1
|
Efimova N, Yang C, Chia JX, Li N, Lengner CJ, Neufeld KL, Svitkina TM. Branched actin networks are assembled on microtubules by adenomatous polyposis coli for targeted membrane protrusion. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151902. [PMID: 32597939 PMCID: PMC7480092 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is driven by pushing and pulling activities of the actin cytoskeleton, but migration directionality is largely controlled by microtubules. This function of microtubules is especially critical for neuron navigation. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that branched actin filament networks, the main pushing machinery in cells, grow directly from microtubule tips toward the leading edge in growth cones of hippocampal neurons. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a protein with both tumor suppressor and cytoskeletal functions, concentrates at the microtubule-branched network interface, whereas APC knockdown nearly eliminates branched actin in growth cones and prevents growth cone recovery after repellent-induced collapse. Conversely, encounters of dynamic APC-positive microtubule tips with the cell edge induce local actin-rich protrusions. Together, we reveal a novel mechanism of cell navigation involving APC-dependent assembly of branched actin networks on microtubule tips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Efimova
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan X Chia
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turner-Bridger B, Caterino C, Cioni JM. Molecular mechanisms behind mRNA localization in axons. Open Biol 2020; 10:200177. [PMID: 32961072 PMCID: PMC7536069 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization allows spatiotemporal regulation of the proteome at the subcellular level. This is observed in the axons of neurons, where mRNA localization is involved in regulating neuronal development and function by orchestrating rapid adaptive responses to extracellular cues and the maintenance of axonal homeostasis through local translation. Here, we provide an overview of the key findings that have broadened our knowledge regarding how specific mRNAs are trafficked and localize to axons. In particular, we review transcriptomic studies investigating mRNA content in axons and the molecular principles underpinning how these mRNAs arrived there, including cis-acting mRNA sequences and trans-acting proteins playing a role. Further, we discuss evidence that links defective axonal mRNA localization and pathological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benita Turner-Bridger
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cinzia Caterino
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Cioni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dan Wei, Gao N, Li L, Zhu JX, Diao L, Huang J, Han QJ, Wang S, Xue H, Wang Q, Wu QF, Zhang X, Bao L. α-Tubulin Acetylation Restricts Axon Overbranching by Dampening Microtubule Plus-End Dynamics in Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3332-3346. [PMID: 28968698 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth is tightly controlled to establish functional neural circuits during brain development. Despite the belief that cytoskeletal dynamics is critical for cell morphology, how microtubule acetylation regulates axon development in the mammalian central nervous system remains unclear. Here, we report that loss of α-tubulin acetylation by ablation of MEC-17 in mice predisposes neurons to axon overbranching and overgrowth. Introduction of MEC-17F183A lacking α-tubulin acetyltransferase activity into MEC-17-deficient neurons failed to rescue axon defects. Moreover, loss of α-tubulin acetylation led to increases in microtubule debundling, microtubule invasion into filopodia and growth cones, and microtubule plus-end dynamics along the axon. Taxol application dampened microtubule hyperdynamics and suppressed axon overbranching and overgrowth in MEC-17-deficient neurons. Thus, our study reveals that α-tubulin acetylation acts as a brake for axon overbranching and overgrowth by dampening microtubule dynamics, providing insight into the role of microtubule post-translational modifications in regulating neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Xiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiansong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaqing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Microtubule plus-end tracking Adenopolyposis Coli negatively regulates proplatelet formation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15808. [PMID: 30361531 PMCID: PMC6202313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are produced upon profound reorganization of mature megakaryocytes (MK) leading to proplatelet elongation and release into the blood stream, a process termed thrombopoiesis. This highly dynamic process requires microtubules (MT) reorganization by mechanisms that are still incompletely understood. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a microtubule plus-end tracking protein involved in the regulation of MT in a number of cell systems and its inactivation has been reported to alter hematopoiesis. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of APC in megakaryopoiesis and the final steps of platelet formation. Down-regulation of APC in cultured human MK by RNA interference increased endomitosis and the proportion of cells able to extend proplatelets (68.8% (shAPC1) and 52.5% (shAPC2) vs 28.1% in the control). Similarly an increased ploidy and amplification of the proplatelet network were observed in MK differentiated from Lin- cells of mice with APC-deficiency in the MK lineage. In accordance, these mice exhibited increased platelet counts when compared to wild type mice (1,323 ± 111 vs 919 ± 52 platelets/µL; n = 12 p 0.0033**). Their platelets had a normal size, ultrastructure and number of microtubules coils and their main functions were also preserved. Loss of APC resulted in lower levels of acetylated tubulin and decreased activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, APC appears as an important regulator of proplatelet formation and overall thrombopoiesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin T, Peng G, Wu E, Mendiratta S, Elul T. N-terminal and central domains of APC function to regulate branch number, length and angle in developing optic axonal arbors in vivo. Brain Res 2018; 1697:34-44. [PMID: 29856981 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During formation of neuronal circuits, axons navigate long distances to reach their target locations in the