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Miotti G, Parodi PC, Ferrari A, Salati C, Zeppieri M. Stem Cells in Ophthalmology: From the Bench to the Bedside. HANDBOOK OF STEM CELL APPLICATIONS 2023:1-24. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0846-2_10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
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Miotti G, Parodi PC, Ferrari A, Salati C, Zeppieri M. Stem Cells in Ophthalmology: From the Bench to the Bedside. HANDBOOK OF STEM CELL APPLICATIONS 2023:1-24. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0846-2_10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
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3
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Evolution of Stem Cells in Cardio-Regenerative Therapy. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Derivation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent state has revolutionized stem cell research. Ensuing this, various groups have used genetic and non-genetic approaches to generate iPSCs from numerous cell types. However, achieving a pluripotent state in most of the reprogramming studies is marred by serious limitations such as low reprogramming efficiency and slow kinetics. These limitations are mainly due to the presence of potent barriers that exist during reprogramming when a mature cell is coaxed to achieve a pluripotent state. Several studies have revealed that intrinsic factors such as non-optimal stoichiometry of reprogramming factors, specific signaling pathways, cellular senescence, pluripotency-inhibiting transcription factors and microRNAs act as a roadblock. In addition, the epigenetic state of somatic cells and specific epigenetic modifications that occur during reprogramming also remarkably impede the generation of iPSCs. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the barriers that inhibit reprogramming and the understanding of which will pave the way to develop safe strategies for efficient reprogramming.
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5
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Jiang X, Yang Z, Dong M. Cardiac repair in a murine model of myocardial infarction with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:297. [PMID: 32680540 PMCID: PMC7368795 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular replacement strategies using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their cardiac derivatives are emerging as novel treatments for post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure (HF); however, the mechanism of recovery of heart function is not very clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of using highly purified human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs) for myocardial repair in a mouse model of MI and to clarify the mechanism of recovery of heart function. Methods Animals modelling MI were randomly assigned to receive direct intramyocardial injection of culture medium (MI group) or 4 × 105 iPS-CMs (cell group) at the infarct border zone. Left ventricle (LV) performance was assessed with serial cardiac electrophysiology and was measured 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-MI. Invasive LV pressure measurement was measured at 4 weeks and was followed by sacrifice for histological examination. Results Compared to the MI group, the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular internal diameter in end-diastole (LVIDd) and end-systole (LVIDs) and maximal positive and negative pressure derivative (±dP/dt) were significantly improved in the iPS-CM group at 4 weeks post-MI. Histological examination revealed a very limited number of iPS-CMs 4 weeks after transplantation. Nonetheless, there was a significant enhancement of angiogenesis and a reduction in apoptosis of native cardiomyocyte after iPS-CM transplantation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that transplantation of human iPS-CMs can improve heart function via paracrine action in a mouse model of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Bioisland Laboratory, Biomedical Equipment Department, Building 3, No.188 KaiYuan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Bioisland Laboratory, Biomedical Equipment Department, Building 3, No.188 KaiYuan Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Borgohain MP, Haridhasapavalan KK, Dey C, Adhikari P, Thummer RP. An Insight into DNA-free Reprogramming Approaches to Generate Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Prospective Biomedical Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:286-313. [PMID: 30417242 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than a decade ago, a pioneering study reported generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) by ectopic expression of a cocktail of reprogramming factors in fibroblasts. This study has revolutionized stem cell research and has garnered immense interest from the scientific community globally. iPSCs hold tremendous potential for understanding human developmental biology, disease modeling, drug screening and discovery, and personalized cell-based therapeutic applications. The seminal study identified Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc as a potent combination of genes to induce reprogramming. Subsequently, various reprogramming factors were identified by numerous groups. Most of these studies have used integrating viral vectors to overexpress reprogramming factors in somatic cells to derive iPSCs. However, these techniques restrict the clinical applicability of these cells as they may alter the genome due to random viral integration resulting in insertional mutagenesis and tumorigenicity. To circumvent this issue, alternative integration-free reprogramming approaches are continuously developed that eliminate the risk of genomic modifications and improve the prospects of iPSCs from lab to clinic. These methods establish that integration of transgenes into the genome is not essential to induce pluripotency in somatic cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most promising DNA-free reprogramming techniques that have the potential to derive integration-free iPSCs without genomic manipulation, such as sendai virus, recombinant proteins, microRNAs, synthetic messenger RNA and small molecules. The understanding of these approaches shall pave a way for the generation of clinical-grade iPSCs. Subsequently, these iPSCs can be differentiated into desired cell type(s) for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash P Borgohain
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Haridhasapavalan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Chandrima Dey
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Poulomi Adhikari
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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7
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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8
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Li Q, Zhai Y, Man X, Zhang S, An X. Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferase by RG108 Promotes Pluripotency-Related Character of Porcine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:82-89. [PMID: 32125888 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been identified in almost all adult human tissues and been used in numerous clinical trials for a variety of diseases. Studies have shown that MSCs would undergo cellular senescence when cultured over a long term, which is brought on by increased epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation. However, the mechanism of MSCs senescence is not well studied. In this study, the effects of RG108, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi), on senescence, apoptosis, and pluripotency gene expressions in porcine bone marrow (pBM)-MSCs were investigated. First, we determined the optimized dose and time of RG108 treatment in pBM-MSCs to be 10 μM for 48 hours, respectively. Under these conditions, the pluripotency genes (NANOG, POU5F1), the anti-senescence genes (TERT, bFGF), and the anti-apoptosis gene (BCL2) were increased, whereas the apoptotic gene (BAX) was decreased. RG108 protected against apoptosis when pBM-MSC induces apoptosis with H2O2 for 1.5 hours. We also found that RG108 significantly induced the expression of NANOG and POU5F1 by decreasing DNA methylation in gene promoter regions. These results indicate that an optimized dose of RG108 may promote the pluripotency-related character of pBM-MSCs through improving cellular anti-senescence, anti-apoptosis, and pluripotency, which provide a better cell origin for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhui Zhai
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaxia Man
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinglan An
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Liu Z, Liu J, Wei Y, Xu J, Wang Z, Wang P, Sun H, Song Z, Liu Q. LncRNA MALAT1 prevents the protective effects of miR-125b-5p against acute myocardial infarction through positive regulation of NLRC5. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:990-998. [PMID: 32010261 PMCID: PMC6966123 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is the most common cause of death in developed countries. A recent study showed that metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), a prognostic marker for lung cancer metastasis, could promote myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating the levels of microRNA (miR)-145. In order to elucidate the biological function of MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of AMI and to explore the mechanisms underlying its action, an AMI rat model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Downregulation of MALAT1 by siRNA transfection attenuated heart damage in an AMI model rat. The mouse cardiomyocyte cell line HL-1 was used to show that downregulation of nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor C5 (NLRC5) and upregulation of miR-125b-5p were the results of MALAT1 silencing. TargetScan and a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that NLRC5 is a direct target of miR-125b-5p. Overexpression of miR-125b-5p significantly reduced hypoxia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis of HL-1 cells, an effect that could be blocked by NLCR5 overexpression. Taken together, these results suggest that MALAT1 reduced the protective effect of miR-125b-5p on injured cells through upregulation of NLCR5. This study highlights the role of MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of AMI and may guide future genetic therapeutic strategies for AMI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoning Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Zhijing Song
- Department of Cardiology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253014, P.R. China
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10
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Gasiūnienė M, Zubova A, Utkus A, Navakauskienė R. Epigenetic and metabolic alterations in human amniotic fluid stem cells induced to cardiomyogenic differentiation by DNA methyltransferases and p53 inhibitors. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8129-8143. [PMID: 30485506 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) may be a valuable source for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In this study, the potential of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) inhibitors Decitabine, Zebularine, RG108 alone or combined with Zebularine and p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α to induce cardiomyogenic differentiation of AF-MSCs was investigated. Differentiation into cardiomyocyte-like cells initiation was indicated with all agents by changes in the cell phenotype, upregulation of the relative expression of the main cardiac genes (NKX2-5, TNNT2, MYH6, and DES) as well as of cardiac ion channels genes (sodium, calcium, and potassium) as determined by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the increase in Connexin43 levels as detected from Western blot and immunofluorescence data. Cellular energetics and mitochondrial function in induced cells were assessed using Seahorse analyzer and revealed the initiation of AF-MSCs metabolic transformation into cardiomyocyte-like cells. All used inducers were nontoxic to AF-MSCs, arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and upregulated p53 and p21 expression. The relative expression of miR-34a and miR-145 that are related to cell cycle regulation was also observed. Furthermore, the evaluated levels of chromatin remodeling proteins enhancer of zeste homolog 2, suppressor of zeste 12 protein homolog, DNMT1, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), HDAC2, and heterochromatin protein 1α, as well as the rate of activating histone modifications, exhibited rearrangements of chromatin after the induction of cardiomyogenic differentiation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that all explored DNMT and p53 inhibitors initiated cardiomyogenesis-related alterations in AF-MSCs through rather similar mechanisms but to a different extent providing useful insights for the future research and potential applications of AF-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gasiūnienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anastasija Zubova
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Navakauskienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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11
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Zhao J, Ghafghazi S, Khan AR, Farid TA, Moore JB. Recent Developments in Stem and Progenitor Cell Therapy for Cardiac Repair. Circ Res 2018; 119:e152-e159. [PMID: 27932474 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Zhao
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Shahab Ghafghazi
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Abdur Rahman Khan
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Talha Ahmad Farid
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Joseph B Moore
- From the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY.
