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de Oliveira MMT, Ko AN, Obersteiner S, Falik O, Rachmilevitch S. Family ties: Root-root communication within Solanaceae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112203. [PMID: 39069008 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Root-root communication effects on several physiological and metabolic aspects among Solanaceae relatives were studied. We examined cherry (C) and field (F) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and bell pepper (B) (Capsicum annuum), comprising three degrees of relatedness (DOR): high (H-DOR; CC, FF and BB), medium (M-DOR; CF) and low (L-DOR; CB and FB). Plants were grown in pairs of similar or different plants on a paper-based and non-destructive root growth system, namely, rhizoslides. Root growth, including the proliferation of fine roots, and respiration increased as the DOR decreased and were highest in paired L-DOR plants, as was shown for root respiration that increased by 63, 110 and 88 % for C, F, and B when grown with B, B and F, respectively. On the other hand, root exudates of L-DOR plants had significantly lower levels of total organic carbon and protein than those of H-DOR plants, indicating different root-root communication between individuals with different DOR. Our findings indicate, for the first time, that carbon allocation to root growth, exudation and respiration depends on the degree of genetic relatedness, and that the degree of relatedness between individual plants plays a key role in the root-root communication within Solanaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Maria Tomaz de Oliveira
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Utah State University, USA.
| | - Aye Nyein Ko
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Sophie Obersteiner
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Omer Falik
- Achva Academic College, Arugot 7980400, Israel; Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Shimon Rachmilevitch
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
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Douce P, Simon L, Colas F, Mermillod-Blondin F, Renault D, Sulmon C, Eymar-Dauphin P, Dubreucque R, Bittebiere AK. Warming drives feedback between plant phenotypes and ecosystem functioning in sub-Antarctic ponds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169504. [PMID: 38145689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that warming affects individuals in plant communities, ultimately threatening biodiversity. Individual plants in communities are also exposed to plant-plant interaction that may affect their performance. However, trait responses to these two constraints have usually been studied separately, while they may influence processes at the ecosystem level. In turn, these ecological modifications may impact the phenotypes of plants through nutrient availability and uptake. We developed an experimental approach based on the macrophyte communities in the ponds of the sub-Antarctic Iles Kerguelen. Individuals of the species Limosella australis were grown under different temperature × plant-plant interaction treatments to assess their trait responses and create litters with different characteristics. The litters were then decomposed in the presence of individual plants at different temperatures to examine effects on ecosystem functioning and potential feedback affecting plant trait values. Leaf resource-acquisition- and -conservation-related traits were altered in the context of temperature × plant-plant interaction. At 13 °C, SLA and leaf C:N were higher under interspecific and intraspecific interactions than without interaction, whereas at 23 °C, these traits increased under intraspecific interaction only. These effects only slightly improved the individual performance, suggesting that plant-plant interaction is an additional selective pressure on individuals in the context of climate warming. The decay rate of litter increased with the Leaf Carbon Content at 13 °C and 18 °C, but decreased at 23 °C. The highest decay rate was recorded at 18 °C. Besides, we observed evidence of positive feedback of the decay rate alone, and in interaction with the temperature, respectively on the leaf C:N and Leaf Dry Matter Content, suggesting that variations in ecological processes affect plant phenotypes. Our findings demonstrate that warming can directly and indirectly affect the evolutionary and ecological processes occurring in aquatic ecosystems through plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Douce
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurent Simon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Fanny Colas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - David Renault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, F 35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.
