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van Helvoort E, van der Heijden E, van Roon J, Eijkelkamp N, Mastbergen S. The Role of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 in Osteoarthritic Joint Disease: A Systematic Narrative Review. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221098167. [PMID: 35549461 PMCID: PMC9251827 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221098167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A fusion protein of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 (IL4-10 FP) was developed as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD), and chondroprotection, anti-inflammation, and analgesia have been suggested. To better understand the mechanisms behind its potential as DMOAD, this systematic narrative review aims to assess the potential of IL-4, IL-10 and the combination of IL-4 and IL-10 for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It describes the chondroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of IL-4, IL-10, and IL4-10 FP. DESIGN PubMed and Embase were searched for publications that were published from 1990 until May 21, 2021 (moment of search). Key search terms were: Osteoarthritis, Interleukin-4, and Interleukin-10. This yielded 2,479 hits, of which 43 were included in this review. RESULTS IL-4 and IL-10 showed mainly protective effects on osteoarthritic cartilage in vitro and in vivo, as did IL4-10 FP. Both cytokines showed anti-inflammatory effects, but also proinflammatory effects. Only in vitro IL4-10 FP showed purely anti-inflammatory effects, indicating that proinflammatory effects of one cytokine can be counteracted by the other when given as a combination. Only a few studies investigated the analgesic effects of IL-4, IL-10 or IL4-10 FP. In vitro, IL-4 and IL4-10 FP were able to decrease pain mediators. In vivo, IL-4, IL-10, and IL4-10 FP were able to reduce pain. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this review describes overlapping, but also different modes of action for the DMOAD effects of IL-4 and IL-10, giving an explanation for the synergistic effects found when applied as combination, as is the case for IL4-10 FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M. van Helvoort
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,E.M. van Helvoort, Department of
Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Postbus
85500, Internal Mail No. G02.232, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E. van der Heijden
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J.A.G. van Roon
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Center of Translational Immunology, UMC
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. Eijkelkamp
- Center of Translational Immunology, UMC
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S.C. Mastbergen
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Han Y, Yao R, Yang Z, Li S, Meng W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Luo H. Interleukin-4 activates the PI3K/AKT signaling to promote apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of granulosa cells. Exp Cell Res 2021; 412:113002. [PMID: 34973261 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory microenvironment has been demonstrated to play a role in folliculogenesis, ovulation and premature ovarian failure (POF), as well as infertility. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of inflammation in modulating growth and apoptosis in granulosa cells (GCs), the main components of ovarian follicles. ELISA was used to analyze the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) in follicular fluid samples and GCs derived from POF patients and healthy normal individuals. CCK-8, flow cytometry and TUNEL assays were used to assess the effect of IL-4 on GC growth and apoptosis. Western blotting was used to examine the effect of IL-4 on the activation of PI3K/Akt, Erk1/2 and Jnk signaling. The results showed that IL-4, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were increased in follicular fluid samples and GCs derived from POF patients compared with those from healthy individuals. GC growth was weakened when cells were treated with IL-4, while apoptosis was increased. In addition, IL-4 increased the level of p-Akt/Akt in GCs. In addition, LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, abolished the effect of IL-4 by inhibiting GC growth and promoting apoptosis. In summary, this study demonstrated that IL-4 levels were increased in POF samples and that IL-4 could inhibit GC growth and induce GC apoptosis by activating PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Ruqiang Yao
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Zexin Yang
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Wenjia Meng
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Haining Luo
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China.