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Lewandowski J, Rozwadowska N, Kolanowski TJ, Malcher A, Zimna A, Rugowska A, Fiedorowicz K, Łabędź W, Kubaszewski Ł, Chojnacka K, Bednarek-Rajewska K, Majewski P, Kurpisz M. The impact of in vitro cell culture duration on the maturation of human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of myogenic origin. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1047-1067. [PMID: 29947252 PMCID: PMC6158549 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), poses a challenge
for regenerative medicine. iPSC technology might lead to a breakthrough due to the
possibility of directed cell differentiation delivering a new powerful source of human
autologous cardiomyocytes. One of the factors supporting proper cell maturation is in
vitro culture duration. In this study, primary human skeletal muscle myoblasts were
selected as a myogenic cell type reservoir for genetic iPSC reprogramming. Skeletal muscle
myoblasts have similar ontogeny embryogenetic pathways (myoblasts vs. cardiomyocytes), and
thus, a greater chance of myocardial development might be expected, with maintenance of
acquired myogenic cardiac cell characteristics, from the differentiation process when
iPSCs of myoblastoid origin are obtained. Analyses of cell morphological and structural
changes, gene expression (cardiac markers), and functional tests (intracellular calcium
transients) performed at two in vitro culture time points spanning the early stages of
cardiac development (day 20 versus 40 of cell in vitro culture) confirmed the ability of
the obtained myogenic cells to acquire adult features of differentiated cardiomyocytes.
Prolonged 40-day iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) revealed progressive cellular
hypertrophy; a better-developed contractile apparatus; expression of marker genes similar
to human myocardial ventricular cells, including a statistically significant
CX43 increase, an MHC isoform switch, and a troponin I isoform
transition; more efficient intercellular calcium handling; and a stronger response to
β-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Lewandowski
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Rozwadowska
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Kolanowski
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Malcher
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zimna
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Rugowska
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Fiedorowicz
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łabędź
- 2 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,3 Department of Spondyloorthopaedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kubaszewski
- 2 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,3 Department of Spondyloorthopaedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, W. Dega University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- 4 Department of Clinical Pathology, Heliodor Swiecicki Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Przemysław Majewski
- 5 Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kurpisz
- 1 Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Kahn M. Wnt Signaling in Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells: A Tale of Two Coactivators. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 153:209-244. [PMID: 29389517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling in stem cells plays critical roles in development, normal adult physiology, and disease. In this chapter, we focus on the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in somatic stem cell biology and its critical role in normal tissue homeostasis and cancer. Wnt signaling can both maintain potency and initiate differentiation in somatic stem cells, depending on the cellular and environmental context. Based principally on studies from our lab, we will explain the dichotomous behavior of this signaling pathway in determining stem cell fate decisions, placing special emphasis on the interaction of β-catenin with either of the two highly homologous Kat3 coactivator proteins, CBP and p300. We will also discuss our results, both preclinical and clinical, demonstrating that small molecule modulators of the β-catenin/Kat3 coactivator interaction can be safely utilized to shift the balance between maintenance of potency and initiation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kahn
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.
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Rao KS, Spees JL. Harnessing Epicardial Progenitor Cells and Their Derivatives for Rescue and Repair of Cardiac Tissue After Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:149-158. [PMID: 29057207 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischemic heart disease and stroke lead to the greatest number of deaths worldwide. Despite decreased time to intervention and improvements in the standard of care, 1 out of 5 patients that survive a myocardial infarction (MI) still face long-term chronic heart failure and a 5-year mortality rate of about 50%. Based on their multi-potency for differentiation and paracrine activity, epicardial cells and their derivatives have potential to rescue jeopardized tissue and/or promote cardiac regeneration. Here we review the diagnosis and treatment of MI, basic epicardial cell biology, and potential treatment strategies designed to harness the reparative properties of epicardial cells. RECENT FINDINGS During cardiac development, epicardial cells covering the surface of the heart generate migratory progenitor cells that contribute to the coronary vasculature and the interstitial fibroblasts. Epicardial cells also produce paracrine signals required for myocardial expansion and cardiac growth. In adults with myocardial infarction, epicardial cells and their derivatives provide paracrine factors that affect myocardial remodeling and repair. At present, the intrinsic mechanisms and extrinsic signals that regulate epicardial cell fate and paracrine activity in adults remain poorly understood. SUMMARY Human diseases that result in heart failure due to negative remodeling or extensive loss of viable cardiac tissue require new, effective treatments. Improved understanding of epicardial cell function(s) and epicardial-mediated secretion of growth factors, cytokines and hormones during cardiac growth, homeostasis and injury may lead to new ways to treat patients with myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika S Rao
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
| | - Jeffrey L Spees
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446
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15
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Adlakha YK, Seth P. The expanding horizon of MicroRNAs in cellular reprogramming. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:21-39. [PMID: 27979736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last few years in cellular reprogramming has enlightened the magical potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) in changing the cell fate from somatic to pluripotent. Recent investigations on exploring the role(s) of miRNAs in somatic cell reprogramming revealed that they target a wide range of molecules and refine their protein output. This leads to fine tuning of distinct cellular processes including cell cycle, signalling pathways, transcriptional activation/silencing and epigenetic modelling. The concerted actions of miRNA on different pathways simultaneously strengthen the transition from a differentiated to de-differentiated state. Despite the well characterized transcriptional and epigenetic machinery underlying somatic cell reprogramming, the molecular circuitry for miRNA mediated cellular reprogramming is rather fragmented. This review summarizes recent findings addressing the role of miRNAs in inducing or suppressing reprogramming thus uncovering novel potentials of miRNAs as regulators of induced pluripotency maintenance, establishment and associated signalling pathways. Our bioinformatic analysis sheds light on various unexplored biological processes and pathways associated with reprogramming inducing miRNAs, thus helps in identifying roadblocks to full reprogramming. Specifically, the biological significance of highly conserved and most studied miRNA cluster, i.e. miR-302-367, in reprogramming is also highlighted. Further, roles of miRNAs in the differentiation of neurons from iPSCs are discussed. A recent approach of direct conversion or transdifferentiation of differentiated cells into neurons by miRNAs is also elaborated. This approach is now widely gaining impetus for the generation of neurological patient's brain cells directly from his/her somatic cells in an efficient and safe manner. Thus, decoding the intricate circuitry between miRNAs and other gene regulatory networks will not only uncover novel pathways in the direct reprogramming of somatic cells but will also open new avenues in stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita K Adlakha
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122051, India.