| | - Cécile Sulmon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, F 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pauline Eymar-Dauphin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Roman Dubreucque
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anne-Kristel Bittebiere
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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3
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Species-specific facilitation shapes primary successional communities under nurse trees in an abandoned slag dump. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Reyes MF, Aguiar MR. Do xerophytic and mesophytic perennial grasses differ in soil resource capture and allocation? A field
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N experiment. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional del Comahue Ruta 151 km‐12.5 Cinco Saltos Río Negro 8303Argentina
- IFEVA Facultad de Agronomía CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martín R. Aguiar
- IFEVA Facultad de Agronomía CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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5
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Hierro JL, Callaway RM. The Ecological Importance of Allelopathy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-051120-030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allelopathy (i.e., chemical interaction among species) was originally conceived as inclusive of positive and negative effects of plants on other plants, and we adopt this view. Most studies of allelopathy have been phenomenological, but we focus on studies that have explored the ecological significance of this interaction. The literature suggests that studies of allelopathy have been particularly important for three foci in ecology: species distribution, conditionality of interactions, and maintenance of species diversity. There is evidence that allelopathy influences local distributions of plant species around the world. Allelopathic conditionality appears to arise through coevolution, and this is a mechanism for plant invasions. Finally, allelopathy promotes species coexistence via intransitive competition, modifications of direct interactions, and (co)evolution. Recent advances additionally suggest that coexistence might be favored through biochemical recognition. The preponderance of phenomenological studies notwithstanding, allelopathy has broad ecological consequences. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Hierro
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Biogeografía y Evolución Vegetal (LEByEV), Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)–Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam), 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNLPam, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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6
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Hafner BD, Hesse BD, Grams TEE. Friendly neighbours: Hydraulic redistribution accounts for one quarter of water used by neighbouring drought stressed tree saplings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1243-1256. [PMID: 32683699 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR) can buffer drought events of tree individuals, however, its relevance for neighbouring trees remains unclear. Here, we quantified HR to neighbouring trees in single- and mixed-species combinations. We hypothesized that uptake of HR water positively correlates with root length, number of root tips and root xylem hydraulic conductivity and that neighbours in single-species combinations receive more HR water than in phylogenetic distant mixed-species combinations. In a split-root experiment, a sapling with its roots split between two pots redistributed deuterium labelled water from a moist to a dry pot with an additional tree each. We quantified HR water received by the sapling in the dry pot for six temperate tree species. After 7 days, one quarter of the water in roots (2.1 ± 0.4 ml), stems (0.8 ± 0.2 ml) and transpiration (1.0 ± 0.3 ml) of the drought stressed sapling originated from HR. The amount of HR water transpired by the receiving plant stayed constant throughout the experiment. While the uptake of HR water increased with root length, species identity did not affect HR as saplings of Picea abies ((L.) Karst) and Fagus sylvatica (L.) in single- and mixed-species combinations received the same amount of HR water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hafner
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Hesse
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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7
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Callaway RM, Li L. Decisions, decisions, decisions: plant roots detect and respond to complex environmental cues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:11-12. [PMID: 31904866 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Long Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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8
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Kinlock NL. A Meta-analysis of Plant Interaction Networks Reveals Competitive Hierarchies as well as Facilitation and Intransitivity. Am Nat 2019; 194:640-653. [PMID: 31613666 DOI: 10.1086/705293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which competitive interactions and niche differentiation structure communities has been highly controversial. To quantify evidence for key features of plant community structure, I recharacterized published data from interaction experiments as networks of competitive and facilitative interactions. I measured the network structure of 31 woody and herbaceous communities, including the intensity, distribution, and diversity of interactions at the species-pair and community levels to determine the generality of competition, winner-loser relationships, and unequal interaction allocation. I developed novel methodology using meta-analysis to incorporate interaction uncertainty into estimates of structural metrics among independent networks. Plant communities were competitive, but intraspecific interactions were sometimes more intense than interspecific interactions. On the whole, interactions were imbalanced and communities were transitive. However, facilitation, balanced interactions, and intransitivity were common in individual communities. Synthesizing network metrics using meta-analysis is an original approach with which to generalize community structure in a systematic way.