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Collins KH, Lenz KL, Pollitt EN, Ferguson D, Hutson I, Springer LE, Oestreich AK, Tang R, Choi YR, Meyer GA, Teitelbaum SL, Pham CTN, Harris CA, Guilak F. Adipose tissue is a critical regulator of osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021096118. [PMID: 33443201 PMCID: PMC7817130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021096118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the leading cause of pain and disability worldwide, disproportionally affects individuals with obesity. The mechanisms by which obesity leads to the onset and progression of OA are unclear due to the complex interactions among the metabolic, biomechanical, and inflammatory factors that accompany increased adiposity. We used a murine preclinical model of lipodystrophy (LD) to examine the direct contribution of adipose tissue to OA. Knee joints of LD mice were protected from spontaneous or posttraumatic OA, on either a chow or high-fat diet, despite similar body weight and the presence of systemic inflammation. These findings indicate that adipose tissue itself plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of OA. Susceptibility to posttraumatic OA was reintroduced into LD mice using implantation of a small adipose tissue depot derived from wild-type animals or mouse embryonic fibroblasts that undergo spontaneous adipogenesis, implicating paracrine signaling from fat, rather than body weight, as a mediator of joint degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kristin L Lenz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eleanor N Pollitt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Division of Endocrinology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Irina Hutson
- Division of Endocrinology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Luke E Springer
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arin K Oestreich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ruhang Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yun-Rak Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Charles A Harris
- Division of Endocrinology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
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4
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Jain E, Chinzei N, Blanco A, Case N, Sandell LJ, Sell S, Rai MF, Zustiak SP. Platelet-Rich Plasma Released From Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogels Exerts Beneficial Effects on Human Chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2401-2410. [PMID: 31254416 PMCID: PMC6778705 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disease resulting from chronic joint inflammation and erosion of articular cartilage. A promising biological treatment for OA is intra-articular administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). However, immediate bolus release of growth factors limits beneficial therapeutic effects of PRP, thus necessitating the demand for sustained release platforms. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic value of PRP released from a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel on articular chondrocytes/cartilage explants derived from OA patients. Lyophilized PRP (PRGF) was encapsulated in PEG hydrogels at 10% w/v and hydrogel swelling, storage modulus and degradation and PRGF release kinetics were determined. PRGF releasate from the hydrogels was collected on day 1, 4, and 11. Encapsulation of PRGF at 10% w/v in PEG hydrogels had minimal effect on hydrogel properties. PRGF was released with an initial burst followed by sustained release until complete hydrogel degradation. Effect of PRGF releasates and bolus PRGF (1% w/v PRGF) on patient-derived cartilage explants or chondrocytes was assessed by chondrocyte proliferation (pico-green assay), gene expression for COL1A1, COL2A1, MMP13, COX2, and NFKB1 (real-time polymerase chain reaction), and measurement of nitric oxide concentration (Griess' assay). Compared to bolus PRGF, PRGF releasates enhanced chondrocyte proliferation, suppressed the expression of genes like MMP13, NFKB1, COL1A1, and COL2A1 and reduced levels of nitric oxide. Taken together, these results indicate that release of PRGF from PEG hydrogels may improve the therapeutic efficacy of PRP and merits further investigation in an animal model of OA. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2401-2410, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Jain
- Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University
| | - Nobuaki Chinzei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University
| | | | | | - Linda J Sandell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University
| | - Scott Sell
- Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University
| | - Muhammad Farooq Rai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University
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Mabey T, Honsawek S, Tanavalee A, Yuktanandana P, Wilairatana V, Poovorawan Y. Plasma and synovial fluid inflammatory cytokine profiles in primary knee osteoarthritis. Biomarkers 2016; 21:639-44. [PMID: 27122451 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1171907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to compare inflammatory cytokine levels in primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients and healthy controls. METHODS A total of 32 knee OA patients and 14 healthy controls were enrolled. A multiplex immunoassay was utilized for 10 cytokines in plasma and synovial fluid. RESULTS Plasma IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 concentrations were significantly greater in knee OA patients than controls. Moreover, both plasma IL-4 and IL-6 were positively correlated with the radiographic severity of knee OA. CONCLUSIONS Plasma IL-4 and IL-6 may serve as biomarkers reflecting the severity of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mabey
