin antioxidants e.g. purple coneflower and preparations consisting of natural antioxidants such as Padma 28 and Immunal forte increase a too low baseline level of angiogenesis and decreases a too high level. These preparations exert a regulatory effect on and may normalize neovascularization. They can be used in the case of diseases associated with too low or too high angiogenesis.
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van Breda SGJ, de Kok TMCM. Smart Combinations of Bioactive Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables May Guide New Strategies for Personalized Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 29108107 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is ample scientific evidence suggesting that the health benefits of eating the right amounts of a variety of vegetables and fruit are the consequence of the combined action of different phytochemicals. The present review provides an update of the scientific literature on additive and synergistic effects of mixtures of phytochemicals. Most research has been carried out in in vitro systems in which synergistic or additive effects have been established on the level of cell proliferation, apoptosis, antioxidant capacity, and tumor incidence, accompanied by changes in gene and protein expression in relevant pathways underlying molecular mechanisms of disease prevention. The number of human dietary intervention studies investigating complex mixtures of phytochemicals is relatively small, but showing promising results. These studies have demonstrated that combining transcriptomic data with phenotypic markers provide insight into the relevant cellular processes which contribute to the antioxidant response of complex mixtures of phytochemicals. Future studies should be designed as short-term studies testing different combinations of vegetables and fruit, in which markers for disease outcome as well as molecular ('omics)-markers and genetic variability between subjects are included. This will create new opportunities for food innovation and the development of more personalized strategies for prevention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G J van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M C M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Malongane F, McGaw LJ, Mudau FN. The synergistic potential of various teas, herbs and therapeutic drugs in health improvement: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4679-4689. [PMID: 28585285 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages in the world next to water. It is classified as Camellia sinensis and non-Camellia sinensis (herbal teas). The common bioactive compounds found mainly in green teas are flavan-3-ols (catechins) (also called flavanols), proanthocyanidins (tannins) and flavonols. Black tea contains theaflavins and thearubigins and white tea contains l-theanine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), while herbal teas contain diverse polyphenols. Phytochemicals in tea exhibit antimicrobial, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities that are perceived to be helpful in managing chronic diseases linked to lifestyle. Many of these phytochemicals are reported to be biologically active when combined. Knowledge of the synergistic interactions of tea with other teas or herbs in terms of biological activities will be of benefit for therapeutic enhancement. There is evidence that various types of teas act synergistically in exhibiting health benefits to humans, improving consumer acceptance and economic value. Similar observations have been made when teas and herbs or medicinal drugs were combined. The aim of this review is to highlight potential beneficial synergies between combinations of different types of teas, tea and herbs, and tea and medicinal drugs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Malongane
- Department Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fhatuwani N Mudau
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
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Zhao P, Sui BD, Liu N, Lv YJ, Zheng CX, Lu YB, Huang WT, Zhou CH, Chen J, Pang DL, Fei DD, Xuan K, Hu CH, Jin Y. Anti-aging pharmacology in cutaneous wound healing: effects of metformin, resveratrol, and rapamycin by local application. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1083-1093. [PMID: 28677234 PMCID: PMC5595695 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds are among the most common soft tissue injuries and are particularly hard to heal in aging. Caloric restriction (CR) is well documented to extend longevity; pharmacologically, profound rejuvenative effects of CR mimetics have been uncovered, especially metformin (MET), resveratrol (RSV), and rapamycin (RAPA). However, locally applied impacts and functional differences of these agents on wound healing remain to be established. Here, we discovered that chronic topical administration of MET and RSV, but not RAPA, accelerated wound healing with improved epidermis, hair follicles, and collagen deposition in young rodents, and MET exerted more profound effects. Furthermore, locally applied MET and RSV improved vascularization of the wound beds, which were attributed to stimulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, the key mediator of wound healing. Notably, in aged skin, AMPK pathway was inhibited, correlated with impaired vasculature and reduced healing ability. As therapeutic approaches, local treatments of MET and RSV prevented age-related AMPK suppression and angiogenic inhibition in wound beds. Moreover, in aged rats, rejuvenative effects of topically applied MET and RSV on cell viability of wound beds were confirmed, of which MET showed more prominent anti-aging effects. We further verified that only MET promoted wound healing and cutaneous integrity in aged skin. These findings clarified differential effects of CR-based anti-aging pharmacology in wound healing, identified critical angiogenic and rejuvenative mechanisms through AMPK pathway in both young and aged skin, and unraveled chronic local application of MET as the optimal and promising regenerative agent in treating cutaneous wound defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Nu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Department of Periodontology; Stomatological Hospital; Zunyi Medical College; Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China
| | - Ya-Jie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Department of Dermatology; Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Chen-Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Yong-Bo Lu
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Wen-Tao Huang