brain. When axons arrive at their target tissues, in many cases, they extend collateral branches and/or terminal arbors that serve to increase the number of synaptic connections they make with target neurons. Here, we investigated how Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) regulates terminal arborization of optic axons in living Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The N-terminal and central domains of APC that regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton and stability of β-catenin in the Wnt pathway, were co-expressed with GFP in individual optic axons, and their terminal arbors were then imaged in tectal midbrains of intact tadpoles. Our data show that the APCNTERM and APCβ-cat domains both decreased the mean number, and increased the mean length, of branches in optic axonal arbors relative to control arbors in vivo. Additional analysis demonstrated that expression of the APCNTERM domain increased the average bifurcation angle of branching in optic axonal arbors. However, the APCβ-cat domain did not significantly affect the mean branch angle of arbors in tecta of living tadpoles. These data suggest that APC N-terminal and central domains both modulate number and mean length of branches optic axonal arbors in a compensatory manner, but also define a specific function for the N-terminal domain of APC in regulating branch angle in optic axonal arbors in vivo. Our findings establish novel mechanisms for the multifunctional protein APC in shaping terminal arbors in the visual circuit of the developing vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taegun Jin
- Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Gregory Peng
- Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Esther Wu
- Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | | | - Tamira Elul
- Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pirone A, Alexander JM, Koenig JB, Cook-Snyder DR, Palnati M, Wickham RJ, Eden L, Shrestha N, Reijmers L, Biederer T, Miczek KA, Dulla CG, Jacob MH. Social Stimulus Causes Aberrant Activation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in a Mouse Model With Autism-Like Behaviors. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:35. [PMID: 30369876 PMCID: PMC6194190 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent and genetically heterogeneous brain disorder. Developing effective therapeutic interventions requires knowledge of the brain regions that malfunction and how they malfunction during ASD-relevant behaviors. Our study provides insights into brain regions activated by a novel social stimulus and how the activation pattern differs between mice that display autism-like disabilities and control littermates. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) conditional knockout (cKO) mice display reduced social interest, increased repetitive behaviors and dysfunction of the β-catenin pathway, a convergent target of numerous ASD-linked human genes. Here, we exposed the mice to a novel social vs. non-social stimulus and measured neuronal activation by immunostaining for the protein c-Fos. We analyzed three brain regions known to play a role in social behavior. Compared with control littermates, APC cKOs display excessive activation, as evidenced by an increased number of excitatory pyramidal neurons stained for c-Fos in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), selectively in the infralimbic sub-region. In contrast, two other social brain regions, the medial amygdala and piriform cortex show normal levels of neuron activation. Additionally, APC cKOs exhibit increased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the infralimbic sub-region. Further, immunostaining is reduced for the inhibitory interneuron markers parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) in the APC cKO mPFC. Our findings suggest aberrant excitatory-inhibitory balance and activation patterns. As β-catenin is a core pathway in ASD, we identify the infralimbic sub-region of the mPFC as a critical brain region for autism-relevant social behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pirone
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan M Alexander
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jenny B Koenig
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Denise R Cook-Snyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Medha Palnati
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert J Wickham
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lillian Eden
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neha Shrestha
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leon Reijmers
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michele H Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mustyatsa VV, Boyakhchyan AV, Ataullakhanov FI, Gudimchuk NB. EB-family proteins: Functions and microtubule interaction mechanisms. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:791-802. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917070045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Armijo-Weingart L, Gallo G. It takes a village to raise a branch: Cellular mechanisms of the initiation of axon collateral branches. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:36-47. [PMID: 28359843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of axon collateral branches from the pre-existing shafts of axons is an important aspect of neurodevelopment and the response of the nervous system to injury. This article provides an overview of the role of the cytoskeleton and signaling mechanisms in the formation of axon collateral branches. Both the actin filament and microtubule components of the cytoskeleton are required for the formation of axon branches. Recent work has begun to shed light on how these two elements of the cytoskeleton are integrated by proteins that functionally or physically link the cytoskeleton. While a number of signaling pathways have been determined as having a role in the formation of axon branches, the complexity of the downstream mechanisms and links to specific signaling pathways remain to be fully determined. The regulation of intra-axonal protein synthesis and organelle function are also emerging as components of signal-induced axon branching. Although much has been learned in the last couple of decades about the mechanistic basis of axon branching we can look forward to continue elucidating this complex biological phenomenon with the aim of understanding how multiple signaling pathways, cytoskeletal regulators and organelles are coordinated locally along the axon to give rise to a branch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Armijo-Weingart
- Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pacheco A, Gallo G. Actin filament-microtubule interactions in axon initiation and branching. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:300-310. [PMID: 27491623 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons begin life as spherical cells. A major hallmark of neuronal development is the formation of elongating processes from the cell body which subsequently differentiate into dendrites and the axon. The formation and later development of neuronal processes is achieved through the concerted organization of actin filaments and microtubules. Here, we review the literature regarding recent advances in the understanding of cytoskeletal interactions in neurons focusing on the initiation of processes from neuronal cell bodies and the collateral branching of axons. The complex crosstalk between cytoskeletal elements is mediated by a cohort of proteins that either bind both cytoskeletal systems or allow one to regulate the other. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of microtubule plus-tip proteins in the regulation of the dynamics and organization of actin filaments, while also providing a mechanism for the subcellular capture and guidance of microtubule tips by actin filaments. Although the understanding of cytoskeletal crosstalk and interactions in neuronal morphogenesis has advanced significantly in recent years the appreciation of the neuron as an integrated cytoskeletal system remains a frontier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Pacheco
- Temple University, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Temple University, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tumour Suppressor Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) localisation is regulated by both Kinesin-1 and Kinesin-2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27456. [PMID: 27272132 PMCID: PMC4895226 DOI: 10.1038/srep27456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules and their associated proteins (MAPs) underpin the polarity of specialised cells. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is one such MAP with a multifunctional agenda that requires precise intracellular localisations. Although APC has been found to associate with kinesin-2 subfamily members, the exact mechanism for the peripheral localization of APC remains unclear. Here we show that the heavy chain of kinesin-1 directly interacts with the APC C-terminus, contributing to the peripheral localisation of APC in fibroblasts. In rat hippocampal neurons the kinesin-1 binding domain of APC is required for its axon tip enrichment. Moreover, we demonstrate that APC requires interactions with both kinesin-2 and kinesin-1 for this localisation. Underlining the importance of the kinesin-1 association, neurons expressing APC lacking kinesin-1-binding domain have shorter axons. The identification of this novel kinesin-1-APC interaction highlights the complexity and significance of APC localisation in neurons.
Collapse
|
11
|
van de Willige D, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2053-77. [PMID: 26969328 PMCID: PMC4834103 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is of pivotal importance for neuronal development and function. One such regulatory mechanism centers on microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs): structurally and functionally diverse regulatory factors, which can form complex macromolecular assemblies at the growing microtubule plus-ends. +TIPs modulate important properties of microtubules including their dynamics and their ability to control cell polarity, membrane transport and signaling. Several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mutations in +TIPs or with misregulation of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the role and regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development and associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Menon S, Gupton SL. Building Blocks of Functioning Brain: Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Neuronal Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 322:183-245. [PMID: 26940519 PMCID: PMC4809367 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural connectivity requires proper polarization of neurons, guidance to appropriate target locations, and establishment of synaptic connections. From when neurons are born to when they finally reach their synaptic partners, neurons undergo constant rearrangment of the cytoskeleton to achieve appropriate shape and polarity. Of particular importance to neuronal guidance to target locations is the growth cone at the tip of the axon. Growth-cone steering is also dictated by the underlying cytoskeleton. All these changes require spatiotemporal control of the cytoskeletal machinery. This review summarizes the proteins that are involved in modulating the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during the various stages of neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Neuroscience Center and Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Manck R, Ishitsuka Y, Herrero S, Takeshita N, Nienhaus GU, Fischer R. Genetic evidence for a microtubule-capture mechanism during polarised growth of Aspergillus nidulans. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3569-82. [PMID: 26272919 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular switch from symmetry to polarity in eukaryotes depends on the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons. In fungi such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe or Aspergillus nidulans, the MT cytoskeleton determines the sites of actin polymerization through cortical cell-end marker proteins. Here we describe A. nidulans MT guidance protein A (MigA) as the first ortholog of the karyogamy protein Kar9 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in filamentous fungi. A. nidulans MigA interacts with the cortical ApsA protein and is involved in spindle positioning during mitosis. MigA is also associated with septal and nuclear MT organizing centers (MTOCs). Super-resolution photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) analyses revealed that MigA is recruited to assembling and retracting MT plus ends in an EbA-dependent manner. MigA is required for MT convergence in hyphal tips and plays a role in correct localization of the cell-end markers TeaA and TeaR. In addition, MigA interacts with a class-V myosin, suggesting that an active mechanism exists to capture MTs and to pull the ends along actin filaments. Hence, the organization of MTs and actin depend on each other, and positive feedback loops ensure robust polar growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Manck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe D-76187, Germany