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122051, India
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16
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Skelton RJP, Brady B, Khoja S, Sahoo D, Engel J, Arasaratnam D, Saleh KK, Abilez OJ, Zhao P, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Kwon M, Elliott DA, Ardehali R. CD13 and ROR2 Permit Isolation of Highly Enriched Cardiac Mesoderm from Differentiating Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:95-108. [PMID: 26771355 PMCID: PMC4720015 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of tissue-specific cell types from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is critical for the development of future stem cell-based regenerative therapies. Here, we identify CD13 and ROR2 as cell-surface markers capable of selecting early cardiac mesoderm emerging during hESC differentiation. We demonstrate that the CD13+/ROR2+ population encompasses pre-cardiac mesoderm, which efficiently differentiates to all major cardiovascular lineages. We determined the engraftment potential of CD13+/ROR2+ in small (murine) and large (porcine) animal models, and demonstrated that CD13+/ROR2+ progenitors have the capacity to differentiate toward cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells in vivo. Collectively, our data show that CD13 and ROR2 identify a cardiac lineage precursor pool that is capable of successful engraftment into the porcine heart. These markers represent valuable tools for further dissection of early human cardiac differentiation, and will enable a detailed assessment of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac lineage cells for potential clinical applications. CD13 and ROR2 separate hESC-derived MIXL1+ mesoderm from MIXL1+ endoderm CD13 and ROR2 select for a population of highly enriched pre-cardiac mesoderm CD13+/ROR2+ cells derived from hESCs engraft into porcine, but not murine hearts CD13+/ROR2+ cells differentiate to all major cardiac lineages in the pig heart
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys J P Skelton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Room 3645, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bevin Brady
- Bio-X Program, Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Suhail Khoja
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Room 3645, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Bio-X Program, Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James Engel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Room 3645, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Deevina Arasaratnam
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kholoud K Saleh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Room 3645, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Oscar J Abilez
- Bio-X Program, Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Room 3645, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Murray Kwon
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Room 3645, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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17
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Youssef AA, Ross EG, Bolli R, Pepine CJ, Leeper NJ, Yang PC. The Promise and Challenge of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiovascular Applications. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016; 1:510-523. [PMID: 28580434 PMCID: PMC5451899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of stem cells. iPSCs have demonstrated that biological development is not an irreversible process and that mature adult somatic cells can be induced to become pluripotent. This breakthrough is projected to advance our current understanding of many disease processes and revolutionize the approach to effective therapeutics. Despite the great promise of iPSCs, many translational challenges still remain. In this article, we review the basic concept of induction of pluripotency as a novel approach to understand cardiac regeneration, cardiovascular disease modeling and drug discovery. We critically reflect on the current results of preclinical and clinical studies using iPSCs for these applications with appropriate emphasis on the challenges facing clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Youssef
- Division of Cardiology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and Aurora Bay Area Medical Center, Marinette, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elsie Gyang Ross
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Phillip C Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
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18
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Xiao X, Li N, Zhang D, Yang B, Guo H, Li Y. Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with Substitutes for Yamanaka's Four Transcription Factors. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:281-297. [PMID: 27696909 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) share many characteristics with embryonic stem cells, but lack ethical controversy. They provide vast opportunities for disease modeling, pathogenesis understanding, therapeutic drug development, toxicology, organ synthesis, and treatment of degenerative disease. However, this procedure also has many potential challenges, including a slow generation time, low efficiency, partially reprogrammed colonies, as well as somatic coding mutations in the genome. Pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka's team in 2006, iPSCs were first generated by introducing four transcription factors: Oct 4, Sox 2, Klf 4, and c-Myc (OSKM). Of those factors, Klf 4 and c-Myc are oncogenes, which are potentially a tumor risk. Therefore, to avoid problems such as tumorigenesis and low throughput, one of the key strategies has been to use other methods, including members of the same subgroup of transcription factors, activators or inhibitors of signaling pathways, microRNAs, epigenetic modifiers, or even differentiation-associated factors, to functionally replace the reprogramming transcription factors. In this study, we will mainly focus on the advances in the generation of iPSCs with substitutes for OSKM. The identification and combination of novel proteins or chemicals, particularly small molecules, to induce pluripotency will provide useful tools to discover the molecular mechanisms governing reprogramming and ultimately lead to the development of new iPSC-based therapeutics for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiao
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chongqing, China .,2 Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Nan Li
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yuemin Li
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
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Abdelwahid E, Kalvelyte A, Stulpinas A, de Carvalho KAT, Guarita-Souza LC, Foldes G. Stem cell death and survival in heart regeneration and repair. Apoptosis 2016; 21:252-68. [PMID: 26687129 PMCID: PMC5200890 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis disrupts cardiac function and leads to cardiac decompensation and terminal heart failure. Delineating the regulatory signaling pathways that orchestrate cell survival in the heart has significant therapeutic implications. Cardiac tissue has limited capacity to regenerate and repair. Stem cell therapy is a successful approach for repairing and regenerating ischemic cardiac tissue; however, transplanted cells display very high death percentage, a problem that affects success of tissue regeneration. Stem cells display multipotency or pluripotency and undergo self-renewal, however these events are negatively influenced by upregulation of cell death machinery that induces the significant decrease in survival and differentiation signals upon cardiovascular injury. While efforts to identify cell types and molecular pathways that promote cardiac tissue regeneration have been productive, studies that focus on blocking the extensive cell death after transplantation are limited. The control of cell death includes multiple networks rather than one crucial pathway, which underlies the challenge of identifying the interaction between various cellular and biochemical components. This review is aimed at exploiting the molecular mechanisms by which stem cells resist death signals to develop into mature and healthy cardiac cells. Specifically, we focus on a number of factors that control death and survival of stem cells upon transplantation and ultimately affect cardiac regeneration. We also discuss potential survival enhancing strategies and how they could be meaningful in the design of targeted therapies that improve cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eltyeb Abdelwahid
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-725, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Audrone Kalvelyte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Stulpinas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Curitiba, Paraná, 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cesar Guarita-Souza
- Experimental Laboratory of Institute of Biological and Health Sciences of Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gabor Foldes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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20
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Matsu-ura T, Sasaki H, Okada M, Mikoshiba K, Ashraf M. Attenuation of teratoma formation by p27 overexpression in induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 26880084 PMCID: PMC4754927 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, have a great potential for regenerative medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cells, in particular, are suitable for replacement of tissue by autologous transplantation. However, tumorigenicity is a major risk in clinical application of both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. This study explores the possibility of manipulating the cell cycle for inhibition of tumorigenicity. METHODS We genetically modified mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) to overexpress p27 tumor suppressor and examined their proliferation rate, gene expression, cardiac differentiation, tumorigenicity, and therapeutic potential in a mouse model of coronary artery ligation. RESULTS Overexpression of p27 inhibited cell division of miPSCs, and that inhibition was dependent on the expression level of p27. p27 overexpressing miPSCs had pluripotency characteristics but lost stemness earlier than normal miPSCs during embryoid body and teratoma formation. These cellular characteristics led to none or smaller teratoma when the cells were injected into nude mice. Transplantation of both miPSCs and p27 overexpressing miPSCs into the infarcted mouse heart reduced the infarction size and improved left ventricular function. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of p27 attenuated tumorigenicity by reducing proliferation and earlier loss of stemness of miPSCs. The overexpression of p27 did not affect pluripotency and differentiation characteristics of miPSC. Therefore, regulation of the proliferation rate of miPSCs offers great therapeutic potential for repair of the injured myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsu-ura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA.
| | - Motoi Okada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA.
