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Peluffo AE, Hamdani M, Vargas‐Valderrama A, David JR, Mallard F, Graner F, Courtier‐Orgogozo V. A morphological trait involved in reproductive isolation between Drosophila sister species is sensitive to temperature. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7492-7506. [PMID: 34188829 PMCID: PMC8216934 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Male genitalia are usually extremely divergent between closely related species, but relatively constant within one species. Here we examine the effect of temperature on the shape of the ventral branches, a male genital structure involved in reproductive isolation, in the sister species Drosophila santomea and Drosophila yakuba. We designed a semi-automatic measurement machine learning pipeline that can reliably identify curvatures and landmarks based on manually digitized contours of the ventral branches. With this method, we observed that temperature does not affect ventral branches in D. yakuba but that in D. santomea ventral branches tend to morph into a D. yakuba-like shape at lower temperature. We found that male genitalia structures involved in reproductive isolation can be relatively variable within one species and can resemble the shape of closely related species' genitalia through plasticity to temperature. Our results suggest that reproductive isolation mechanisms can be dependent on the environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean R. David
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB)CNRSMNHNSorbonne UniversitéEPHEParisFrance
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Biodiversité (EGCE)CNRSIRDUniv. Paris‐sudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - François Mallard
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale SupérieureCNRS UMR 8197PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes ComplexesCNRS UMR 7057Univ. de ParisParisFrance
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2
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House CM, Lewis Z, Sharma MD, Hodgson DJ, Hunt J, Wedell N, Hosken DJ. Sexual selection on the genital lobes of male Drosophila simulans. Evolution 2021; 75:501-514. [PMID: 33386741 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is thought to be responsible for the rapid divergent evolution of male genitalia with several studies detecting multivariate sexual selection on genital form. However, in most cases, selection is only estimated during a single episode of selection, which provides an incomplete view of net selection on genital traits. Here, we estimate the strength and form of multivariate selection on the genitalia arch of Drosophila simulans when mating occurs in the absence of a competitor and during sperm competition, in both sperm defence and offense roles (i.e., when mating first and last). We found that the strength of sexual selection on the genital arch was strongest during noncompetitive mating and weakest during sperm offense. However, the direction of selection was similar across selection episodes with no evidence for antagonistic selection. Overall, selection was not particularly strong despite genitals clearly evolving rapidly in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Zenobia Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Manmohan D Sharma
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Nina Wedell
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - David J Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
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3
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Lai J, Maddison WP, Ma H, Zhang J. Intra‐specific variation of non‐genitalic and genitalic traits in two euophryine jumping spider species. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lai
- The Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
| | - W. P. Maddison
- Departments of Zoology and Botany and Beaty Biodiversity Museum University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - H. Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation Hengshui University Hengshui Hebei China
| | - J. Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation Hengshui University Hengshui Hebei China
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4
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Texada MJ, Koyama T, Rewitz K. Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control. Genetics 2020; 216:269-313. [PMID: 33023929 PMCID: PMC7536854 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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5
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Dreyer AP, Shingleton AW. Insulin-insensitivity of male genitalia maintains reproductive success in Drosophila. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190057. [PMID: 31088279 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For most arthropod species, male genital size is relatively implastic in response to variation in developmental nutrition, such that the genitals in large well-fed males are similar in size to those in small poorly-fed males. In Drosophila melanogaster, reduced nutritional plasticity of the male genitalia is a consequence of low insulin sensitivity through a tissue-specific reduction in the expression of FOXO, a negative growth regulator . Despite an understanding of the proximate developmental mechanisms regulating organ size, the ultimate evolutionary mechanisms that may have led to reduced FOXO expression in the genitalia have not been fully elucidated. Here we show that restoring FOXO activity in the developing genitalia reduces the male genital size and decreases various aspects of male reproductive success. These data support the hypothesis that sexual selection has acted on the male genitalia to limit their nutritional plasticity through a reduction in FOXO expression, linking proximate with ultimate mechanisms of genital evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Dreyer
- 1 Department of Biology, Loyola University of Chicago , 1050 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660 , USA
| | - Alexander W Shingleton
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607 , USA
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6