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Cui-Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Dan-Lin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Dong-Dong Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Cheng-Hu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases; Center for Tissue Engineering; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
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Omidian K, Rafiei H, Bandy B. Polyphenol inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced oxidative stress and neoplastic transformation in an in vitro model of carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:165-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Rauf A, Imran M, Butt MS, Nadeem M, Peters DG, Mubarak MS. Resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1428-1447. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1263597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Sadiq Butt
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, Agriculture University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Dennis G. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Catanzaro E, Calcabrini C, Turrini E, Sestili P, Fimognari C. Nrf2: a potential therapeutic target for naturally occurring anticancer drugs? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:781-793. [PMID: 28675319 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1351549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 is one of the most efficient cytoprotective rheostats against exogenous or endogenous oxidative insults. At present, the modulation of the Nrf2 pathway represents an interesting and highly explored strategy in the oncological area. Area covered: In this review, we present and discuss the different modulation of the Nrf2 pathway by some natural compounds with a well demonstrated anticancer activity, and critically analyze the challenges associated with the development of an Nrf2-based anticancer strategy. Expert opinion: Many natural compounds with a well-defined anticancer activity are able to modulate this pathway. Both Nrf2 inducers and inhibitors can be useful as anticancer strategy. However, since Nrf2 modulates many networks potentially involved in the detoxification process of anticancer drugs, its activation in cancer cells could lead to chemoresistance. The switch between a beneficial or detrimental role of Nrf2 in cancer cells essentially depends on the tight control of its activity, the specific conditions of tumor microenvironment, and cell type. In line with the paucity of clear data related to the mechanisms underpinning the role of Nrf2 in cancer development and chemoresistance, discovery and development of Nrf2-based strategies is one of the most critical and challenging assignments for fighting cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Catanzaro
- a Department for Life Quality Studies , Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Rimini , Italy
| | - Cinzia Calcabrini
- a Department for Life Quality Studies , Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Rimini , Italy
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- a Department for Life Quality Studies , Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Rimini , Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- b Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino , Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- a Department for Life Quality Studies , Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Rimini , Italy
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26
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Liu ZL, Li H, Liu J, Wu ML, Chen XY, Liu LH, Wang Q. Inactivated Wnt signaling in resveratrol-treated epidermal squamous cancer cells and its biological implication. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2239-2243. [PMID: 28781663 PMCID: PMC5530146 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common epidermal malignancy, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling is frequently activated in SCC. Resveratrol prevents rodent epidermal carcinogenesis, while its effect on human epidermal cancer remains unknown. To address this issue, the impact of resveratrol on the growth and Wnt signaling of skin SCC Colo16 cells were investigated at the cellular and molecular biology levels by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and β-catenin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Resveratrol (100 µM) suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis in Colo16 cells. Wnt2 and its downstream genes were downregulated, which was accompanied by increased expression of the Wnt signaling inhibitor Axin2. Transfection with a β-catenin-specific siRNA did not affect cell growth but enhanced the resveratrol susceptibility of Colo16 transfectants. The present results suggest the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on epidermal SCCs and inactivation of Wnt signaling as one of the resveratrol-caused molecular events in Colo16 cells. β-catenin oriented siRNA is insufficient to induce cell crisis, implicating the presence of more critical cancer-associated element(s) as the target in Colo16 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Dalian Hospital for Skin Diseases, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Mo-Li Wu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hong Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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Bhattacharyya N, Mondal S, Moulik S, Paul S, Bhattacharrya S, Hazra AK, Ali MN, Adhikari A, Chatterjee A. Effect of Black Tea Polyphenol on Cell-ECM Interaction and MMP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2017.84058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Polyphenols are a widely used class of compounds in dermatology. While phenol itself, the most basic member of the phenol family, is chemically synthesized, most polyphenolic compounds are found in plants and form part of their defense mechanism against decomposition. Polyphenolic compounds, which include phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans, play an integral role in preventing the attack on plants by bacteria and fungi, as well as serving as cross-links in plant polymers. There is also mounting evidence that polyphenolic compounds play an important role in human health as well. One of the most important benefits, which puts them in the spotlight of current studies, is their antitumor profile. Some of these polyphenolic compounds have already presented promising results in either in vitro or in vivo studies for non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma. These compounds act on several biomolecular pathways including cell division cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis. Indeed, such natural compounds may be of potential for both preventive and therapeutic fields of cancer. This review evaluates the existing scientific literature in order to provide support for new research opportunities using polyphenolic compounds in oncodermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Costa