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Sittisak Honsawek
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand ;,b Vinai Parkpian Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Aree Tanavalee
- b Vinai Parkpian Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Pongsak Yuktanandana
- b Vinai Parkpian Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Vajara Wilairatana
- b Vinai Parkpian Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- c Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology , Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
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6
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Veronesi F, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Ongaro A, De Mattei M, Pellati A, Setti S, Tschon M. Experimentally induced cartilage degeneration treated by pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation; an in vitro study on bovine cartilage. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:308. [PMID: 26480822 PMCID: PMC4616002 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the final result of progressive alterations to articular cartilage structure, composition and cellularity, followed by an increase in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in joint synovial fluid. Even though the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation in counteracting OA progression and inflammation is of increasing interest, because of its anabolic and anti-inflammatory properties, the present study aimed to improve the knowledge on cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) and chondrocyte changes related to the exposure of PEMF, from a histological and histomorphometric point of view. METHODS An in vitro OA model was realized, culturing bovine cartilage explants with a high dose of interleukin 1β (IL1β, 50 ng/ml) at different experimental times (24 h, and 7 and 21 days). The effects of PEMFs (75 Hz, 1.5 mT) were evaluated in cartilage explants treated with IL1β or not (control), in terms of cartilage structure, cellularity and proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, collagen II and transforming growth factor β1 synthesis by using histology, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Making a comparison with control cartilage, IL1β-treated explants showed a decrease in cartilage matrix, structure and cellularity parameters. PEMFs were able to counteract the progression of OA acting on both cartilage cellularity and ECM in cartilage previously treated with IL1β. Normal distribution (Kolmogroc-Smirnov test) and homoscedasticity (Levene test) of data were verified, then, the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test followed by Mann-Whiteny U test for pairwise comparisons were performed. The p-value was adjusted according to the Dunn-Sidak correction. CONCLUSIONS These results, obtained by culturing and treating cartilage explants from two different joints, confirmed that PEMF stimulation can be used as adjuvant therapy to preserve cartilage from detrimental effects of high inflammatory cytokine levels during OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Veronesi
- Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Milena Fini
- Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, 40136, Italy. .,Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, 40136, Italy. .,Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Alessia Ongaro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
| | - Monica De Mattei
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
| | - Agnese Pellati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
| | - Stefania Setti
- IGEA - Clinical Biophysic, Carpi (Modena), 41012, Italy.
| | - Matilde Tschon
- Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Bologna, 40136, Italy. .,Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
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7
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Lang A, Neuhaus J, Pfeiffenberger M, Schröder E, Ponomarev I, Weber Y, Gaber T, Schmidt MFG. Optimization of a nonviral transfection system to evaluate Cox-2 controlled interleukin-4 expression for osteoarthritis gene therapy in vitro. J Gene Med 2015; 16:352-63. [PMID: 25382123 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy appears to have the potential for achieving a long-term remedy for osteoarthritis (OA). However, there is a risk of adverse reactions, especially when using cytomegalovirus-controlled expression. To provide a safe application, we focused on the expression of therapeutic cytokines [e.g. interleukin (IL)-4] in a disease-responsive manner by use of the previously cloned Cox-2 promoter as 'genetic switch'. In the present study, we report the functionality of a controlled gene therapeutic system in an equine osteoarthritic cell model. METHODS Different nonviral transfection reagents were tested for their efficiency on equine chondrocytes stimulated with equine IL-1β or lipopolysaccharide to create an inflammatory environment. To optimize the transfection, we successfully redesigned the vector by excluding the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). The functionality of our Cox-2 promoter construct with respect to expressing IL-4 was proven at the mRNA and protein levels and the anti-inflammatory potential of IL-4 was confirmed by analyzing the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Nonviral transfection reagents yielded transfection rates from 21% to 44% with control vectors with and without IRES, respectively. Stimulation of equine chondrocytes resulted in a 20-fold increase of mRNA expression of IL-1β. Such