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 835 South Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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21
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Stem cells and exosomes in cardiac repair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 27:19-23. [PMID: 26848944 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac diseases currently lead in the number of deaths per year, giving rise an interest in transplanting embryonic and adult stem cells as a means to improve damaged tissue from conditions such as myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. After testing these cells as a treatment option in both animal and human models, it is believed that these cells improve the damaged tissue primarily through the release of autocrine and paracrine factors. Major concerns such as teratoma formation, immune response, difficulty harvesting cells, and limited cell proliferation and differentiation, hinder the routine use of these cells as a treatment option in the clinic. The advent of stem cell-derived exosomes circumvent those concerns, while still providing the growth factors, miRNA, and additional cell protective factors that aid in repairing and regenerating the damaged tissue. These exosomes have been found to be anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, pro-angiogenic, as well as enhance cardiac differentiation, all of which are key to repairing damaged tissue. As such, stem cell derived exosomes are considered to be a potential new and novel approach in the treatment of various cardiac diseases.
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22
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Schneeberger Y, Stenzig J, Hübner F, Schaefer A, Reichenspurner H, Eschenhagen T. Pharmacokinetics of the Experimental Non-Nucleosidic DNA Methyl Transferase Inhibitor N-Phthalyl-L-Tryptophan (RG 108) in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:327-32. [PMID: 26525153 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) inhibitors can re-establish the expression of tumour suppressor genes in malignant diseases, but might also be useful in other diseases. Inhibitors in clinical use are nucleosidic cytotoxic agents that need to be integrated into the DNA of dividing cells. Here, we assessed the in vivo kinetics of a non-nucleosidic inhibitor that is potentially free of cytotoxic effects and does not require cell division. The non-specific DNMT inhibitor N-phthalyl-L-tryptophan (RG 108) was injected subcutaneously in rats. Blood was drawn 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hr after injection and RG 108 in plasma was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trough levels and area under the curve (AUC) were significantly higher with multiple-dose administration and cytochrome inhibition. In this group, time to maximal plasma concentration (tmax , mean ± S.D.) was 37.5 ± 15 min., terminal plasma half-life was approximately 3.7 h (60% CI: 2.1-15.6 h), maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) was 61.3 ± 7.6 μM, and AUC was 200 ± 54 μmol·h/l. RG 108 peak levels were not influenced by cytochrome inhibition or multiple-dose administration regimens. Maximal tissue levels (Cmax in μmol/kg) were 6.9 ± 6.7, 1.6 ± 0.4 and 3.4 ± 1.1 in liver, skeletal and heart muscle, respectively. We conclude that despite its high lipophilicity, RG 108 can be used for in vivo experiments, appears safe and yields plasma and tissue levels in the range of the described 50% inhibitory concentration of around 1 to 5 μM. RG 108 can therefore be a useful tool for in vivo DNMT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schneeberger
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justus Stenzig
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florian Hübner
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaefer
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Reichenspurner
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Zakharova L, Nural-Guvener H, Feehery L, Popovic-Sljukic S, Gaballa MA. Transplantation of Epigenetically Modified Adult Cardiac c-Kit+ Cells Retards Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function in Ischemic Heart Failure Model. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1086-96. [PMID: 26240433 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cardiac c-Kit+ cells have a modest cardiogenic potential that could limit their efficacy in heart disease treatment. The present study was designed to augment the cardiogenic potential of cardiac c-Kit+ cells through class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and evaluate their therapeutic potency in the chronic heart failure (CHF) animal model. Myocardial infarction (MI) was created by coronary artery occlusion in rats. c-Kit+ cells were treated with mocetinostat (MOCE), a specific class I HDAC inhibitor. At 3 weeks after MI, CHF animals were retrogradely infused with untreated (control) or MOCE-treated c-Kit+ cells (MOCE/c-Kit+ cells) and evaluated at 3 weeks after cell infusion. We found that class I HDAC inhibition in c-Kit+ cells elevated the level of acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) and increased AcH3 levels in the promoter regions of pluripotent and cardiac-specific genes. Epigenetic changes were accompanied by increased expression of cardiac-specific markers. Transplantation of CHF rats with either control or MOCE/c-Kit+ cells resulted in an improvement in cardiac function, retardation of CHF remodeling made evident by increased vascularization and scar size, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy reduction. Compared with CHF infused with control cells, infusion of MOCE/c-Kit+ cells resulted in a further reduction in left ventricle end-diastolic pressure and total collagen and an increase in interleukin-6 expression. The low engraftment of infused cells suggests that paracrine effects might account for the beneficial effects of c-Kit+ cells in CHF. In conclusion, selective inhibition of class I HDACs induced expression of cardiac markers in c-Kit+ cells and partially augmented the efficacy of these cells for CHF repair. SIGNIFICANCE The study has shown that selective class 1 histone deacetylase inhibition is sufficient to redirect c-Kit+ cells toward a cardiac fate. Epigenetically modified c-Kit+ cells improved contractile function and retarded remodeling of the congestive heart failure heart. This study provides new insights into the efficacy of cardiac c-Kit+ cells in the ischemic heart failure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Zakharova
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Hikmet Nural-Guvener
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Lorraine Feehery
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Snjezana Popovic-Sljukic
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Mohamed A Gaballa
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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24
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Reprogramming with Small Molecules instead of Exogenous Transcription Factors. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:794632. [PMID: 25922608 PMCID: PMC4397468 DOI: 10.1155/2015/794632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be employed in the creation of patient-specific stem cells, which could subsequently be used in various basic and clinical applications. However, current iPSC methodologies present significant hidden risks with respect to genetic mutations and abnormal expression which are a barrier in realizing the full potential of iPSCs. A chemical approach is thought to be a promising strategy for safety and efficiency of iPSC generation. Many small molecules have been identified that can be used in place of exogenous transcription factors and significantly improve iPSC reprogramming efficiency and quality. Recent studies have shown that the use of small molecules results in the generation of chemically induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. These studies might lead to new areas of stem cell research and medical applications, not only human iPSC by chemicals alone, but also safe generation of somatic stem cells for cell based clinical trials and other researches. In this paper, we have reviewed the recent advances in small molecule approaches for the generation of iPSCs.
