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Yuan H, Liu Z, Guo L, Hou L, Meng J, Chang M. Function of Transcription Factors PoMYB12, PoMYB15, and PoMYB20 in Heat Stress and Growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13559. [PMID: 37686365 PMCID: PMC10487880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MYB transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively studied in plant abiotic stress responses and growth and development. However, the role of MYB TFs in the heat stress response and growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus remains unclear. To investigate the function of PoMYB12, PoMYB15, and PoMYB20 TFs in P. ostreatus, mutant strains of PoMYB12, PoMYB15, and PoMYB20 were generated using RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression (OE) techniques. The results indicated that the mycelia of OE-PoMYB12, OE-PoMYB20, and RNAi-PoMYB15 mutant strains exhibited positive effects under heat stress at 32 °C, 36 °C, and 40 °C. Compared to wild-type strains, the OE-PoMYB12, OE-PoMYB20, and RNAi-PoMYB15 mutant strains promoted the growth and development of P. ostreatus. These mutant strains also facilitated the recovery of growth and development of P. ostreatus after 24 h of 36 °C heat stress. In conclusion, the expression of PoMYB12 and PoMYB20 supports the mycelium's response to heat stress and enhances the growth and development of P. ostreatus, whereas PoMYB15 produces the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (H.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Zongqi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (H.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Lifeng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (H.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Ludan Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (H.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Junlong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (H.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.M.)
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Mingchang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (H.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.M.)
- Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Jinzhong 030801, China
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2
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Nowrousian M. The Role of Chromatin and Transcriptional Control in the Formation of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Fungi. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0010422. [PMID: 36409109 PMCID: PMC9769939 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00104-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal fruiting bodies are complex, three-dimensional structures that arise from a less complex vegetative mycelium. Their formation requires the coordinated action of many genes and their gene products, and fruiting body formation is accompanied by major changes in the transcriptome. In recent years, numerous transcription factor genes as well as chromatin modifier genes that play a role in fruiting body morphogenesis were identified, and through research on several model organisms, the underlying regulatory networks that integrate chromatin structure, gene expression, and cell differentiation are becoming clearer. This review gives a summary of the current state of research on the role of transcriptional control and chromatin structure in fruiting body development. In the first part, insights from transcriptomics analyses are described, with a focus on comparative transcriptomics. In the second part, examples of more detailed functional characterizations of the role of chromatin modifiers and/or transcription factors in several model organisms (Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, Sordaria macrospora, Coprinopsis cinerea, and Schizophyllum commune) that have led to a better understanding of regulatory networks at the level of chromatin structure and transcription are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minou Nowrousian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Botany, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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3
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Lee S, Völz R, Song H, Harris W, Lee YH. Characterization of the MYB Genes Reveals Insights Into Their Evolutionary Conservation, Structural Diversity, and Functional Roles in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:721530. [PMID: 34899620 PMCID: PMC8660761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor family is evolutionarily conserved among plants, animals, and fungi, and contributes to their growth and development. We identified and analyzed 10 putative MYB genes in Magnaporthe oryzae (MoMYB) and determined their phylogenetic relationships, revealing high divergence and variability. Although MYB domains are generally defined by three tandem repeats, MoMYBs contain one or two weakly conserved repeats embedded in extensive disordered regions. We characterized the secondary domain organization, disordered segments, and functional contributions of each MoMYB. During infection, MoMYBs are distinctively expressed and can be subdivided into two clades of being either up- or down-regulated. Among these, MoMYB1 and MoMYB8 are up-regulated during infection and vegetative growth, respectively. We found MoMYB1 localized predominantly to the cytosol during the formation of infection structures. ΔMomyb1 exhibited reduced virulence on intact rice leaves corresponding to