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael Yi Bonner
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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29
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Mehta M, Branford OA, Rolfe KJ. The evidence for natural therapeutics as potential anti-scarring agents in burn-related scarring. BURNS & TRAUMA 2016; 4:15. [PMID: 27574685 PMCID: PMC4964041 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-016-0040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Though survival rate following severe thermal injuries has improved, the incidence and treatment of scarring have not improved at the same speed. This review discusses the formation of scars and in particular the formation of hypertrophic scars. Further, though there is as yet no gold standard treatment for the prevention or treatment of scarring, a brief overview is included. A number of natural therapeutics have shown beneficial effects both in vivo and in vitro with the potential of becoming clinical therapeutics in the future. These natural therapeutics include both plant-based products such as resveratrol, quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate as examples and includes the non-plant-based therapeutic honey. The review also includes potential mechanism of action for the therapeutics, any recorded adverse events and current administration of the therapeutics used. This review discusses a number of potential 'treatments' that may reduce or even prevent scarring particularly hypertrophic scarring, which is associated with thermal injuries without compromising wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mehta
- British College of Osteopathic Medicine (BCOM), Finchley Road, London, NW3 5HR UK
| | - O. A. Branford
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Rd, London, SW3 6JJ UK
| | - K. J. Rolfe
- British College of Osteopathic Medicine (BCOM), Finchley Road, London, NW3 5HR UK
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Bansode RR, Khatiwada JR, Losso JN, Williams LL. Targeting MicroRNA in Cancer Using Plant-Based Proanthocyanidins. Diseases 2016; 4:E21. [PMID: 28933401 PMCID: PMC5456277 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are oligomeric flavonoids found in plant sources, most notably in apples, cinnamon, grape skin and cocoa beans. They have been also found in substantial amounts in cranberry, black currant, green tea, black tea and peanut skins. These compounds have been recently investigated for their health benefits. Proanthocyanidins have been demonstrated to have positive effects on various metabolic disorders such as inflammation, obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance. Another upcoming area of research that has gained widespread interest is microRNA (miRNA)-based anticancer therapies. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA segments, which plays a crucial role in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Currently, miRNA based anticancer therapies are being investigated either alone or in combination with current treatment methods. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and investigate the potential of naturally occurring proanthocyanidins in modulating miRNA expression. We will also assess the strategies and challenges of using this approach as potential cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishipal R Bansode
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Janak R Khatiwada
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Jack N Losso
- School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Leonard L Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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31
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Rai G, Mishra S, Suman S, Shukla Y. Resveratrol improves the anticancer effects of doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo models: A mechanistic insight. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:233-242. [PMID: 26969377 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol (RSVL), a well known dietary compound and in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) has gained a global importance for cancer prevention. However, mechanism of action by this combination is not well understood till date. HYPOTHESIS The synergistic combination of RSVL and DOX might be more effective in anti-cancer activity by modulating the diverse cancer signaling pathways as compared to their alone treatments. METHODS The cytotoxicity of alone and combination doses of RSVL and DOX were analyzed by colorimetric MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) cell proliferation assay. The migration and colony forming abilities were evaluated by wound healing and clonogenic assays. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/PI and DAPI stainings. The cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured by flow cytometry. The differential expression of genes and proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses. Finally, in-vivo studies were performed in Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma (EAC) mouse model. RESULTS The synergistic combination of DOX (IC20) and RSVL (IC30) was selected based on the combination index values in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. This combination showed potent growth inhibition with ∼2.5 fold of dose advantage and also significantly decreased the wound healing and clonogenic potential of breast cancer cells. The combination treatment was also found to inhibit the inflammatory response (NF-kB, COX-2), autophagic flux (LC3, Beclin-1), redox regulation (Nrf2) and induces apoptosis (BAX: BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-9) in breast cancer cells. Further, combined dosages of DOX (5 mg/kg b.wt) and RSVL (10 mg/kg b.wt) inhibited tumor volume with increased life span (139%, p value<0.05) in Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma (EAC) cells bearing mice. CONCLUSION In brief, our results suggested that resveratrol chemosensitizes doxorubicin in combination, through inhibiting breast cancer cells proliferation and invasion, and inducing apoptosis via suppression of chronic inflammation and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Rai
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Shankar Suman
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India.