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25
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Kim WH, Jung DW, Williams DR. Making cardiomyocytes with your chemistry set: Small molecule-induced cardiogenesis in somatic cells. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:125-133. [PMID: 25810812 PMCID: PMC4365307 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i3.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is an attractive potential therapy for heart diseases. For example, myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality in many countries. Numerous medical interventions have been developed to stabilize patients with MI and, although this has increased survival rates, there is currently no clinically approved method to reverse the loss of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) that accompanies this disease. Cell transplantation has been proposed as a method to replace cardiomyocytes, but a safe and reliable source of cardiogenic cells is required. An ideal source would be the patients’ own somatic tissue cells, which could be converted into cardiogenic cells and transplanted into the site of MI. However, these are difficult to produce in large quantities and standardized protocols to produce cardiac cells would be advantageous for the research community. To achieve these research goals, small molecules represent attractive tools to control cell behavior. In this editorial, we introduce the use of small molecules in stem cell research and summarize their application to the induction of cardiogenesis in non-cardiac cells. Exciting new developments in this field are discussed, which we hope will encourage cardiac stem cell biologists to further consider employing small molecules in their culture protocols.
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26
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Davies SG, Kennewell PD, Russell AJ, Seden PT, Westwood R, Wynne GM. Stemistry: the control of stem cells in situ using chemistry. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2863-94. [PMID: 25590360 DOI: 10.1021/jm500838d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new paradigm for drug research has emerged, namely the deliberate search for molecules able to selectively affect the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of adult stem cells within the tissues in which they exist. Recently, there has been significant interest in medicinal chemistry toward the discovery and design of low molecular weight molecules that affect stem cells and thus have novel therapeutic activity. We believe that a successful agent from such a discover program would have profound effects on the treatment of many long-term degenerative disorders. Among these conditions are examples such as cardiovascular decay, neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, and macular degeneration, all of which have significant unmet medical needs. This perspective will review evidence from the literature that indicates that discovery of such agents is achievable and represents a worthwhile pursuit for the skills of the medicinal chemist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Davies
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Peter D Kennewell
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Angela J Russell
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.,‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, U.K
| | - Peter T Seden
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Robert Westwood
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Graham M Wynne
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Generation of pluripotent stem cells without the use of genetic material. J Transl Med 2015; 95:26-42. [PMID: 25365202 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a platform to obtain patient-specific cells for use as a cell source in regenerative medicine. Although iPSCs do not have the ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells, iPSCs have not been widely used in clinical applications, as they are generated by gene transduction. Recently, iPSCs have been generated without the use of genetic material. For example, protein-induced PSCs and chemically induced PSCs have been generated by the use of small and large (protein) molecules. Several epigenetic characteristics are important for cell differentiation; therefore, several small-molecule inhibitors of epigenetic-modifying enzymes, such as DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases, and histone demethylases, are potential candidates for the reprogramming of somatic cells into iPSCs. In this review, we discuss what types of small chemical or large (protein) molecules could be used to replace the viral transduction of genes and/or genetic reprogramming to obtain human iPSCs.
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Comparison of human induced pluripotent stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes with human mesenchymal stem cells following acute myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116281. [PMID: 25551230 PMCID: PMC4281179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have recently been shown to express key cardiac proteins and improve in vivo cardiac function when administered following myocardial infarction. However, the efficacy of hiPSC-derived cell therapies, in direct comparison to current, well-established stem cell-based therapies, is yet to be elucidated. The goal of the current study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with hiPSC-CMs in mitigating myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Male athymic nude hyrats were subjected to permanent ligation of the left-anterior-descending (LAD) coronary artery to induce acute MI. Four experimental groups were studied: 1) control (non-MI), 2) MI, 3) hMSCs (MI+MSC), and 4) hiPSC-CMs (MI+hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes). The hiPSC-CMs and hMSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) in vitro to track the transplanted cells in the ischemic heart by high-field cardiac MRI. These cells were injected into the ischemic heart 30-min after LAD ligation. Four-weeks after MI, cardiac MRI was performed to track the transplanted cells in the infarct heart. Additionally, echocardiography (M-mode) was performed to evaluate the cardiac function. Immunohistological and western blot studies were performed to assess the cell tracking, engraftment and cardiac fibrosis in the infarct heart tissues. RESULTS Echocardiography data showed a significantly improved cardiac function in the hiPSC-CMs and hMSCs groups, when compared to MI. Immunohistological studies showed expression of connexin-43, α-actinin and myosin heavy chain in engrafted hiPSC-CMs. Cardiac fibrosis was significantly decreased in hiPSC-CMs group when compared to hMSCs or MI groups. Overall, this study demonstrated improved cardiac function with decreased fibrosis with both hiPSC-CMs and hMSCs groups when compared with MI group.
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Lalit PA, Hei DJ, Raval AN, Kamp TJ. Induced pluripotent stem cells for post-myocardial infarction repair: remarkable opportunities and challenges. Circ Res 2014; 114:1328-45. [PMID: 24723658 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease with associated myocardial infarction continues to be a major cause of death and morbidity around the world, despite significant advances in therapy. Patients who have large myocardial infarctions are at highest risk for progressive heart failure and death, and cell-based therapies offer new hope for these patients. A recently discovered cell source for cardiac repair has emerged as a result of a breakthrough reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The iPSCs can proliferate indefinitely in culture and can differentiate into cardiac lineages, including cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac progenitors. Thus, large quantities of desired cell products can be generated without being limited by cellular senescence. The iPSCs can be obtained from patients to allow autologous therapy or, alternatively, banks of human leukocyte antigen diverse iPSCs are possible for allogeneic therapy. Preclinical animal studies using a variety of cell preparations generated from iPSCs have shown evidence of cardiac repair. Methodology for the production of clinical grade products from human iPSCs is in place. Ongoing studies for the safety of various iPSC preparations with regard to the risk of tumor formation, immune rejection, induction of arrhythmias, and formation of stable cardiac grafts are needed as the field advances toward the first-in-man trials of iPSCs after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik A Lalit
- From the Department of Medicine (P.A.L., A.N.R., T.J.K.), Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program (P.A.L., T.J.K.), and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center (P.A.L., D.J.H., A.N.R., T.J.K.), Waisman Biomanufacturing at University of Wisconsin, Madison (D.J.H.)
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Potential and limitation of HLA-based banking of human pluripotent stem cells for cell therapy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:518135. [PMID: 25126584 PMCID: PMC4121106 DOI: 10.1155/2014/518135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great hopes have been placed on human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells for therapy. Tissues or organs derived from hPS cells could be the best solution to cure many different human diseases, especially those who do not respond to standard medication or drugs, such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure, or diabetes. The origin of hPS is critical and the idea of creating a bank of well-characterized hPS cells has emerged, like the one that already exists for cord blood. However, the main obstacle in transplantation is the rejection of tissues or organ by the receiver, due to the three main immunological barriers: the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), the ABO blood group, and minor antigens. The problem could be circumvented by using autologous stem cells, like induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, derived directly from the patient. But iPS cells have limitations, especially regarding the disease of the recipient and possible difficulties to handle or prepare autologous iPS cells. Finally, reaching standards of good clinical or manufacturing practices could be challenging. That is why well-characterized and universal hPS cells could be a better solution. In this review, we will discuss the interest and the feasibility to establish hPS cells bank, as well as some economics and ethical issues.