exogenous stimulation of chondrocytes transfected with pNCox2-IL4 led to an increase of IL-4 mRNA expression, whereas expression of inflammatory mediators decreased. The timely link between these events confirms the anti-inflammatory potential of synthesized IL-4. CONCLUSIONS We consider that this approach has significant potential for translation into a useful anti-inflammation therapy. Molecular tools such as the described therapeutic plasmid pave the way for a local-controlled, self-limiting gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Safra N, Hayward LJ, Aguilar M, Sacks BN, Westropp JL, Mohr FC, Mellersh CS, Bannasch DL. DNA Sequence Variants in the Five Prime Untranslated Region of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Are Commonly Found in Healthy Dogs and Gray Wolves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133127. [PMID: 26244515 PMCID: PMC4526539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of regional DNA variants upstream to the translation initiation site of the canine Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) gene in healthy dogs. Cox-2 plays a role in various disease conditions such as acute and chronic inflammation, osteoarthritis and malignancy. A role for Cox-2 DNA variants in genetic predisposition to canine renal dysplasia has been proposed and dog breeders have been encouraged to select against these DNA variants. We sequenced 272–422 bases in 152 dogs unaffected by renal dysplasia and found 19 different haplotypes including 11 genetic variants which had not been described previously. We genotyped 7 gray wolves to ascertain the wildtype variant and found that the wolves we analyzed had predominantly the second most common DNA variant found in dogs. Our results demonstrate an elevated level of regional polymorphism that appears to be a feature of healthy domesticated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Safra
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Miriam Aguilar
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Sacks
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California United States of America
| | - Jodi L. Westropp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - F. Charles Mohr
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Danika L. Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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9
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Shioji S, Imai S, Ando K, Kumagai K, Matsusue Y. Extracellular and intracellular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in three-dimensionally embedded rat chondrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114327. [PMID: 25479057 PMCID: PMC4257595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Articular cartilage homeostasis involves modulation of chondrocyte matrix synthesis in response to mechanical stress (MS). We studied extracellular and intracellular mechanotransduction pathways mediating this response. Methods We first confirmed rapid up-regulation of the putative chondro-protective cytokine, interleukin (IL)-4, as an immediate response to MS. We then studied the role of IL-4 by investigating responses to exogenous IL-4 or a specific IL-4 inhibitor, combined with MS. Next we investigated the intracellular second messengers. Since chondrocyte phenotype alters according to the extracellular environment, we characterized the response to mechanotransduction in 3-dimensionally embedded chondrocytes. Results Expression of aggrecan and type II collagen was significantly up-regulated by exogenous IL-4 whereas MS-induced matrix synthesis was inhibited by an IL-4 blocker. Further, MS-induced matrix synthesis was completely blocked by a p38 MAPK inhibitor, while it was only partially blocked by inhibitors of other putative second messengers. Conclusion IL-4 mediates an extracellular pathway of mechanotransduction, perhaps via an autocrine/paracrine loop, while p38 mediates an intracellular pathway prevalent only in a 3-dimensional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Shioji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinji Imai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kosei Ando
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kumagai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsusue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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10
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The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:561459. [PMID: 24876674 PMCID: PMC4021678 DOI: 10.1155/2014/561459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of human joints. The basis of pathologic changes involves all the tissues forming the joint; already, at an early stage, it has the nature of inflammation with varying degrees of severity. An analysis of the complex relationships indicates that the processes taking place inside the joint are not merely a set that (seemingly) only includes catabolic effects. Apart from them, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. These phenomena are driven by various mediators, of which the key role is attributed to the interactions within the cytokine network. The most important group controlling the disease seems to be inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18. The second group with antagonistic effect is formed by cytokines known as anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of OA with respect to inter- and intracellular signaling pathways is still under investigation. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge. The cytokine network in OA is put in the context of cells involved in this degenerative joint disease. The possibilities for further implementation of new therapeutic strategies in OA are also pointed.