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Polyphenols as Modulator of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Disease: New Therapeutic Strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:6475624. [PMID: 26649142 PMCID: PMC4663347 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6475624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer onset and progression have been linked to oxidative stress by increasing DNA mutations or inducing DNA damage, genome instability, and cell proliferation and therefore antioxidant agents could interfere with carcinogenesis. It is well known that conventional radio-/chemotherapies influence tumour outcome through ROS modulation. Since these antitumour treatments have important side effects, the challenge is to develop new anticancer therapeutic strategies more effective and less toxic for patients. To this purpose, many natural polyphenols have emerged as very promising anticancer bioactive compounds. Beside their well-known antioxidant activities, several polyphenols target epigenetic processes involved in cancer development through the modulation of oxidative stress. An alternative strategy to the cytotoxic treatment is an approach leading to cytostasis through the induction of therapy-induced senescence. Many anticancer polyphenols cause cellular growth arrest through the induction of a ROS-dependent premature senescence and are considered promising antitumour therapeutic tools. Furthermore, one of the most innovative and interesting topics is the evaluation of efficacy of prooxidant therapies on cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several ROS inducers-polyphenols can impact CSCs metabolisms and self-renewal related pathways. Natural polyphenol roles, mainly in chemoprevention and cancer therapies, are described and discussed in the light of the current literature data.
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Cho J, Rho O, Junco J, Carbajal S, Siegel D, Slaga TJ, DiGiovanni J. Effect of Combined Treatment with Ursolic Acid and Resveratrol on Skin Tumor Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:817-25. [PMID: 26100520 PMCID: PMC4560654 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of combining ursolic acid + resveratrol, for possible combined inhibitory effects on skin tumor promotion, were evaluated. Ursolic acid, resveratrol, and the combination of ursolic acid + resveratrol were applied topically prior to 12-O-tetracanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment on mouse skin to examine their effect on TPA-induced signaling pathways, epidermal hyperproliferation, skin inflammation, inflammatory gene expression, and skin tumor promotion. The combination of ursolic acid + resveratrol produced a greater inhibition of TPA-induced epidermal hyperproliferation. The combination of ursolic acid + resveratrol inhibited TPA-induced signaling pathways, including EGFR, STAT3, Src, Akt, Cox-2, Fas, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, c-Jun, and JNK1/2 while increasing levels of tumor suppressors, such as p21 and PDCD4, to a greater extent compared with the groups treated with the individual compounds. Ursolic acid + resveratrol also induced a dramatic increase of p-AMPK-α(Thr172). Combined treatment with ursolic acid + resveratrol resulted in a greater inhibition of expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including Il1a, Il1b, and Il22. Furthermore, NF-κB, Egr-1, and AP-1 DNA binding activities after TPA treatment were dramatically decreased by the combination of ursolic acid + resveratrol. Treatment with ursolic acid + resveratrol during skin tumor promotion with TPA produced greater inhibition of tumor multiplicity and tumor size than with either agent alone. Collectively, the greater ability of the combination of ursolic acid + resveratrol to inhibit skin tumor promotion was due to the greater inhibitory effects on growth factor and inflammatory signaling, skin inflammation, and epidermal hyperproliferation induced by TPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Cho
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology in College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Okkyung Rho
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology in College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jacob Junco
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Steve Carbajal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology in College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology in College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
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Angiomodulatory properties of Rhodiola spp. and other natural antioxidants. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:249-62. [PMID: 26557041 PMCID: PMC4637400 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.52839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of angiogenesis and oxidative stress can lead to many serious diseases such as cancer, diabetes or ischemic heart disease. Substances neutralizing oxidative stress are known as antioxidants. They can affect angiogenesis process also, and thus, they modulate therapy results. Antioxidants become more and more frequently used in order to maintain homeostasis of the organism and diminish the risk of disease. Herein, we introduce some antioxidant preparations of natural plant origin (Rhodiola, Aloe vera, Resveratrol, Echinacea, Plumbagin) and antioxidant supplements (Padma 28, Reumaherb, Resvega). Analyses of their angiogenic properties, their multidirectional molecular effect on angiogenesis as well as medical application are within the scope of this review. Most of presented preparations down regulate neovascularization. They can be safely administered to patients with abnormally high angiogenesis. Rhodiola modulates, and Echinacea, Aloe vera and Plumbagin inhibit tumour-related angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo (animal models). Resveratrol and Resvega reduce neovascularization in the eye and may be applicable in eye disorders. Padma 28 preparation exhibits angioregulatory activity, decreasing high angiogenesis of cancer cells and increasing physiological angiogenesis, therefore can be used in therapy of patients with various disturbances of angiogenesis. Antioxidant application in the case of angiogenesis-related diseases should take into consideration angiogenic status of the patient.