the diminished ability to form hypha-driven appressorium (HDA). We discovered that MoMYB1 regulates HDA formation on hard, hydrophobic surfaces, whereas host surfaces partially restored HDA formation in ΔMomyb1. Lipid droplet accumulation in hyphal tips and expression of HDA-associated genes were strongly perturbed in ΔMomyb1 indicating genetic interaction of MoMYB1 with downstream components critical to HDA formation. We also found that MoMYB8 is necessary for fungal growth, dark-induced melanization of hyphae, and involved in higher abiotic stress tolerance. Taken together, we revealed a multifaceted picture of the MoMYB family, wherein a low degree of conservation has led to the development of distinct structures and functions, ranging from fungal growth to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Shin J, Bui DC, Kim S, Jung SY, Nam HJ, Lim JY, Choi GJ, Lee YW, Kim JE, Son H. The novel bZIP transcription factor Fpo1 negatively regulates perithecial development by modulating carbon metabolism in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2596-2612. [PMID: 32100421 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal sexual reproduction requires complex cellular differentiation processes of hyphal cells. The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum produces fruiting bodies called perithecia via sexual reproduction, and perithecia forcibly discharge ascospores into the air for disease initiation and propagation. Lipid metabolism and accumulation are closely related to perithecium formation, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are largely unknown. Here, we report that a novel fungal specific bZIP transcription factor, F. graminearum perithecium overproducing 1 (Fpo1), plays a role as a global transcriptional repressor during perithecium production and maturation in F. graminearum. Deletion of FPO1 resulted in reduced vegetative growth, asexual sporulation and virulence and overproduced perithecium, which reached maturity earlier, compared with the wild type. Intriguingly, the hyphae of the fpo1 mutant accumulated excess lipids during perithecium production. Using a combination of molecular biological, transcriptomic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that repression of FPO1 after sexual induction leads to reprogramming of carbon metabolism, particularly fatty acid production, which affects sexual reproduction of this fungus. This is the first report of a perithecium-overproducing F. graminearum mutant, and the findings provide comprehensive insight into the role of modulation of carbon metabolism in the sexual reproduction of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sieun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Fan G, Zhang K, Zhang J, Yang J, Yang X, Hu Y, Huang J, Zhu Y, Yu W, Hu H, Wang B, Shim W, Lu GD. The transcription factor FgMed1 is involved in early conidiogenesis and DON biosynthesis in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5851-5865. [PMID: 31115634 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a prominent fungal pathogen that causes economically important losses by infesting a wide variety of cereal crops. F. graminearum produces both asexual and sexual spores which disseminate and inoculate hosts. Therefore, to better understand the disease cycle and to develop strategies to improve disease management, it is important to further clarify molecular mechanisms of F. graminearum conidiogenesis. In this study, we functionally characterized the FgMed1, a gene encoding an ortholog of a conserved MedA transcription factor known to be a key conidiogenesis regulator in Aspergillus nidulans. The gene deletion mutants ΔFgMed1 produced significantly less conidia, and these were generated from abnormal conidiophores devoid of phialides. Additionally, we observed defective sexual development along with reduced virulence and deoxynivalenol (DON) production in ΔFgMed1. The GFP-tagged FgMed1 protein localized to the nuclei of conidiophores and phialides during early conidiogenesis. Significantly, RNA-Seq analyses showed that a number of the conidiation- and toxin-related genes are differentially expressed in the ΔFgMed1 mutant in early conidiogenesis. These data strongly suggest that FgMed1 involved in regulation of genes associated with early conidiogenesis, DON production, and virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Xiamen Greening Administration Center, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yanpei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yangyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - WonBo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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6
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Wang ZQ, Meng FZ, Zhang MM, Yin LF, Yin WX, Lin Y, Hsiang T, Peng YL, Wang ZH, Luo CX. A Putative Zn 2Cys 6 Transcription Factor Is Associated With Isoprothiolane Resistance in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2608. [PMID: 30429837 PMCID: PMC6220061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprothiolane (IPT), a systemic fungicide, has been applied to control rice blast since the 1970s. Although resistance to IPT has been observed, the mechanism of resistance still has not been fully elucidated. In this study, nucleotide polymorphisms were detected between two IPT-resistant mutants generated in the lab, and their parental wild type isolates using a whole-genome sequencing approach. In the genomes of the two resistant mutants, single point mutations were identified in a gene encoding a Zn2Cys6 transcription