| | - Yuji Ishitsuka
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Saturnino Herrero
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe D-76187, Germany
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe D-76187, Germany University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - G Ulrich Nienhaus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe D-76187, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eom TY, Stanco A, Guo J, Wilkins G, Deslauriers D, Yan J, Monckton C, Blair J, Oon E, Perez A, Salas E, Oh A, Ghukasyan V, Snider WD, Rubenstein JLR, Anton ES. Differential regulation of microtubule severing by APC underlies distinct patterns of projection neuron and interneuron migration. Dev Cell 2015; 31:677-89. [PMID: 25535916 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated migration of distinct classes of neurons to appropriate positions leads to the formation of functional neuronal circuitry in the cerebral cortex. The two major classes of cortical neurons, interneurons and projection neurons, utilize distinctly different modes (radial versus tangential) and routes of migration to arrive at their final positions in the cerebral cortex. Here, we show that adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) modulates microtubule (MT) severing in interneurons to facilitate tangential mode of interneuron migration, but not the glial-guided, radial migration of projection neurons. APC regulates the stability and activity of the MT-severing protein p60-katanin in interneurons to promote the rapid remodeling of neuronal processes necessary for interneuron migration. These findings reveal how severing and restructuring of MTs facilitate distinct modes of neuronal migration necessary for laminar organization of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amelia Stanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Jiami Guo
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gary Wilkins
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Danielle Deslauriers
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica Yan
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chase Monckton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua Blair
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eesim Oon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abby Perez
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eduardo Salas
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrianna Oh
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vladimir Ghukasyan
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William D Snider
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Neurons begin their life as simple spheres, but can ultimately assume an elaborate morphology with numerous, highly arborized dendrites, and long axons. This is achieved via an astounding developmental progression which is dependent upon regulated assembly and dynamics of the cellular cytoskeleton. As neurites emerge out of the soma, neurons break their spherical symmetry and begin to acquire the morphological features that define their structure and function. Neurons regulate their cytoskeleton to achieve changes in cell shape, velocity, and direction as they migrate, extend neurites, and polarize. Of particular importance, the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules directs the migration and morphogenesis of neurons. This review focuses on the regulation of intrinsic properties of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and how specific cytoskeletal structures and dynamics are associated with the earliest phase of neuronal morphogenesis—neuritogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Saal L, Briese M, Kneitz S, Glinka M, Sendtner M. Subcellular transcriptome alterations in a cell culture model of spinal muscular atrophy point to widespread defects in axonal growth and presynaptic differentiation. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:1789-802. [PMID: 25246652 PMCID: PMC4201830 DOI: 10.1261/rna.047373.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal function critically depends on coordinated subcellular distribution of mRNAs. Disturbed mRNA processing and axonal transport has been found in spinal muscular atrophy and could be causative for dysfunction and degeneration of motoneurons. Despite the advances made in characterizing the transport mechanisms of several axonal mRNAs, an unbiased approach to identify the axonal repertoire of mRNAs in healthy and degenerating motoneurons has been lacking. Here we used compartmentalized microfluidic chambers to investigate the somatodendritic and axonal mRNA content of cultured motoneurons by microarray analysis. In axons, transcripts related to protein synthesis and energy production were enriched relative to the somatodendritic compartment. Knockdown of Smn, the protein deficient in spinal muscular atrophy, produced a large number of transcript alterations in both compartments. Transcripts related to immune functions, including MHC class I genes, and with roles in RNA splicing were up-regulated in the somatodendritic compartment. On the axonal side, transcripts associated with axon growth and synaptic activity were down-regulated. These alterations provide evidence that subcellular localization of transcripts with axonal functions as well as regulation of specific transcripts with nonautonomous functions is disturbed in Smn-deficient motoneurons, most likely contributing to the pathophysiology of spinal muscular atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Saal
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, D 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Briese
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, D 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Glinka