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Norris L, Malkar A, Horner-Glister E, Hakimi A, Ng LL, Gescher AJ, Creaser C, Sale S, Jones DJL. Search for novel circulating cancer chemopreventive biomarkers of dietary rice bran intervention in ApcMin
mice model of colorectal carcinogenesis, using proteomic and metabolic profiling strategies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1827-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Norris
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; Leicester Royal Infirmary; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Aditya Malkar
- Centre for Analytical Science; Department of Chemistry; Loughborough University; Loughborough Leicestershire UK
| | - Emma Horner-Glister
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; Leicester Royal Infirmary; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Amirmansoor Hakimi
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; Leicester Royal Infirmary; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Leong L. Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit; Glenfield Hospital; Leicester UK
| | - Andreas J. Gescher
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; Leicester Royal Infirmary; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Colin Creaser
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; Leicester Royal Infirmary; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Stewart Sale
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; Leicester Royal Infirmary; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Donald J. L. Jones
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; Leicester Royal Infirmary; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit; Glenfield Hospital; Leicester UK
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DAI ZIXUN, LEI PENGFEI, XIE JIE, HU YIHE. Antitumor effect of resveratrol on chondrosarcoma cells via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3151-5. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Tahir AA, Sani NFA, Murad NA, Makpol S, Ngah WZW, Yusof YAM. Combined ginger extract & Gelam honey modulate Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathway genes in colon cancer HT29 cells. Nutr J 2015; 14:31. [PMID: 25889965 PMCID: PMC4390091 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interconnected Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways play a central role in colorectal tumorigenesis, and they are targets for elucidating mechanisms involved in attempts to induce colon cancer cell death. Both ginger (Zingiber officinale) and honey have been shown to exhibit anti-tumor and anti-inflammation properties against many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. However, there are currently no reports showing the combined effect of these two dietary compounds in cancer growth inhibition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of crude ginger extract and Gelam honey in combination as potential cancer chemopreventive agents against the colorectal cancer cell line HT29. METHODS The cells were divided into 4 groups: the first group represents HT29 cells without treatment, the second and third groups were cells treated singly with either ginger or Gelam honey, respectively, and the last group represents cells treated with ginger and Gelam honey combined. RESULTS The results of MTS assay showed that the IC50 of ginger and Gelam honey alone were 5.2 mg/ml and 80 mg/ml, respectively, whereas the IC50 of the combination treatment was 3 mg/ml of ginger plus 27 mg/ml of Gelam honey with a combination index of < 1, suggesting synergism. Cell death in response to the combined ginger and Gelam honey treatment was associated with the stimulation of early apoptosis (upregulation of caspase 9 and IκB genes) accompanied by downregulation of the KRAS, ERK, AKT, Bcl-xL, NFkB (p65) genes in a synergistic manner. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the combination of ginger and Gelam honey may be an effective chemopreventive and therapeutic strategy for inducing the death of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analhuda Abdullah Tahir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fathiah Abdul Sani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Azian Murad
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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DiMarco-Crook C, Xiao H. Diet-based strategies for cancer chemoprevention: the role of combination regimens using dietary bioactive components. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015; 6:505-26. [PMID: 25884285 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-081114-110833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemopreventive agents that the general population can consume for prolonged periods of time with minimal risk of any side effects are of great interest to all in search of a solution to the pervasive incidence of cancer. Dietary bioactive components have been found to modulate many deregulated molecular pathways associated with the initiation and progression of different types of cancer. Combination regimens with dietary bioactive components are a promising strategy for cancer chemoprevention because they may offer enhanced protective effects against cancer development but cause little or no adverse effects. This article provides an overview of studies examining the combination of dietary bioactive components for the chemoprevention of major types of cancer. A better understanding of existing research on the combination of dietary bioactive components will provide an important basis for the rational design of future combination studies and the successful development of cancer chemoprevention strategies.