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9
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Morcillo L, Camacho-Garzón A, Calderón JS, Bautista S. Functional similarity and competitive symmetry control productivity in mixtures of Mediterranean perennial grasses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221667. [PMID: 31442283 PMCID: PMC6707634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition is a major factor structuring plant communities and controlling their productivity. The functional similarity between the interacting species and the context resource availability are assumed to be most critical factors that modulate the strength, sign, and outcome of plant competition, yet their roles and interactions are subjected to debate. In a glasshouse experiment, we constructed monocultures and bi-specific cultures of three common perennial grasses of Mediterranean drylands, the short grass Brachypodium retusum and the tussock grasses Stipa tenacissima and Lygeum spartum, and investigated how the functional similarity between these species modulate their interactions and culture productivity under contrasting levels of water availability. Regardless the degree of functional similarity between the interacting species, B. retusum consistently exhibited a greater competitive ability than the other two species, followed by L. spartum, and with S. tenacissima behaving as the weakest competitor. Bi-specific cultures of B. retusum and either L. spartum or S. tenacissima produced higher biomass than the average biomass of the respective monocultures (i.e. overyielding), whereas the combination of the most similar species, L. spartum-S. tenacissima, which exhibited the highest competition symmetry (i.e., the more similar mutual impact), did not show any significant overyielding. Higher water availability increased productivity and promoted transgressive overyielding for the most dissimilar species, B. retusum and L. spartum, which however exhibited intermediate competition asymmetry. This study calls attention to the thin line between differences in functional traits and competition asymmetry that could eventually lead to either competitive exclusion or resource partitioning and coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Morcillo
- Department of Ecology and IMEM, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies (CEAM Foundation), Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Susana Bautista
- Department of Ecology and IMEM, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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10
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Hortal S, Lozano YM, Bastida F, Armas C, Moreno JL, Garcia C, Pugnaire FI. Plant-plant competition outcomes are modulated by plant effects on the soil bacterial community. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17756. [PMID: 29259319 PMCID: PMC5736699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition is a key process that determines plant community structure and dynamics, often mediated by nutrients and water availability. However, the role of soil microorganisms on plant competition, and the links between above- and belowground processes, are not well understood. Here we show that the effects of interspecific plant competition on plant performance are mediated by feedbacks between plants and soil bacterial communities. Each plant species selects a singular community of soil microorganisms in its rhizosphere with a specific species composition, abundance and activity. When two plant species interact, the resulting soil bacterial community matches that of the most competitive plant species, suggesting strong competitive interactions between soil bacterial communities as well. We propose a novel mechanism by which changes in belowground bacterial communities promoted by the most competitive plant species influence plant performance and competition outcome. These findings emphasise the strong links between plant and soil communities, paving the way to a better understanding of plant community dynamics and the effects of soil bacterial communities on ecosystem functioning and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hortal
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain. .,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Y M Lozano
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Bastida
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - J L Moreno
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Garcia
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - F I Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
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11
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Gallien L, Zimmermann NE, Levine JM, Adler PB. The effects of intransitive competition on coexistence. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:791-800. [PMID: 28547799 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coexistence theory has been developed with an almost exclusive focus on interactions between two species, often ignoring more complex and indirect interactions, such as intransitive loops, that can emerge in competition networks. In fact, intransitive competition has typically been studied in isolation from other pairwise stabilising processes, and thus little is known about how intransitivity interacts with more traditional drivers of species coexistence such as niche partitioning. To integrate intransitivity into traditional coexistence theory, we developed a metric of growth rate when rare, Δri¯, to identify and quantify the impact of intransitive competition against a backdrop of pairwise stabilising niche differences. Using this index with simulations of community dynamics, we demonstrate that intransitive loops can both stabilise or destabilise species coexistence, but the strength and importance of intransitive interactions are significantly affected by the length and the topology of these loops. We conclude by showing how Δri¯ can be used to evaluate effects of intransitivity in empirical studies. Our results emphasise the need to integrate complex mechanisms emerging from diverse interactions into our understanding of species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gallien
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.,Deparment of Botany & Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Jonathan M Levine
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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12