factor-like protein. Notably, either knocking out the gene or replacing the wild type allele with the mutant allele (R343W) in a wild type isolate resulted in resistance to IPT, indicating that the gene is associated with IPT resistance, and thus was designated as MoIRR (Magnaporthe oryzae isoprothiolane resistance related). Along with point mutations R343W in mutant 1a_mut, and R345C in 1c_mut, a 16 bp insertion in 6c_mut was also located in the Fungal_TF_MHR domain of MoIRR, revealing that this domain may be the core element for IPT resistance. In addition, IPT-resistant mutants and transformants showed cross-resistance with iprobenfos (IBP), which was consistent with previous observations. These results indicated that MoIRR is strongly connected to resistance to choline biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI), and further work should focus on investigating downstream effects of MoIRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan-Zhu Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-Fen Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Wang Y, Hu P, Li H, Wang Y, Long LK, Li K, Zhang X, Pan Y, Liu G. A Myb transcription factor represses conidiation and cephalosporin C production in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 118:1-9. [PMID: 29870835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acremonium chrysogenum is the industrial producer of cephalosporin C (CPC). We isolated a mutant (AC554) from a T-DNA inserted mutant library of A. chrysogenum. AC554 exhibited a reduced conidiation and lack of CPC production. In consistent with it, the transcription of cephalosporin biosynthetic genes pcbC and cefEF was significantly decreased in AC554. Thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR) was performed and sequence analysis indicated that a T-DNA was inserted upstream of an open reading frame (ORF) which was designated AcmybA. On the basis of sequence analysis, AcmybA encodes a Myb domain containing transcriptional factor. Observation of red fluorescent protein (RFP) tagged AcMybA showed that AcMybA is naturally located in the nucleus of A. chrysogenum. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that the AcmybA transcription was increased in AC554. In contrast, the AcmybA deleted mutant (ΔAcmybA) overproduced conidia and CPC. To screen the targets of AcmybA, we sequenced and compared the transcriptome of ΔAcmybA, AC554 and the wild-type strain at different developmental stages. Twelve differentially expressed regulatory genes were identified. Taken together, our results indicate that AcMybA negatively regulates conidiation and CPC production in A. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang-Kun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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Yu J, Lee KM, Cho WK, Park JY, Kim KH. Differential Contribution of RNA Interference Components in Response to Distinct Fusarium graminearum Virus Infections. J Virol 2018; 92:e01756-17. [PMID: 29437977 PMCID: PMC5899199 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01756-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of RNA interference (RNAi) as a defense response against viruses remain unclear in many plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, we used reverse genetics and virus-derived small RNA profiling to investigate the contributions of RNAi components to the antiviral response against Fusarium graminearum viruses 1 to 3 (FgV1, -2, and -3). Real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that infection of Fusarium graminearum by FgV1, -2, or -3 differentially induces the gene expression of RNAi components in F. graminearum Transcripts of the DICER-2 and AGO-1 genes of F. graminearum (FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1) accumulated at lower levels following FgV1 infection than following FgV2 or FgV3 infection. We constructed gene disruption and overexpression mutants for each of the Argonaute and dicer genes and for two RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) genes and generated virus-infected strains of each mutant. Interestingly, mycelial growth was significantly faster for the FgV1-infected FgAGO-1 overexpression mutant than for the FgV1-infected wild type, while neither FgV2 nor FgV3 infection altered the colony morphology of the gene deletion and overexpression mutants. FgV1 RNA accumulation was significantly decreased in the FgAGO-1 overexpression mutant. Furthermore, the levels of induction of FgAGO-1, FgDICER-2, and some of the FgRdRP genes caused by FgV2 and FgV3 infection were similar to those caused by hairpin RNA-induced gene silencing. Using small RNA sequencing analysis, we documented different patterns of virus-derived small interfering RNA (vsiRNA) production in strains infected with FgV1, -2, and -3. Our results suggest that the Argonaute protein encoded by FgAGO-1 is required for RNAi in F. graminearum, that FgAGO-1 induction differs in response to FgV1, -2, and -3, and that FgAGO-1 might contribute to the accumulation of vsiRNAs in FgV1-infected F. graminearumIMPORTANCE To increase our understanding of how RNAi components in Fusarium graminearum react to mycovirus infections, we characterized the role(s) of RNAi components involved in the antiviral defense response against Fusarium graminearum viruses (FgVs). We observed differences in the levels of induction of RNA silencing-related genes, including FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1, in response to infection by three different FgVs. FgAGO-1 can efficiently induce a robust RNAi response against FgV1 