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Dun J, Chen X, Gao H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Resveratrol synergistically augments anti-tumor effect of 5-FU in vitro and in vivo by increasing S-phase arrest and tumor apoptosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1672-81. [PMID: 25736303 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215573396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that natural dietary agents, in combination with chemical agents, can improve the therapeutic response of cancers to chemotherapy and reduce the associated side-effects. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of anticancer effects for the combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and resveratrol (Res). In these studies, we employed the cancer cell lines TE-1 and A431 and an animal model of skin cancer. The presented results provide the first evidence that Res can enhance the anti-tumor potency of 5-FU by inducing S-phase arrest. The combination of Res and 5-FU demonstrates synergistic efficacy, causing tumor regression in a two-stage model of mouse skin carcinogenesis induced by DMBA and TPA. There was clear evidence of Res augmenting the growth inhibitory effect of 5-FU on the TE-1 and A431 cancer cells in vitro. In the in vivo studies, the tumor regression rate in the combination group increased significantly after four weeks of treatment (P < 0.01). The combination of 5-FU and Res significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and the level of activated caspase-3, cleaved PARP and p53 proteins as well as increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In conclusion, the 5-FU/Res combination enabled a more effective inhibition of cell growth and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells than 5-FU alone. The results of this study suggest that chemotherapy using natural dietary agents with chemical agents represents a superior cancer treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiening Dun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P. R. China The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology for New Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology for New Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology for New Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shijiazhuang First Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050017, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Maternity and Child care center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology for New Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P. R. China
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Vahid F, Zand H, Nosrat-Mirshekarlou E, Najafi R, Hekmatdoost A. The role dietary of bioactive compounds on the regulation of histone acetylases and deacetylases: a review. Gene 2015; 562:8-15. [PMID: 25701602 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics is an area of epigenomics that explores and defines the rapidly evolving field of diet-genome interactions. Lifestyle and diet can significantly influence epigenetic mechanisms, which cause heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. Nutrient-dependent epigenetic variations can significantly affect genome stability, mRNA and protein expression, and metabolic changes, which in turn influence food absorption and the activity of its constituents. Dietary bioactive compounds can affect epigenetic alterations, which are accumulated over time and are shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Histone acetylation is an epigenetic modification mediated by histone acetyl transferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) critically involved in regulating affinity binding between the histones and DNA backbone. The HDAC-mediated increase in histone affinity to DNA causes DNA condensation, preventing transcription, whereas HAT-acetylated chromatin is transcriptionally active. HDAC and HAT activities are reported to be associated with signal transduction, cell growth and death, as well as with the pathogenesis of various diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the role of diet and dietary bioactive compounds on the regulation of HATs and HDACs in epigenetic diseases. Dietary bioactive compounds such as genistein, phenylisothiocyanate, curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate can regulate HDAC and HAT activities and acetylation of histones and non-histone chromatin proteins, and their health benefits are thought to be attributed to these epigenetic mechanisms. The intake of dietary compounds that regulate epigenetic modifications can provide significant health effects and may prevent various pathological processes involved in the development of cancer and other life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vahid
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - H Zand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cell and Molecular Science and Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Nosrat-Mirshekarlou
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - R Najafi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Hekmatdoost
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tea, coffee, and caffeine and early-onset basal cell carcinoma in a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2015; 23:296-302. [PMID: 24841641 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tea and coffee are hypothesized to play a protective role in skin carcinogenesis through bioactive components, such as caffeine, yet the epidemiologic evidence is mixed. Existing data support an inverse association with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), more so than for melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma. To understand whether tea, coffee, and caffeine are related to early-onset BCC, we evaluated data from 767 non-Hispanic Whites under age 40 in a case-control study in Connecticut. BCC cases (n=377) were identified through Yale's Dermatopathology database. Controls (n=390) were randomly sampled from individuals in the same database with benign skin diagnoses and frequency matched to cases on age, sex, and biopsy site. Participants completed an in-person interview including assessment of caffeinated coffee and hot tea. We calculated multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with unconditional logistic regression for regular consumption and frequency and duration measures. Combined regular consumption of caffeinated coffee plus hot tea was inversely associated with early-onset BCC (OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.38-0.96). Those in the highest category of caffeine from these sources had a 43% reduced risk of BCC compared with nonconsumers (OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.34-0.95, P-trend=0.037). Our findings suggest a modest protective effect for caffeinated coffee plus tea in relation to early-onset BCC that may, in part, be due to caffeine. This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting potential health benefits from these beverages.