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Finch JA, Guillaume G, French SA, Colaço RDDR, Davies JM, Swarbreck SM. Wheat root length and not branching is altered in the presence of neighbours, including blackgrass. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178176. [PMID: 28542446 PMCID: PMC5443546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of neighbouring plants on crop root system architecture may directly interfere with water and nutrient acquisition, yet this important and interesting aspect of competition remains poorly understood. Here, the effect of the weed blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots was tested, since a low density of this species (25 plants m-2) can lead to a 10% decrease in wheat yield and herbicide resistance is problematic. We used a simplified growth system based on gelled medium, to grow wheat alongside a neighbour, either another wheat plant, a blackgrass or Brachypodium dystachion individual (a model grass). A detailed analysis of wheat seminal root system architecture showed that the presence of a neighbour principally affected the root length, rather than number or diameter under a high nutrient regime. In particular, the length of first order lateral roots decreased significantly in the presence of blackgrass and Brachypodium. However, this effect was not noted when wheat plants were grown in low nutrient conditions. This suggests that wheat may be less sensitive to the presence of blackgrass when grown in low nutrient conditions. In addition, nutrient availability to the neighbour did not modulate the neighbour effect on wheat root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Finch
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gaëtan Guillaume
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A French
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Renato D D R Colaço
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Jacob CE, Tozzi E, Willenborg CJ. Neighbour presence, not identity, influences root and shoot allocation in pea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173758. [PMID: 28291827 PMCID: PMC5349671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Competition is a key feature that structures the composition of plant communities. A growing body of evidence is showing that the presence of neighbours, especially belowground neighbours, induces varied morphological responses in plants. However, in many species, it is not known whether neighbour identity also influences plant morphological responses such as biomass allocation patterns. To assess plant response to above- and belowground neighbour presence and identity, we conducted a greenhouse experiment consisting of conspecific (pea; Pisum sativum L.) and heterospecific (oat; Avena sativa L.) neighbours growing with a P. sativum focal plant. Four interaction regimes were constructed including shoot, root, or 'full' interaction (root & shoot) treatments, as well as a control with no interactions permitted. Our results showed that pea plants responded negatively to the presence of neighbours, and in particular, the presence of belowground neighbours. Treatments where belowground interactions were permitted (full and root interactions) had lower root and shoot mass fractions (R:S ratios) than where shoot interactions were permitted. Shoot and root allocation and R:S ratios of focal pea plants were not affected by neighbour identity, suggesting that neighbour presence, but not identity, influenced allocation patterns. The impact on P. sativum of a neighbouring competitor was more prominent than neighbour identity, showing that some plants may not discriminate between the identity of neighbours even though they are capable of responding to their presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory. E. Jacob
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Eric Tozzi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gallien
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch Univ.; ZA-7602 Matieland South Africa
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15
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Putnam RC, Reich PB. Climate and competition affect growth and survival of transplanted sugar maple seedlings along a 1700-km gradient. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Putnam
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; 1530 Cleveland Avenue North St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales 2753 Australia
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16
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Carranca C, Castro IV, Figueiredo N, Redondo R, Rodrigues ARF, Saraiva I, Maricato R, Madeira MAV. Influence of tree canopy on N₂ fixation by pasture legumes and soil rhizobial abundance in Mediterranean oak woodlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:86-94. [PMID: 25460942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic N2 fixation is of primordial significance in sustainable agro-forestry management as it allows reducing the use of mineral N in the production of mixed stands and by protecting the soils from degradation. Thereby, on a 2-year basis, N2 fixation was evaluated in four oak woodlands under Mediterranean conditions using a split-plot design and three replicates. (15)N technique was used for determination of N2 fixation rate. Variations in environmental conditions (temperature, rainfall, radiation) by the cork tree canopy as well as the age of stands and pasture management can cause great differences in vegetation growth, legume N2 fixation, and soil rhizobial abundance. In the present study, non-legumes dominated the swards, in particular beneath the tree canopy, and legumes represented only 42% of total herbage. A 2-fold biomass reduction was observed in the oldest sown pasture in relation to the medium-age sward (6 t DW ha(-1)yr(-1)). Overall, competition of pasture growth for light was negligible, but soil rhizobial abundance and symbiotic N2 fixation capacity were highly favored by this environmental factor in the spring and outside the influence of tree canopy. Nitrogen derived from the atmosphere was moderate to high (54-72%) in unsown and sown swards. Inputs of fixed N2 increased from winter to spring due to more favorable climatic conditions (temperature and light intensity) for both rhizobia and vegetation growths. Assuming a constant fixation rate at each seasonal period, N2 fixation capacity increased from about 0.10 kg N ha(-1) per day in the autumn-winter period to 0.15 kg N ha(-1) per day in spring. Belowground plant material contributed to 11% of accumulated N in pasture legumes and was not affected by canopy. Size of soil fixing bacteria contributed little to explain pasture legumes N.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carranca