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Frankino WA, Bakota E, Dworkin I, Wilkinson GS, Wolf JB, Shingleton AW. Individual Cryptic Scaling Relationships and the Evolution of Animal Form. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1411-1428. [PMID: 31364716 PMCID: PMC6863759 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial selection offers a powerful tool for the exploration of how selection and development shape the evolution of morphological scaling relationships. An emerging approach models the expression and evolution of morphological scaling relationships as a function of variation among individuals in the developmental mechanisms that regulate trait growth. These models posit the existence of genotype-specific morphological scaling relationships that are unseen or "cryptic." Within-population allelic variation at growth-regulating loci determines how these individual cryptic scaling relationships are distributed, and exposure to environmental factors that affect growth determines the size phenotype expressed by each individual on their cryptic, genotype-specific scaling relationship. These models reveal that evolution of the intercept and slope of the population-level static allometry is determined, often in counterintuitive ways, largely by the shape of the distribution of these underlying individual-level scaling relationships. Here we review this modeling framework and present the wing-body size individual cryptic scaling relationships from a population of Drosophila melanogaster. To determine how these models might inform interpretation of published work on scaling relationship evolution, we review studies where artificial selection was applied to alter the parameters of population-level static allometries. Finally, motivated by our review, we outline areas in need of empirical work and describe a research program to address these topics; the approach includes describing the distribution of individual cryptic scaling relationships across populations and environments, empirical testing of the model's predictions, and determining the effects of environmental heterogeneity on realized trait distributions and how this affects allometry evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Anthony Frankino
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - Eric Bakota
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - Ian Dworkin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L9H 6X9
| | - Gerald S Wilkinson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jason B Wolf
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Alexander W Shingleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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7
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Shingleton AW. Which Line to Follow? The Utility of Different Line-Fitting Methods to Capture the Mechanism of Morphological Scaling. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1399-1410. [PMID: 31120495 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivariate morphological scaling relationships describe how the sizes of two traits co-vary among adults in a population. In as much as body shape is reflected by the relative size of various traits within the body, morphological scaling relationships capture how body shape varies with size, and therefore have been used widely as descriptors of morphological variation within and among species. Despite their extensive use, there is continuing discussion over which line-fitting method should be used to describe linear morphological scaling relationships. Here I argue that the "best" line-fitting method is the one that most accurately captures the proximate developmental mechanisms that generate scaling relationships. Using mathematical modeling, I show that the "best" line-fitting method depends on the pattern of variation among individuals in the developmental mechanisms that regulate trait size. For Drosophila traits, this pattern of variation indicates that major axis regression is the best line-fitting method. For morphological traits in other animals, however, other line-fitting methods may be more accurate. I provide a simple web-based application for researchers to explore how different line-fitting methods perform on their own morphological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Shingleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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8
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McDonald JMC, Ghosh SM, Gascoigne SJL, Shingleton AW. Plasticity Through Canalization: The Contrasting Effect of Temperature on Trait Size and Growth in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:156. [PMID: 30515381 PMCID: PMC6255818 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In most ectotherms, a reduction in developmental temperature leads to an increase in body size, a phenomenon known as the temperature size rule (TSR). In Drosophila melanogaster, temperature affects body size primarily by affecting critical size, the point in development when larvae initiate the hormonal cascade that stops growth and starts metamorphosis. However, while the thermal plasticity of critical size can explain the effect of temperature on overall body size, it cannot entirely account for the effect of temperature on the size of individual traits, which vary in their thermal sensitivity. Specifically, the legs and male genitalia show reduced thermal plasticity for size, while the wings show elevated thermal plasticity, relative to overall body size. Here, we show that these differences in thermal plasticity among traits reflect, in part, differences in the effect of temperature on the rates of cell proliferation during trait growth. Counterintuitively, the elevated thermal plasticity of the wings is due to canalization in the rate of cell proliferation across temperatures. The opposite is true for the legs. These data reveal that environmental canalization at one level of organization may explain plasticity at another, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shampa M Ghosh
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Alexander W Shingleton
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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9
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Fumi M, Friberg M. Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of threeLeptideabutterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magne Friberg
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Westfall S, Lomis N, Prakash S. Ferulic Acid Produced by Lactobacillus fermentum Influences Developmental Growth Through a dTOR-Mediated Mechanism. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 61:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Shingleton AW, Masandika JR, Thorsen LS, Zhu Y, Mirth CK. The sex-specific effects of diet quality versus quantity on morphology in Drosophila melanogaster. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170375. [PMID: 28989746 PMCID: PMC5627086 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the quality and quantity of nutrition is a major contributor to phenotypic variation in animal populations. Although we know much of how dietary restriction impacts phenotype, and of the molecular-genetic and physiological mechanisms that underlie this response, we know much less of the effects of dietary imbalance. Specifically, although dietary imbalance and restriction both reduce overall body size, it is unclear whether both have the same effect on the size of individual traits. Here, we use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to explore the effect of dietary food versus protein-to-carbohydrate ratio on body proportion and trait size. Our results indicate that body proportion and trait size respond differently to changes in diet quantity (food concentration) versus diet quality (protein-to-carbohydrate ratio), and that these effects are sex specific. While these differences suggest that Drosophila use at least partially distinct developmental mechanisms to respond to diet quality versus quantity, further analysis indicates that the responses can be largely explained by the independent and contrasting effects of protein and carbohydrate concentration on trait size. Our data highlight the importance of considering macronutrient composition when elucidating the effect of nutrition on trait size, at the levels of both morphology and developmental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lily S. Thorsen