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Barad L, Schick R, Zeevi-Levin N, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Binah O. Human embryonic stem cells vs human induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac repair. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1279-87. [PMID: 25442431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into any specialized cell type, including cardiomyocytes. Therefore, hESC-derived and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs and hiPSC-CMs, respectively) offer great potential for cardiac regenerative medicine. Unlike some organs, the heart has a limited ability to regenerate, and dysfunction resulting from significant cardiomyocyte loss under pathophysiological conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI), can lead to heart failure. Unfortunately, for patients with end-stage heart failure, heart transplantation remains the main alternative, and it is insufficient, mainly because of the limited availability of donor organs. Although left ventricular assist devices are progressively entering clinical practice as a bridge to transplantation and even as an optional therapy, cell replacement therapy presents a plausible alternative to donor organ transplantation. During the past decade, multiple candidate cells were proposed for cardiac regeneration, and their mechanisms of action in the myocardium have been explored. The purpose of this article is to critically review the comprehensive research involving the use of hESCs and hiPSCs in MI models and to discuss current controversies, unresolved issues, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Barad
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Revital Schick
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Zeevi-Levin
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Binah
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Li N, Pasha Z, Ashraf M. Reversal of ischemic cardiomyopathy with Sca-1+ stem cells modified with multiple growth factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93645. [PMID: 24705272 PMCID: PMC3976296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that bone marrow derived Sca-1+ stem cells (BM Sca-1+) transduced with multiple therapeutic cytokines with diverse effects will induce faster angiomyogenic differentiation in the infarcted myocardium. Methods and Results BM Sca-1+ were purified from transgenic male mice expressing GFP. Plasmids encoding for select quartet of growth factors, i.e., human IGF-1, VEGF, SDF-1α and HGF were prepared and used for genetic modification of Sca-1+ cells (GFSca-1+). Scramble transfected cells (ScSca-1+) were used as a control. RT-PCR and western blotting showed significantly higher expression of the growth factors in GFSca-1+. Besides the quartet of the therapeutic growth factors, PCR based growth factor array showed upregulation of multiple angiogenic and prosurvival factors such as Ang-1, Ang-2, MMP9, Cx43, BMP2, BMP5, FGF2, and NGF in GFSca-1+ (p<0.01 vsScSca-1+). LDH and TUNEL assays showed enhanced survival of GFSca-1+ under lethal anoxia (p<0.01 vs ScSca-1+). MTS assay showed significant increased cell proliferation in GFSca-1+ (p<0.05 vsScSca-1+). For in vivo study, female mice were grouped to receive the intramyocardial injection of 15 μl DMEM without cells (group-1) or containing 2.5×105ScSca-1+ (group-2) or GFSca-1+ (group-3) immediately after coronary artery ligation. As indicated by Sry gene, a higher survival of GFSca-1+ in group-3 on day4 (2.3 fold higher vs group-2) was observed with massive mobilization of stem and progenitor cells (cKit+, Mdr1+, Cxcr4+ cells). Heart tissue sections immunostained for actinin and Cx43 at 4 weeks post engraftment showed extensive myofiber formation and expression of gap junctions. Immunostaining for vWF showed increased blood vessel density in both peri-infarct and infarct regions in group-3. Infarct size was attenuated and the global heart function was improved in group-3 as compared to group-2. Conclusions Administration of BM Sca-1+ transduced with multiple genes is a novel approach to treat infarcted heart for its regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zeeshan Pasha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Teng HF, Li PN, Hou DR, Liu SW, Lin CT, Loo MR, Kao CH, Lin KH, Chen SL. Valproic acid enhances Oct4 promoter activity through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activated nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 383:147-58. [PMID: 24361750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to increase the reprogramming efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from somatic cells, but the mechanism by which VPA enhances iPSC induction has not been defined. Here we demonstrated that VPA directly activated Oct4 promoter activity through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway that targeted the proximal hormone response element (HRE, -41∼-22) in this promoter. The activating effect of VPA is highly specific as similar compounds or constitutional isomers failed to instigate Oct4 promoter activity. We further demonstrated that the upstream 2 half-sites in this HRE were essential to the activating effect of VPA and they were targeted by a subset of nuclear receptors, such as COUP-TFII and TR2. These findings show the first time that NRs are implicated in the VPA stimulated expression of stem cell-specific factors and should invite more investigation on the cooperation between VPA and NRs on iPSC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang Teng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Pei Ning Li
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Duen Ren Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Sin Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Tao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Moo Rung Loo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chien Han Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Kwang Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shen Liang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan.
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Bao MH, Feng X, Zhang YW, Lou XY, Cheng Y, Zhou HH. Let-7 in cardiovascular diseases, heart development and cardiovascular differentiation from stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23086-102. [PMID: 24284400 PMCID: PMC3856107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141123086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The let-7 family is the second microRNA found in C. elegans. Recent researches have found it is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system. Studies have revealed the aberrant expression of let-7 members in cardiovascular diseases, such as heart hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmia, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Let-7 also participates in cardiovascular differentiation of embryonic stem cells. TLR4, LOX-1, Bcl-xl and AGO1 are by now the identified target genes of let-7. The circulating let-7b is suspected to be the biomarker of acute MI and let-7i, the biomarker of DCM. Further studies are necessary for identifying the gene targets and signaling pathways of let-7 in cardiovascular diseases. Let-7 might be a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the research progresses regarding the roles of let-7 in cardiovascular development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Bao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; E-Mails: (M.-H.B.); (Y.-W.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Xing Feng
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; E-Mails: (M.-H.B.); (Y.-W.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiao-Ya Lou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; E-Mails: (M.-H.B.); (Y.-W.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yu Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; E-Mails: (M.-H.B.); (Y.-W.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; E-Mails: (M.-H.B.); (Y.-W.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-731-8480-5380; Fax: +86-731-8235-4476
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Li X, Zhang F, Song G, Gu W, Chen M, Yang B, Li D, Wang D, Cao K. Intramyocardial Injection of Pig Pluripotent Stem Cells Improves Left Ventricular Function and Perfusion: A Study in a Porcine Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66688. [PMID: 23805264 PMCID: PMC3689724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have the potential to differentiate to various types of cardiovascular cells to repair an injured heart. The potential therapeutic benefits of iPS cell based treatment have been established in small-animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesize that porcine iPS (piPS) cell transplantation may be an effective treatment for MI. After a 90-minute occlusion of the left anterior descending artery in a porcine model, undifferentiated piPS cells or PBS were injected into the ischemic myocardium. Cardiac function, myocardial perfusion and cell differentiation were investigated. One week after piPS cell delivery, global left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly decreased in both the iPS group and the PBS group compared to the Sham group (p<0.05, respectively). Six weeks after piPS cell delivery, LVEF of the iPS group significantly improved compared to the PBS group (56.68% vs. 50.93%, p = 0.04) but was still lower than the Sham group. Likewise, the piPS cell transplantation improved the regional perfusion compared to the PBS injection (19.67% vs. 13.67%, p = 0.02). The infarct area was significantly smaller in the iPS group than the PBS group (12.04% vs. 15.98% p = 0.01). PiPS cells engrafted into the myocardium can differentiate into vessel cells, which result in increased formation of new vessels in the infarcted heart. Direct intramyocardial injection of piPS cells can decrease infarct size and improve left ventricular function and perfusion for an immunosuppressed porcine AMI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guixian Song