- INIAV, Qta Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - I V Castro
- INIAV, Qta Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - R Redondo
- Laboratorio de Isotopos Estables, Universidade Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - A R F Rodrigues
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, ISA/UL, Tapada Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I Saraiva
- INIAV, Qta Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - R Maricato
- INIAV, Qta Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M A V Madeira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, ISA/UL, Tapada Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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17
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Schöb C, Prieto I, Armas C, Pugnaire FI. Consequences of facilitation: one plant's benefit is another plant's cost. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöb
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas EEZA-CSIC; Carretera de Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería E-04120 Spain
- The James Hutton Institute; Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH UK
| | - Iván Prieto
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas EEZA-CSIC; Carretera de Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería E-04120 Spain
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas EEZA-CSIC; Carretera de Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería E-04120 Spain
| | - Francisco I. Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas EEZA-CSIC; Carretera de Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería E-04120 Spain
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18
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Fang S, Clark RT, Zheng Y, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Weitz JS, Kochian LV, Edelsbrunner H, Liao H, Benfey PN. Genotypic recognition and spatial responses by rice roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2670-5. [PMID: 23362379 PMCID: PMC3574932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222821110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Root system growth and development is highly plastic and is influenced by the surrounding environment. Roots frequently grow in heterogeneous environments that include interactions from neighboring plants and physical impediments in the rhizosphere. To investigate how planting density and physical objects affect root system growth, we grew rice in a transparent gel system in close proximity with another plant or a physical object. Root systems were imaged and reconstructed in three dimensions. Root-root interaction strength was calculated using quantitative metrics that characterize the extent to which the reconstructed root systems overlap each other. Surprisingly, we found the overlap of root systems of the same genotype was significantly higher than that of root systems of different genotypes. Root systems of the same genotype tended to grow toward each other but those of different genotypes appeared to avoid each other. Shoot separation experiments excluded the possibility of aerial interactions, suggesting root communication. Staggered plantings indicated that interactions likely occur at root tips in close proximity. Recognition of obstacles also occurred through root tips, but through physical contact in a size-dependent manner. These results indicate that root systems use two different forms of communication to recognize objects and alter root architecture: root-root recognition, possibly mediated through root exudates, and root-object recognition mediated by physical contact at the root tips. This finding suggests that root tips act as local sensors that integrate rhizosphere information into global root architectural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Fang
- Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Randy T. Clark
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering and
- The Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | | | - Joshua S. Weitz
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- The Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Herbert Edelsbrunner
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Hong Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Philip N. Benfey
- Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
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19
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Fang S, Clark RT, Zheng Y, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Weitz JS, Kochian LV, Edelsbrunner H, Liao H, Benfey PN. Genotypic recognition and spatial responses by rice roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013. [PMID: 23362379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222821110/-/dcsupplemental] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Root system growth and development is highly plastic and is influenced by the surrounding environment. Roots frequently grow in heterogeneous environments that include interactions from neighboring plants and physical impediments in the rhizosphere. To investigate how planting density and physical objects affect root system growth, we grew rice in a transparent gel system in close proximity with another plant or a physical object. Root systems were imaged and reconstructed in three dimensions. Root-root interaction strength was calculated using quantitative metrics that characterize the extent to which the reconstructed root systems overlap each other. Surprisingly, we found the overlap of root systems of the same genotype was significantly higher than that of root systems of different genotypes. Root systems of the same genotype tended to grow toward each other but those of different genotypes appeared to avoid each other. Shoot separation experiments excluded the possibility of aerial interactions, suggesting root communication. Staggered plantings indicated that interactions likely occur at root tips in close proximity. Recognition of obstacles also occurred through root tips, but through physical contact in a size-dependent manner. These results indicate that root systems use two different forms of communication to recognize objects and alter root architecture: root-root recognition, possibly mediated through root exudates, and root-object recognition mediated by physical contact at the root tips. This finding suggests that root tips act as local sensors that integrate rhizosphere information into global root architectural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Fang
- Department of Biology, Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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