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Kumar S, Tomar MS, Acharya A. Activation of p53-dependent/-independent pathways of apoptotic cell death by chelerythrine in a murine T cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1846-55. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.974042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Thongrakard V, Titone R, Follo C, Morani F, Suksamrarn A, Tencomnao T, Isidoro C. Turmeric toxicity in A431 epidermoid cancer cells associates with autophagy degradation of anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic p53 mutant. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1761-9. [PMID: 25044209 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The keratinocyte-derived A431 Squamous Cell Carcinoma cells express the p53R273H mutant, which has been reported to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy. Here, we show that the crude extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa), similarly to its bioactive component Curcumin, could induce both apoptosis and autophagy in A431 cells, and these effects were concomitant with degradation of p53. Turmeric and curcumin also stimulated the activity of mTOR, which notoriously promotes cell growth and acts negatively on basal autophagy. Rapamycin-mediated inhibition of mTOR synergized with turmeric and curcumin in causing p53 degradation, increased the production of autophagosomes and exacerbated cell toxicity leading to cell necrosis. Small-interference mediated silencing of the autophagy proteins BECLIN 1 or ATG7 abrogated the induction of autophagy and largely rescued p53 stability in Turmeric-treated or Curcumin-treated cells, indicating that macroautophagy was mainly responsible for mutant p53 degradation. These data uncover a novel mechanism of turmeric and curcumin toxicity in chemoresistant cancer cells bearing mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visa Thongrakard
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, 28100, Italy; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Yang FQ, Liu M, Li W, Che JP, Wang GC, Zheng JH. Combination of quercetin and hyperoside inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis via regulation of microRNA‑21. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1085-92. [PMID: 25354548 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that hyperoside and quercetin in combination (QH; 1:1) inhibited the growth of human leukemia cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‑cancer effect of QH on prostate cancer cells. The results demonstrated that QH decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased antioxidant capacity in PC3 cells at various concentrations (2.5‑60 µg/ml) with peak inhibition and augmentation changes of 3.22‑ and 3.00‑fold, respectively. Following treatment with QH for 48 and 72 h, the IC50-values on PC3 cells were 19.7 and 12.4 µg/ml, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that QH induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells via activation of caspase‑3 and cleavage of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase. In addition, QH significantly inhibited the invasion and migration of PC3 cells as well as reduced the expression of numerous prostate tumor‑associated microRNAs (miRs), including miR‑21, compared to that of untreated human prostate cancer cells. QH was also found to enhance the expression of tumor suppressor programmed cell death protein 4, which was negatively regulated by miR‑21. Furthermore, induced overexpression of miR‑21 using pre‑miR‑21 oligonucleotides attenuated the beneficial effect of QH on prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that QH exerted an anti‑cancer effect on human prostate cancer cells, the mechanism of which proceeded, at least in part, via the inhibition of the miR‑21 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qiang Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Che
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Chun Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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A dietary pattern rich in lignans, quercetin and resveratrol decreases the risk of oesophageal cancer. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:2002-9. [PMID: 25345471 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lignans, quercetin and resveratrol have oestrogenic properties, and animal studies suggest that they synergistically decrease cancer risk. A protective effect of lignans on the development of oesophageal cancer in humans has recently been demonstrated, and the present study aimed to test whether these three phytochemicals synergistically decrease the risk of oesophageal cancer. Data from a Swedish nationwide population-based case-control study that recruited 181 cases of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), 158 cases of oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC), 255 cases of gastro-oesophageal junctional adenocarcinoma (JAC) and 806 controls were analysed. Exposure data were collected through face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. The intake of lignans, quercetin and resveratrol was assessed using a sixty-three-item FFQ. Reduced-rank regression was used to assess a dietary pattern, and a simplified dietary pattern score was categorised into quintiles on the basis of the distribution among the control subjects. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression provided OR with 95% CI, adjusted for all the potential risk factors. A dietary pattern rich in lignans, quercetin and resveratrol was mainly characterised by a high intake of tea, wine, lettuce, mixed vegetables, tomatoes, and whole-grain bread and a low intake of milk. There were dose-dependent associations between simplified dietary pattern scores and all types of oesophageal cancer (all P for trend < 0.05). On comparing the highest quintiles with the lowest, the adjusted OR were found to be 0.24 (95% CI 0.12, 0.49) for OAC, 0.31 (95% CI 0.15, 0.65) for OSCC, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.28, 0.84) for JAC. The results of the present study indicate that a dietary pattern characterised by the intake of lignans, quercetin and resveratrol may play a protective role in the development of oesophageal cancer in the Swedish population.