infection, but FgDICER genes might be relatively redundant to FgAGO-1 with respect to antiviral defense. However, the contribution of this gene in the response to the other FgV infections might be small. Compared to previous studies of Cryphonectria parasitica, which showed dicer-like protein 2 and Argonaute-like protein 2 to be important in antiviral RNA silencing, our results showed that F. graminearum developed a more complex and robust RNA silencing system against mycoviruses and that FgDICER-1 and FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1 and FgAGO-2 had redundant roles in antiviral RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisuk Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kong X, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang H, Chen W, Feng J. The Fusarium graminearum Histone Acetyltransferases Are Important for Morphogenesis, DON Biosynthesis, and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:654. [PMID: 29755419 PMCID: PMC5932188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin structure by histone acetyltransferase (HATs) play a central role in the regulation of gene expression and various biological processes in eukaryotes. Although HAT genes have been studied in many fungi, few of them have been functionally characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized four putative HATs (FgGCN5, FgRTT109, FgSAS2, FgSAS3) in the plant pathogenic ascomycete Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. We replaced the genes and all mutant strains showed reduced growth of F. graminearum. The ΔFgSAS3 and ΔFgGCN5 mutant increased sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Additionally, ΔFgSAS3 showed reduced conidia sporulation and perithecium formation. Mutant ΔFgGCN5 was unable to generate any conidia and lost its ability to form perithecia. Our data showed also that FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 are pathogenicity factors required for infecting wheat heads as well as tomato fruits. Importantly, almost no Deoxynivalenol (DON) was produced either in ΔFgSAS3 or ΔFgGCN5 mutants, which was consistent with a significant downregulation of TRI genes expression. Furthermore, we discovered for the first time that FgSAS3 is indispensable for the acetylation of histone site H3K4, while FgGCN5 is essential for the acetylation of H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27. H3K14 can be completely acetylated when FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 were both present. The RNA-seq analyses of the two mutant strains provide insight into their functions in development and metabolism. Results from this study clarify the functional divergence of HATs in F. graminearum, and may provide novel targeted strategies to control secondary metabolite expression and infections of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Shin JY, Bui DC, Lee Y, Nam H, Jung S, Fang M, Kim JC, Lee T, Kim H, Choi GJ, Son H, Lee YW. Functional characterization of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the cereal head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2053-2067. [PMID: 28296081 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a prominent plant pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight in major cereal crops worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal development and virulence, large collections of F. graminearum mutants have been constructed. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are widely distributed in organisms and are involved in a diverse array of molecular/metabolic processes; however, no systematic functional analysis of P450s has been attempted in filamentous fungi. In this study, we constructed a genome-wide deletion mutant set covering 102 P450s and analyzed these mutants for changes in 38 phenotypic categories, including fungal development, stress responses and responses to several xenobiotics, to build a comprehensive phenotypic dataset. Most P450 mutants showing defective phenotypes were impaired in a single phenotypic trait, demonstrating that our mutant library is a good genetic resource for further fungal genetic studies. In particular, we identified novel P450s specifically involved in virulence (5) and both asexual (1) and sexual development (2). Most P450s seem to play redundant roles in the degradation of xenobiotics in F. graminearum. This study is the first phenome-based functional analysis of P450s, and it provides a valuable genetic resource for further basic and applied biological research in filamentous fungi and other plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miao Fang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Cao S, Zhang S, Hao C, Liu H, Xu JR, Jin Q. FgSsn3 kinase, a component of the mediator complex, is important for sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22333. [PMID: 26931632 PMCID: PMC4773989 DOI: 10.1038/srep22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen of wheat and barley. In addition to severe yield losses, infested grains are often contaminated with harmful mycotoxins. In this study, we characterized the functions of FgSSN3 kinase gene in different developmental and infection processes and gene regulation in F. graminearum. The FgSSN3 deletion mutant had a nutrient-dependent growth defects and abnormal conidium morphology. It was significantly reduced in DON production, TRI gene expression, and virulence. Deletion of FgSSN3 also resulted in up-regulation of HTF1 and PCS1 expression in juvenile cultures, and repression of TRI genes in DON-producing cultures. In addition, Fgssn3 