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijuan Gu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dianfu Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daowu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kejiang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Nonviral methods for inducing pluripotency to cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:705902. [PMID: 23841088 PMCID: PMC3693118 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The concept of inducing pluripotency to adult somatic cells by introducing reprogramming factors to them is one that has recently emerged, gained widespread acclaim and garnered much attention among the scientific community. The idea that cells can be reprogrammed, and are not unidirectionally defined opens many avenues for study. With their clear potential for use in the clinic, these reprogrammed cells stand to have a huge impact in regenerative medicine. This realization did not occur overnight but is, however, the product of many decades worth of advancements in researching this area. It was a combination of such research that led to the development of induced pluripotent stem cells as we know it today. This review delivers a brief insight in to the roots of iPS research and focuses on succinctly describing current nonviral methods of inducing pluripotency using plasmid vectors, small molecules and chemicals, and RNAs.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Public sharing of scientific data has assumed greater importance in the omics era. Transparency is necessary for confirmation and validation, and multiple examiners aid in extracting maximal value from large data sets. Accordingly, database submission and provision of the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME)(3) are required by most journals as a prerequisite for review or acceptance. METHODS In this study, the level of data submission and MIAME compliance was reviewed for 127 articles that included microarray-based microRNA (miRNA) profiling and were published from July 2011 through April 2012 in the journals that published the largest number of such articles--PLOS ONE, the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Blood, and Oncogene--along with articles from 9 other journals, including Clinical Chemistry, that published smaller numbers of array-based articles. RESULTS Overall, data submission was reported at publication for <40% of all articles, and almost 75% of articles were MIAME noncompliant. On average, articles that included full data submission scored significantly higher on a quality metric than articles with limited or no data submission, and studies with adequate description of methods disproportionately included larger numbers of experimental repeats. Finally, for several articles that were not MIAME compliant, data reanalysis revealed less than complete support for the published conclusions, in 1 case leading to retraction. CONCLUSIONS These findings buttress the hypothesis that reluctance to share data is associated with low study quality and suggest that most miRNA array investigations are underpowered and/or potentially compromised by a lack of appropriate reporting and data submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Wang L, Pasha Z, Wang S, Li N, Feng Y, Lu G, Millard RW, Ashraf M. Protein kinase G1 α overexpression increases stem cell survival and cardiac function after myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60087. [PMID: 23536905 PMCID: PMC3607603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that overexpression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type 1α (PKG1α) could mimic the effect of tadalafil on the survival of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contributing to regeneration of the ischemic heart. METHODS AND RESULTS MSCs from male rats were transduced with adenoviral vector encoding for PKG1α ((PKG1α)MSCs).Controls included native MSCs ((Nat)MSCs) and MSCs transduced with an empty vector ((Null)MSCs). PKG1α activity was increased approximately 20, 5 and 16 fold respectively in (PKG1α)MSCs. (PKG1α)MSCs showed improved survival under oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) which was evidenced by lower LDH release, caspase-3/7 activity and number of positive TUNEL cells. Anti-apoptotic proteins pAkt, pGSK3β, and Bcl-2 were significantly increased in (PKG1α)MSCs compared to (Nat)MSCs and (Null)MSCs. Higher release of multiple prosurvival and angiogenic factors such as HGF, bFGF, SDF-1 and Ang-1 was observed in (PKG1α)MSCs before and after OGD. In a female rat model of acute myocardial infarction, (PKG1α)MSCs group showed higher survival compared with (Null)MSCs group at 3 and 7 days after transplantation as determined by TUNEL staining and sry-gene quantitation by real-time PCR. Increased anti-apoptotic proteins and paracrine factors in vitro were also identified. Immunostaining for cardiac troponin I combined with GFP showed increased myogenic differentiation of (PKG1α)MSCs. At 4 weeks after transplantation, compared to DMEM group and (Null)MSCs group, (PKG1α)MSCs group showed increased blood vessel density in infarct and peri-infarct areas (62.5±7.7; 68.8±7.3 per microscopic view, p<0.05) and attenuated infarct size (27.2±2.5%, p<0.01). Heart function indices including ejection fraction (52.1±2.2%, p<0.01) and fractional shortening (24.8%±1.3%, p<0.01) were improved significantly in (PKG1α)MSCs group. CONCLUSION Overexpression of PKG1α transgene could be a powerful approach to improve MSCs survival and their angiomyogenic potential in the infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zeeshan Pasha
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shuyun Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ning Li
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gang Lu
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ronald W. Millard
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li M, Chen Y, Bi Y, Jiang W, Luo Q, He Y, Su Y, Liu X, Cui J, Zhang W, Li R, Kong Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang H, Shui W, Wu N, Zhu J, Tian J, Yi QJ, Luu HH, Haydon RC, He TC, Zhu GH. Establishment and characterization of the reversibly immortalized mouse fetal heart progenitors. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1035-46. [PMID: 23801891 PMCID: PMC3691803 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progenitor cell-based cardiomyocyte regeneration holds great promise of repairing an injured heart. Although cardiomyogenic differentiation has been reported for a variety of progenitor cell types, the biological factors that regulate effective cardiomyogenesis remain largely undefined. Primary cardiomyogenic progenitors (CPs) have a limited life span in culture, hampering the CPs' in vitro and in vivo studies. The objective of this study is to investigate if primary CPs isolated from fetal mouse heart can be reversibly immortalized with SV40 large T and maintain long-term cell proliferation without compromising cardiomyogenic differentiation potential. METHODS Primary cardiomyocytes were isolated from mouse E15.5 fetal heart, and immortalized retrovirally with the expression of SV40 large T antigen flanked with loxP sites. Expression of cardiomyogenic markers were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. The immortalization phenotype was reversed by using an adenovirus-mediated expression of the Cre reconbinase. Cardiomyogenic differentiation induced by retinoids or dexamethasone was assessed by an α-myosin heavy chain (MyHC) promoter-driven reporter. RESULTS We demonstrate that the CPs derived from mouse E15.5 fetal heart can be efficiently immortalized by SV40 T antigen. The conditionally immortalized CPs (iCP15 clones) exhibit an increased proliferative activity and are able to maintain long-term proliferation, which can be reversed by Cre recombinase. The iCP15 cells express cardiomyogenic markers and retain differentiation potential as they can undergo terminal differentiate into cardiomyctes under appropriate differentiation conditions although the iCP15 clones represent a large repertoire of CPs at various differentiation stages. The removal of SV40 large T increases the iCPs' differentiation potential. Thus, the iCPs not only maintain long-term cell proliferative activity but also retain cardiomyogenic differentiation potential. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the reported reversible SV40 T antigen-mediated immortalization represents an efficient approach for establishing long-term culture of primary cardiomyogenic progenitors for basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, the Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education and Chongqing Bureau of Education, and the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
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Abstract
The isolation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has furthered our understanding of normal embryonic development and fueled the progression of stem cell derived therapies. However, the generation of ESCs requires the destruction of an embryo, making the use of these cells ethically controversial. In 2006 the Yamanaka group overcame this ethical controversy when they described a protocol whereby somatic cells could be dedifferentiated into a pluripotent state following the transduction of a four transcription factor cocktail. Following this initial study numerous groups have described protocols to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These protocols have simplified the reprogramming strategy by employing polycistronic reprogramming cassettes and flanking such polycistronic cassettes with loxP or piggyBac recognition sequences. Thus, these strategies allow for excision of the entire transgene cassette, limiting the potential for the integration of exogenous transgenes to have detrimental effect. Others have prevented the potentially deleterious effects of integrative reprogramming strategies by using non-integrating adenoviral vectors, traditional recombinant DNA transfection, transfection of minicircle DNA, or transfection of episomally maintained EBNA1/OriP plasmids. Interestingly, transfection of mRNA or miRNA has also been shown to be capable of reprogramming cells, and multiple groups have developed protocols using cell penetrating peptide tagged reprogramming factors to de-differentiate somatic cells in the absence of exogenous nucleic acid. Despite the numerous different reprogramming strategies that have been developed, the reprogramming process remains extremely inefficient. To overcome this inefficiency multiple groups have successfully used small molecules such as valproic acid, sodium butyrate, PD0325901, and others to generate iPSCs.The fast paced field of cellular reprogramming has recently produced protocols to generate iPSCs using non integrative techniques with an ever improving efficiency. These recent developments have brought us one step closer to developing a safe and efficient method to reprogram cells for clinical use. However, a lot of work is still needed before iPSCs can be implemented in a clinical setting.