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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12
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House CM, Sharma MD, Okada K, Hosken DJ. Pre and Post-copulatory Selection Favor Similar Genital Phenotypes in the Male Broad Horned Beetle. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:682-93. [PMID: 27371390 PMCID: PMC5035384 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection can operate before and after copulation and the same or different trait(s) can be targeted during these episodes of selection. The direction and form of sexual selection imposed on characters prior to mating has been relatively well described, but the same is not true after copulation. In general, when male–male competition and female choice favor the same traits then there is the expectation of reinforcing selection on male sexual traits that improve competitiveness before and after copulation. However, when male–male competition overrides pre-copulatory choice then the opposite could be true. With respect to studies of selection on genitalia there is good evidence that male genital morphology influences mating and fertilization success. However, whether genital morphology affects reproductive success in more than one context (i.e., mating versus fertilization success) is largely unknown. Here we use multivariate analysis to estimate linear and nonlinear selection on male body size and genital morphology in the flour beetle Gnatocerus cornutus, simulated in a non-competitive (i.e., monogamous) setting. This analysis estimates the form of selection on multiple traits and typically, linear (directional) selection is easiest to detect, while nonlinear selection is more complex and can be stabilizing, disruptive, or correlational. We find that mating generates stabilizing selection on male body size and genitalia, and fertilization causes a blend of directional and stabilizing selection. Differences in the form of selection across these bouts of selection result from a significant alteration of nonlinear selection on body size and a marginally significant difference in nonlinear selection on a component of genital shape. This suggests that both bouts of selection favor similar genital phenotypes, whereas the strong stabilizing selection imposed on male body size during mate acquisition is weak during fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M House
- *Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - M D Sharma
- *Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama, Japan
| | - David J Hosken
- *Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
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13
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Stillwell RC, Shingleton AW, Dworkin I, Frankino WA. Tipping the scales: Evolution of the allometric slope independent of average trait size. Evolution 2016; 70:433-44. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Craig Stillwell
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston Texas 77204-5001
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Alexander W. Shingleton
- Department of Biology; Lake Forest College; Lake Forest Illinois 60045
- Department of Integrative Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Ian Dworkin
- Department of Integrative Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L9H 6X9 Canada
| | - W. Anthony Frankino
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston Texas 77204-5001
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14
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House CM, Jensen K, Rapkin J, Lane S, Okada K, Hosken DJ, Hunt J. Macronutrient balance mediates the growth of sexually selected weapons but not genitalia in male broad‐horned beetles. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M. House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
- Department of Entomology North Carolina State University Gardner Hall Raleigh North Carolina 27695‐7613 USA
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Sarah Lane
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology Graduate School of Environmental Science Okayama University Tsushima‐naka 111 Okayama 700‐8530 Japan
| | - David J. Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
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15
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16
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The genomic determinants of genotype × environment interactions in gene expression. Trends Genet 2013; 29:479-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Carreira VP, Imberti MA, Mensch J, Fanara JJ. Gene-by-temperature interactions and candidate plasticity genes for morphological traits in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70851. [PMID: 23936253 PMCID: PMC3728209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of any quantitative trait requires identifying the genes involved in its expression in different environmental conditions. This goal can be achieved by mutagenesis screens in genetically tractable model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. Temperature during ontogenesis is an important environmental factor affecting development and phenotypic variation in holometabolous insects. In spite of the importance of phenotypic plasticity and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) for fitness related traits, its genetic basis has remained elusive. In this context, we analyzed five different adult morphological traits (face width, head width, thorax length, wing size and wing shape) in 42 co-isogenic single P-element insertional lines of Drosophila melanogaster raised at 17°C and 25°C. Our analyses showed that all lines differed from the control for at least one trait in males or females at either temperature. However, no line showed those differences for all traits in both sexes and temperatures simultaneously. In this sense, the most pleiotropic candidate genes were CG34460, Lsd-2 and Spn. Our analyses also revealed extensive genetic variation for all the characters mostly indicated by strong GEIs. Further, our results indicate that GEIs were predominantly explained by changes in ranking order in all cases suggesting that a moderate number of genes are involved in the expression of each character at both temperatures. Most lines displayed a plastic response for at least one trait in either sex. In this regard, P-element insertions affecting plasticity of a large number of traits were associated to the candidate genes Btk29A, CG43340, Drak and jim. Further studies will help to elucidate the relevance of these genes on the morphogenesis of different body structures in natural populations of D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Paula Carreira
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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