was female sterile and defective in hypopodium formation and infectious growth. RNA-seq analysis showed that FgSsn3 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of a wide variety genes acting as either a repressor or activator. FgSsn3 physically interacted with C-type cyclin Cid1 and the cid1 mutant had similar phenotypes with Fgssn3, indicating that FgSsn3 and Cid1 form the CDK-cyclin pair as a component of the mediator complex in F. graminearum. Taken together, our results indicate that FgSSN3 is important for secondary metabolism, sexual reproduction, and plant infection, as a subunit of mediator complex contributing to transcriptional regulation of diverse genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Qiaojun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Yu J, Lee KM, Son M, Kim KH. Effects of the deletion and over-expression of Fusarium graminearum gene FgHal2 on host response to mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:641-652. [PMID: 25431083 PMCID: PMC6638490 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) is associated with reduced virulence (hypovirulence) of Fusarium graminearum. Transcriptomic and proteomic expression profiling have shown that many F. graminearum genes are differentially expressed as a consequence of FgV1 infection. Several of these genes may be related to the maintenance of the virus life cycle. The host gene, FgHal2, which has a highly conserved 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphatase (PAP phosphatase-like) domain or inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) superfamily domain, shows reduced expression in response to FgV1 infection. We generated targeted gene deletion and over-expression mutants to clarify the possible function(s) of FgHal2 and its relationship to FgV1. The gene deletion mutant showed retarded growth, reduced aerial mycelia formation and reduced pigmentation, whereas over-expression mutants were morphologically similar to the wild-type (WT). Furthermore, compared with the WT, the gene deletion mutant produced fewer conidia and these showed abnormal morphology. The FgHal2 expression level was decreased by FgV1 infection at 120 h post-inoculation (hpi), whereas the levels were nine-fold greater for both the virus-free and virus-infected over-expression mutant than for the WT. FgV1 RNA accumulation was decreased in the deletion mutant at 48, 72 and 120 hpi. FgV1 RNA accumulation in the over-expression mutant was reduced relative to that of the WT at 48 and 120 hpi, but was similar to that of the WT at 72 hpi. The vertical transmission rate of FgV1 in the gene deletion mutant was low, suggesting that FgHal2 may be required for the maintenance of FgV1 in the host cell. Together, these results indicate that the putative 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase gene, FgHal2, has diverse biological functions in the host fungus and may affect the viral RNA accumulation and transmission of FgV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisuk Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Moonil Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
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13
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Son H, Park AR, Lim JY, Lee YW. Fss1 is involved in the regulation of anENA5homologue for sodium and lithium tolerance inFusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2048-63. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
- Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
- Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
- Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
- Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
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14
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Lee Y, Min K, Son H, Park AR, Kim JC, Choi GJ, Lee YW. ELP3 is involved in sexual and asexual development, virulence, and the oxidative stress response in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1344-1355. [PMID: 25083910 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-14-0145-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important fungal plant pathogen that causes serious losses in cereal crop yields and mycotoxicoses in humans and livestock. In this study, we characterized an insertion mutant, Z39R9282, with pleiotropic defects in sexual development and virulence. We determined that the insertion occurred in a gene encoding an ortholog of yeast elongator complex protein 3 (ELP3). Deletion of elp3 led to significant defects in sexual and asexual development in F. graminearum. In the elp3 deletion mutant, the number of perithecia formed was reduced and maturation of perithecia was delayed. This mutant also produced morphologically abnormal ascospores and conidia. Histone acetylation in the elp3 deletion mutant was reduced compared with the wild type, which likely caused the developmental defects. Trichothecenes were not produced at detectable levels, and expression of trichothecene biosynthesis genes were significantly reduced in the elp3 deletion mutant. Infection of wheat heads revealed that the elp3 deletion mutant was unable to spread from inoculated florets to neighboring spikelets. Furthermore, the elp3 deletion mutant was more sensitive to oxidative stress than the wild type, and the expression of putative catalase genes was reduced. We demonstrate that elp3 functions in sexual and asexual development, virulence, and the oxidative stress response of F. graminearum by regulating the expression of genes involved in these various developmental processes.