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Jung DW, Williams DR. Reawakening atlas: chemical approaches to repair or replace dysfunctional musculature. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1773-90. [PMID: 23043623 DOI: 10.1021/cb3003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle diseases are major health concerns. For example, ischemic heart disease is the third most common cause of death. Cell therapy is an attractive approach for treating muscle diseases, although this is hampered by the need to generate large numbers of functional muscle cells. Small molecules have become established as attractive tools for modulating cell behavior and, in this review, we discuss the recent, rapid research advances made in the development of small molecule methods to facilitate the production of functional cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. We also describe how new developments in small molecule strategies for muscle disease aim to induce repair and remodelling of the damaged tissues in situ. Recent progress has been made in developing small molecule cocktails that induce skeletal muscle regeneration, and these are discussed in a broader context, because a similar phenomenon occurs in the early stages of salamander appendage regeneration. Although formidable technical hurdles still remain, these new advances in small molecule-based methodologies should provide hope that cell therapies for patients suffering from muscle disease can be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren R. Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Zimmermann A, Preynat-Seauve O, Tiercy JM, Krause KH, Villard J. Haplotype-based banking of human pluripotent stem cells for transplantation: potential and limitations. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2364-73. [PMID: 22559254 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High expectations surround the area of stem cells therapeutics. However, the cells' source-adult or embryonic-and the cells' origin-patient-derived autologous or healthy donor genetically unrelated-remain subjects of debate. Autologous origins have the advantage of a theoretical absence of immune rejection by the recipient. However, this approach has several limitations with regard to the disease of the recipient and to potential problems with the generation, expansion, and manipulation of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) preparation. An alternative to using autologous cells is the establishment of a bank of well-characterized adult cells that would be used to generate iPS cells and their derivatives. In the context of transplantation, such cells would come from genetically unrelated donors and the immune system of the recipient would reject the graft without immunosuppressive therapy. To minimize the risk of rejection, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility is certainly the best option, and the establishment of an HLA-organized bank would mean having a limited number of stem cells that would be sufficient for a large number of recipients. The concept of haplobanking with HLA homozygous cell lines would also limit the number of HLA mismatches, but such an approach will not necessarily be less immunogenic in terms of selection criteria, because of the limited number of HLA-compatible loci and the level of HLA typing resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Experimental Cell Therapy, Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Gibson SAJ, Gao GD, McDonagh K, Shen S. Progress on stem cell research towards the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 3:11. [PMID: 22494990 PMCID: PMC3392771 DOI: 10.1186/scrt102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of Lewy body inclusions along with selective destruction of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the nigrostriatal tract of the brain. Genetic studies have revealed much about the pathophysiology of PD, enabling the identification of both biomarkers for diagnosis and genetic targets for therapeutic treatment, which are evolved in tandem with the development of stem cell technologies. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells facilitates the derivation of stem cells from adult somatic cells for personalized treatment and thus overcomes not only the limited availability of human embryonic stem cells but also ethical concerns surrounding their use. Non-viral, non-integration, or non-DNA-mediated reprogramming technologies are being developed. Protocols for generating midbrain DA neurons are undergoing constant refinement. The iPS cell-derived DA neurons provide cellular models for investigating disease progression in vitro and for screening molecules of novel therapeutic potential and have beneficial effects on improving the behavior of parkinsonian animals. Further progress in the development of safer non-viral/non-biased reprogramming strategies and the subsequent generation of homogenous midbrain DA neurons shall pave the way for clinical trials. A combined approach of drugs, cell replacement, and gene therapy to stop disease progression and to improve treatment may soon be within our reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A J Gibson
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
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Kawaguchi N, Hayama E, Furutani Y, Nakanishi T. Prospective in vitro models of channelopathies and cardiomyopathies. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:439219. [PMID: 22969812 PMCID: PMC3437306 DOI: 10.1155/2012/439219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro heart disease model is a promising model used for identifying the genes responsible for the disease, evaluating the effects of drugs, and regenerative medicine. We were interested in disease models using a patient-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cardiomyocytes because of their similarity to a patient's tissues. However, as these studies have just begun, we would like to review the literature in this and other related fields and discuss the path for future models of molecular biology that can help to diagnose and cure diseases, and its involvement in regenerative medicine. The heterogeneity of iPS cells and/or differentiated cardiomyocytes has been recognized as a problem. An in vitro heart disease model should be evaluated using molecular biological analyses, such as mRNA and micro-RNA expression profiles and proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furutani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Haider KH, Ashraf M. Preconditioning approach in stem cell therapy for the treatment of infarcted heart. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:323-56. [PMID: 22917238 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nearly two decades of research in regenerative medicine have been focused on the development of stem cells as a therapeutic option for treatment of the ischemic heart. Given the ability of stem cells to regenerate the damaged tissue, stem-cell-based therapy is an ideal approach for cardiovascular disorders. Preclinical studies in experimental animal models and clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy have produced encouraging results that promise angiomyogenic repair of the ischemically damaged heart. Despite these promising results, stem cell therapy is still confronted with issues ranging from uncertainty about the as-yet-undetermined "ideal" donor cell type to the nonoptimized cell delivery strategies to harness optimal clinical benefits. Moreover, these lacunae have significantly hampered the progress of the heart cell therapy approach from bench to bedside for routine clinical applications. Massive death of donor cells in the infarcted myocardium during acute phase postengraftment is one of the areas of prime concern, which immensely lowers the efficacy of the procedure. An overview of the published data relevant to stem cell therapy is provided here and the various strategies that have been adopted to develop and optimize the protocols to enhance donor stem cell survival posttransplantation are discussed, with special focus on the preconditioning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja Husnain Haider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Xu M, Millard RW, Ashraf M. Role of GATA-4 in differentiation and survival of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:217-41. [PMID: 22917233 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell and tissue regeneration is a relatively new research field and it incorporates a novel application of molecular genetics. Combinatorial approaches for stem-cell-based therapies wherein guided differentiation into cardiac lineage cells and cells secreting paracrine factors may be necessary to overcome the limitations and shortcomings of a singular approach. GATA-4, a GATA zinc-finger transcription factor family member, has been shown to regulate differentiation, growth, and survival of a wide range of cell types. In this chapter, we discuss whether overexpression of GATA-4 increases mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transdifferentiation into cardiac phenotype and enhances the MSC secretome, thereby increasing cell survival and promoting postinfarction cardiac angiogenesis. MSCs engineered with GATA-4 enhance their capacity to differentiate into cardiac cell phenotypes, improve survival of the cardiac progenitor cells and their offspring, and modulate the paracrine activity of stem cells to support their angiomyogenic potential and cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Reprogramming of adult somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells may provide an attractive source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. It has emerged as an invaluable method for generating patient-specific stem cells of any cell lineage without the use of embryonic stem cells. A revolutionary study in 2006 showed that it is possible to convert adult somatic cells directly into pluripotent stem cells by using a limited number of pluripotent transcription factors and is called as iPS cells. Currently, both genomic integrating viral and nonintegrating nonviral methods are used to generate iPS cells. However, the viral-based technology poses increased risk of safety, and more studies are now focused on nonviral-based technology to obtain autologous stem cells for clinical therapy. In this review, the pros and cons of the present iPS cell technology and the future direction for the successful translation of this technology into the clinic are discussed.
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