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Ou X, Chen Y, Cheng X, Zhang X, He Q. Potentiation of resveratrol-induced apoptosis by matrine in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2803-9. [PMID: 25269486 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic phytochemical, has received considerable attention due to its potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. In the present study, we first evaluated the growth-inhibitory effect of resveratrol on HepG2 cells and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Resveratrol inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, upregulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and induction of p53 expression. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that resveratrol arrested cell cycle progression in the G1 and S phase. We further focused on the combination of matrine, a natural component extracted from the traditional Chinese medical herb Sophora flavescens Ait., as a mechanism to potentiate the growth-inhibitory effect of resveratrol on HepG2 cells. Both MTT and colony formation assay results indicated that the combined treatment of resveratrol and matrine exhibited a synergistic antiproliferative effect. In addition, resveratrol-induced apoptosis was significantly enhanced by matrine, which could be attributed to activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, downregulation of survivin, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and disruption of mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm). Our findings suggest that the combination treatment of resveratrol and matrine is a promising novel anticancer strategy for liver cancer; it also provides new insights into the mechanisms of combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Ou
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Academy of the State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Qiyang He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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A prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, induces cell autophagy and apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells via up-regulation of BNIP3 and N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107204. [PMID: 25232961 PMCID: PMC4169646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The protocatechuic acid ethyl ester ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate is an antioxidant found in the testa of peanut seeds. Previous studies have shown that ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate can effectively reduce breast cancer cell metastasis by inhibiting prolyl-hydroxylase. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and identified key regulators of ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate-induced esophageal cancer cell death through transcription expression profiling. Using flow cytometry analysis, we found that ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate induced S phase accumulation, a loss in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, an expression profile analysis identified 46 up- and 9 down-regulated genes in esophageal cancer KYSE 170 cells treated with ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. These differentially expressed genes are involved in several signaling pathways associated with cell cycle regulation and cellular metabolism. Consistent with the expression profile results, the transcriptional and protein expression levels of candidate genes NDRG1, BNIP3, AKR1C1, CCNG2 and VEGFA were found to be significantly increased in treated KYSE 170 cells by reverse-transcription PCR and western blot analysis. We also found that protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, BNIP3, Beclin and NDRG1 were increased and that enriched expression of BNIP3 and Beclin caused autophagy mediated by microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 in the treated cells. Autophagy and apoptosis were activated together in esophageal cancer cells after exposed to ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. Furthermore, knock-down of NDRG1 expression by siRNA significantly attenuated apoptosis in the cancer cells, implying that NDRG1 may be required for ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate-induced apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that the cytotoxic effects of ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate were mediated by the up-regulation of NDRG1, BNIP3, Beclin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, initiating BNIP3 and Beclin mediated autophagy at an early stage and ultimately resulting in esophageal cancer cell apoptosis.
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Resveratrol is active against Leishmania amazonensis: in vitro effect of its association with Amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6197-208. [PMID: 25114129 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00093-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in black grapes and red wine and has many biological activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of resveratrol alone and in association with amphotericin B (AMB) against Leishmania amazonensis. Our results demonstrate that resveratrol possesses both antipromastigote and antiamastigote effects, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 27 and 42 μM, respectively. The association of resveratrol with AMB showed synergy for L. amazonensis amastigotes, as demonstrated by the mean sums of fractional inhibitory index concentration (mean ΣFIC) of 0.483, although for promastigotes, this association was indifferent. Treatment with resveratrol increased the percentage of promastigotes in the sub-G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, reduced the mitochondrial potential, and showed an elevated choline peak and CH2-to-CH3 ratio in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis; all these features indicate parasite death. Resveratrol also decreased the activity of the enzyme arginase in uninfected and infected macrophages with and without stimulation with interleukin-4 (IL-4), also implicating arginase inhibition in parasite death. The anti-Leishmania effect of resveratrol and its potential synergistic association with AMB indicate that these compounds should be subjected to further studies of drug association therapy in vivo.
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Uzoigwe J, Sauter ER. Cancer prevention and treatment using combination therapy with plant- and animal-derived compounds. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 5:701-9. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Borriello A, Bencivenga D, Caldarelli I, Tramontano A, Borgia A, Zappia V, Della Ragione F. Resveratrol: from basic studies to bedside. Cancer Treat Res 2014; 159:167-184. [PMID: 24114480 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a remarkable amount of low molecular mass natural products endowed with a large array of pivotal biological activities. Among these molecules, resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) has been identified as an important modulator of cell phenotype with a complex and pleiotropic mode of action. Extensive literature regarding its activity, mainly employing cellular models, suggests that this polyphenol controls cell proliferation, induces differentiation, and activates apoptosis and autophagy. The compound also modulates angiogenesis and inflammation. Similarly, studies on implanted cancers and chemical-induced tumors confirm the potential chemotherapeutical interest of the compound. Likewise, several reports clearly demonstrated, in animal models, that the compound might positively affect the development and evolution of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurogenerative pathologies. Finally, a number of investigations stated that the toxicity of the molecule is scarce. Despite these promising observations, few clinical trials have yet been performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the molecule both in prevention and treatment of human chronic disease. Preliminary findings therefore suggest the need for more extensive clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Borriello
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
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