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15
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Son H, Kim MG, Chae SK, Lee YW. FgFlbD regulates hyphal differentiation required for sexual and asexual reproduction in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. J Microbiol 2014; 52:930-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Jung B, Park J, Son H, Lee YW, Seo YS, Lee J. A Putative Transcription Factor pcs1 Positively Regulates Both Conidiation and Sexual Reproduction in the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:236-244. [PMID: 25289009 PMCID: PMC4181113 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2014.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight in cereal crops and produces mycotoxins that are harmful to animals and humans. For the initiation and spread of disease, asexual and sexual reproduction is required. Therefore, studies on fungal reproduction contribute to the development of new methods to control and maintain the fungal population. Screening a previously generated transcription factor mutant collection, we identified one putative C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, pcs1, which is required for both sexual and asexual reproduction. Deleting pcs1 in F. graminearum resulted in a dramatic reduction in conidial production and a complete loss of sexual reproduction. The pathways and gene ontology of pcs1-dependent genes from microarray experiments showed that several G-protein related pathways, oxidase activity, ribosome biogenesis, and RNA binding and processing were highly enriched, suggesting that pcs1 is involved in several different biological processes. Further, overexpression of pcs1 increased conidial production and resulted in earlier maturation of ascospores compared to the wild-type strain. Additionally, the vegetative growth of the overexpression mutants was decreased in nutrient-rich conditions but was not different from the wild-type strain in nutrient-poor conditions. Overall, we discovered that the pcs1 transcription factor positively regulates both conidiation and sexual reproduction and confers nutrient condition-dependent vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Jungwook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
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17
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Gu SQ, Li P, Wu M, Hao ZM, Gong XD, Zhang XY, Tian L, Zhang P, Wang Y, Cao ZY, Fan YS, Han JM, Dong JG. StSTE12 is required for the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica by regulating appressorium development and penetration. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:817-23. [PMID: 24813304 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, the pathogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase (PMK) pathway performs an important function in plant infection. STE12-like genes found in higher eukaryotes encode transcription factors and are regulated by the PMK pathway. However, the functions of STE12-like genes in foliar pathogens remain poorly understood. In this study, we cloned StSTE12 from Setosphaeria turcica and investigated its functions by RNA interference. Transformants ste12-3, ste12-2 and, ste12-1, in which the StSTE12 silencing efficiency increased in order, were confirmed by real time PCR. Compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, the transformants showed reduced growth rate, lighter colony color, and obviously decreased conidium production. More importantly, different to WT strain and ste12-3 with lower StSTE12silencing efficiency, ste12-1 and ste12-2 with higher StSTE12 silencing efficiency were nonpathogenic on intact leaves, but pathogenic on wounded leaves. However, the biological activity of HT-toxin from all transformants showed no difference on corn leaves. Furthermore, ste12-1 and ste12-2 did not penetrate artificial cellophane membrane and showed abnormal and delayed development appressoria. Although it could penetrate the cellophane membranes, ste12-3 formed appressoria after 48 h of inoculation more than WT. Therefore, StSTE12 was involved in vegetative growth, conidiation, appressorial development, penetration as well as the pathogenicity, but it was not related to HT-toxin biosynthesis. More interestingly, all the results suggested that StSTE12 was crucial for pathogenicity due to involvement in regulating appressoria development and penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Qin Gu
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Po Li
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China; Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071001, PR China.
| | - Min Wu
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Hao
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gong
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Lan Tian
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yan Cao
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Yong-Shan Fan
- Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, PR China
| | - Jian-Min Han
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China.
| | - Jin-Gao Dong
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, PR China.
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18