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, D 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, D 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Preitner N, Quan J, Nowakowski DW, Hancock ML, Shi J, Tcherkezian J, Young-Pearse TL, Flanagan JG. APC is an RNA-binding protein, and its interactome provides a link to neural development and microtubule assembly. Cell 2014; 158:368-382. [PMID: 25036633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a microtubule plus-end scaffolding protein important in biology and disease. APC is implicated in RNA localization, although the mechanisms and functional significance remain unclear. We show APC is an RNA-binding protein and identify an RNA interactome by HITS-CLIP. Targets were highly enriched for APC-related functions, including microtubule organization, cell motility, cancer, and neurologic disease. Among the targets is β2B-tubulin, known to be required in human neuron and axon migration. We show β2B-tubulin is synthesized in axons and localizes preferentially to dynamic microtubules in the growth cone periphery. APC binds the β2B-tubulin 3' UTR; experiments interfering with this interaction reduced β2B-tubulin mRNA axonal localization and expression, depleted dynamic microtubules and the growth cone periphery, and impaired neuron migration. These results identify APC as a platform binding functionally related protein and RNA networks, and suggest a self-organizing model for the microtubule to localize synthesis of its own subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Preitner
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Quan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan W Nowakowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melissa L Hancock
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianhua Shi
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Tcherkezian
- Laboratory for Therapeutic Development, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ka M, Jung EM, Mueller U, Kim WY. MACF1 regulates the migration of pyramidal neurons via microtubule dynamics and GSK-3 signaling. Dev Biol 2014; 395:4-18. [PMID: 25224226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal migration and subsequent differentiation play critical roles for establishing functional neural circuitry in the developing brain. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are poorly understood. Here, we show that microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) determines neuronal positioning by regulating microtubule dynamics and mediating GSK-3 signaling during brain development. First, using MACF1 floxed allele mice and in utero gene manipulation, we find that MACF1 deletion suppresses migration of cortical pyramidal neurons and results in aberrant neuronal positioning in the developing brain. The cell autonomous deficit in migration is associated with abnormal dynamics of leading processes and centrosomes. Furthermore, microtubule stability is severely damaged in neurons lacking MACF1, resulting in abnormal microtubule dynamics. Finally, MACF1 interacts with and mediates GSK-3 signaling in developing neurons. Our findings establish a cellular mechanism underlying neuronal migration and provide insights into the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics in developing neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Ulrich Mueller
- Dorris Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Branch management: mechanisms of axon branching in the developing vertebrate CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:7-18. [PMID: 24356070 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable ability of a single axon to extend multiple branches and form terminal arbors enables vertebrate neurons to integrate information from divergent regions of the nervous system. Axons select appropriate pathways during development, but it is the branches that extend interstitially from the axon shaft and arborize at specific targets that are responsible for virtually all of the synaptic connectivity in the vertebrate CNS. How do axons form branches at specific target regions? Recent studies have identified molecular cues that activate intracellular signalling pathways in axons and mediate dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton to promote the formation of axon branches.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lewis TL, Courchet J, Polleux F. Cell biology in neuroscience: Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying axon formation, growth, and branching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:837-48. [PMID: 24043699 PMCID: PMC3776347 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper brain wiring during development is pivotal for adult brain function. Neurons display a high degree of polarization both morphologically and functionally, and this polarization requires the segregation of mRNA, proteins, and lipids into the axonal or somatodendritic domains. Recent discoveries have provided insight into many aspects of the cell biology of axonal development including axon specification during neuronal polarization, axon growth, and terminal axon branching during synaptogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy L Lewis
- The Scripps Research Institute, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The expression of the gut tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) and its role in the oligodendroglial lineage are poorly understood. We found that immunoreactive APC is transiently induced in the oligodendroglial lineage during both normal myelination and remyelination following toxin-induced, genetic, or autoimmune demyelination murine models. Using the Cre/loxP system to conditionally ablate APC from the oligodendroglial lineage, we determined that APC enhances proliferation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) and is essential for oligodendrocyte differentiation in a cell-autonomous manner. Biallelic Apc disruption caused translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus and upregulated β-catenin-mediated Wnt signaling in early postnatal but not adult oligodendroglial lineage cells. The results of conditional ablation of Apc or Ctnnb1 (the gene encoding β-catenin) and of simultaneous conditional ablation of Apc and Ctnnb1 revealed that β-catenin is dispensable for postnatal oligodendroglial differentiation, that Apc one-allele deficiency is not sufficient to dysregulate β-catenin-mediated Wnt signaling in oligodendroglial lineage cells, and that APC regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation through β-catenin-independent, as well as β-catenin-dependent, mechanisms. Gene ontology analysis of microarray data suggested that the β-catenin-independent mechanism involves APC regulation of the cytoskeleton, a result compatible with established APC functions in neural precursors and with our observation that Apc-deleted OPCs develop fewer, shorter processes in vivo. Together, our data support the hypothesis that APC regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation through both β-catenin-dependent and additional β-catenin-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
|