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11
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The study of the frequency effect of dynamic compressive loading on primary articular chondrocyte functions using a microcell culture system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:762570. [PMID: 24839606 PMCID: PMC4009256 DOI: 10.1155/2014/762570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compressive stimulation can modulate articular chondrocyte functions. Nevertheless, the relevant studies are not comprehensive. This is primarily due to the lack of cell culture apparatuses capable of conducting the experiments in a high throughput, precise, and cost-effective manner. To address the issue, we demonstrated the use of a perfusion microcell culture system to investigate the stimulating frequency (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz) effect of compressive loading (20% and 40% strain) on the functions of articular chondrocytes. The system mainly integrates the functions of continuous culture medium perfusion and the generation of pneumatically-driven compressive stimulation in a high-throughput micro cell culture system. Results showed that the compressive stimulations explored did not have a significant impact on chondrocyte viability and proliferation. However, the metabolic activity of chondrocytes was significantly affected by the stimulating frequency at the higher compressive strain of 40% (2 Hz, 40% strain). Under the two compressive strains studied, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesis was upregulated when the stimulating frequency was set at 1 Hz and 2 Hz. However, the stimulating frequencies explored had no influence on the collagen production. The results of this study provide useful fundamental insights that will be helpful for cartilage tissue engineering and cartilage rehabilitation.
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Hsieh JL, Shiau AL, Lee CH, Yang SJ, Lee BO, Jou IM, Wu CL, Chen SH, Shen PC. CD8+ T cell-induced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinses-1 exacerbated osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19951-70. [PMID: 24108368 PMCID: PMC3821596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despites the fact that T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) little is known about the roles of CD8+ T cells in this disease. We investigated the effects of CD8+ T cells and the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) on joint pathology. Using anterior cruciate ligament-transection (ACLT), OA was induced in mice. The knee joints were histologically assessed for manifestations of OA. The CD8+ T cells from splenocytes and synovium were flow-cytometrically and immunochemically evaluated, respectively. Local expression of TIMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, and VEGF were examined. Cartilage degeneration was slower in CD8+ T cell knockout mice than in control mice. CD8+ T cells were activated once OA was initiated and expanded during OA progression. More CD8+ T cells from splenocytes expressed TIMP-1 in ACLT-group mice than in Sham-group mice. The number of TIMP-1-expressing CD8+ T cells in OA mice correlated with the disease severity. TIMP-1 expression in cartilage was co-localized with that of MMP-13 and VEGF. TIMP-1 protein was detected in synovium in which angiogenesis occurred. During the pathogenesis of OA, the expression of TIMP-1, VEGF and MMP-13 accompanying with CD8+ T cells activation were increased. Furthermore, inhibiting the expression of TIMP-1 in joints could retard the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Long Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; E-Mails: (A.-L.S.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shiu-Ju Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Bih-O Lee
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Technology, Puzih, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; E-Mails: (A.-L.S.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Po-Chuan Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tainan Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tainan 700, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-6-220-0055 (ext. 3165); Fax: +886-6-267-8119
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Vielreicher M, Schürmann S, Detsch R, Schmidt MA, Buttgereit A, Boccaccini A, Friedrich O. Taking a deep look: modern microscopy technologies to optimize the design and functionality of biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130263. [PMID: 23864499 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on modern nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) methods that are increasingly being used in the field of tissue engineering (TE) to image tissue non-invasively and without labelling in depths unreached by conventional microscopy techniques. With NLOM techniques, biomaterial matrices, cultured cells and their produced extracellular matrix may be visualized with high resolution. After introducing classical imaging methodologies such as µCT, MRI, optical coherence tomography, electron microscopy and conventional microscopy two-photon fluorescence (2-PF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging are described in detail (principle, power, limitations) together with their most widely used TE applications. Besides our own cell encapsulation, cell printing and collagen scaffolding systems and their NLOM imaging the most current research articles will be reviewed. These cover imaging of autofluorescence and fluorescence-labelled tissue and biomaterial structures, SHG-based quantitative morphometry of collagen I and other proteins, imaging of vascularization and online monitoring techniques in TE. Finally, some insight is given into state-of-the-art three-photon-based imaging methods (e.g. coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, third harmonic generation). This review provides an overview of the powerful and constantly evolving field of multiphoton microscopy, which is a powerful and indispensable tool for the development of artificial tissues in regenerative medicine and which is likely to gain importance also as a means for general diagnostic medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vielreicher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Paul-Gordan-Strasse 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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Nino-Fong R, McDuffee LA, Esparza Gonzalez BP, Kumar MR, Merschrod S. EF, Poduska KM. Scaffold Effects on Osteogenic Differentiation of Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An In Vitro Comparative Study. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:348-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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