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Kim Y, Kim H, Son H, Choi GJ, Kim JC, Lee YW. MYT3, a Myb-like transcription factor, affects fungal development and pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94359. [PMID: 24722578 PMCID: PMC3983115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously characterized members of the Myb protein family, MYT1 and MYT2, in Fusarium graminearum. MYT1 and MYT2 are involved in female fertility and perithecium size, respectively. To expand knowledge of Myb proteins in F. graminearum, in this study, we characterized the functions of the MYT3 gene, which encodes a putative Myb-like transcription factor containing two Myb DNA-binding domains and is conserved in the subphylum Pezizomycotina of Ascomycota. MYT3 proteins were localized in nuclei during most developmental stages, suggesting the role of MYT3 as a transcriptional regulator. Deletion of MYT3 resulted in impairment of conidiation, germination, and vegetative growth compared to the wild type, whereas complementation of MYT3 restored the wild-type phenotype. Additionally, the Δmyt3 strain grew poorly on nitrogen-limited media; however, the mutant grew robustly on minimal media supplemented with ammonium. Moreover, expression level of nitrate reductase gene in the Δmyt3 strain was decreased in comparison to the wild type and complemented strain. On flowering wheat heads, the Δmyt3 strain exhibited reduced pathogenicity, which corresponded with significant reductions in trichothecene production and transcript levels of trichothecene biosynthetic genes. When the mutant was selfed, mated as a female, or mated as a male for sexual development, perithecia were not observed on the cultures, indicating that the Δmyt3 strain lost both male and female fertility. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MYT3 is required for pathogenesis and sexual development in F. graminearum, and will provide a robust foundation to establish the regulatory networks for all Myb-like proteins in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Son H, Kim MG, Min K, Seo YS, Lim JY, Choi GJ, Kim JC, Chae SK, Lee YW. AbaA regulates conidiogenesis in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72915. [PMID: 24039821 PMCID: PMC3769392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is a prominent pathogen that infects major cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and maize. Both sexual (ascospores) and asexual (conidia) spores are produced in F. graminearum. Since conidia are responsible for secondary infection in disease development, our objective of the present study was to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in F. graminearum based on the framework previously described in Aspergillus nidulans. In this study, we firstly identified and functionally characterized the ortholog of AbaA, which is involved in differentiation from vegetative hyphae to conidia and known to be absent in F. graminearum. Deletion of abaA did not affect vegetative growth, sexual development, or virulence, but conidium production was completely abolished and thin hyphae grew from abnormally shaped phialides in abaA deletion mutants. Overexpression of abaA resulted in pleiotropic defects such as impaired sexual and asexual development, retarded conidium germination, and reduced trichothecene production. AbaA localized to the nuclei of phialides and terminal cells of mature conidia. Successful interspecies complementation using A. nidulans AbaA and the conserved AbaA-WetA pathway demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms responsible for AbaA activity are conserved in F. graminearum as they are in A. nidulans. Results from RNA-sequencing analysis suggest that AbaA plays a pivotal role in conidiation by regulating cell cycle pathways and other conidiation-related genes. Thus, the conserved roles of the AbaA ortholog in both A. nidulans and F. graminearum give new insight into the genetics of conidiation in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhn-Kee Chae
- Department of Biochemistry, Paichai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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The transcription cofactor FgSwi6 plays a role in growth and development, carbendazim sensitivity, cellulose utilization, lithium tolerance, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 58-59:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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The HEX1 gene of Fusarium graminearum is required for fungal asexual reproduction and pathogenesis and for efficient viral RNA accumulation of Fusarium graminearum virus 1. J Virol 2013; 87:10356-67. [PMID: 23864619 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01026-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of viral RNA depends on many host cellular factors. The hexagonal peroxisome (Hex1) protein is a fungal protein that is highly expressed when the DK21 strain of Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) infects its host, and Hex1 affects the accumulation of FgV1 RNA. The Hex1 protein is the major constituent of the Woronin body (WB), which is a peroxisome-derived electron-dense core organelle that seals the septal pore in response to hyphal wounding. To clarify the role of Hex1 and the WB in the relationship between FgV1 and Fusarium graminearum, we generated targeted gene deletion and overexpression mutants. Although neither HEX1 gene deletion nor overexpression substantially affected vegetative growth, both changes reduced the production of asexual spores and reduced virulence on wheat spikelets in the absence of FgV1 infection. However, the vegetative growth of deletion and overexpression mutants was increased and decreased, respectively, upon FgV1 infection compared to that of an FgV1-infected wild-type isolate. Viral RNA accumulation was significantly decreased in deletion mutants but was significantly increased in overexpression mutants compared to the viral RNA accumulation in the virus-infected wild-type control. Overall, these data indicate that the HEX1 gene plays a direct role in the asexual reproduction and virulence of F. graminearum and facilitates viral RNA accumulation in the FgV1-infected host fungus.
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Son H, Lee J, Lee YW. A novel gene, GEA1, is required for ascus cell-wall development in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:1077-1085. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Arratia J, Aguirre J. Los factores de transcripción tipo Myb, una familia de reguladores de la diferenciación celular conservada en los organismos eucariontes. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1405-888x(13)72081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Arratia-Quijada J, Sánchez O, Scazzocchio C, Aguirre J. FlbD, a Myb transcription factor of Aspergillus nidulans, is uniquely involved in both asexual and sexual differentiation. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:1132-42. [PMID: 22798393 PMCID: PMC3445977 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00101-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, inactivation of the flbA to -E, fluG, fluF, and tmpA genes results in similar phenotypes, characterized by a delay in conidiophore and asexual spore production. flbB to -D encode transcription factors needed for proper expression of the brlA gene, which is essential for asexual development. However, recent evidence indicates that FlbB and FlbE also have nontranscriptional functions. Here we show that fluF1 is an allele of flbD which results in an R47P substitution. Amino acids C46 and R47 are highly conserved in FlbD and many other Myb proteins, and C46 has been proposed to mediate redox regulation. Comparison of ΔflbD and flbD(R47P) mutants uncovered a new and specific role for flbD during sexual development. While flbD(R47P) mutants retain partial function during conidiation, both ΔflbD and flbD(R47P) mutants are unable to develop the peridium, a specialized external tissue that differentiates during fruiting body formation and ends up surrounding the sexual spores. This function, unique among other fluffy genes, does not affect the viability of the naked ascospores produced by mutant strains. Notably, ascospore development in these mutants is still dependent on the NADPH oxidase NoxA. We generated R47K, C46D, C46S, and C46A mutant alleles and evaluated their effects on asexual and sexual development. Conidiation defects were most severe in ΔflbD mutants and stronger in R47P, C46D, and C46S strains than in R47K strains. In contrast, mutants carrying the flbD(C46A) allele exhibited conidiation defects in liquid culture only under nitrogen starvation conditions. The R47K, R47P, C46D, and C46S mutants failed to develop any peridial tissue, while the flbD(C46A) strain showed normal peridium development and increased cleistothecium formation. Our results show that FlbD regulates both asexual and sexual differentiation, suggesting that both processes require FlbD DNA binding activity and that FlbD is involved in the response to nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Arratia-Quijada
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olivia Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud (XI), Orsay, France
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Min K, Shin Y, Son H, Lee J, Kim JC, Choi GJ, Lee YW. Functional analyses of the nitrogen regulatory gene areA in Gibberella zeae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 334:66-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Yungin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology; Dong-A University; Busan; Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group; Division of Convergence Chemistry; Research Center for Biobased Chemistry; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon; Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group; Division of Convergence Chemistry; Research Center for Biobased Chemistry; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon; Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
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26
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Functional analyses of regulators of G protein signaling in Gibberella zeae. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:511-20. [PMID: 22634273 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins make up a highly diverse and multifunctional protein family that plays a critical role in controlling heterotrimeric G protein signaling. In this study, seven RGS genes (FgFlbA, FgFlbB, FgRgsA, FgRgsB, FgRgsB2, FgRgsC, and FgGprK) were functionally characterized in the plant pathogenic fungus, Gibberella zeae. Mutant phenotypes were observed for deletion mutants of FgRgsA and FgRgsB in vegetative growth, FgFlbB and FgRgsB in conidia morphology, FgFlbA in conidia production, FgFlbA, FgRgsB, and FgRgsC in sexual development, FgFlbA and FgRgsA in spore germination and mycotoxin production, and FgFlbA, FgRgsA, and FgRgsB in virulence. Furthermore, FgFlbA, FgRgsA, and FgRgsB acted pleiotropically, while FgFlbB and FgRgsC deletion mutants exhibited a specific defect in conidia morphology and sexual development, respectively. Amino acid substitutions in Gα subunits and overexpression of the FgFlbA gene revealed that deletion of FgFlbA and dominant active GzGPA2 mutant, gzgpa2(Q207L), had similar phenotypes in cell wall integrity, perithecia formation, mycotoxin production, and virulence, suggesting that FgFlbA may regulate asexual/sexual development, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and virulence through GzGPA2-dependent signaling in G. zeae.
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Lin Y, Son H, Min K, Lee J, Choi GJ, Kim JC, Lee YW. A putative transcription factor MYT2 regulates perithecium size in the ascomycete Gibberella zeae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37859. [PMID: 22649560 PMCID: PMC3359310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The homothallic ascomycete fungus Gibberella zeae is a plant pathogen that is found worldwide, causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops and ear rot of maize. Ascospores formed in fruiting bodies (i.e., perithecia) are hypothesized to be the primary inocula for FHB disease. Perithecium development is a complex cellular differentiation process controlled by many developmentally regulated genes. In this study, we selected a previously reported putative transcription factor containing the Myb DNA-binding domain MYT2 for an in-depth study on sexual development. The deletion of MYT2 resulted in a larger perithecium, while its overexpression resulted in a smaller perithecium when compared to the wild-type strain. These data suggest that MYT2 regulates perithecium size differentiation. MYT2 overexpression affected pleiotropic phenotypes including vegetative growth, conidia production, virulence, and mycotoxin production. Nuclear localization of the MYT2 protein supports its role as a transcriptional regulator. Transcriptional analyses of trichothecene synthetic genes suggest that MYT2 additionally functions as a suppressor for trichothecene production. This is the first study characterizing a transcription factor required for perithecium size differentiation in G. zeae, and it provides a novel angle for understanding sexual development in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and the Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and the Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and the Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and the Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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